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Ethical Dilemmas in Perinatal Medicine Joseph G Schenker

1:Changing Patterns of Medical Ethics
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- GENERAL ETHICAL THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES
- MODERN MEDICAL ETHICS
- CONCLUSION
2:Beginning of Human Life
- INTRODUCTION
- QUESTION 1: WHEN DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
- QUESTION 2: WHEN DO OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
- QUESTION 3: HOW SHOULD PHYSICIANS RESPOND TO DISAGREEMENT ABOUT WHEN OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
- CONCLUSION
3:Beginning of Personhood
- HUMANS AND PERSONS
- ARGUING FROM POTENTIALITY
- FINDINGS
- REFERENCES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
4:Informed Consent in Obstetrics
- CONCLUSION
5:Frame of Ethical Committees
- SUMMARY
6:Ethical Aspects in Management of the Malformed Fetus
- INTRODUCTION
- AN OVERVIEW OF OBSTETRICS ETHICS
  - Ethics
    - Beneficence and Respect for Autonomy
- THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF THE FETUS AS PATIENT
  - The Independent Moral Status of the Fetus
  - Beneficence based Obligations to the Fetus
- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY A MALFORMED FETUS
- FETAL RESEARCH
- CONCLUSION
7:Wrongful Birth and the Right to Refuse Treatment: The Implications for Wrongful Life
8:Ethical Issues in Genetic Counseling
- INTRODUCTION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
9:Ethical Considerations in Prenatal Diagnosis
- SUMMARY
10:Direct-to-Consumers Genetic Testing-Ethical Issues
- INTRODUCTION
- HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND ITS DIVIDENDS
- GENETIC TESTS
- DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER GENETICS ADVERTISING
- THE PRESENT SITUATION OF DTC GENETIC TESTING
- REGULATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES AND DTC GENETIC TESTING
  - In the USA
  - In the European Union
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- CONCLUSIONS
  - Benefits of Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Genetic Tests
  - Risks Associated with the Promotion of Genetics Tests Directly to Consumers
11:Ethics and Ultrasound Diagnosis
- A PRIMER ON THE LANGUAGE AND CONCEPTS OF ETHICS
  - The Principle of Beneficence
  - The Principle of Respect of Autonomy
- CLINICAL COMPETENCE AND REFERRAL
- DISCLOSURE OF RESULTS
- CONFIDENTIALITY OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS WITH PATIENTS
- ROUTINE ULTRASOUND SCREENING OF PREGNANT WOMEN
- CONCLUSION
12:Abortion, Autonomy and Control Over One's Body
- INTRODUCTION
- A PUZZLE
- THE RIGHT TO CONTROL ONE'S BODY
- AUTONOMY
- RAPE, ABORTION, AND THE SPECIAL STATUS OF PREGNANCY
- AUTONOMY AND THE RIGHT TO CONTROL ONE'S BODY REVISITED
- AN OBJECTION
- A FURTHER CLARIFICATION
- CONCLUSION
13:Ethical Aspects of Late-term Abortion and Neonaticide
- INTRODUCTION
- MORAL AND LEGAL PERSONHOOD: THE STATUS OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS
- FETAL PERSONHOOD
- FETAL AND NEWBORN PERSONHOOD
- OVERRIDING LATE-TERM FETAL INTERESTS
  - Threats to Fetal Interest
- LATE-TERM ABORTION AND THIRD PARTY INTERESTS
- KILLING AND LETTING DIE: FETICIDE AND SELECTIVE NON-TREATMENT OF NEWBORNS
- NEONATICIDE: WITHHOLDING AND WITHDRAWING TREATMENT FROM NEWBORNS
- GLOBAL NON-TREATMENT OF NEWBORNS
- SELECTIVE NON-TREATMENT OF NEWBORNS
- IS LETTING DIE STILL KILLING?
- CONCLUSION
14:Maternal–Fetal Conflict
- INTRODUCTION
- RIGHT TO PRIVACY — RESPECT FOR MATERNAL AUTONOMY
- THE FETUS AS A PATIENT
- MATERNAL-FETAL BENEFICENCE AND THE ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN
- LEGAL ISSUES
- SUMMARY
15:Postmortem Cesarian Section—Jewish Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL BACKGROUND
- HALACHIC DEFINITION OF DEATH
- HALACHIC STATUS OF THE FETUS
- THE OBLIGATION OF THE HOSPITAL
- RIGHTS OF THE FATHER
- HONORING THE WISH OF THE DECEASED
- AUTHORITY OF THE COURT
- SUMMARY
16:Violence Against Women
- INTRODUCTION
- THE ORIGIN OF MALE VIOLENCE
- VIOLENT MALE BEHAVIOR IS NOT INEVITABLE
- DEFINITION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
- DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
- VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY
- SEXUAL COERCION
- HONOR CRIMES
- TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS
- FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
- SEXUAL HARASSMENT
- WAR-LINKED ABUSES OF WOMEN
- COMBATING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: THE ROLE OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
- THE ROLE OF EDUCATION
- ETHICAL AND LEGAL DILEMMAS
- CONCLUSIONS
17:Surrogate Pregnancies: Ethical and Legal Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF SURROGACY
  - Indications
- SURROGACY: A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE
  - Arguments Against Surrogacy
  - Arguments Supporting Surrogacy
- STATEMENTS BY ETHICAL COMMITTEES
- MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS IN SURROGACY
- THE MENTAL EFFECTS OF SURROGACY
- LEGALIZING SURROGACY
- EXPENSES
  - The Legal Status of the Newborn
- SURROGATE MOTHER'S WITHDRAWAL FROM THE AGREEMENT
- LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SURROGATE MOTHER
- THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF SURROGATE PRACTICE
- RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF SURROGACY32
- CONCLUSIONS
18:Ethical Aspects of Cesarean Section on Request
- PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL ARGUMENTATION
  - Autonomy of the Patient
  - Beneficence and Non-maleficence
- CHOICE AND RISK-BENEFIT DEBATE
- MATERNAL MORTALITY
- MATERNAL MORBIDITY
- PERINATAL MORTALITY
- PERINATAL MORBIDITY
  - Maternal Morbidity in Subsequent Pregnancies
  - Seeking Informed Consent on the Basis of a Risk-benefit Balance
- CONCLUSIONS47
- FINAL REMARKS
19:Pregnancies in Postmenopausal Women
- MEDICAL ASPECTS
- FERTILITY FECUNDITY AND ABORTIONS
- PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
- OBSTETRICAL AND INTRAPARTUM COMPLICATIONS
- MATERNAL MORTALITY
- NEONATAL OUTCOME
- OOCYTE DONATION
- ETHICAL ASPECTS
- THE ISSUE OF CHOICE
- THE WELFARE OF THE CHILD
- MEDICAL RISKS
- ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE DONOR
- LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND RELIGION
- RESOURCE ALLOCATION
- AGE LIMITATION?
- CONCLUSIONS
20:Ethical Aspects of Multiple Pregnancy
- MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
- NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
- FAMILY IMPACT OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
- INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF GYNECOLOGIST AND OBSTETRICIANS, FIGO, ETHICAL GUIDELINES IN THE PREVENTION OF IATROGENIC MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
- INTRODUCTION
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- MULTIPLE PREGNANCY AND EMBRYO-REDUCTION
- FIGO RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
- MONOCHORIONIC TWIN PREGNANCY: THE TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
  - The Acardiac Twin and the Twin Reverse Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Sequence
  - Fetal Structural and Chromosomal Malformations
21:Cord Blood Banking—Practices and Ethical Considerations
- INTRODUCTION
- SELECTION OF DONORS
- UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD SEPARATION
- UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD CRYOPRESERVATION AND THAWING
- EX VIVO EXPANSION AND BIOLOGY OF UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD PROGENITOR CELLS
- CURRENT RESULTS: UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION
  - Current Results: Umbilical Cord Blood and Gene Therapy
- THE ETHICAL ISSUES OF UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING
- CONCLUSIONS
- SUMMARY
22:Medical Management of Newborn with Severe Malformations—Ethical Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND RARE DISEASES
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OUTCOME OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
- CARE FOR INFANTS WITH SEVERE AND LIFE THREATENING MAJOR CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
- EUTHANASIA
- LEGAL ISSUES OF CARE FOR NEWBORNS WITH INCURABLE DISEASES
- CARE FOR THE PARENTS AFTER THE DEATH OF THE INFANT WITH CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
- CONCLUSIONS
23:Ethical Aspects in Neonatal Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND DECISIONS
- PRE-IMPLANTATION DIAGNOSIS
- CORD BLOOD BANKING AND TRANSPLANTATION
- RESEARCH
  - Research in Neonates
  - Research on Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC)
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
24:Planned Orphanhood Revisited
- INTRODUCTION: INNOVATIONS IN MEDICALLY ASSISTED CONCEPTION
- PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF WIDOWHOOD AND ORPHANHOOD
  - Widowhood and the Desire for Children by the Deceased Spouse
  - Orphanhood
- PLANNED ORPHANHOOD: ETHICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
- WRONGFUL CONCEPTION
- ETHICS AND POSTHUMOUS ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- THE APPLICATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES TO PLANNED ORPHANHOOD
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
25:Ethics in Obstetric Anesthesia
- ORIGIN OF ETHICS IN OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA
- ETHICS IN OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA

INDEX

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