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Short Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine
GN Prabhakara
SECTION I:
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, SOCIAL MEDICINE, COMMUNITY HEALTH
CHAPTER 2:
Man towards Health for All
INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE (HISTORY OF MEDICINE)
APPROACHES TO PROVIDING HEALTH CARE
CHAPTER 3:
Our Country
VILLAGES IN INDIA
HEALTH PROFILE
INDIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE
CULTURAL AWAKENING
NATURAL RESOURCES
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM)
Ayurveda
Vata
Pittha
Kapha
Unani
Homoeopathy
Unani Tibb
Acupuncture
OTHER METHODS
Diet Therapy
Herbs
Meditation
Naturopathy
Siddha
Prayer
Yoga
Massage
Tai Chi
Magnet Therapy
ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FIELD PRACTICE AREA
SECTION II:
CHAPTER 4:
Social Medicine (Medical Sociology)
INTRODUCTION
Social Science
Behavioral Science
Medical Sociology
Anthropology
Psychology
Psychiatry
TERMINOLOGY USED
SPECIAL TERMS IN SOCIAL MEDICINE
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
SOCIAL AREA OF INTEREST
GROUP BEHAVIOR
SOCIAL FACTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
STANDARD OF LIVING
CULTURAL FACTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (Table 4.1)
FAMILY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
PROBLEM FAMILY
SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION (TABLES 4.2 TO 4.5)
By Pareek Method (Pareek Classification for Rural Areas)
Socioeconomic Scoring by Grades
SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS
PRESENT GROUPING OF THE COMMUNITY
SOCIAL AGENCIES
INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUE
Types
MEDICAL ECONOMICS
GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY
HOSPITAL SOCIOLOGY
KAP (KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, PRACTICE) (TABLE 4.6)
CHAPTER 5:
Health Statistics (Health Information System)
DEFINITION
COMMON TERMS
TYPES
SOURCES OF STATISTICS
SCOPE OF STATISTICS (USES)
DATA COLLECTION
DATA PRESENTATION (TABLES 5.2 AND 5.3)
Uses of Data Presentation
Simple Table
Charts
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean =
Median
Mode
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Coefficient of Variation
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
SAMPLING
STANDARD ERROR
SAMPLE SIZE
SIGNIFICANCE TESTS
Level of Significance
SE of the Difference between 2 Means
Illustration
SE of the Difference between Two Proportions
Illustration (Table 5.4)
Illustration (Table 5.5)
Yate's Correction
Student ‘t’ Test
ANOVA
Uses
Steps
CHAPTER 6:
Demography and Family Planning (Family Welfare Planning)
DEMOGRAPHY
TERMINOLOGY
Demography
Demographic Gap
Population Dynamics
Population Education
PROCESS IN DEMOGRAPHY
Migration
Social Mobility
Marriages
Fertility
Mortality
Age Sex Pyramid
DEMOGRAPHIC GAP
Estimates of Demographic Values of India 2007
DEMOGRAPHY AND GENETICS
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
Cycles
Major Sources of Demographic Data
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION EXPLOSION
POPULATION ESTIMATION/DYNAMICS
IMPROVIDENT MATERNITY
Family Planning (FW Planning)
Components
Present Concept of Family Planning (FP)
Incentive and Disincentive in FP (Table 6.2)
FP METHODS
Temporary Methods
Permanent Methods
Family Planning Measures
MTP (1971)
Indications
Authorized Person
MTP Rule (1975)
Other Methods of FP
Present Status
Unmet Need of FP
PPC Postpartum Program
POPULATION EDUCATION
Voluntary Organizations in FP
NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM
FP Evaluation
National Population Policy (NPP)—2000
Goals of NPP 2000
SECTION III:
CHAPTER 7:
Concept of Health
DEFINITIONS
Health
Standard of Living
Quality of Life
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Health Team
Health for All
Primary Health Care
Health System
Hygiene
Holistic Approach of Health (Multifactorial Causation, Web of Causation)
Health Dimension
Health Concepts
Health: A Relative Concept
Determinants of Health
Ecology of Health
Spectrum of Health (Table 7.1)
Health or well-being is determined by:
Health and Development
Health Indicators
Health and Service
Health Examinations are by:
Equality in Health
CHAPTER 8:
Concept of Disease
CAUSES OF DISEASE
DEFINITIONS
DISEASE SPECTRUM
Risk Factors (Table 8.1)
Iceberg Phenomenon of Disease
PREVENTION
Levels of Prevention
Modes of Intervention
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD)
Definition
Examples
Uses
CHAPTER 9:
Environment and Health
RELATION TO HEALTH
Ill-effects of Atmospheric Pollution
Environmental Health Services
Major Components of Physical Environment
WATER
Safe and Wholesome Water
Uses
Sources (Fig. 9.1)
Criteria for Sanitary Well
Tube Well
Critical Velocity
Springs
Thermal Springs
Mineral Springs
Shallow Springs
Deep Springs
Hardness of Water
Degree of Hardness
Public Health Importance
Water Pollution (Table 9.1)
Water-borne Disease (Direct Cause)
Water-related Disease (Indirect Cause)
Public Health Chemistry of Water
Physical Examination
Chemical Examination
Chemical Indicators of Water Pollution
Tolerable Daily Intake
Bacteriological Analysis
Virological Examination
Biological Examination
Radiological Examination
Purification of Water for Domestic Purposes (Small Scale)
Well Disinfection
Apparatus
Procedure
Double Pot Method
Purification in Large Scale
Slow Sand Filters (Table 9.2)
Loss of Head
Rapid Sand Filters (Fig. 9.6)
Chlorination
Principle
Types
Break Point Chlorination (Fig. 9.7)
Water Sampling (Tables 9.3 to 9.5)
Method of Collection
Periodicity
WHO Standard for Drinking Water (Bacteriological)
Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality
Elements
Surveillance Function
Swimming-Pool Sanitation
Special Note
Public Health Measure in Swimming Pool
NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAM
Water Pollution Law
AIR
Composition of Air
Overcrowding
Physical effect
Chemical Effect
Indicators for Comfort
Source of Air Pollution
Indicators of Air Pollution
Effects of Air Pollution
Inversion in Air Pollution
Control of Air Pollution (Fig. 9.8)
VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Cross Ventilation
Air Conditioning
LIGHTING
Measurement
Daylight Factor (DF)
Types
Recommended Standard (Illumination)
NOISE
Loudness (dB)
Acceptable Levels
Pitch (Hertz)
RADIATION
Importance
Measurement
Dose Equivalent
Types
Difference between Radiation and Ionizing Radiation
Effect
Penetrating Ability (Table 9.6)
Protection
Prevention
METERIOLOGY
Elements
Altitude
High altitude
Low altitude
Temperature
Thermometer
Humidity
Rainfall
Air Movement
Cloud and Weather
HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING
Need (Fig. 9.14)
Indicators of Good Housing
Overcrowding is defined by (NBO Std)
Public Health Importance
Power of Town Planning under Corporation and Development Authority
Housing Activity Promotion Organization
WASTE DISPOSAL
Types
Terminology
Refuse (Litter)
Night Soil
Sewage
Sullage
Rubbish
Garbage
Ash
Solid Waste
Types (Depending on Source)
Health Hazards
Storage
Collection
Disposal
Controlled Tipping/Sanitary Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Manure Pit
Liquid Waste
Trap
Composition of Liquid Waste
Measurement of Pollutants
DISPOSAL OF NIGHT SOIL
Public Health Importance
Fecal-borne Diseases (Fig. 9.20)
Recommendable Methods of Disposal of Night Soil
Not Recommendable Methods
Sanitary Latrines (Residential)
Sanitary Latrines (Camp Life)
Aqua Privy (Fig. 9.23)
Bore-hole Latrine (Fig. 9.24)
Chemical Closet (Fig. 9.25)
Dug Hole Latrine (Fig. 9.26)
Septic Tanks (Fig. 9.27)
Water Seal Latrines (Fig. 9.28)
Shallow Trench Latrine
Deep Trench Latrine
Modern Sewage Treatment
Sludge
Effluent
Modern Sewage Treatment
Sewage Farming (Board Irrigation)
Oxidation Pond
Oxidation Ditches
Sociological Aspect of Excreta Disposal
HUMAN DEAD BODY DISPOSAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
CHAPTER 10:
Medical Entomology
MOSQUITOES
Anopheles Eggs (Fig. 10.1)
Habitat
Identification
Anopheles Larva (Fig. 10.2)
Anopheles Adult Male (Fig. 10.3)
Anopheles Adult Female (Fig. 10.4)
Salient Features
Prevention
Culex Eggs (Fig. 10.5)
Habitat
Identification
Control
Culex Larva (Fig. 10.6)
Control
Culex Pupa (Fig. 10.7)
Control
Culex Male (Fig. 10.8)
Culex Female (Fig. 10.9)
Control
Mansonia Eggs (Fig. 10.10)
Control
Species of Mosquitoes
Anopheles
Culex
Aedes
Mansonia
Diseases Transmitted
Habit
FLIES
The Housefly
Musca Domestica
Housefly—Egg (Fig. 10.12)
Control Sanitation
Housefly—Larva (Fig. 10.13)
Housefly (Fig. 10.14)
PH Importance and Control
Morphology
Life Cycle
Disease Transmitted
Control
Sandfly
Sandfly—Egg (Fig. 10.15)
Control
Sandfly—Larva (Fig. 10.16)
Sandfly—Male (Fig. 10.17)
Phlebotomus Sandfly—Female (Fig. 10.18)
Control
Tsetse Fly
Black Fly
FLEA
Rat Flea (Fig. 10.19)
Xenopsylla Cheopis Female
Types
Diseases Transmitted
Control of Rats and Rat Flea
LICE
Pediculus Human: Male
Body Louse: Ectoparasite
Pediculus Human: Female
Phthirus Pubis: Pubic Louse (Fig. 10.21)
Crab Louse
Morphology
Life Cycle
Species
TICKS
Hard and Soft Ticks (Fig. 10.22)
Species
Control in Man
Control in Animals
MITES
Life-cycle
Species
Sarcoptes Scabies
Morphology (Fig. 10.24)
Public Health Importance
CYCLOPS
Morphology (Fig. 10.25)
Salient Features
Cyclops Female
Prophylaxis
Control
INSECTICIDES (FIG. 10.26)
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane)
Uses
Action
Advantages
Disadvantages
BHC
(Benzene Hexachloride (Gammexane))
Pyrethrum Extract
Malariol
Use
Action
Disadvantages
Paris Green
Composition
Application
Apparatus
Advantages
Disadvantages
Commonly used insecticides
RODENTS (FIG. 10.27)
Anti-rodent Measures
ZOONOSES
INTEGRATED VECTOR CONTROL
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
SECTION IV:
CHAPTER 11:
Occupational Health
DEFINITION
OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
ERGONOMICS (TABLE 11.1)
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Occupational Hazards due to Physical Agents
Temperature
Humidity
Altitude
Low Altitude
Radiation (Table 11.2)
Ionizing Radiation (Table 11.2)
Noise
Lighting
Vibration
Occupational Trauma
Occupational Hazards due to Chemical Agents
Toxicokinetics
Gases
Dust
Occupational Hazards due to Biological Agents
Occupational Hazards due to Social Agents
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN AGRICULTURE
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRY
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN ‘DO IT YOURSELF ACTIVITIES’
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER (FIG. 11.1 AND TABLE 11.3)
Control Measure
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Health Problem
Work and Mental Health
HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES IN OCCUPATION
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Medical
Engineering
Legislation
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN INDUSTRY
LABOR ACT AND LAW IN OCCUPATION
IFA (1948)
ESIS (1948) Amended (1975, 1984, 1989)
Administration
Finance
Benefits
RESEARCH INSTITUTES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
CHAPTER 12:
Social Security and Health Care
DEFINITION
LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL SECURITY
Social Security
Social Assistance (Non-contributory)
Social Defense (Protection)
Social Insurance (Contributory)
COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY
CHAPTER 13:
Genetics and Health
INTRODUCTION
Common Terms
Genetic Basis
Clinical Genetic Examination
GENETIC DISORDERS
Autosomal Dominant Genetic Disorders
Autosomal Recessive Genetic Disorders
Common Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Table 13.1)
Sex-linked Disorders
Chromosomal Aberrations
Autosomal Aberrations
Diseases Associated with Genetic Predisposition
PREVENTION OF GENETIC DISORDERS
Health Promotion
POPULATION GENETICS
GENE THERAPY
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)
Cloning
Heritability
SECTION V:
CHAPTER 14:
Nutrition and Health
BASAL METABOLISM
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES
Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
Effects and Requirements of Vitamins/Minerals
Recommended intake of Nutrients
Important Nutritional Profile of Foodstuff
Rice
Jowar
Ragi
Soya Bean
Kesari Dal
Ground-nut
Green Leaves
Fruits
Nutritive Value of Common Foods
Nutritional Assessment
Methods of Assessment are
BALANCED DIET
Balanced Diet for Adult Man
Balanced Diet for Adult Woman (Table 14.7)
Balanced Diet for Children (Table 14.8)
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Industrial Workers (Table 14.9)
Recommended Dietary Allowance for Athletes (Table 14.10)
Additional Allowance in Balanced Diet in Special Group (Table 14.11)
Habitual Diet of Pregnant and Lactating Woman in India (Low Cost Diet-Rural) (Table 14.12)
Requirement of Special Group (Table 14.13)
Prudent Diet
Balanced Diet for Elderly People above 65 years (Table 14.14)
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Clinical Type (Table 14.15)
Socio-economic Factors
Basic Etiology of PEM (Ecology of Malnutrition)
Prevention of PEM
Energy and Protein Supplements
Classification of Malnutrition (Table 14.16)
Community Action in Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Health Promotion
Specific Protection
Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment
Rehabilitation
Vitamin A Deficiency
Socioeconomic causes are as given below:
Treatment
Vit A Deficiency Treatment Schedule
Community Measures
Nutritional Anemia
Incidence
Factors
Prevention
Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD)
Cause
Control
Fluorosis
Preventive Steps
FOOD POISONING
Types
Control
FOOD TOXINS
Lathyrism
Preventive Measures in Lathyrism
Epidemic Dropsy
Prevention
Aflatoxin
Prevention
Other Toxins
Ergotism
Prevention
Favism
Pressor Amines
Endemic Ascites
Prevention
Fusarium Toxin
Other Fungal Toxins
FOOD-BORNE DISEASES
COMMERCIAL AND PROCESSED FOODS
THERAPEUTIC DIETS
Liquid Diet (1500 calories) (Table 14.18)
Low Calorie Diet (Table 14.19)
Low Cholesterol Diet (1200 calories) (Table 14.20)
Diabetic Diet (1500 calories) (Table 14.21)
Purine Free Foods
INDICATIONS FOR PARENTERAL NUTRITION (IV feeding)
NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE
Difference between Nutritional Surveillance and Growth Monitoring (Table 14.22)
FOOD SURVEILLANCE
Food Hygiene
Milk Hygiene
Food Additives
Food Adulteration
Effect
Food Fortification
Examples
Food Standards
PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT (1954) AMENDED IN 1964, 1976 AND 1986
Provision
NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMME
For Overall Nutritional Status
Specific Programmes
Other Indirect Programmes
NUTRITION EDUCATION
Components
Food Myths
NUTRITION REHABILITATION
Family Situation
Disastrous Situation
Emergency Nutritional Rehabilitation
Calorific Value of cooked preparations (ICMR) (Table 14.23)
Population Nutrient Intake Goals (WHO)
CHAPTER 15:
Principles and Methods in Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION
MILESTONES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Definition
Epidemiological Triad
Agents
Host
Nature of Host
Environment
TERMS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Characteristics in Descriptive Studies (Table 15.1)
Difference between Cross-sectional Study and Longitudinal Study (Table 15.2)
CHANGING CONCEPTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY (TABLE 15.3)
ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Case Control Study (Table 15.4)
Design
Analysis Used
Odds Ratio
Inference
Use
Cohort Study
Design
Analysis
Uses
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Clinical Trial
Stages
Design
Randomized Clinical Trial
Methods
Blinding
Types
INVESTIGATION OF AN EPIDEMIC
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
QUARANTINE
Quarantinable Diseases
EMPORIATRICS
Causes
Prevention
DESMOTOLOGY
DISINFECTION
Disinfectants (Table 15.5)
Detergents
Types
Concurrent
Terminal
Test
Natural Agents
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Liquid
Gas
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
OT Disinfection
Hospital Disinfection
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Components
Source
Case
Carrier
Reservoir
Transmission
Direct Transmission
Vector Transmission
Host
Use of Incubation Period
Serial Interval
Communicable Period
Immunity (Host Defence)
Primary Immune Response
Herd Immunity
Immunizing Agents
Vaccines
Toxoid
Immunoglobulin
Difference between Killed and Attenuated Vaccines (Table 15.6)
Common Immunoglobulin Used
Common Antisera Used
Immunization Schedule
National Immunization Schedule (NIS)
Cold Chain
Cold Chain Equipment
Immunization Hazards
Neuritic Manifestation
Adverse Event Following Immunization
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE IN MAN
EPIDEMIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Rate
Ratio
Proportion
Mortality Rate
Morbidity Rate
Death Certificate (Fig. 15.2)
SCREENING TESTS
Difference between Screening Test and Diagnostic Test (Table 15.8)
Lead Time
Types
Uses
Criteria for Screening
For Test
For Disease
Test Evaluation
Unimodal and Bimodal Distribution
Situation 1
Situation 2
Common Screening Tests
FUTURE HOLD OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
CHAPTER 16:
Health Education (Information, Education and Communication)
INFORMATION
Means
Materials
Organization
Content
Action
EDUCATION
Types
Health Education
Definition of Health Education
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
METHODS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Auditory Aid
Visual Aid
AV Aids
Difference between Health Education and Health Propaganda (Table 16.1)
Single Person Approach (individual)
Many Persons Approach (group)
Examples of Mass Media
Examples of Folk Media
Recent Group Approach
HEALTH EDUCATION APPROACH
CHILD-TO-CHILD PROGRAM
COMMUNICATION
POPULATION EDUCATION
Definition
Content
CANCER EDUCATION
Content
AIDS EDUCATION
Content
NUTRITION EDUCATION
Contents
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION
HEALTH EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION
Other Official Agencies
SECTION VI:
CHAPTER 17:
Communicable Diseases
INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)
Epidemiology (Fig. 17.1)
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Clinical Aspects
Reported Cases in Recent Times (see Table 17.1)
Epidemiology Relevant to Eradication
Virus in Stool up to 14 days
Prevention
Mopping up
Ring Immunization
Pulse Immunization
National Polio Surveillance Project
VIRAL HEPATITIS
Hepatitis A
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period (Fig. 17.2)
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Hepatitis B
Dane Particle
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Prevention
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis δ (Delta Hepatitis)
Hepatitis E
Prevention
Hepatitis G
Hepatitis Vaccines
Diarrhea
Mode of Transmission
Control
Cholera
Difference between Classical and ElTor
Incubation Period
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Stages
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control of Cholera
Oral Rehydration
Assessment
Requirement
Composition
Advantage
Rehydration
Maintenance by Oral Rehydration
Prevention and Control
Cholera Vaccine
Food Poisoning (Gastroenteritis)
Types
Control
Investigation of an Epidemic of Gastroenteritis
Amoebiasis
Difference between Amoebic and Bacillary Dysentery
Specific Treatment of Intestinal Amoebiasis
Prevention and Controls
Hookworm Infection (Uncinariasis Fig. 17.10)
Chandler Index (Endemic Index)
Guinea Worm Infection (Medina Worm)
Enteric Fever (Typhoid, Para Typhoid A, B)
Carriers
Prevention and Control
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Acute Respiratory Infections (Fig. 17.13)
Indian Pattern
ARI Concepts
Risk Factors in ARI
ARI Control
Classification (Table 17.5)
Summary of Case Management
Prevention and Control of ARI
Tuberculosis
Community Parameters
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Concepts in Tuberculosis
Tuberculin Test
Control of Tuberculosis
Reason for Failure of TB Control
Case Finding (Fig. 17.17)
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic Arrows
Follow-up in NTP
RNTCP
Unique Features of RNTCP
Line of Management of TB Patient who Interrupt TB Treatment
DOTS Chemotherapy
Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment for Patients on ART
Case Detection
Diagnosis
Case Classification
Treatment
Measles
Koplik's Spot
Complications
Control
BIRD Project
Prevention
Measles Elimination Strategy
Diphtheria
Pathogenesis
Control Measures
Prevention
Preference
Whooping Cough (Pertussis, 100 days Cough)
Prevention
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Characteristics
Prevention
German Measles (Rubella, Three Day Measles)
Diagnosis
Prevention
Mumps
Mode of Transmission
Prevention
Influenza
Incubation Period
Drugs
Control Measures
Vaccines
Meningococcal Meningitis (Cerebrospinal Fever)
Kernig's Sign
Brudzinski's Sign
Mode of Transmission
Control
Vaccine
VECTOR-BORNE INFECTIONS
Malaria
Chronic Malaria
Major Events in the History of Malaria
Vector Bionomics
Rural Area
Hilly Area
Urban Area
Sea Coast Area
Tea Garden Area
Water Logging Area
Major Elements of Malaria Transmission
MP Smear
Solution A
Solution B
Preparation
Caution
Procedure
Steps
Identification of Malaria Parasite (Table 17.9)
Present Picture
World
India
Malaria Statistics During 2005 to 2007 in India
Malariometric Values
Malaria Control
Case Management
Treatment
Radical Treatment (Tables 17.12 and 17.13)
Malaria Drug Resistance
Public Health Measures
Integrated Vector Control
Vaccines
National Level Control Programs
National Anti-Malaria Program
Activities under National Malaria Surveillance
Filaria
Periodicity
Problem
Filaria Survey
Filariometric Values
Filaria Control
Indicators of Filaria Control
Kala-azar
World Picture
Indian Picture
Diagnosis
kala-azar Control
Dengue Syndrome
Dengue Control
Arboviral Infections
Yellow Fever
Chikungunya
Others
Rickettsial Infections
Common Pathology
Diagnosis
Epidemic Typhus
Endemic Typhus
Scrub Typhus
Other Typhus
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Q Fever
Rickettsial Pox
Trench Fever
Prevention and Control
SURFACE INFECTIONS
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Incubation Period
Laboratory Tests
Syndrome-based Approach
Control
Yaws
Mother Yaw
Crab Yaw
Gangosa
Goundu
HIV/AIDS
Social and Economic Factors
Mode of Transmission
HIV and Tuberculosis
Clinical Diagnosis of AIDS
Minor Signs
Major Signs
Case
Laboratory Tests
Preventive Measures
Counseling
Treatment
Approach to Antiretroviral Combination Therapy
HIV Vaccine
Needle Prick Injury
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
National AIDS Control Program
Achievements
Tetanus
Global Picture
Mode of Transmission
Treatment
Prevention
Wound Treatment Strategy
Antibiotics
Disinfective Procedures
Other Effective Disinfection Procedures are
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Prominent History in Leprosy
Mode of Transmission via Aerosols, Close Contact
Types (Fig. 17.37)
Diagnosis
Lepra Reaction
Deformities
Strategies of NLEP
MLEC
LEC
SAPEL
Tenth Five-Year Plan Leprosy Goals
WHO MDT Regimens
Proposed Strategy Beyond 2000
Vaccine
Chemoprophylaxis
Surveillance
Trachoma
(Inclusion Conjunctivitis) (Communicable Keratoconjunctivitis)
World Picture
Indian Picture (Fig. 17.40)
Mode of Transmission (Fig. 17.41)
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control
Prevention
Control Program
ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS
Rabies (Hydrophobia)
Difference between Street Virus and Fixed Virus
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Rabies in Man
Diagnosis
Case Management
Disinfection
Vaccines
Post-exposure Treatment
Wound Classification
Rabies in Dog
Dog Vaccine
BPL
Modified Live Viral Vaccine
Oral Vaccines
Public Health Measures
Japanese B Encephalitis (Brain Fever)
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Mode of Transmission (Fig. 17.43)
Reservoir of Infection
Clinical Picture
Treatment
Control Measures
Plague (Black Death)
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Terminology
Mode of Transmission
IP
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control (Fig. 17.46)
Treatment
Contact Protection
Animal Plague
Control
KFD (Monkey Fever)
Mode of Transmission
Hot Spots
Incubation Period
Clinical Picture
Prevention and Control
Yellow Fever
Mode of Transmission
Others
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Aircraft Disinfection
Vaccine
India and Yellow Fever
Brucellosis (Undulent Fever) (Malta Fever)(Mediterranean Fever)
Global and India's Picture
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Treatment
Control
Leptospirosis
Anthrax (Wool Sorter's Disease) (Malignant Pustule)
Mode of Transmission (Fig. 17.50)
Incubation Period
Case Definition (WHO)
Manifestations
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Susceptibility
Period of Communicability
Prevention and Control
Present Problem in Prevention and Control of Anthrax
Disposal of the Dead
EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIONS
Major Newly Appeared Infections
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION) (HOSPITAL CROSS INFECTION)
Global and Indian Pictures
Source
Prevention
CHAPTER 18:
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
INTRODUCTION
COMMON NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (TABLE 18.1)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN NCD
Unknown of Known NCDs
GENERAL MEASURES IN PREVENTION OF NCD
SELECTED NCDS
Cancer
World Picture
Lung Cancer
Cancer of Stomach
Cancer of Cervix
Cancer of Breast
Oral Cancer
Indian Picture
Sociocultural Factors Associated with Cancers
Cancer Control Approach
National Cancer Control Program (NCCP)
Goals of NCCP (Table 18.2)
District Cancer Control Program
Warning Signs of Cancer
Cancer Registry
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Community Index of CHD
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Long-term Measures in the Community
Prevention of CHD
Field Trials in Cardiovascular Disease (Risk Factor Intervention Studies)
Hypertension (Table 18.3)
Types
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Risk Factors
Prevention of Hypertension
Government of India Project
Diabetes
Types
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Screening Test (High-risk group is Preferred)
Common and Usual Complications of Diabetes
Prevention
National Diabetic Control Program
Blindness
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Eye Health Care (Primary Eye Care)
Vision 2020
Stroke (Apoplexy)
Global Picture
Prestroke Warning
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Community Level Stroke Control Program
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
World Picture
Indian Picture (Fig. 18.5)
Community Diagnostic Tool
Revised Jones Criteria (WHO)
Prevention
Obesity
Types
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Community Assessment of Obesity
Obesity Consequences
Prevention
Accidents
Types
Global Picture
Indian Picture
Prevention of Accidents
Accident Research (Accidentology)
SECTION VII:
CHAPTER 19:
Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)
INTRODUCTION
Objectives of RCH
Definition
WHO Definition
GOI Definition
BASIC ELEMENTS OF RCH
Gender Communication and Decision Making
RCH Interventions
RCH Differential Approach
Recent Area of Interest in RCH
CHILD SURVIVAL AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD
Delivery Service at PHC
MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy)
Control of RTI/STD
UIP
Drug and Equipment Kits
ORT
ARI Control
Vitamin A Prophylaxis
EMERGENCY OBSTETRIC CARE
ESSENTIAL OBSTETRIC CARE
ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE
Other Initiatives of RCH Activity
EAG (Empowered Action Group) of Health and FW Service, Govt of India
Maternal and Child Health Problem
a. Malnutrition
b. Infection
c. Uncontrolled Reproduction
Safe Motherhood
Antenatal Care
Antenatal Advice
Specific Protection during Pregnancy
Intranatal Care
Domiciliary Care
Rooming-in
Postnatal Care
Follow-up
CHILD SURVIVAL
Essential Newborn Care
Diarrhea Management
Advice to Mother
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI)
High Level Immunization Coverage
Vitamin A Prophylaxis
Improving Maternity Care
Promoting Birth Spacing
MCH INDICATORS (RCH INDICATORS)
i. Perinatal Mortality Rate
Definition
Preventive Steps
ii. Maternal Mortality Rate
Definition
Indian Picture
iii. Infant Mortality Rate
Causes of IMR
iv. Stillbirth Rate
Definition
Causes
Prevention and Control
v. Neonatal Mortality Rate
Causes
Prevention and Control
vi. Postneonatal Mortality Rate
Definition
Causes
Prevention and Control
vii. 1–4 Years Mortality Rate
Definition
Causes
Prevention and Control
viii. Under-five Mortality Rate
Definition
Causes
Prevention and Control
ix. Child Survival Rate
Congenital Malformations
Causes
Risk Factors
Prevention and Control
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Juvenile Delinquency
Causes
Prevention
CHILD GUIDANCE CLINIC
UNDER-FIVE CLINIC
THE GROWTH CHART
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Normal Growth
Weight
Height
Head and Chest Circumference
INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES
Exclusive Breastfeeding
BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE (BFHI)
WEANING AND SUPPLEMENTATION (ADDITION OF SEMISOLIDS)
Age-related Guidelines for Weaning and Supplementation
Desirable Qualities of Weaning Foods
Low Birth Weight
Difference between Preterm Baby and Small-for-date Babies
Indian Picture
Causes
Prevention and Control
SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEMES FOR BETTER RCH
Programmes for Mothers
Programmes for Children
ICDS (IMCDS)
IMCD Package of Service includes
ICDS Blocks
KEY INDICATORS IN REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH
CHAPTER 20:
School health
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Activities
RECORD SYSTEM
Medical Examination (Health Appraisal)
Immunization
Health Education
Safety Education
Sex Education
Mid-day School Meal and Other Nutritional Service
iv. Balahar
Menu for North Indian School Children
Menu for South Indian School Children
Chronic Defects Detection
HEALTHFUL SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (FIG. 20.2)
CHAPTER 21:
National Health Programs
NATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS
Change of Names is Observed in the following NHP
Merged National Health Programs
Defunct National Health Programs
1. DISEASE ERADICATION PROGRAMS
2. DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMS
3. NATIONAL NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS
4. NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAM (NWS AND SP)
5. NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM (NFPP)
6. NATIONAL PROGRAMS TO CONTROL NCD
7. NATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH
Difference between Vertical Health Program and Horizontal Health Program (Table 21.1).
Major National Health Programs
RCH Program (1997)
Concept of Reproductive Health
Prevention of RTI
Criteria for Differential Approach in RCH
Special Features of RCH
Intervention in RCH Program include (Table 21.2)
The Package of Services
Prevention of Anemia in Pregnancy
Essential Obstetrical Care
Essential Newborn Care
Five Clean Practices for Prevention of Maternal and Neonatal Sepsis
Disposable Delivery Kit (DDK) for Clean Delivery
Sub-center Drug Kits under RCH
Community Needs Assessment Approach (CAN)
ARI Control
Vitamin A Prophylaxis
First Referral Units in RCH (FRU)
National Population Policy 2000 on RCH Program
RCH Key Indicators
UIP Program
National Family Welfare Program
Targets
ARI Control Program
Diarrheal Disease Control (DDC) Program
National STD Control Program
Compilation of Data
Syndrome Approach
National AIDS Control Program
Strategies
Components
HIV Surveillance is of following Types
Goals under Tenth Five Year Plan
National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTBCP)
Activities Under DTC
DOT Agent
National Filaria Control Program
Activities
Revised Strategy
National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP)
Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign (MLEC)
Goals under ongoing 5 year plan are
National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP)
Two Main Indicators used in Malaria Effective Control are
In Areas with API Above 2
In Areas with API Below 2
PT (Presumptive Treatment)
RT (Radical Treatment)
Objectives of NMEP
Action in Area with API more than two
Action in Area with API less than Two
DDC
FTD
Urban Malaria Control Scheme
Containment of Severe Malaria
Surveillance
Active Surveillance
Passive Surveillance
Malaria Action Program
National Surveillance Program for Communicable Diseases
National Mental Health Program
National Diabetes Control Program
Rural Water Supply Program
Urban Water Supply Program
Basic Minimum Service Program
Components
20 Point Program
CHAPTER 22:
Mental Health
MENTAL ILLNESS
1. Psychosis
2. Neurosis/psychoneurosis
3. Personality/Character Disorders
CAUSES
Psycho-physiological Disorders (Psycho-somatic)
Common Psycho-somatic disorders seen in clinical practice are:
Alcohol and Substance Dependence
Childhood Disorders
Common illnesses are:
Modern Therapy
PREVENTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Community Psychiatry
National Mental Health Program
SECTION VIII:
CHAPTER 23:
Geriatrics
GERIATRIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
Social Problems of Geriatrics
Health Problems
Economic Aspect of Geriatrics
Major Health problems of elders are
Balanced Diet for Geriatric Age
Nutrient Required for the Old Age
Some Dietary Tips for the Elderly
Other indirect Nutritional Advice
SOCIAL WELFARE MEASURES
ELDERLY CITIZEN FACILITY CONCEPT
CHAPTER 24:
Health Planning
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Health Planning
Health Need
Health Demand
Health Resources
Target
Goal
Policy
Program
Schedule
Procedure
Budget
Elements of Health Planning
Planning Cycle
Steps in Planning (Fig. 24.1)
Characteristics of Good Health Planning
Factors that Affect Health Planning
Health Planning in India
Present 10th Five-Year Plan 2002-2007
In Tenth five-year plan following areas are stressed and covered
Health Sector Planning
HEALTH COMMITTEE REPORTS
1946: Bhore Committee (Survey and Development in Four Volumes)
1947-48 Chopra Committee (Current Health Infrastructure)
1962: Mudaliar Committee (Health Survey and Planning)
1963: Chadah Committee
1965: Mukherjee Committee
1966: Mukherjee Committee
1967: Mudhok Committee
1967: Jungalwalla Committee
1973: Kartar Singh Committee
1975: Shrivastava Committee
1976: Shivaraman Committee
1977: Rural Health Scheme
1981: Ramalingaswamy Committee
1981: Report of Working Group on HFA by 2000
1986: Bajaj Committee
1991: Karunakaran Committee
1992: Krishnan Committee
1995: Expert committee on Malaria
2000: National Population Policy Report
2000: U N Millennium Declaration Report
2002: National Health Policy Report
Goals of National Health Policy by 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2015
CHAPTER 25:
Health Management
DEFINITION
Health Management
Health Administration
Efficiency
GULICK'S POSDCORB IN HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Staff Development
Inventory Management
Policy and Procedure in Material Management
Financial Management
Invisible Money (Budgetary Allocation)
Visible Money or Cash (Imprest Amount)
BASIC ACTIVITY OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT
SPAN OF MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT METHODS
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Method
SUPERVISION AND LEADERSHIP QUALITY
HEALTH POLICY
National Health Policy (1983)
Elements of National Health Policy
Components of National Health Policy
National Health Policy Goals
Specific Goals of National Health Policy
National Health Policy 2002
National Education Policy (1974)
National Nutrition Policy (1993)
Aims
Strategies
Sectoral Action is being done through following Sectors
Household Food Security
National Population Policy
Salient Steps
Elements
National Housing Policy
National Blood Policy
HEALTH SYSTEM IN INDIA (TABLE 25.1)
THREE-TIER SYSTEM IN HEALTH
Types of Four-3 Tier Systems
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Historical Perspectives
Health Care Facilities under 3-tier System
Present Position
Drawback in 3-tier system noticed
RURAL DEVELOPMENT (FIG. 25.2)
EVALUATION OF HEALTH SERVICES
Types of Evaluation
Medical Audit
MILESTONES IN PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDIA
Before Independence
After Independence
CHAPTER 26:
Disaster Management
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGY
Disaster
Hazard
Triage
Tagging
Disaster Mitigation
Critical Health Supplies
Agencies in Humanitarian Assistance
World Disaster Reduction Day
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS
Natural Disasters
Man-made Disasters
Technological Disasters
Conflict-related Disasters
Public Health Tools Available in Disasters
Public Health Interventions
Challenges in Disaster Management
Documentation and Tagging in Disaster Areas
Effects of inappropriate Humanitarian Assistance (Fig. 26.1)
VULNERABILITY REDUCTION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (FIGS 26.2 AND 26.3)
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS IN DISASTER (FIGS 26.4 AND 26.5)
PHASES OF DISASTERS
Natural Phases
Behavioral and Psychological Phases
Victim Response Phases
COMMON NATURAL DISASTERS IN INDIA (TABLE 26.1)
Earthquake
Floods
Drought
WHAT TO DO IN AN EARTHQUAKE
ACTION PLANS ON EARTHQUAKE BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
STEPS IN MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL DISASTERS
Pre-disaster Phase
Disaster Phase
MANAGEMENT OF CYCLONIC STORM AFFECTING PHC AREA
Cyclone Disaster
Aftermath of Cyclone
Further Cyclone
Diseases to be monitored
HAZARD DESCRIPTION SCALES
CHAPTER 27:
Health Information System (HIS)
DEFINITION
Health Information
Public Health Informatics
Data
Information
Intelligence
QUALITIES OF GOOD HIS
COMPONENTS OF HIS
USES OF HIS
SOURCES OF HIS
RECENT APPROACH IN MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS
CHAPTER 28:
Community Health Care
LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
I. Government Sector (Public Health)
Health centers
Hospitals
Health Insurance
Others
II. Private Sector (Profit or not for Profit – NGO or Charitable)
III. Indian Systems of Medicine (AYUSH)
IV. Voluntary Health Agencies
JOB RESPONSIBILITES OF STAFF OF PHC AND SC
a. Medical Officer of Health
b. Health Assistant
c. Health Worker
CHAPTER 29:
Rational Drug Management
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of Rational Treatment
TYPES OF IRRATIONAL DRUG USE
Principle Ways to Drug Use
DRUG
Traditional Drug
Modern Drugs
Complementary Drugs
PRESCRIPTION
COMPLIANCE
Doctor Compliance
Patient's Compliance
Placebo
SELF-MEDICATION
IRRATIONAL USE OF DRUGS
Risk in Irrational Use of Drugs
Risks to Irrational Drug use can be Prevented by
Injury in Irrational Use of Drugs
Hazards in Irrational Use of Drugs
Adverse Medical Cascade
NATIONAL DRUG POLICY (FIG. 29.2)
DRUG ECONOMICS
SECTION IX:
CHAPTER 30:
Voluntary Health Organization
ROLE OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
Role in Social Reforms
Recent Areas of Involvement
Basic Inception Ideology
FUNCTIONS OF VOLUNTARY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
ORGANIZATIONS
For Communicable Diseases
Tuberculosis Association of India (TAI)
Hind Kusht Nivarana Sangh (HKNS)
For Non-communicable Diseases
All India Blind Relief Society
For RCH
Indian Council for Child Welfare
Central Social Welfare Board
The Kasturba Memorial Fund
All India Women's Conference
Child Relief and You (CRY)
For Rescue and Relief
India Red Cross Society
For Family Welfare Planning
Family Planning Association of India
For Rural Health
Bharat Sevak Samaj
For Community Development
Voluntary Health Association of India
For Professional Activities
Indian Medical Association
Indian Dental Association
The Trained Nurses Association of India
Associations of Community Health
CHAPTER 31:
Non-Governmental Health Organizations
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
FORD FOUNDATION
CO-OPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF EVERYWHERE (CARE)
OXFAM
SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND
AGHA KHAN FOUNDATION
FREEDOM FOR HUNGER
CHAPTER 32:
International Health Organizations
HISTORY IN DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
ORGANIZATIONS
World Health Organization (WHO)
Functions
Regions
South-East Asia Region has 11 Member Countries
WHO Day Theme of the Century
UNICEF (UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FUND)
Functions
Present Strategy
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO)
Recent Campaign
Coordination
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)
Functions
THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
THE UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES (UNFPA)
Functions
World Bank
Functions
UNDP
UNESCO
UNIDO
UNAIDS
CHAPTER 33:
Urban Health
INTRODUCTION
INDIA: TREND IN GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION
URBAN HEALTH PROBLEMS
HISTORY OF URBAN HEALTH
PROCESS OF URBAN LIFE (FIG. 33.1)
Process of Urban Health
Urban Problems Related to Poverty
Urban Problems Related to Affluent
Urban Problems Related to Ecology
Problems of Cities
SERVICES ON URBAN AREA
SUGGESTED EDUCATION ACTIVITY
AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
SERVICE ON URBAN SLUM AREAS
KRISHNAN COMMITTEE REPORT (1982) ON URBAN HEALTH
CHAPTER 34:
Medical Ethics
INDIAN LEGISLATIONS RELATED TO MEDICAL ETHICS
HETERONOMOUS AND AUTONOMOUS ETHICS
MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL/BIOETHICS
PERSPECTIVES OF MEDICAL ETHICS
ETHICS OF THE INDIVIDUALS
ORGAN DONATION
Requirements in Organ Donation
Anatomical Gift Act
Human Organ Transplant Act
World Health Assembly Proclamation 1991 on Organ Donation
Organ Donation for Life after Death
THE ETHICS OF HUMAN LIFE
Ethics of Human Life includes:
Cloning
Recent Approaches in Gene Therapy
PROLONGATION OF LIFE
Components of Prolongation of Life
Ethical Issues Related to Prolongation of Life
Advanced Life Directives
DEATH AND DYING
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
RESEARCH ETHICS
Human Voluntary Research
ETHICS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
Ethics Related with Cadaver for Dissection in Health Science Colleges
AREAS OF ETHICAL INTEREST IN PRESENT DAY PRACTICE
CHAPTER 35:
Public Health Law
INTRODUCTION
Public Health Law depends on
Public Health Law Comprises of
Legal Aspect in Public Health
Troubling Problems in Medical Ethics
Legal Rights and Responsibilities in Modern Medicine
Health Law in India
a. Before Independence
b. After Independence
MAJOR ACTS CLASSIFIED
IFA 1948 (Act LXIII of 1948) [Amended 1987]
The Food Act 1954 [Amended 1986]
The Drug Act 1940
State Public Health Act
Main Areas Under Public Health Act are
Karnataka Private Nursing Home (Regulation) Act 1976
The Act makes the following Mandatory
Accommodation
Staff
Facility
Fee
Procedure
Laboratory Investigations
Municipal Act (1964)
Population Law (1974)
The MTP Act 1971 (Medical Termination of Pregnancy)
Indications
Person to Perform MTP
Place to Perform MTP
The Environmental Law
SECTION X:
CHAPTER 36:
Recent Area of Interest
ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS (AFP) SURVEILLANCE
ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION (AEFI)
AEFI
AIDS Day
Themes of World AIDS Day Celebrated on Every 1st December
Red Ribbon of AIDS
AIDS Day Theme 2000
AIDS—Men make a difference (2000)
AIDS Day Theme 2001
‘I Care, Do You?’
AIDS Day Theme 2002
Stigma Discrimination and HIV/AIDS
AIDS Day Theme 2003
Live and Let Live
AIDS Day Theme 2004
Women, Girls, HIV and AIDS
AIDS Day Theme 2005
Stop AIDS: Keep the promise–Make the Promise
AIDS Day Theme 2006
Stop AIDS: Keep the promise–Accountability
AIDS Day Theme 2007
Leadership (Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise)
AIDS Day Theme 2008
Leadership (Follow promises to stop the epidemic)
AIDS Day Theme 2009
Universal Access and Human Rights
AIDS SURVEILLANCE
ANTHRAX—BIOTERRORISM
AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRDS FLU, AVIAN FLU, OR FOWL PLAGUE)
BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE (BFHI)
CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER EPIDEMIC
(Epidemic Polyarthritis and Rash)
Past Epidemics
Recent Epidemics
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY
Periodontal Disease
Malocclusion
Oral Cancer
Special Patients
Other Descriptive
Age Specific Recommendations
COMMUNITY OPHTHALMOLOGY
Main Task
Current Status
COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY
Setback
Goals of Community Psychiatry
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT (COPRA)
DESMOTOLOGY
EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (ECD)
EMPORIATRICS
ESSENTIAL DRUGS
FAMILY MEDICINE
Definitions
Family Medicine
General Practitioner
Family Practice
Family Physician
Clinical Audit
Principles
Scope
Philosophy
Role of Doctor
Family Crisis
GENETIC ENGINEERING
GLOBAL WARMING
Sustainable Measures
GUINEA WORM ERADICATION—INDIAN SCENARIO
Defined Strategies
Impact of GW Eradication
Last Case Reported
Zero Guinea Worm
Free of Guinea Worm
HANDIGODU SYNDROME (ENDEMIC FAMILIAL ARTHRITIS)
Control Measures
HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
HYPOTHERMIA
Prevention
Summary of Prevention of Hypothermia
INTENSIVE PULSE POLIO IMMUNIZATION (IPPI)
Why PPI is changed to IPPI?
KANGAROO MOTHER CARE
Kangaroo Position
Advantages are:
LEPTOSPIROSIS: AN EMERGING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
META-ANALYSIS (Table 36.3)
NATIONAL DAYS
NATIONAL HEALTH GOALS BY 2015
NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM) (TABLE 36.4)
Strategies (Table 36.4)
Ongoing Activities
Network IN NRHM
NATIONAL SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC GOALS BY 2010
PNDT
PNDT
PC and PNDT
Cognizable Offence
Complaint
Non-bailable Offence
Non-Compoundable Offence
Penalties include
Gynecologist
Sonologist, Imaging Specialist, Radiologist or RMP
Sale of USG Machine
Others
PORTOGRAPH
POISON CONTROL INFORMATION
POSTPARTUM PROGRAM (PPP) (PPC) (PPPC)
Program Operation
Program Implementation
A. IEC
B. Service
C. Training
D. Coordination
A. Direct Acceptance (Acceptance within 3 months)
B. Indirect Acceptance (Later acceptance)
RED CROSS DAY
RE-ORIENTATION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION (ROME)
Specific Objectives
Guidelines for Activities
Teaching and Training
SANITATION AT FAIR, FESTIVAL, PILGRIMAGE
Management
SEVERE MALARIA
Uncomplicated Severe Malaria
Management of Severe Malaria
Antimalarial Drugs in Severe Malaria
SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL COLLEGES
SOCIAL MARKETING
Social Marketing Involve Two Stages
Process of Social Marketing
Difference between Social and Commercial Products
Advantages of Social Marketing
SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Uses
Outcome
Methods
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Causes of Substance Abuse
SULABHA SHOUCHALAYA
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
WHO DAY
Themes of World Health Day Celebrated on Every 7th April since 1950
WHO Day Theme 2000
Safe Blood Starts with me – Blood Saves lives
WHO Day Theme 2001
Stop exclusion—Dare to Care
We need
WHO Day Theme 2002
Move for Health
WHO Day Theme 2003
Shape the future of Life – Healthy environment for children
WHO Day Theme 2004
Road safety is no accident
WHO Day Theme 2005
Make Every Mother and Child Count
WHO Theme 2006
Working Together for Health
WHO Day Theme 2007
International Health Security
International Health Security Issues
WHO Day Theme 2008
Protecting Health from Climate Change
WHO Day Theme 2009
WHO Day Theme 2010
World Health Day 2010 will Focus on Urbanization and Health
WOMEN'S HYGIENE KIT (WHK)
INDEX
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