Basics in Pharmacology for Dental Students Arvind Singh Panwar
INDEX
A
Abacavir 405
Abdominal
colic 260
distention 92
Abortion 249
Absorption 19, 139
Acamproste 274
Acarbose 229
ACE inhibitors 180
Acebutolol 85, 88
Acetaminophen 340
Acetazolamide 165
Acetic acid 470
Acetylcholine 89, 91, 93, 278
Acid
fast bacilli 437
resistant penicillin 367, 369
Acidification of urine 18
Acne 376
Acridine 419
dyes 473
Acriflavine hydrochloride 473
Acrosoxacin 388
Actinomycetes 358, 437
Actinomycin D 446
Actinomycosis 369
Action of
amphetamine 81
drug 11
estrogens 239
insulin 225
Acute
adrenal insufficiency 235
alcoholic intoxication 274
amebiasis 415
arthritis 351
asthmatic attack 86
barbiturate poisoning 297
bronchial asthma 78
gout 235, 351
intestinal amebiasis 418
iron poisoning 141
morphine poisoning 327
myocardial infarction 202
rheumatic fever 337
salicylate intoxication 339
severe asthma 135
toxicity 459
ulcerative gingivitis 416
Acyl glucuronide 335
Addison's disease 235
Addisonian crisis 235
Adenosine 199, 278
Adrenal
gland 231
steroids synthesis 237
Adrenaline 78, 79, 133
Adrenergic
agonists 251
antagonists 83
drugs 75
neuron blockers 174
receptors 73
system 71
Adrenoceptor agonists 75
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 211
Adverse drug reaction and poisoning 50
Adverse effect of
belladonna alkaloids 98
drugs in oral cavity 462
glucocorticoids 236
loop diuretics 163
oral iron 141
Akinetic seizures 300
Albendazole 426
Albuterol 133
Alcohol 271, 462, 470
Alcopar 427
Aldehydes 470
Aldosterone 211, 231
Alendronate 222
Alfa-adrenoceptor blocking agents 202
Alfentanil 328
Alkalization of urine 18
Alkaloid 5
Alkanones 346
Alkylating agents 446
Allergic
diseases 235
reaction 163
Allergy 227
Allopurinol 353, 430
Allylamine 411
Alpha adrenergic blocking agents 83, 87
Alprenolol 85
Alteration in
concentration of drug 52
first pass metabolism 54
Alteration of liver blood flow 55
Aluminium 456
hydroxide 257
chloride solution 457
Alzheimer's disease 283
Amantadine 282, 406, 409
Ambenonium 94
Amebiasis 376, 415
Amikacin 381, 396
Amiloride 164
Amine autacoids 117
Amino acid conjugation 27
Aminoglycosides 379
Aminopenicillins 369
Aminophylline 133
Aminosidine 430
Amiodarone 198
Amiphenazole 332
Ammonia silver nitrate 456
Amoxicillin 369
Amphetamine 81, 331, 332
Amphotericin B 429
Ampicillin 369
Amrinone 186
Anabolic steroids 244, 245
Anaerobic infections 369, 378, 416
Anaphylactic
reactions 78
shock 201, 202
Androgen 244, 447
steroids 244
replacement therapy 244
Angina 87, 188, 193
pectoris 191
Anginal pain 189
Angiotensin 125
converting enzyme 173, 177
receptor antagonist 173, 178
system 177
Angiotensinogen 177
Aniline dyes 455
Anionic
system 29
transporter 29
Anistreplase 153, 154
Anorectic agents 82
Anorexia 488
Anorexiants 82
Ansamycin 396
Antacids 256
Antagonists of leukotriene
receptors 347
synthesis 347
Anterior pituitary hormones 209
Anthelmintics 425
Anthranilic acid derivatives 345
Anthrax 384
Antiamebic drugs 415
Antiandrogen 245, 447
Antianginal drugs 189
Antianxiety 317
Antiarrhythmic drugs 195
Antibacterial spectrum 363, 369, 378, 379, 383
Antibiotics 5, 417, 423, 446
Anticancer drugs 444
Anticancerous action 36
Anticholinergic
agents 282
drugs 95, 97
Anticholinesterases 92, 93
Antidepressants 310
Antidiuretic
drugs 167
hormone 167, 212
Antiemetics 260
Antiestrogens 223, 240, 447
Antifungal
antibiotics 411
drugs 411
Anti-herpes viral agents 402
Antihistamines 280
Antihistaminics 117, 118, 130
Antihyperlipidemic agents 147
Antihypertensive drugs 171
Anti-inflammatory drugs 134
Anti-influenza viral agents 406
Antimetabolites 413, 446
Antimicrobial action 36
Antimicrobials in diarrhea 268
Antimony potassium tartrate 428
Antimuscarinics 262
Antiparkinsonian drugs 279
Antiplatelet drugs 155, 189
Antiprogestins 241
Antipseudomonal penicillins 369
Antipsychotic agents 318
Anti-retroviral agents 404
Antiseptics 461, 469
Antisera 482
Antispasmodics 268
Antithrombotic agents 153
Antithymocyte globulin 432
Antithyroid 218
drugs 214, 217
Antitoxins 482
Antiviral
agents 407
drugs 402
Anxiety 87
Apomorphine 280
Appearant volume of distribution 24
Aqueous solubility 20
Arachidonic acid metabolites 277
Aripiprazole 320
Arrhythmias 87, 191
Artemether 423
Artemisinin 420, 423
Arteries 150
Arteriolar
dilators 187
vasodilators 176
Artesunate 423
Aryl acetic acid derivative 343
Ascorbic acid 489
Aspartic protease enzyme 406
Aspirin 156, 335, 460
Astringents 156, 455, 456
Atenolol 85, 86
Atherosclerosis 189
Atropine 97, 260
substitutes 98
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 81
Atypical
neuroleptics 125, 320
pneumonia 376, 384
Aureomycin 458
Autoimmune disorders 431
Autonomic
control of heart 181
ganglia 92
innervations 67
nerve endings 77
nervous system 67
Azapropazone 341
Azithromycin 385
Azoles 411, 413
Aztreonam 372
B
Bacampicillin 369
Bacitracin 391, 392, 458
Baclofen 106
Bacterial
gastroenteritis 366
meningitis 378
prostatitis 366
sensitivity testings 358
Bad breath 463
Barbiturates 294, 296, 307
Basophilic cells 207
BCG vaccine 477
Bed wetting 80, 313
Benefits of combined pills 241
Benign
prostatic hypertrophy 85
tertian 419
Benserazide 282
Benzhexol 99, 282
Benzodiazepine 274, 291, 294, 305, 307, 308
antagonist 296
Benzoic acid 414, 470
Benztropine 99, 282
Benzyl penicillin 368
Bephenium 427
Beriberi 487
Beta-adrenergic blockers 87
Beta-arrestin kinase 43
Beta-lactam antibiotics 367
Beta-lactamase inhibitor 367, 370
Betaxolol 88
Bethanechol 92
Bicuculline 332
Biguanides 229
Bile acid sequestrants 147
Biliary
colic 260
excretion 29
Bind to ribosomes 358
Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone 214
Biotin 489
Biotransformation 25, 26
Bipyridine derivative 186
Bird flu 408
Bismuth salts 258
Bisoprolol 187
Bisphosphonates 222
Bithinol 428
Bladder 76
Bleaching
agents 455
powder 472
Bleeding 372
Bleomycin 447
Blood
brain barrier 17
coagulation 151
loss 202
pressure 76, 171
schizontocides 420
vessels 76, 91
Body
aches 409
compartments 23
surface area 47
temperature 98, 241
Bone 121, 486
marrow depression 447
metabolism 220
remodeling 220
structure and composition 220
Boric acid 470
Botulism vaccine 480
Bowman's capsule 161
Bradycardia 86, 111
Bradykinesia 279
Brain 287
Breast
cancer 240, 447
engorgement 249
Bretylium 198
Brilliant green 473
Broad spectrum
antibiotics 374
drugs 357
penicillins 367
Bromhexine 130
Bromocriptine 210, 282
Bronchi 76
Bronchial asthma 80, 98, 132, 235, 236, 333
Bronchiolar smooth muscle 77
Bronchodilators 75, 130
Brucellosis 376, 381
Bulk
forming laxatives 265
laxatives 265
Bupivacaine 111
Buprenorphine 329
Bupropion 314
Buspirone 124, 309
Butorphanol 329
Butoxamine 85
Butyrophenones 320
C
Calciferol 485
Calcitonin 219, 222
Calcium 220
antagonists 191
carbonate 257
channel blockers 177, 180, 189, 191, 251
disodium edetate 467
hydroxide 455
hypochlorite solution 472
metabolism 233
Campylobacter gastroenteritis 384
Cancer 443
chemotherapy 443
Cannabinoids 333
Capillary
permeability 24
structure 24
Capreomycin 396
Capsaicin 351
Capsula glomeruli 161
Carbachol 92
Carbamazepine 28, 168, 304, 305
Carbamylcholine 92
Carbapenems 367, 372
Carbenicillin 369
Carbenoxolone 258
Carbidopa 282
Carbimazole 218
Carbohydrate 484
metabolism 225
Carbolic acid 471
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 165
Carboxymethyl-cellulose 265
Carboxypenicillins 369
Carcinoma of breast 244
Carcinoma prostate 240
Cardiac
action potential 181
arrhythmias 195, 303
failure 186
glycosides 181, 183
infarction 189
stimulants 75
Cardiogenic shock 200
Cardiovascular
effects 191
system 76, 78, 108, 109, 297, 325
Carminative mixture 255
Carotene 485
Carotenoids 485
Carrier
mediated transport 19
molecules 38
Carumonam 372
Carvedilol 85, 87
Cascade theory 150
Castor oil 266
Catabolic states 245
Catecholamines 75
Cationic
system 29
transporter 29
Causes of
hyperuricemia 352
secondary hypertension 172
Cefazolin's 371
Cefoperazone 371
Ceftazidime 371
Ceftriaxone 371
Cefuroxime 371
Celecoxib 346
Cell cycle 444
nonspecific drugs 444
specific drugs 444
Cellular and molecular pharmacology 90
Central
anticholinergic drugs 280
nervous system 107, 109, 331
Centrally acting
cough suppressants 130
muscle relaxants 106
Cephalexin 371
Cephalosporins 367, 370
Cephalothin 371
Cephradine 371
Cerebral
blood flow 286
edema 235
Cetavlon 471
Cetrimide 471
Cevix 241
Chancroid 364, 366
Charcoal 29
Chemical transmission in nervous system 276
Chemoprophylaxis 361, 398, 421
Chemotherapeutic
agents 4
effect 36
Chemotherapy 4, 357, 443
Chemotherapy of
cancer 443
leprosy 399
malaria 419
tuberculosis 393
urinary tract infections 389
Chest pain 87
Chickenpox 403
Chills 409
Chlamydial infections 376
Chloral hydrate 298
Chlorambucil 446
Chloramphenicol 28, 377
Chlorhexidine 462
Chloride compounds 455
Chlorinated lime 472
Chlorine 461, 472
Chloroguanide 423
Chlorophyll 459
Chloroquine 350, 417, 418, 421
Chloroxylenols 461
Chlorpromazine 262
Chlorpropamide 168
Cholecalciferol 485
Cholera 387
vaccine 479
Cholestatic jaundice 384
Cholestyramine 29, 147
Cholinergic
drugs 92
nerve 89
receptors 89
system and drugs 89
Cholinesterases 89
Cholinomimetic alkaloids 92
Chronic
adrenal insufficiency 235
amebiasis 415, 418
gout 351
pulpitis 340
salicylate poisoning 339
toxicity 459
Cimetidine 257
Cinchona alkaloids 419
Ciplin 365
Ciprofloxacin 387
Circadian rhythm 231
Cisapride 124, 263
Cisplatin 447
Clarithromycin 384, 400
Classical angina 189
Classification of
androgen 244
antiemetic 261
antiepileptic drugs 301
antimalarial drugs 419
antimicrobial agents 357
antithyroid drugs 218
autacoids 117
drugs 416
drugs used in
gout 352
leishmaniasis 429
malignancy 444
epilepsy 299
fungal infection 411
H1 blockers 118
local anesthetics 107
penicillins 367
Clavulanic acid 370, 373
Clindamycin 391
Clinical
pharmacokinetics 30
pharmacology 4
use of
bromocriptine 210
iron 140
vasopressin and analogues 213
Clofazimine 400
Clofibrate 168, 149
Clomiphene citrate 240
Clonazepam 305
Clonidine 78, 174, 326
controls diarrhea 174
Clotrimazole 413
Clove oil 461
Clozapine 125, 320
CNS
depressant 273
depression 53
stimulants 75, 331
Cobra
bite 95
venom 95
Cocaine 331, 332
Codeine 267, 327, 460
Colchicine 352
Cold
box 482
chain 482
extremities 86
Colistin 392
Collagen diseases 235
Colloidal silver compound 474
Colloids 203
Colony-stimulating factors 144
Combination of
antimicrobials 360
drugs in angina 192
Combined pills 242
Common phenothiazine derivatives 318
Complex partial seizures 300
Complications of spinal anesthesia 112
Conformational distortion theory 287
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 235
Congestive cardiac failure 85, 182, 186
Conjunctivitis 364
Constipation 265, 488
Contact dermatitis 51
Contraindication to
anticoagulant therapy 153
combined pill 241
glucocorticoid therapy 236
heparin therapy 152
spinal anesthesia 112
thrombolytic therapy 155
Control of hemorrhage 78
Copper 456
sulphate 456
Cornea membrane 21
Coronary
blood flow 188, 189
circulation 191
Corpus cavernosum 246
Correction of acidosis 275
Cortex 207
Cortical focal epilepsy 300
Corticosteroids 202, 231, 262
Corticotropin releasing factor 209
Cotrimoxazole 363, 364
Cough 129, 327, 409
Cresol 456, 471
Crippling inflammatory disorder 348
Cromolyn sodium 134
Crystalline zinc insulin 227
Crystalloids 203
Crystalluria 364
Curare poisoning 95
Cushing syndrome 242
Cutaneous vasodilatation 273
Cyanocobalamin 489
Cyclophosphamide 446
Cyclopirox olamine 414
Cycloserine 396
Cyclosporine 351, 431
Cyproheptadine 124
Cyproterone acetate 245
Cytarabin arabinoside 446
Cytolytic reactions 51
Cytotoxic
drug 432, 443
effect 36
D
Dacarbazine 446
Daidzine 274
Dakin's solution 472
Dale's
phenomenon 76
vasomotor reversal 76
Dalfopristin 392
Damage cell membrane 358
Danazol 155, 245
Dantrolene 106
Dapsone 399
Daunorubicin 446
Decreasing uterine motility 240
Decubitus ulcer 274
Deferiprone 468
Dehydration 163
Dehydroemetine 416, 417
Deltoid muscle 14
Demecarium 94
Dementia 283
Dental
caries 458
drug 453
plaque 458
Dentifrices 453
Deodorant 469
Depolarising blockers 105
Deprenyl 282
Dermojet injection 13
Desferrioxamine 468
Desflurane 289
Detergents 453
Dettol 471
Dexfenfluramine 82, 124, 332
Dextran 202, 203
Dextromethorphan 330
Dextropropoxyphene 328
Dextrose 204
Dhatura 98
Diabetes mellitus 224
Diabetic ketoacidosis 227
Diaminopyrimidine 419
Diarrhea 326, 372
Diazepam 106, 291, 294, 306
Diazoxide 176
Dibucaine 111
Diclofenac 343
Dicyclomine 260, 262
Didanosine 405
Diethylcarbamazine 427
Diflunisal 338
Digitoxin 184, 185
Digoxin 184, 185, 199
Dilling's formula 47
Diloxanide furoate 416, 417
Diltiazem 198
Dimercaprol succimer 467
Dimethicone 255
Diphenoxylate 268, 328
Diphenyl-hydantoin 302
Diphtheria 369, 384
vaccine 478
Dipyridamole 156, 192
Directly acting
muscle relaxants 106
sympathomimetics 75
Disease modifying drugs 348
Disease of lightening 299
Disfavor fertilization 243
Dismenorrhea 98
Disopyramide 196
Disorders of bones 221
Disprin 460
Distal convoluted tubule 162
Distribution of
iron in body 139
sympathetic system 71
Disulfiram 28, 274, 372
DNA viruses 402
Dobutamine 78, 80
Docebenone 347
Doloxifene 240
Domperidone 263
Donepezil 94
Dopamine 78, 79, 277
Doxapram 332
Doxazosin 83
Doxorubicin 446
Doxycycline 377, 420, 423
D-penicillamine 349
Dracunculosis 416
Droperidol 291
Drug
action on 5-HT receptors 124
affecting hematopoiesis 139
allergy 51
controller of India 8
dependence 52
destroying thyroid tissue 218
distribution 23
effects on neurohumoral transmission 74
for
constipation and diarrhea 265
iron deficiency anemia 140
leishmaniasis 429
megaloblastic anemias 141
trypanosomiasis 429
formulations 12, 60
induced diseases 50
information sources 4
inhibit
hormone release 218, 219
iodine trapping 218
interaction 54, 153
metabolism 25
nomenclature 5
of choice 433
preparations for hypothryroidism 217
protein binding displacement 55
resistance 52
structure 24
transport across membrane 19
used for treatment of moderate pain 460
used in
acute attacks 125
dental hemorrhage 457
disorders of coagulation 150
Parkinson's disease 279
psychiatric disorders 316
rheumatoid arthritis 348
sexual impotence 246
therapy of shock 202
tuberculosis 393
used in treatment of
angina pectoris 188
diarrhea 267
migraine 125
non-productive cough 130
oral inflammation 460
productive cough 129
rheumatoid arthritis 348
withdrawal reaction 50
Dry mouth 462
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 240
Dysmenorrhea 240
Dyspepsia 255
Dystrophic diseases 458
E
E. coil 371
Echthiophate 94
Econazole 413
Ecosprin 460
Edema 163, 227
Edrophonium 94
Efavirenz 406
Efflux pump 359
Eflornithine 430
Eicosanoids 120
Electroconvulsion therapy 316
Electrophysiological activity 185
Emergency pills 243
Emetics 260
Emetine 416, 417
Eminase 153
Empirical therapeutics 3
Endocrinal glands 207
Endocytosis 19
Endogenous
ligands 323
pathways 145
Endometrial carcinoma 241
Endometriosis 241
Endorphin 323
Enflurane 289
Enkephalin 323
Enoxacin 388
Enteramine 123
Enteric fever 387
Enterohepatic circulation 25, 27, 28
Enzymatic
induction 28, 38
inhibition 28
stimulation 38
Enzyme
induction 55
inhibition 55
Ephedrine 78, 80, 133
Epilepsy 81, 299
during pregnancy 306
Epsilon aminocaproic acid 155
Equilibrium 83
Ergocalciferol 485
Ergometrine 249
Ergot alkaloids 83, 84, 123, 125
Ergotamine 83, 125
Erythromycin 28, 383, 458
Erythropoietin 143
Erythrosin 457
Esmolol 85, 87, 198
Esophageal reflux 92
Esters of choline 92
Estrogen 223, 238, 241, 447
Etanercept 351
Ethambutol 395
Ethanol 271, 275
Ether 288
Ethionamide 395, 400
Ethosuximide 304, 305
Ethyl
alcohol 271, 470
glycol poisoning 274
stibamine 429
Etidocaine 110
Etodolac 345
Etomidate 290
Euphoria 273
Evacuant enema 16
Ex vivo gene therapy 62
Exaggerated adrenergic activity 171
Exceptions to BBB 18
Excitatory
amino acids 277
effect 325
Exogenous pathways 145
Expectorants 129
Extemporaneous expectorant formulation 129
Extended spectrum penicillins 367, 369
Extracardiac effects 185, 191
Extrinsic
asthma 132
system 150
Eye 92
diseases 235
infections 378
F
Factors affecting
absorption 20
bioavailability 22
drug metabolism 28
Factors
deciding routes of administration 11
for coagulation 150
governing volume of drug distribution 24
influencing oral anticoagulant activity 153
modifying dosage and drug action 47
regulating blood pressure 171
responsible for
CCF 183
hyper-prolactinemia 210
Falciparum malaria 387
Famciclovir 404
Familial hypercholesterolemia 147
Famotidine 257
Fast neurotransmitters 276
Fat soluble vitamins 485
Father of modern chemotherapy 357
Fatigue 409
Fats 484
Febrile convulsions 305
Fecal softeners 265
Feces 29
Felbamate 305
Fenfluramine 82
Fenoprofen 344
Fentanyl 291, 328
Ferric
chloride 456
sulfate solution 457
Fetal
alcohol syndrome 274
hydantoin syndrome 303
Fever 337, 409
Fibric acid derivatives 149
Fibrin formation 151
Fick's law 18, 285
Filgrastim 144
Filling root canal 459
Finasteride 245
Flare 118
Flecianide 197
Fluconazole 414
Flucytosine 413
Fludrocortisone 237
Flu-like syndrome 394
Flumazenil 296
Fluorescein dye 457
Fluorides 455
Fluoroquinolones 386, 396
Fluoxetine 274, 313
Flurazepam 296
Flurbiprofen 345
Flutamide 245
Folate
antagonists 419
deficiency 365
Folic acid 141
Folinic acid 275
Follicle stimulating hormone 211
Fomepizole 275
Forced diuresis 163
Formal therapeutic trial 9
Formaldehyde 455, 470
Formed elements of blood 233
Formoterol 133
Forms of gene therapy 61
Foscarnet 404
Fostestrol 447
Frusemide 162
Fulminating hepatitis 305
Fungi 358, 438
Fusidic acid 391, 392
G
Gabapentin 305
Gametocidal drugs 420
Ganciclovir 403
Ganglion blockers 97, 174
Gas gangrene 369
Gastric emptying time 20
Gastrointestinal
diseases 235
tract 77
Gelatin
foam 156
products 203
sponge 457
Gemfibrozil 149
Gene transfer vectors 62
General
anesthesia 284
considerations 285, 348
Genetically engineered proteins 61
Genitourinary smooth muscle 77
Gentamicin 381
Germ-line gene therapy 61
Giardiasis 416, 418
Gingival
hyperplasia 302, 463
hypertrophy 463
retraction cords 457
GIT
disorders 20
disturbances 163
Glands 118
Glaucoma 78, 87, 92
Glomerular filtration rate 79
Glucagon 202, 230
Glucocorticoids 134, 207, 211, 223, 233, 432, 447
Glucuronide 335
Glutamate 277
Glutaraldehyde 470
Glutathione conjugation 27
Gluteal muscle 14
Glycerol 166
Glycine conjugation 27
Gold salts 349
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone 209
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum 473
Gonorrhea 369, 372, 384
Gram-negative
bacilli 435
infections 372
Gram-positive bacilli 434
Grandmal epilepsy 303
Granisetron 262
Grave's disease 218
Gray-body syndrome 378
Griseofulvin 412
Growth
hormone releasing hormone 209
stimulation in children 245
Guanbenz 174
Guanethidine 174
Gum 5
paints 462
H
H. influenzae 371
H. pylori infections in peptic ulcer 416
H2 receptor blockers 257
Halitosis 463
Hallucinogens 331
Halofantrine 422
Halogenated hydroxyquinolines 416, 417
Halogens 461, 472
Haloperidol 320
Halothane 289
Hamycin 412
Hard soap 453
Hasten uterine involution 249
Hazards of immunization 482
Headache 333, 409
Heart 191
diseases 369
rate 185
Heat 470
regulation 325
shock proteins 45
Helmints 425
Hematinics 139
Hemophilus infection 387
Hemorrhagic fever 407
Hemostasis 150
Henderson-Hesselbach's equation 18
Henle's loop 162
Heparin 151
antagonist 152
Hepatic
amebiasis 418
clearance 31
Hepatitis
A vaccine 480
B vaccine 481
Heroin 327
Herpes simplex virus infections 403
Hetrazan 427
Hexachlorophene 462, 472
Highly purified insulins 228
Hirudin 152
Histamine 117
substitutes 118
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 148
Hofmann elimination of drug 28
Hormonal contraceptives 242
Hormone 5, 45
affecting
metabolism 207
reproductive system 207
in cancer chemotherapy 447
replacement therapy 240, 241
Human
albumin 203
chorionic gonadotropins 212
fibrin foam 457
insulins 227
interferon's 407, 431
menopausal gonadotropins 212
Huntington's disease 319
Hydralazine 176
Hydrogen peroxide 462, 473
Hydroxychloroquine 350
Hydroxyethyl starch 203
Hydroxytryptamine 123
Hydroxyzine 310
Hyoscine 262
butyl bromide 260
Hypercalcemia 163
Hyperglycemia 163
Hyperkalemia 163
Hyperlipidemia 145, 163
Hyperlipoproteinemias 147
Hyperparathyroidism 222
Hyper-prolactinemia 210
Hypersensitivity reaction 109
Hypertension 85, 163, 171, 191
Hypertensive crisis 179
Hyperuricemia 163
Hypervitaminosis 485
Hypnotic 293, 326
Hypocalcemia 163
Hypochlorous acid 472
Hypoglycemia 227
Hypokinesia 279
Hypomagnesemia 163
Hyponatremia 163
Hypotension 80, 111
Hypothalamic hormones 207, 209
Hypovolemia 163
Hypovolumic shock 200
I
Ibuprofen 335, 344
Idiopathic disorder 316
Idiosyncracy 51
Idoxuridin 403
Ifosfamide 446
Imidazoles 413
Imipenem 372
Imperial system 59
Importance of blood flow 23
Important terminology 40
In vitro
experiments 7
fertilization 240
In vivo
experiments 7
gene therapy 62
Increased peripheral resistance 172
Indication of
GH 210
insulin 227
Indinavir 406
Indirectly acting sympathomimetics 75
Indole acetic acid derivatives 341
Indomethacin 167, 341
Infertility in females 240
Inflammatory
bowel diseases 268
diseases 458
Influence iron absorption 140
Influenza vaccine 481
Inhalation
anesthetics 291
steroids 235
Inhaled steroids 134
Inhibit
cell wall synthesis 358
DNA
functions 358
gyrase 358
synthesis 358
protein synthesis 358
Inhibitory
amino acids 277
hormones 207
Injury to research subject 8
Insomnia 296
Insulin 224, 230
analogus 228
dependent diabetes mellitus 224
resistance 228
Intermediate acting barbiturates 296
Intestinal
colic 260
motility 20
Intestine 486
Intra-arterial administration 15
Intra-articular injections 15
Intramedullary administration 15
Intraperitoneal administration 14
Intravenous
anesthetics 289
magnesium sulfate 251
Intrinsic
asthma 132
system 150
Iodides 219
Iodine 461
ointment 472
stain 455
Iodoform 456
Iodophors 472
Iodoquinol 417
Ion
channels 37
trapping 29
Ionic inhibitors 218
Iontophoresis 455
Ipratropium bromide 99
Iron 139, 456
deficiency anemia 140
stain 456
Irreversible anticholinesterases 95
Irritable bowel syndrome 268
Ischemic heart diseases 87
Isoflurane 289
Isolated systolic hypertension 171
Isoniazid 394
Isophane insulins 227
Isoprenaline 78, 79, 133
Isopropyl alcohol 470
Itraconazole 414
Ivermectin 427
J
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction 368
K
Kallikreins 126
Kanamycin 381, 396, 458
Keratoconjunctivitis 403
Ketamine 290
Ketanazole 28
Ketanserin 83, 124
Ketoconazole 414, 430
Ketoprofen 344
Ketorolac 343
Ketotifen 135
Kidney 121, 287, 332, 486
Kininogen 126
Kinins 126
Kirbey-Bauer technique 358
Korsakoff's psychosis 273, 488
L
Labetalol 85, 87
Lactobacillus acidophilus 268
Lamivudine 405
Lamotrigine 305
Lansoprazole 258
L-asparaginase 447
Lead acetate 456
Leflunomide 350
Left ventricular hypertrophy 178
Legionnaire's pneumonia 384
Leishmaniasis 429
Lente insulins 227
Lepra reactions 401
Lepromatous leprosy 387, 399
Leptazol 332
Leptospirosis 376
Leptozol 301
Leukotriene 122
pathway inhibitors 135
Levamisole 427
Levodopa 280
Levofloxacin 388
Lidocaine 110, 461
Lignocaine 197
Limitations of erythromycin 384
Lincomycin 391
Linezolid 391, 392
Lipid
derivative autacoids 117
soluble drugs 18
Lipodystrophy 227
Lipophilic antioxidants 149
Liquid formaldehyde 456
Lithium carbonate 314
Liver 287
diseases 235
Location of
ganglia 71
preganglionic neurons 71
Lomefloxacin 388
Loop diuretics 162
Loperamide 268
Lorazepam 291
Losartan 178
Lovastatin 148
Low
molecular weight heparins 152
WBC count 372
Loxatidine 257
Lugols solution 472
Lung 29
diseases 236
Luteinizing hormone 211
Lymphogranuloma venereum 364
Lysol 471
M
Macrolides 383
Magnesium salts 257
Malaria 364, 376, 421
Male
contraceptives 245
infertility 240
Malignant tertian 419
Mammary gland 241
Management of
acute attack 135
chronic asthma 135
dental hypersensitivity 455
drug overdoses and poisoning 53
Mandelamine 389
Mandl's paint 472
Mania 319
Mast cell stabilizers 134
Mazindol 82
Measurement of anxiolytic activity 307
Mebendazole 426
Mechanism of action of
ACE inhibitors 178
antiepileptic drugs 301
oral contraceptives 243
Mechanism of
pain and nociception 321
variation in drug responsiveness 52
Mechlorethamine 446
Mecroxalol 87
Medulla 207
Mefloquine 422
Megaloblastic anemia 141, 302, 365
Meglumine antimonate 429
Melarsoprol 430
Melatonin 278
Melphalan 446
Meningitis 18, 369, 381
Meningococcal infections 368
Menstrual
benefits 241
disorder 241
Menthol 461
Meperidine 328
Mephenesin 106
Mephenteramine 81
Mepivacaine 110, 461
Meprobamate 307
Mercuric chloride 456
Mercury compounds 473
Mesalamine 338
Metabolic effects of insulin deficiency 226
Metabolism of angiotensins 126
Metachlopromide 124
Metallic astringent 456
Metamizol 341
Metaraminol 81
Methanol 274, 275
Methenamine mandelate 389
Methohexitone 290
Methotrexate 350, 446
Methoxamine 81
Methoxyflurane 289
Methyl
alcohol 275
ergometrine 249
Methylcellulose 265
Methylene blue 473
Methylpolysiloxane 255
Methylxanthines 133, 166, 278, 331, 332
Methysergide 124
Metoclopramide 263
Metocurine 104
Metoprolol 85, 86, 187
Metrology 59
Metronidazole 360, 416, 418
Mevastatin 148
Mexiletine 197
Meyer Overton theory 287
Michaelis-Menten kinetics 32
Miconazole 414
Microsomal
conjugations 27
enzymes 27
hydrolysis 27
reduction 27
Midazolam 291
Mifepristone 241
Migraine 87, 125, 191
Mild
asthma 135
hypertension 171
Milk ejection 249
Milrinone 186
Mineralocorticoid 207, 237
action 233
Minerals 5, 484, 485
Minimal alveolar concentration 285
Minimum
bactericidal concentration 358
inhibitory concentration 358
Mini-pill 243
Minocycline 377, 400
Minoxidil 176
Mithramycin 447
Mixed acting sympathomimetics 75
MMR vaccine 480
Moderate
asthma 135
hypertension 171
Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors 311
theory of depression 310
Monobactams 367, 372
Montoux test 478
Mood-altering stabilizing drugs 314
Morning sickness 489
Morphine 324
Motion sickness 262
Mouthwashes 456
Multi-antibiotic resistant infections 387
Multibacillary leprosy 400
Multi-compartment pharmacokinetics model 23
Multiple antibiotics resistance 360
Mummifying agents 456
Mupirocin 391, 392
Muromonab CD3 432
Muscarinic
actions 91
receptors 89
Muscle relaxants 104
Musculoskeletal disorders 106
Myasthenia gravis 94
Mycobacterium leprae 399
Mydriasis 80
Myleran 446
Myocardial
contractility 184
contraction 182
infarction 87, 178, 193
oxygen consumption 185
Myoclonic seizures 300
Myxedema 217
N
Nabumetone 346
Nadolol 85, 87
Nalbuphine 329
Nalidixic acid 386
Nalmefene 274
Nalorphine 329
Naloxone 329
Naltrexone 274, 330
Naproxen 344
Narcolepsy 80, 81
Narcotic
analgesics 321, 323
antagonists 321
Narrow
angle glaucoma 92
spectrum drugs 357
Nasal decongestants 75, 80, 82
Natriuresis 162
Natural
alkaloid 97
androgen 244
penicillins 367, 368
Nature of
drugs 5
epilepsy 299
schizophrenia 316
Nedocromil 135
Nelfinavir 406
Nematodes 425
Neomycin 381
Neoplastic diseases 458
Neostigmine 94
Nephron 161
Nephrotoxicity 372, 380, 412
Netimicin 381
Neurocysticercosis 428
Neuro-degenerative disease 279
Neurohumoral transmission 68
Neuroleptic analgesia 291
Neuromodulators 276
Neuromuscular
blockade 380
blockers 97, 104
junction 92, 103
Neuropathic pain 322
Neurophysiology of epilepsy 301
Neurotransmitters of sympathetic system 71
Neurotrophic factors 276
Neutral transporter 29
Nevirapine 406
Newer non-sedative antihistaminics 119
Niacin 148, 488
Niclosamide 428
Nicorandil 192
Nicotinic
acid 148, 488
actions 92
receptors 89
Nifedipine 191
Nifurtimox 430
Nikethamide 332
Nimesulide 346
Niridazole 428
Nitrates 189
Nitric oxide 277, 278
Nitrofurantoin 389
Nitroimidazoles 416
Nitroprusside 176
Nitrous oxide 287
Nocardiosis 364
Nocturnal enuresis 80, 81
Nonacetylated salicylates 338
Nonbarbiturate sedative hypnotics 298
Non-catecholamines 75, 80
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 224
Non-ligand gated ion channels 37
Non-microsomal
enzymes 27
hydrolysis 27
reduction 27
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 406
Nonopioid antitussives 330
Nonsedative antihistaminics 119
Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs 334, 348
estrogen antagonist 243
Non-systemic antacids 257
Noradrenaline 79, 277
Noradrenergic transmission 71
Norfloxacin 388, 420, 423
Nosocomial infections 372
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 404
Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia 223
Nystatin 412
O
Obesity 81
Obstructive cardiomyopathy 87
Obtundents 454
Octreotide 209
Octride 209
Ofloxacin 388, 400
Olanzepine 320
Oligozoospermia in male 240
Omeprazole 258, 264
Ondansetron 125, 262
Open angle glaucoma 92
Opiates 322
Opioid 292
analgesics 322
receptors 323
Opium 322
Optic neuritis 395
Oral
anticoagulants 152
cavity 462
contraceptive 238, 240
preparations 242
hypoglycemic drugs 229
infections induced 463
inflammation 460
pain 460
pills 242
route 13
ulceration 463
Organ transplantation 236
Organophosphorus poisoning 96, 98
Ornidazole 416
Orphan drug 6
Oseltamivir 410
Osmotic
diuretics 165
purgatives 265, 266
Osteoarthritis 235, 338
Osteomalacia 221, 302
Osteomyelitis 381
Osteopenia 221
Osteoporosis 221, 240
Ototoxicity 163, 380
Ovarian suppression 241
Oxaminiquine 428
Oxaprozin 345
Oxicams 346
Oxidative stress 278
Oxidising agents 455
Oxidized cellulose 457
Oxprenolol 85
Oxymetazoline 78
Oxyphenonium 260
Oxytocin 249
P
Pain and swelling of salivary glands 463
Pamidronate 222
Pantothenic acid 488
Papaverine 246
Para-amino
hippurate 29
salicylic acid 395
Paracetamol 340
Paraform 456
Paraldehyde 298, 306
Paramomycin 430
Paranoid states 319
Parathyroid hormone 221
Parenteral
iron 141
routes 11
Parkinson disease 279
Paromomycin 417
Paroxetine 314
Paucibacillary leprosy 400
Pefloxacin 388
Penicillin 29, 78, 367
G 18, 368
prophylaxis 369
Penicillinase resistant penicillins 367, 369
Pentamidine isothionate 429
Pentazocine 329, 460
Pentoxiphylline 155
Peptic ulcer 98, 255, 256
Peptide
autacoids 117
hormones 208
Peptidoglycan 367
Pergolide 282
Periodontal
abscess 340
diseases and management 458
Peripheral
neuritis 394
vascular disease 85, 191
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants 104
Peritonitis 381
Pertussis vaccine 478
Petitmal epilepsy 299
Pharmacological actions of acetylcholine 91
Pharmacology of vitamin K 156
Pharmacopoeia 4
Pharmacotherapy of
angina 192
gout 351
Pharmacovigilance 4
Phenobarbitol 28
Phenobarbitone 303, 306
Phenolphthalein 266
Phenothiazine 318
derivatives 292
Phenoxybenzamine 83
Phentolamine 83, 84
Phenylbutazone 341
Phenylephrine 81
Phenylpropanolamine 82
Phenytoin 28, 197, 305, 306
sodium 302
Pheochromocytoma 85, 87
Phosphate 221
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors 186
Phylloquinone 487
Phylum
nemathelmintes 425
platyhelmintes 425
Physiology of urine formation 161
Physostigmine 94
Picrotoxin 332
Pilocarpine 92
Pindolol 85, 88
Pinocytosis 19
Pioglitazone 229
Pipenzolate 260
Piperazine citrate 427
Pirenzepine 99
Piriprost 347
Piroxicam 346
Pituitary
gland 241
hormones 207
Placebo controlled 10
Placental hormones 207
Plague 376, 381, 387
vaccine 479
Plain mouthwashes 460
Plasma
concentration 30
expanders 203
lipid levels 145
protein binding 25
Platelet activating factor 120, 122
Plicamycin 447
Pneumococcal infections 368
Pneumocystis carinii infection 366, 429
Pneumonia 381, 387
Poliomyelitis vaccine 480
Polydypsia 224
Polygenic hypercholesterolemia 147
Polymyxin 392
B 458
Polypeptide antibiotics 391, 392
Polyphagia 224
Polyurea 224
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 203
Postcoital
contraceptive 242
pill 243
Posterior pituitary hormones 212
Postmyocardial infarction 338
Postoperative paralytic ileus 95
Postpartum
hemorrhage 249
lactation 241
Postponement of menstruation 241
Postural hypotension 172
Potassium
channel openers 189, 192
nitrate 455
permanganate 473
sparing diuretics spironolactone 164
Povidone-iodine 462
Pralidoxime 96
Pravastatin 148
Praziquantel 428
Prazosin 83, 85
Preanesthetic medication 291
Preparations of
anabolic steroids 245
insulin 227, 228
iron 140
Prevention of drug absorption 53
Prilocaine 110
Primaquine 422
Primary hypertension 171
Prinzmetal's angina 189
Procainamide 196
Procaine 110, 461
Procarbazine 447
Prochlorperazine 262
Productive cough 129
Proflavine hemisulphate 473
Progestins 240, 241, 447
Progestogen-only pills 243
Proguanil 423
Prokinetic agents 263
Prolactin 210
Prolacting releasing factor 209
Propafenone 197
Propantheline 260
Prophylaxis 87, 223
Propionic acid derivatives 344
Propiphenazone 341
Propofol 290
Propoxyphene 328
Propranolol 85, 192, 198
Propylthiouracil 218
Prostaglandin 120, 250
analogues 259
Prostatic carcinoma 447
Protamine
sulphate 152
zinc insulin 227
Protein 484
bound iodine 218
Proton pump inhibitors 258
Prototype drug 97
Protozoal infections 376
Proximal tubule 162
Pseudocholinesterase 89
Pseudomonas infections 387
Psychomotor
epilepsy 300
seizures 303
stimulants 332
Psychoses 316
Psychotics 316
Psychotomimetic drugs 331, 333
Pulmonary
blood flow 286
ventilation 286
Pyrantel pamoate 426
Pyrazinamide 394
Pyrazolon derivatives 341
Pyridostegmine 94
Pyridoxine 488
deficiency 489
Pyrimethamine 422
Q
Quadruple reassortant 409
Quaternary ammonium compounds 462
Quetiapine 320
Quinidine 196
Quinine 421
Quiniodochlor 417
Quinolones 386
Quinupristin 392
R
Rabies vaccine 481
Racemic isomer 427
Radioactive iodine 219
Raloxifene 240
Ranitidine 257
Rasagiline 282
Rebound hypertension 86
Recent arrived branches in pharmacology 4
Receptor
mediated action 40
occupation theory 38
regulation 40
Recombinant
DNA technology 5
tissue type plasminogen activator 153
Red thrombus 150
Regulation of
secretion 210, 244
ion channels 44
Relative refractory period 181
Releasing hormones 207
Removal of absorbed drug 53
Renal
diseases 178, 235
excretion 28
toxicity 376
Replacement therapy 235, 240
Reserpine 175
Resins 5
Resistance to antimicrobial agents 359
Resistant tuberculosis 397
Resorcinol 471
Resperidone 125
Respiration 76, 241
Respiratory
failure 111
stimulants 331
system 78, 297
tract infections 366, 369
Retroviral protease inhibitors 406
Reversal of
cholinesterase inhibition 96
neuromuscular blockade 105
Reye's syndrome 339
Rheumatic
carditis 235
fever 369
Rheumatoid arthritis 235, 338
Ribavirin 407
Riboflavine 488
Rickets 221
Rickettsial infections 376, 378
Rifabutin 396
Rifampicin 393, 396, 400
Rifampin 393
Rimantadine 406, 409
Ring worm 411
Risperidone 320
Ritonavir 406
Rivastigmine 94
RNA viruses 402
Role of
carbohydrate and acids 458
glucocorticoids 398
Root canal therapy 459
Rosiglitazone 229
Roxatidine 257
Roxithromycin 384
S
Salbutamol 78, 133
Salicyclic acid 414
Salicylates 335
Salicylic acid 335
Salicyluric acid 335
Salmeterol 133
Salmonella infections 387
Salts of zine 456
Salturesis 162
Saralasin 178
Sargramostim 144
Schistosomiasis 428
Schizophrenia 319
Seasonal flu 409
Secnidazole 416
Secretory glands 92
Selection of antibacterial agent 361
Selective serotonin hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitors 313
Selegiline 282
Selenium sulfide 414
Semisynthetic penicillins 369
Senile
osteoporosis 223, 245
vaginitis 240
Septic shock 200, 202
Septicemia 369, 381
Septran 365
Seroquel 320
Serotonin 123
agonists 124
antagonists 124
Sertindole 320
Sertraline 314
Sevoflurane 289
Sex steroids 207
Sexually transmitted diseases 376
Sildenafil 246
Silver 456
compounds 473
nitrate 455, 456, 459, 473
stain 455
sulfadiazine 473
Simvastatin 148
Sisomicin 381
Skeletal muscles 77, 105, 232, 244, 297, 333
Skin 21, 77, 118
diseases 235
Sleep disorders 273
Smooth muscle 91, 109, 118, 333
relaxation 191
Sodium
borate 470
channel blockers 196
etidronate 222
fluoride
gel 455
paste 455
fusidate 391, 392
nitroprusside 176
perborate 462, 473
stibogluconate 429
valproate 304
Solubility of drug in tissue 286
Somatic
gene therapy 61
nervous system 67
pain 321
Somatostatin 209
Sore throat 409
Sotalol 85, 87, 198
Spansules 13
Sparfloxacin 388
Spastic neurological disorders 106
Spectinomycin 382
Spectrum of activity 368
Spinal anesthesia 112
Spirochetes 437
Splenic capsule 76
Stages of general anesthesia 284
Stannous fluoride 455
Staphylococcal infections 368, 384
Status
asthmaticus 135
epilepticus 303, 306
Status of oral antidiabetics 230
Stavudine 405
Steady state plasma concentration 33
Sterilization 469
Steroidal
estrogens 238
hormones 208
Stimulant purgatives 265
Stokes-Adam's syndrome 80
Stool softening agents 265
Streptococcal infections 368, 384
Streptogramins 391, 392
Streptokinase 153
Streptomycin 381, 395
Strontium chloride 455
Strychinine 332
Stuffy nose 409
Subacute bacterial endocarditis 381
Succinimides 304
Succinylcholine 105
Sucralfate 258
Sufentanil 328
Sulbactam 373
Sulfamethoxazole 365
Sulfinpyrazone 354
Sulfonamide 363, 419, 423
Sulfonanilide derivatives 346
Sulfones 423
Sulfonylureas 229
Sulindac 342
Sulphasalazine 350
Sulphone 419
Sulpiride 320
Sumatriptan 124, 125
Suramin sodium 430
Swine flu 409
Sympathetic nervous system 74
Sympathomimetic amines 202
Synapse 68
Synthesis of estrogen 238
Synthetic and semi-synthetic 5
Synthetic
androgens 244
competitive blockers 104
prostacyclin 156
Syphilis 368, 369, 384
T
Tachykinins 322
Tachyphylaxis 48, 52, 80
Tacrine 94
Tamiflu 409
Tamoxifen 223, 240
Tannic acid 456
Tapeworms 428
Taste disturbances 463
Tazobactam 373
Teicoplanin 391, 392
Temazepam 296
Temporal lobe epilepsy 300
Tennins 5
Terazosin 83, 85
Terbinafine 414
Terbutaline 133
Terfenadine 28
Termination of
action 78
pregnancy 242
Testosterone 244, 246
secretion 212
Tetanus 106, 369
vaccine 478
Tetracaine 110
Tetracyclines 374, 376, 417, 420, 458
Theophylline 133
Therapeutic
failure 230
index 45
indications of penicillin 368
uses of
adrenaline 78
cephalosporins 372
estrogens and progestins 241
gonadotropins 212
window phenomenon 45
Thiabendazole 426
Thiacetazone 395
Thiamine 487
Thiazide related agents 162
Thiazides 163, 167
diuretics 162
Thiocyanate 218
Thionamides 218
Thiopentone sodium 290
Thiourelynes 218
Thioxanthene 319
Thrombin powder 156
Thrombolytics agents 153
Thromboplastin powder 156
Thrombosis 189
Thromboxanes 120
Thymol 472
Thyroid
function test 218
hormones 214
storm 218
stimulating hormone 211
Thyrotoxicosis 87
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 209
Tiagabine 305
Tigemonam 372
Timolol 85, 87
Tincture iodine 472
Tinidazole 416
Tobramycin 381
Tocolytic agents 251
Tocopherols 486
Tolazoline 83, 84
Tolmetin 347
Tolnaftate 414
Topiramate 305
Total loss of taste 463
Toxoplasmosis 364
Trachoma 364
Tranquilizer 317
Traveling sickness 262
Traveller's diarrhea 268, 376
Treatment of
acute myocardial infarction 193
asthma 135
cerebral malaria 423
cough 129
diabetes mellitus 230
diabetic ketoacidosis 230
different forms of amebiasis 418
digitalis toxicity 186
dyspepsia 255
epilepsies 305
H. pylori infection 259
hypertension 178
infestations 426, 428
leprosy 400
rheumatoid arthritis 348
tuberculosis 396
urinary tract infection 389
xerostomia 463
Tresiolan 455
Tresivac 480
Triamterene 164
Triazolam 296
Triazoles 413
Trichomonas vaginitis 416
Trichomoniasis 418
Triflupromazine 262
Trifluridine 403
Trigeminal neuralgia 303
Trihexyphenidyl 99
Trimethaphan 174
Trimethoprim 363365, 423
Trimitazidine 192
Trimovax 480
Triphenylmethane dyes 473
Troglitazone 229
Trypanosomiasis 430
Tuberculoid leprosy 399
Tuberculosis 381, 387, 393
Tuberculous-meningitis 394
Tubular secretion 29
Tubulus renalis 161
Tularaemia 381
Type of
mouthwashes 456
shocks 200
Typhoid 366, 369, 372
fever 378
Typhus vaccine 479
U
Ulcer protectives 258
Ulcerative colitis 364
Ultraviolet
light 470
rays 455
Unstable angina 189
Ureteric colic 260
Uric acid 351
synthesis inhibitor 353
Uricosuric drugs 354
Urinary
analgesic 390
bladder 325
distention 92
tract infection 364, 365, 369, 387
Urokinase 155
Uses of
anticholinesterases 94
anticoagulants 153
atropine 98
centrally acting muscle relaxants 106
cholinomimetics 93
local anesthetics 111
plasma expanders 204
tocolytics 251
wrong vehicle for infusion 54
Uterine
relaxants 75, 251
stimulants 249
Uterus 77, 241
V
Vaccines 477
Vagina 241
Vagus 325
Valacyclovir 404
Valporate 305
Valproic acid 304
Vancomycin 391, 458
Variant angina 189
Varicella vaccine 481
Vascular smooth muscle 77, 175
Vascularity of absorbing surface 20
Vasoconstrictor agents 457
Vastus lateralis 14
Venlafaxine 314
Verapamil 198
Viagra 246
Vidarabine 404, 408
Vigabatrin 305
Vinblastine 447
Vinca alkaloids 447
Vincristin 447
Viomycin 396
Viper russel snake venoms 157
Viral vaccines 480
Visceral pain 321
Vitamin 484
A 485
B complex 487
B1 487
B12 141, 142, 489
B2 488
B3 488
B5 488
B6 488
C 489
D 220, 223, 485
E 486
K 156, 487
Volume of distribution 24
Vomiting 305
W
Warning signs 409
Water crystal theory 287
Water soluble
drugs 18
vitamins 485, 487
Weak
acid 18
androgen 244
base 18
Wernick's encephalopathy 273, 488
Whitefields ointment 414
Whooping cough 384
Wood alcohol 275
X
Xerostomia 462
Y
Yellow fever vaccine 481
Yinghaosu 423
Yohimbine 83, 85, 246
Z
Zalcitabine 405
Zaleplon 298
Zero order kinetics 32
Zidovudine 404
Zileuton 347
Zinc
chloride 455, 456
salts 474
Ziprasidone 320
Zolpidem 298
Zopiclone 298
×
Chapter Notes

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247Drugs Acting on Uterus248

Uterine StimulantsCHAPTER 1

 
DEFINITION
Drugs which stimulate the uterine contractions are called oxytocics or ecbolics.
Oxytocics: These drugs stimulate uterine contractions, promote expulsion of fetus, prevent postpartum hemorrhage, help in the involution of uterus and facilitate expulsion of milk from the mammary glands during lactation. They include oxytocin, ergometrine, methyl ergometrine, prostaglandins-PGF2α, PGE2, misoprostol and quinine.
 
OXYTOCIN
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary along with ADH. It is synthesized in the Supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, transported along the axon and stored in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). It is released by stimuli such as suckling, coitus and parturition.
Actions: Uterus Oxytocin contracts the uterus. It stimulates pregnant and non-pregnant uterus, but the sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin increases as the pregnancy advances, reaching a maximum at term. The fundus and the body contract, while the lower segment is relaxed. Both force and frequency of contractions are enhanced and there is full relaxation in between the contraction. At full term, the uterus is highly sensitive to the effects of oxytocin as there is an increase in the number of oxytocin receptors.
  • Mammary gland: Oxytocin facilitates milk ejection by contraction of the myoepithelium in the mammary alveoli. Suckling stimulates the release of oxytocin.
  • It appears to function as peptide neurotransmitter in brain (CNS).
  • It is inactive orally and is usually given IV or can also be given as nasal spray.
Uses: It is used for induction of labor. Oxytocin is used to induce or augment labor when contraction are inadequate, even at full-term of pregnency.
  1. PPH: As an alternative to ergometrine.
  2. Milk ejection: When ejection is impaired in nursing mothers, intranasal spray can be used.
  3. Abortion: As an alternative to induce midtrimester abortion.
  4. Breast engorgement.
Adverse effects: Large doses cause water intoxication and very powerful contractions of the Uterus, and may lead to soft tissue injury or Uterine rupture.
 
ERGOMETRINE AND METHYL ERGOMETRINE
Ergometrine is an alkaloid obtained from ergot, while methyl-ergometrine is semi synthetic. Both are active orally, have a rapid onset of effect and are devoid of adrenergic blocking and vasoconstrictor effect present in other ergot alkaloids, viz., ergotoxine, ergotamine and DHE.
Actions: Uterus : Ergometrine is a powerful uterine stimulant. The force and frequency of uterine contractions are enhanced; lower segment also contracts. There is no relaxation in between contraction. Ergometrine stimulates the uterus during all phases of gestation, but the uterus at full-term and immediately after delivery is highly sensitive to its effects.
It has no effect on the mammary gland.
Uses: They are completely absorbed it given orally onset of action—oral – 15 min. IM – 15 min and IV – immediate.
  1. Postpartum hemorrhage – Ergometrine is used to treat and prevent PPH (Postpartum hemorrhage)
  2. To hasten uterine involution – Ergometrine is given for 7 days.
  3. To prevent uterine atony – After cesarean section.
    250
Adverse effects: Adverse effaect inclube nausea, vomiting and rarely hypertension.
 
PROSTAGLANDINS
  • PGE2 and PGF2α stimulate the contraction for both pregnant and non-pregnant uterus though sensitivity is higher during pregnancy.
  • They also soften the cervix and hasten dilatation (cervical ripening). PGs produced by fetal tissues mediate initiation and progression of labor .
Uses: It is used for following purpose:
  1. Abortion: PGs are used as vaginal suppositories to induce midtrimester abortion. They are also used with mifepristone in termination of pregnancy up to 9 weeks.
  2. PPH: As an alternative to ergometrine.
  3. Cervical priming: Gels are used intravaginally to soften the cervix.
  4. Induction of labor: PGs are used as alternatives to oxytocin.
Adverse effects: They include : nausea, vomiting, headache, fever and diarrhea.