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Ultrasound
Satish K Bhargava
1:
Basic Physics of Ultrasound
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF ULTRASOUND
ULTRASOUND GENERATORS
INTERACTION OF ULTRASOUND WITH MATTER
Absorption
Reflection
Diffuse Reflector or Scattering
Refraction
Depth
Effect of Tissue Acoustic Impedance
Transducer Focusing
INSTRUMENTATION
Different Modes of Display
Realtime
TRANSDUCERS
Scanning Probes
Linear Array
A Sector Array
Curved or Convex Array Transducer
OPERATING SONOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT (KNOBOLOGY)
Time Gain Compensation (TGC)
Slope
Near Gain
Far Gain
Artifacts
Section Thickness Artifacts
Speckle
Reverberation
Multipath
Mirror Image
Side Lobes
Comet Tail
Ring Down
Propagational Speed
Refraction
Acoustic Shadowing
Air Artifacts
Edge Shadowing
Acoustic Enhancement
2:
Chest
THORAX
Normal Anatomy
Normal Sonographic Appearance
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Breathing
Transducer
Technique
STEPS FOR SCANNING
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
3:
Diaphragm
NORMAL ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Breathing
Transducers
Technique
Supine
Coronal Plane
STEPS OF SCANNING
Transverse Scanning—Supine Position
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Longitudinal Scanning—Supine Position
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
4:
Gastrointestinal Tract
ANATOMY AND SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Technique
SURVEY
STEPS FOR SCANNING
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
5:
Liver
LOCATION
ANATOMY
Liver Lobes
Liver Segments
Liver Ligaments
Hepatic Arteries
Portal Vein
Portal Venous System
Bile Ducts
Portal Triad
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Normal Variants
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Technique
Gain Settings
LIVER SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Sagittal Plane: Anterior Approach and Subcostal Approach
Sagittal Plane Anterior Intercostal Approach
Coronal Plane
Right Lateral Subcostal Approach
Right Lateral Intercostal Approach
Transverse Survey
Transverse Plane: Anterior Approach
Normal Measurements (Figs 5.15A to C)
STEPS FOR SCANNING
Longitudinal Survey
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
Transverse Survey
Step IX
Step X
Step XI
Step XII
Step XIII
Step XIV
Step XV
Step XVI
Step XVII
6:
Gallbladder and Biliary Tract
LOCATION
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
NORMAL VARIANTS
Shape Variations
Position Variations
Septations
Duplication of the Common Duct
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Techniques
Gain Settings
GALLBLADDER SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Transverse Survey
BILIARY TRACT SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Transverse Survey
Normal Measurements (Figs 6.7 and 6.14)
STEPS FOR SCANNING
Longitudinal Survey
Step II
Step III
Transverse Survey
Step IV
Step V
Biliary Tract
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
7:
Spleen
LOCATION
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Preparation
Position
Breathing Technique
Transducer
SPLENIC SURVEY
Transverse Plane
Measurements
STEPS OF SCANNING
8:
Pancreas
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Technique
PANCREATIC SURVEY
Measurement
STEPS FOR SCANNING
9:
Peritoneum and Mesentery
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patients Position
Transducer
Technique
SURVEY
10:
Renal
LOCATION
ANATOMY
Sinus
Parenchyma
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Normal Variants
Dromedary Hump
Hypertrophied Column of Bertin
Horse Shoe Kidney
Renal Ectopia
Normal Kidney
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Technique
Gain Settings
TECHNIQUE
Right Kidney
Longitudinal Scan
Transverse Scan
Left Kidney
Coronal Plane: Left Lateral Approach
Transverse Plane: Left Lateral Approach
Checkpoints
URETERS
Normal Measurement (Figs 10.19 and 10.20)
STEPS FOR SCANNING
11:
Adrenals
LOCATION
ANATOMY
Sonographic Anatomy
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Left Adrenal
Right Adrenal
Breathing Technique
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Gain Settings
Adrenal Survey
Right Adrenal Gland
Left Adrenal Gland
Normal Measurements
Maximum Sizes
STEPS FOR SCANNING
12:
Lower Urinary Tract
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Breathing
Transducer
TECHNIQUE
STEPS OF SCANNING
Normal Measurement
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Preparing the Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Transverse Plane
Longitudinal Plane
TRANSABDOMINAL SCANNING
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY (TRUS)
13:
Retroperitoneum
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Patient Preparation
Position
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
GREAT VESSELS
Aorta
Anatomy
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Position
Transducer
Technique
Aortic Survey
Measurement (Fig. 13.12)
STEPS FOR SCANNING
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Anatomy
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Technique
Inferior Vena Cava Survey
IVC Measurement (Fig. 13.18)
STEPS FOR SCANNING
14:
Anterior Abdominal Wall
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SCANNING
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Breathing
Transducer
TECHNIQUE
Sagittal Anterior Approach
STEPS FOR SCANNING
15:
Pediatric Abdomen
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Neonatal Kidney (Figs 15.13A to D)
Neonatal Adrenal (Fig. 15.18)
Uterus and Ovaries (Figs 15.19 to 15.21)
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation and Prerequisite
Position
Respiration
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
16:
Neonatal Brain
ANATOMY AND SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Ventricular System
Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Cisterna Magna
Choroid Plexus
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Foramen of Monro
Brainstem
Hippocampal Gyrus
Cerebral Peduncles
Tentorium
Sylvian Fissure
Caudate Nucleus
Quadrigeminal Plate
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
TECHNIQUE
Coronal Scan
Sagittal Scan
STEPS FOR SCANNING
MEASUREMENTS OF VENTRICLE
17:
Spine
ANATOMY AND SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
STEPS FOR SCANNING
18:
Musculoskeletal System
MUSCLES
Normal Sonographic Appearance
Technique of Sonography
BURSA
Technique
TENDONS
Anatomy
Sonographic Appearance
Artifacts
Technique
LARGE SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Normal Sonographic Anatomy
SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
Normal Sonographic Anatomy
Technique
STEPS FOR SCANNING
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES AND SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Anterior Approach
Knee is Moderate Flexion (30–45°)
Complete Flexion of Knee Joint
Medial Approach
Lateral Approach
Posterior Approach
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES AND SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Club Foot
Step 1: Medial approach (Fig 18.45)
Step 2: Dorsal Approach (Fig 18.46A and B)
Step 3: Lateral Approach (Fig. 18.47A and B)
Step 4: Posterior Approach (Fig 18.48A and B)
19:
Superficial Parts
EYEBALL ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Choice of Transducer
Patient Position
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Open Eye Technique
Closed Eye Technique
ORBIT ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Transducers
Patient Position
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Measurement
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
NORMAL ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SCANNING
Patient Position
Type of Transducer
Technique
Parotid Gland
Step I
Step II
Submandibular Gland
Step III
Step IV
ANATOMY (FIGS 19.18 AND 19.19)
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Normal Variants
SCANNING
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Transverse Survey
Longitudinal Survey
Normal Measurements
Thyroid Size
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Longitudinal Scanning
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
ANATOMY (FIGS 19.27A AND B)
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
BREAST SCANNING
Patient Preparation
Position
Transducer
Technique
Measurement
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step V
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Prerequisite
Patient Position
Transducer
Technique
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
Step IX
Step X
Step XI
20:
Female Pelvis
LOCATION
ANATOMY (FIGS 20.1A AND B)
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Normal Variants
SCANNING
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Breathing Technique
UTERUS AND PELVIC CAVITY SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Sagittal Plane: Anterior Approach
Transverse Survey
Transverse Plane: Anterior Approach
OVARIAN SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Sagittal Plane: Anterior Approach
Transverse Plane: Anterior Approach
Normal Measurements (Figs 20.8A to C)
Longitudinal Survey
Step I
Transverse Survey
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
UTERUS AND PELVIC CAVITY SURVEY
Longitudinal Survey
Sagittal Plane Vaginal Approach
Transverse Survey
Coronal Plane Vaginal Approach
OVARIES SURVEY
Right Ovarian Survey
Transverse Survey
Longitudinal Survey
Left Ovary Survey
Measurement
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Step VIII
21:
Obstetrics
FIRST TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND
Indications
ANATOMY AND SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Estimation of Gestational Age (GA)
SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTERS SONOGRAPHY
Key Parameters to be Evaluated
ANATOMY AND SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Brain
Face
Spine
Thorax
Abdomen
Extremities
Umbilical Cord
Placenta
Measurements
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
Technique
First Trimester Survey
Second and Third Trimesters Survey
Early Pregnancy
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
22:
Doppler
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
TECHNIQUE
ANATOMY
Lower Limb (Fig. 22.12)
Upper Limb
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparations
Transducer
SCANNING
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
SCANNING
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
SCANNING
LOCATION OF CAROTID ARTERIES
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
SCANNING
DOPPLER CRITERIA
Normal Velocities
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducers
SCANNING
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducer
SCANNING
AORTA
Sonographic Anatomy
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC)
Sonographic Anatomy
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Transducer
SCANNING
ANATOMY
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
TECHNIQUE
Patient Preparation
Patient Position
Transducers
Normal Values
INDEX
TOC
Index
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