Practical Hematology for BDS Komal Marwaha
INDEX
A
ABO blood grouping 84
Acetone 59
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) 22
Acidified glycerol lysis test (AGLT) 122
Advantages of
Sahli's method 75
Westergren method 112
Wintrobe method 106, 114
ZSR method 115
Anemia 42
classification based on blood indices 108
Assessment of stained blood smear 60
Autologous transfusion 87
Automated method 103
B
Bart's Hb 76
Bleeding
disorders 94
time 90, 124
Blood
determination 87
indices 124
transfusion 87
BT tests 94
C
Calculation of
dilution factor 41, 49
RBC count 41
volume of fluid examined 41, 49
Capillary blood sample 11
Causes of
decrease in hemoglobin concentration 78
increase in hemoglobin concentration 78
Cell volume 103
Centrifugal method 58
Charging chamber 32
Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine 22
Clinical significance of ESR 117
Clinically important blood group systems 86
Clotting time 90, 124
Coagulation defects 94
Collection of venous blood 14, 15
Composition of Hayem's fluid 39
Copper sulphate falling drop method 77
Counting
chamber 29
cells 41, 48
Cover slip method 57
CT tests formation of clot 96
Cytoplasm 64
to nucleus ratio 64
D
Decrease in HCT 108
Decreased
osmotic fragility 123
RBC count 43
Derivatives of hemoglobin 75
Determination of
BT 90
CT 92
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 111
hemoglobin concentration in blood 72
osmotic fragility of RBCs 120
Diagnostic use of ESR 117
Dicumarol 25
Different types of microscopes 8
Differential leukocyte count 67, 124
Diluting pipettes 28
Disadvantages of
Sahli's method 75
ZSR method 115
Disposable syringe 14
Distribution of cells in smear 64
Double oxalate 23
Duke's method 90
E
Ear lobe puncture 13
Errors of hemocytometry 33
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 124
Estimate of iron content 77
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sequestrene/versene 21
Examination of
peripheral blood smear 55
stained smear under oil immersion 60
F
False
negative results 85
positive results 85
Fate of WBC in RBC count 43
Favouring factors 116
Features of
ideal blood film 57
well-stained blood smear 60
Fixing smear 59
Focusing counting grid 31
Functions of
constituents of Turk's fluid 47
hemoglobin 75
G
Gasometric method 77
Giving false
high value 75
low value 75
Glass slide method 55
Granules 60
H
Heel puncture 13
Hematocrit 103
Hemoglobin concentration 124
Hemoglobinometery 77
Hemoglobinopathies 77
Hemophilia 96
Heparin 20, 24
I
Identification of
cells 60
leukocytes 61
Improved Neubauer chamber 30
In vitro anticoagulants 20
In vivo anticoagulants 24
Increase in HCT 108
Increased RBC count 43
Indications of determining BT and CT 94
Inherent errors 34, 50
Ivy's method 91
L
Landsteiner's law 86
Lee and White test tube method 93
Leukemia 51
Leukemoid reaction 51
Leukocyte pool in body 50
Leukocytosis 50
Leukopenia 51
Leukostasis 51
Lobes 64
M
Major cross matching 87
Manual method 103
Method of
determination
of blood group 82, 103
using microscope 7
Micro-ESR 115
Microhematocrit method 106
Minor cross matching 87
MNS and P system 87
Morphological classification of anemias 107
N
Naked eye
appearance 60
single tube red cell osmotic fragility test 122
Normal
count 50
differential leukocyte count 68
hematological values 124
range of RBCs 42
Normal value 113, 121
by Wintrobe method 114
Nucleus 64
O
Opposing factors 115
Osmotic fragility 124
test 120
Other
blood groups 87
fetal hemoglobins 76
Oval field of view 8
P
Packed cell volume 124
Par focal system 6
Parts of microscope 4
Pathological
causes of leukocytosis 51
conditions 117
Photoelectric colorimetry 77
Physiological causes of leukocytosis 51
Pink test 122
Pipetting 31, 48
Plasma factors 116
Polycythemia 42
Poor illumination 8
Preparation of peripheral blood smear 55
Prerequisites of blood transfusion 87
Principle of staining procedure 59
Purpura 95
R
RBC
diluting fluid 38
pipette 28
Reasons of false counts 34
Red cell factors 116
Rhesus system 86
Role in ESR 116
S
Sahli's method for determination of Hb 72
Significance of osmotic fragility tests 122
Simplate method 92
Size of cell 60
Slide method of blood group determination 82
Sodium
citrate 21
fluoride 24
Spectrophotometric method 77
Stages of ESR 115
Staining of peripheral smear 58
Study of
anticoagulants 20
hemocytometry 27
T
Tallquist's method 77
Tests for determination of
bleeding time (BT) 90
clotting time (CT) 92
Thalassemia 76
Total
erythrocyte count 38
leukocyte count 47
RBC count 43
red blood cell count 124
white blood cell count 124
True hematocrit 107
U
Under
high power 60
low power 60
Universal
donor 87
recipient 87
Uses of
HCT determination 107
RBC pipette 28, 43
WBC pipette 29
V
Vacuum blood collection system 15
Variation in WBC count 50
Varieties of Hb 76
Venous blood sample 14
Vessel wall defects 94
von Willebrand disease 95
W
Warfarin 25
Water free methyl alcohol 59
WBC pipette 29
Wedge method 55
Westergren method 111, 124
Whole body HCT 107
Wintrobe method 103, 113, 124
Wright's capillary glass tube method 92
Z
Zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) 115
×
Chapter Notes

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1Practical Hematology for BDS
3Practical Hematology for BDS
Komal Marwaha MBBS MD Reader and Incharge Department of Physiology Dr HSJ Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital Punjab University Chandigarh, India
4Published by
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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Practical Hematology for BDS
© 2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
First Edition: 2010
9789380704470
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5Preface
Looking into the changed curriculum policy of DCI for BDS 1st year where physiology and biochemistry are considered as a single subject, I had felt a great need for a good workbook of practical hematology for BDS 1st year. This workbook of practical hematology is in line with the curriculum policy of DCI.
Great emphasis has been laid on the applied aspects of hematology because our aim is not to train technicians; but its aim is to make would-be dentists to learn the principles of hematology and to use them in their future clinical practice. Though students should be concerned about acquiring the necessary skill, more so in recording the results and interpreting them.
Earlier BDS 1st year students had to depend on practical physiology books or manuals which were meant for MBBS. After reading these manuals, they used to perform practical and record their results in separate practical files or note books. But the workbook Practical Hematology for BDS serves the purpose of textbook, manual as well as workbook. It has covered all the practical aspects of hematology.
The workbook is divided into two sections:
  1. Practical section
  2. Demonstrations.
The Practical section includes those practicals which are required to be included in the University practical examination. They are to be performed by the students during practical classes to acquire skills.
Demonstrations are to be shown to the students during practical classes. However, these demonstrations are not required to be included in the University examinations but questions based on this would be given in the form of charts, graphs and calculations for interpretation by the students. All the practicals are covered under the following sections.
Objectives: A set of objectives has been given at the beginning of each practical. They are intended to inform the student what they must learn from a particular exercise. The student should go through them before starting the practical and should again look at them after completing the practical, to assess whether he has acquired the necessary skill and the knowledge. The objectives covered in this book are based on what a student must know but they do not limit what he may know. Medical field being so vast, there is no end to knowledge so teachers can add on these minimum objectives.
Introduction: It covers the basic knowledge of the topic on which the practical is based.
Method: Keeping in view the fast-growing world of medical science, we want our students to remain abridged with the latest methodology used in hematology, so this section covers different methods employed for performing a particular practical. Thereafter, the detail of one particular method (required by BDS student to know) is discussed in detail. The principle of the method, all the factual knowledge and the technical data of the apparatus to be used is discussed, the whole procedure is dealt with in detail in a stepwise manner; and immediately after the procedure, sound and updated precautions to be observed are given to avoid fruitless work. After that the, way to record observation, perform calculations (if any) and express result is described.6
Besides the technical details, a clear concept regarding the theoretical background of the experiment performed, its importance and uses, and clinical correlation is covered under discussion. Well-labeled diagrams and photographs of the apparatus are provided along with the text for proper understanding.
To overcome the need of using additional practical file, work space has been provided at the end of each chapter where students will record observations, perform calculations and give the results. Important viva questions are also given to help students prepare for their examination.
As far as possible, each statement included in the workbook is drawn from some well recognized source and care has been taken to cover every aspect of practical hematology BDS 1st year curriculum.
I must express my gratitude to my husband, Mr Ajay Kumar, for his endless support and understanding. I express my thanks to Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd for bringing out this workbook in excellent form. I request all the students and the teachers using this workbook to evaluate it with open mind and give their valuable suggestions.
Komal Marwaha