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Essentials of Medicine for Dental Students
Anil K Tripathi, Kamal K Sawlani
CHAPTER 1:
Clinical Methods
HISTORY
Presenting Complaints
History of Present Illness
History of Past Illness
Treatment History
Personal History
Family History
Menstrual History
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
General Physical Examination
Mental and Emotional Status
Built of the Body
Temperature
Pulse
Blood Pressure (BP)
Jugular Venous Pulse
Respiration
Pallor
Jaundice
Clubbing
Cyanosis
Edema
Lymph Nodes
Halitosis
Types of Halitosis
Pathophysiology of Halitosis
Foods Causing Bad Breath
Examination/Tests for Halitosis
Myth about Halitosis
Tongue and Bad Breath
Treatment of Bad Breath
SCHEME OF THE GENERAL EXAMINATION
DEFINITIONS
Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Illness
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 2:
Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary System
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
Symptoms
Abdominal Pain
Heart Burn
Nausea and Vomiting
Altered Bowel Habits
Abdominal Distension
GI Bleeding
Jaundice
Other Symptoms
General Examination
Abdominal Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
STOMATITIS AND ORAL ULCERS
Angular Stomatitis (Cheilosis)
Ulcerative Stomatitis (Aphthous Ulcer)
Vincent's Infection (Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis, Trench Mouth)
Herpetic Stomatitis
Oral Candidiasis
Nutritional Deficiency
Hematological Diseases
GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
DYSPHAGIA
Classification
Odynophagia
Diagnosis
Treatment
General
Medical
Endoscopic Therapy
Surgical
GASTRITIS
Acute Erosive and Hemorrhagic Gastritis
Management
Acute Gastritis Due to Infections
Chronic Gastritis
Autoimmune Gastritis (Type A Gastritis)
Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis (Type B Gastritis)
Uncommon Types of Gastritis
PEPTIC ULCER
Etiology
H. Pylori Infection
NSAIDs Induced Ulcers
Smoking and Diet
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
General Measures
Medical Treatment
Acid Neutralizing or Inhibitory Drugs
Mucosal Protective Agents
H. Pylori Eradication Therapy
Therapy in Specific Cases
Surgical Treatment
DIARRHEA, DYSENTERY AND FOOD POISONING
Acute Diarrhea
Incubation Period
Pathogenic Mechanisms
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Dysentery
Food Poisoning
Investigations
Management
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Diet
Antimotility/antisecretory Agents
Antimicrobial Agents
Chronic Diarrhea
Secretory Diarrhea
Osmotic Diarrhea
MALABSORPTION
Intraluminal Phase
Mucosal Phase
Absorptive Phase
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Specific Tests
Treatment
LIVER: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Liver Function Tests
Tests to Assess Excretory Functions
Tests to Assess Synthetic Functions
Serum Enzymes
Imaging Techniques
Liver Biopsy
JAUNDICE
Types of Jaundice
ACUTE HEPATITIS
ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
Pathology
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Clinical Features of Acute Hepatitis
Complications
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention of Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Prognosis
CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Features
Treatment
Prognosis
CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER
Pathology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Features
Management
Prognosis
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Treatment of Variceal Hemorrhage
Prevention of Variceal Bleeding
HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Precipitating Factors
Treatment
Management of Hemorrhagic Tendency in Liver Disease
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatorenal Syndrome
ASCITES
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
HEPATOMEGALY
IMPLICATIONS ON DENTAL PRACTICE
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 3:
Hematological System
ANEMIA
Normal Hematopoiesis
Clinical Presentations
Classification
Investigations
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
Source and Daily Requirement
Metabolism
Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Oral Iron Therapy
Parenteral Iron Therapy
Red Blood Cell Transfusion
Anemia of Acute or Chronic Inflammation/Infection
Mechanism
Investigations
Treatment
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Cobalamin
Folic acid
Causes of Cobalamin and Folic Acid Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Aplastic anemia
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Hemolytic anemia
Hemoglobinopathy
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Anemia of Acute Blood Loss
Leukemia
Acute Leukemias
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Clinical Manifestation
Investigations
Treatment
Lymphomas
Hodgkin's Disease
Clinical Features
Classification
Investigations
Staging
Treatment
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Multiple Myeloma
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Normal Hemostasis
Primary Hemostasis
Platelet Plug Formation
Secondary Hemostasis
Coagulation Mechanism
Clot Lysis
Coagulation Inhibitors
Disorders of Hemostasis
Vessel Wall Abnormalities
Platelet Disorders
Idiopathic (Autoimmune) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Functional Platelet Disorders
Renal Diseases
VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
COAGULATION DISORDERS
Inherited Coagulation Disorders
Hemophilia
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Management
Therapy of Hemophilia B
Acquired Coagulation Disorders
Liver Diseases
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Clinical Features
Investigation
Management
Agranulocytosis
Causes
Manifestations
Investigations
Management
SPLENOMEGALY
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
LYMPHADENOPATHY
Diagnosis
IMPLICATIONS ON DENTAL PRACTICE
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 4:
Cardiovascular System
Symptoms and signs of Cardiovascular Diseases
Symptoms
Dyspnea
Palpitation
Chest Pain
Fatigue
Edema
Syncope
Hemoptysis
General Examination
Anemia
Cyanosis
Edema
Clubbing
Peripheral Signs of Infective Endocarditis
Arterial Pulse
Blood Pressure
Jugular Venous Pulse
Others
CARDIAC EXAMINATION
Inspection and Palpation
Auscultation
INVESTIGATIONS
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Echocardiography
Cardiac Catheterization
Others
ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
Clinical Features
Polyarthritis
Carditis
Chorea
Subcutaneous Nodules
Erythema Marginatum
Investigations
Treatment
Secondary Prevention
RHEUMATIC VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
AORTIC STENOSIS (AS)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Empirical Therapy
Surgery
Prophylaxis
HYPERTENSION
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Effects of Hypertension on Target Organs
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Drug Therapy
Treatment Guidelines
Surgery
Hypertensive Crisis
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE / CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Causes
Pathogenesis of Coronary Atherosclerosis
STABLE ANGINA
Investigations
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Treatment
Medical Treatment
Coronary Revascularization
Identification and Control of Risk Factors:
UNSTABLE ANGINA
Pathophysiology of Unstable Angina
Investigations
Treatment
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR STEMI
Investigations
Management
Complications of MI
HEART FAILURE
Causes
Precipitating Factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Types of Heart Failure
Investigations
Treatment
Correction of Precipitating Factors
Control of Heart Failure
ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA (CARDIOGENIC)
Causes
Clinical Presentations
Investigations
Management of Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
Initial supports:
Drug therapy:
Correction of Precipitating Factors
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Classification
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Management
Coarctation of Aorta
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Tetralogy of Fallot
Investigations
Management
SYNCOPE
Causes of Syncope
Cardiac Syncope
Vasovagal Syncope
Postural Hypotension (Postural Syncope)
Seizures and Syncope
Investigations
Treatment
Immediate Actions to be Taken During Syncope
Instructions to the Patients
ARRHYTHMIA
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
BRADYARRHyTHMIAS
Sinus Bradycardia
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Atrio-ventricular Block
Stokes-Adams Attacks
TACHYARRHYTHMIAS
A. Narrow complex tachycardias are of supraven- tricular origin.
Rate Control
Prevention of Thromboembolism
Rhythm Control
Supraventricular Tachycardias (SVT)
Management
Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) and Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome
Management
Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Ventricular Premature Beats (VPBs)
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
IMPLICATIONS ON DENTAL PRACTICE
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 5:
Respiratory Diseases
SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea
Cough
Sputum
Hemoptysis
Wheezing
Chest Pain
Examination
General
Respiratory System Examination
Inspection (Table 5.7)
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Investigations
Pneumonia
Etiology
Route of Infection
Organisms
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Lung abscess
Risk Factors
Causative Organisms
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
BRONCHIECTASIS
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Bronchial Asthma
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Examination
Investigations
Management
Chronic Persistent Asthma
Acute Severe Asthma
Patient Education and Monitoring of Therapy
Complications
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Etiological Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
Chronic Phase
Acute Exacerbation
PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA
Tropical Eosinophilia
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Pulmonary Embolism
Clinical Syndromes
Acute massive pulmonary embolism:
Acute small/medium pulmonary embolism:
Chronic pulmonary embolism:
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention of PE
TUBERCULOSIS
Primary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Post-primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
HIV and Tuberculosis
Investigations
Treatment
Anti-tubercular Drugs
Treatment Regimen
Other Drugs/Therapy
National Guidelines
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS)
Complications of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Respiratory Failure
Type I Respiratory Failure (Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure)
Type II Respiratory Failure (Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure)
Type III Respiratory Failure
Type IV Respiratory Failure
Pleural diseases
Pleurisy
Pleural Effusion
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
PNEUMOTHORAX
Classification
Types of Pneumothorax
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Common causes of ILD
Investigations
Treatment
LUNG CANCERS (BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA)
Etiology of lung cancers
Classification
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Implications on dental practice
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 6:
Renal Diseases
Renal Syndromes
Structure and Function
Investigations in renal disorders
Nephrotic syndrome
Causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
General Measures
Specific Measures
Prognosis
Nephritic syndrome
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Causes
Investigations
Treatment
General Measures
Specific Measures
Prognosis
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Causes of CRF
Management
Implications on dental practice
Self assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 7:
Nervous System
Examination of cranial nerves
Olfactory Nerve
Optic Nerve
Visual Acuity
Visual Field
Color Vision
Pupillary Examination
Accommodation Reflex
Oculomotor Nerve
Trochlear Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Abducens Nerve
Facial Nerve
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Tests of Hearing
Tests of Vestibular Functions
Glassopharyngeal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Accessory Nerve
Examination of IX, X, and XI cranial nervese
Palatal Paralysis
Hypoglossal Nerve
Examination of a Comatose Patient
Pathophysiology of Coma
Diagnosis
History
General Physical Examination
Neurological Examination
Investigations
Management
General
Medications
Operative Management
Brain Death
EPILEPSY
Classification
Partial Seizures
Simple Partial Seizures
Complex Partial Seizures
Primary Generalized Seizures
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Absence Seizures (Petit mal)
Causes of Seizures
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
General Precautions
Immediate Care of Seizures
Treatment of the Underlying Condition
Avoidance of Precipitating Factors
Anti-epileptic Drug Therapy
Monitoring
Duration of Therapy
Status Epilepticus
Causes
Management
Complications
Meningitis
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Signs of Meningeal Irritation
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention of Meningococcal Infection
Complications
Viral Meningitis
Chronic Meningitis
Tuberculous Meningitis
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
Complications
Fungal Meningitis
Headache
Pathological Basis of Headache
Classification
Approach to a Case of Headache
Migraine
Variants of Migraine
Pathophysiology of Migraine
Treatment
Tension Headache
Cluster Headache (Migrainous Neuralgia)
Headache Due to Raised Intracranial Pressure
Facial pain
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Atypical Facial Pain
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Post-herpetic Neuralgia
Facial nerve palsy
Bell's Palsy
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
Cerebrovascular diseases
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Implications on dental practice
Self assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 8:
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
THYROID DISORDERS
Hypothyroidism
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Myxedema Coma
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ Disease
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings in Hyperthyroidism
Treatment
Thyroid Crisis
Treatment
CALCIUM METABOLISM
Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
Hypocalcemia
Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
Hypercalcemia
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
PARATHYROID DISORDERS
Hypoparathyroidism
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Hyperparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
PITUITARY GLAND
Hypopituitarism
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Acromegaly
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cushing's Disease
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Diabetes Insipidus
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations
Treatment
DIABETES MELLITUS
Classification
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Investigations
Urine Test
Blood Tests
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1) Measurement
Serum Fructosamine Measurement
Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring System
Other Tests
Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (Non-ketotic Hyperosmolar Diabetic Coma, HHS)
Chronic Complications
Management of Diabetes
Diet Modification
Exercise
Education
Pharmacological Management
Insulin Regimens
Management Steps in Diabetic Patients
Hypoglycemia
Clinical Presentations
Diagnosis
Treatment
IMPLICATIONS ON DENTAL PRACTICE
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 9:
Infections
MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
Clinical Features
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Mumps
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA) AND HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
Herpes Zoster
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
HERPES SIMPLEX
Herpes simplex (HSV)/Herpesvirus hominis
Source of Infection
Clinical Presentation
Other Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Diphtheria
ENTERIC FEVER (TYPHOID FEVER)
GONORRHEA
Prevention
Syphilis
Clinical Manifestations
Early Syphilis
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Benign Tertiary Syphilis
Cardiovascular Syphilis
Neurosyphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
AMOEBIASIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Amoebic Liver Abscess
Investigations
Management
MALARIA
Transmission of Malaria
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Severe Falciparum Malaria
Chronic Complications of Malaria
Investigations
Treatment
Treatment of Resistant Malaria
Cerebral Malaria
Prophylaxis
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME/ ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (HIV/AIDS)
Mode of Transmission
Causative Organism
Pathogenesis
Clinical Stages
Acute HIV Syndrome
Asymptomatic Stage
Mildly Symptomatic Disease
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Diagnosis
Management of HIV Infection
Limitations of ART
Anti-retroviral Drugs and Regimens
Occupational Exposure and Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
Prevention of HIV Infection
Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Infection
Oral Manifestations in HIV Disease
IMPLICATIONS ON DENTAL PRACTICE
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 10:
Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice
POSTURAL HYPOTENSION (ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION)
Management
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS (See also Chapter 4)
Management
ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
CHEST PAIN
ASTHMATIC ATTACK
AIRWAYS OBSTRUCTION
HYPERVENTILATION
SEIZURES
Management
STROKE (CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT)
ANAPHYLAXIS
HYPOGLYCEMIA
ADRENAL CRISIS
EXCESSIVE BLEEDING
DENTAL PROCEDURES IN PREGNANT WOMEN
CHAPTER 11:
Critical Care
SHOCK
Classification
Hypovolemic Shock
Diagnosis
Management
Neurogenic Shock
Management
Obstructive Shock
Hypoadrenal Shock (see also Chapter 8)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Septic Shock
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Management
Cardiogenic Shock
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Mechanical Ventilation
Prognosis
Cardiovascular Collapse
Cardiac arrest
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
Management of Cardiac Arrest
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
BLS
Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
CHAPTER 12:
Anaphylaxis and Drug Allergy
Anaphylaxis
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention of Recurrent Anaphylaxis
Treatment of Urticaria and Angioedema
Drug allergy
Cutaneous Reactions
Hepatic Syndromes
Renal Syndromes
Pulmonary Syndromes
Management of Drug Allergy
Treatment
Implications on dental practice
Self assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
CHAPTER 13:
Nutrition
Diet and Nutrition
Energy
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Vitamins
Minerals
Balanced Diet
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory assessments
Treatment
Vitamins
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Folate and Vitamin B12
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Choline
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic Acid)
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Vitamin E
Functions
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Vitamin A
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Vitamin K
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Vitamin D
Sources
Deficiency
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxicity
Implications on dental practice
Self assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 14:
Preoperative Evaluation
Cardiovascular Evaluation
Pulmonary Evaluation
Hematological Evaluation
Endocrinal Evaluation
Nutritional Evaluation
Evaluation of Other Organs
Preoperative Laboratory Evaluation
Test Paper
Reference Laboratory Values
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD
HEMATOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
ATP 3 (ADULT TREATMENT PANEL) CLASSIFICATION OF LDL, TOTAL AND HDL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dL)
TRIGLYCERIDES
AVERAGE VALUES IN PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY
Answers
CHAPTER 1: Clinical Methods
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 2: GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 3: HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 4: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
CHAPTER 5: RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 6: RENAL DISEASES
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 7: Nervous system
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 8: ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 9: INFECTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions
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CHAPTER 12: ANAPHYLAXIS AND DRUG ALLERGY
Multiple Choice Questions
CHAPTER 13: NUTRITION
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks
ANSWERS TO TEST PAPER
INDEX
TOC
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