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Pharmacology for Physiotherapy
Padmaja Udaykumar
CHAPTER 1:
General Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION AND SOURCES OF DRUGS
DEFINITIONS
SOURCES OF DRUGS
Natural Sources
Synthetic
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ENTERAL ROUTE (ORAL INGESTION)
Enteric Coated Tablets
PARENTERAL ROUTE
INJECTIONS
Intradermal
Subcutaneous (SC) Injection
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous (IV)
Intraperitoneal
Intrathecal
Intra-articular
Intra-arterial
Intramedullary
INHALATION
TRANSDERMAL
TRANSMUCOSAL
Sublingual
Nasal
Rectal
TOPICAL
Special Drug Delivery Systems
PHARMACOKINETICS
ABSORPTION
Bioavailability
Bioequivalence
DISTRIBUTION
Plasma Protein Binding
Tissue Binding
Redistribution
Blood-brain Barrier (BBB)
Placental Barrier
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
BIOTRANSFORMATION (Metabolism)
Site
Result of Biotransformation
Enzymes in Biotransformation
Enzyme Induction
Enzyme Inhibition
EXCRETION
Renal Excretion
Fecal and Biliary Excretion
Pulmonary Excretion
Other Routes of Excretion
Plasma Half-life and Steady State Concentration
DRUG DOSAGE
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
METHODS OF PROLONGING DRUG ACTION (TABLE 1.4)
PHARMACODYNAMICS
MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION
Through Receptors
Through Enzymes and Pumps
Through Ion Channels
Physical Action
Chemical Interaction
Altering Metabolic Processes
Receptor
Functions of Receptors
Receptor Families
Receptor Regulation
Dose Response Relationship
Drug Potency and Maximal Efficacy
Drug Synergism and Antagonism
FACTORS THAT MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
DRUG INTERACTIONS
GENE THERAPY
CHAPTER 2:
Autonomic Nervous System
INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY
CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ACETYLCHOLINE
Muscarinic Actions
Nicotinic Actions
CHOLINOMIMETIC ALKALOIDS
Uses
ANTICHOLINESTERASES
Irreversible Anticholinesterases
Organophosphorus Poisoning
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
ATROPINE SUBSTITUTES
ADRENERGIC SYSTEM
ADRENERGIC DRUGS (Sympathomimetics)
ACTIONS
1. Cardiovascular System
2. Smooth Muscles
3. Eye
4. Metabolic Effects
5. Skeletal Muscles
Uses of Adrenaline
VASOPRESSORS
NASAL DECONGESTANTS
SELECTIVE β2 STIMULANTS
ANORECTIC AGENTS (ANOREXIANTS)
ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS
ALPHA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
Actions
Classification
BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
Classification
Pharmacological Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Reactions
Alpha and Beta-adrenergic Blockers
CHAPTER 3:
Musculoskeletal System
SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
CLASSIFICATION
PERIPHERALLY ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Neuromuscular Blockers (NMB)
Synthetic Competitive Blockers
Depolarizing Blockers
Uses of Peripherally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Mechanism of Action
Uses of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants
Uses
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LOCAL MUSCLE SPASM
DRUGS USED IN OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES
AGENTS USED IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES
DRUGS AND EXERCISE
CHAPTER 4:
Drugs Acting on the Kidney
DIURETICS
CLASSIFICATION
High efficacy or Loop Diuretics
Thiazides and Thiazide-like Diuretics
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Drug Interactions with Diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Osmotic Diuretics
NEWER DRUGS
ANTIDIURETICS
CHAPTER 5:
Cardiovascular System and Blood
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES AND TREATMENT OF CARDIAC FAILURE
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Pharmacological Actions
Uses
DRUGS USED IN CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
3. Positive inotropic agents
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Sodium Channel Blockers
Miscellaneous
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
Nitrates
Calcium Channel Blockers
β-blockers
Potassium Channel Openers
Miscellaneous
Pharmacotherapy of Angina
Combinations of Drugs in Angina
Unstable angina includes:
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Diuretics (see Chapter 3)
Drugs Acting on Renin Angiotensin System
1. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
2. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
SYMPATHOLYTICS
Drugs Acting Centrally
Ganglion Blockers
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers
Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
Vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Drug Interactions of Antihypertensives
Treatment of Hypertension
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF SHOCK
PLASMA EXPANDERS
VASOACTIVE DRUGS
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES
HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS
DRUGS USED IN THE DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
THROMBOLYTICS (Fibrinolytics)
ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
ADP Antagonists
Others
COAGULANTS
COAGULANTS USED SYSTEMICALLY
Vitamin K
Other Coagulants
HEMATINICS
IRON
Factors that influence iron absorption
Preparations of Iron
Treatment
Uses of Iron
VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID
Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
CHAPTER 6:
Central Nervous System
GENERAL ANESTHETICS
INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS
INDUCING AGENTS
DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHESIA
NEUROLEPTANALGESIA
BENZODIAZEPINES
PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
SYSTEMIC ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS (Table 6.1)
INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS
USES OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
CLASSIFICATION
BENZODIAZEPINES (BZD)
Pharmacological Actions
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Uses of BZDs
BARBITURATES
Classification
Mechanism of Action
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
CNS:
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE REACTIONS
NEWER AGENTS
Zolpidem
Zaleplon
Zopiclone
MISCELLANEOUS
ALCOHOLS
ETHYL ALCOHOL (Ethanol)
Actions
Uses
Disulfiram
METHYL ALCOHOL (Methanol, Wood Alcohol)
Treatment
ANTIEPILEPTICS
PHENOBARBITONE (page 108)
CARBAMAZEPINE
Uses
ETHOSUXIMIDE
VALPROIC ACID
BENZODIAZEPINES
NEWER ANTIEPILEPTICS
Tiagabine
Treatment of Epilepsies (Table 6.3)
DRUGS USED IN PARKINSONISM
CLASSIFICATION
LEVODOPA
Other actions:
Drug interactions
Drugs that Inhibit DA Metabolism
OPIOID ANALGESICS AND ANTAGONISTS
OPIOID ANALGESICS
CLASSIFICATION
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacological Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Management of Addiction
Uses of Morphine
OTHER OPIOIDS
PETHIDINE (MEPERIDINE)
Uses
Derivatives of Pethidine
Uses
MIXED AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS
OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
Uses
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs)
CLASSIFICATION
SALICYLATES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Precautions and Contraindications
Preparations
USES
DRUG INTERACTIONS
PARA-AMINOPHENOL DERIVATIVES
Uses
PYRAZOLON DERIVATIVES
Uses
INDOLE ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Uses
Uses
PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Uses
ANTHRANILIC ACID DERIVATIVES
OXICAMS
ALKANONES
SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS
ANTAGONISTS OF LEUKOTRIENE SYNTHESIS AND LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTORS
DRUGS USED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND GOUT
DRUGS USED IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS—ANTIPSYCHOTICS, ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND ANTIANXIETY AGENTS
ANTIPSYCHOTICS (NEUROLEPTICS)
Classification
Chlorpromazine (CPZ)
Atypical Antipsychotics
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
MOOD STABILIZERS
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS (ANXIOLYTICS)
Classification
CNS STIMULANTS
CHAPTER 7:
Autacoids
HISTAMINE AND ANTIHISTAMINES
HISTAMINE
Histamine Substitutes
ANTIHISTAMINES
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, ERGOT ALKALOIDS, ANGIOTENSIN AND KININS
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
Serotonin Agonists
Other Agonists
Serotonin Antagonists
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Migraine
ANGIOTENSIN
KININS
EICOSANOIDS
PROSTAGLANDINS AND THROMBOXANES
LEUKOTRIENES
PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF)
CHAPTER 8:
Respiratory System
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Use of Glucocorticoids in Asthma
MAST CELL STABILIZERS
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Treatment of Asthma
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF COUGH
ANTITUSSIVES
1. Central Cough Suppressants
2. Pharyngeal Demulcents
3. Expectorants
4. Bronchodilators
5. Mucolytics
CHAPTER 9:
Gastrointestinal Tract
DRUGS USED IN PEPTIC ULCER
ANTACIDS
Systemic Antacids
Non-systemic Antacids
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Ulcer Protectives
Other Drugs
Treatment of H. pylori Infection
PROKINETIC AGENTS
EMETICS AND ANTIEMETICS
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CONSTIPATION
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA
CHAPTER 10:
Hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
THYROID HORMONES AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS
INSULIN AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMICS
INSULIN
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs
Classification
Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
GLUCAGON
CORTICOSTEROIDS
STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS
ACTIONS
Glucocorticoid Actions
MECHANISM OF ACTION
PHARMACOKINETICS
Topical Preparations
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Inhibitors of Adrenal Steroids Synthesis
ESTROGENS, PROGESTINS AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATION
ESTROGENS
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and Antiestrogens
PROGESTINS
ANTIPROGESTINS
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
ANDROGENS AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
ANTIANDROGENS
MALE CONTRACEPTIVES
DRUGS USED IN SEXUAL IMPOTENCE
Sildenafil
AGENTS AFFECTING BONE MINERAL TURNOVER
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
PARATHYROID HORMONE (Parathormone, PTH)
VITAMIN D
Source
Mechanism of Action
Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Preparations
Adverse Reactions
CALCITONIN
Actions
BISPHOSPHONATES (Etidronate, Pamidronate, Alendronate, Zoledronate)
Uses
CHAPTER 11:
Chemotherapy
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SULFONAMIDES
COTRIMOXAZOLE
QUINOLONES
NALIDIXIC ACID
FLUOROQUINOLONES
BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
PENICILLINS
Classification of Penicillins
NATURAL PENICILLINS
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
ANTIPSEUDOMONAL PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINS
First Generation Cephalosporins
Second Generation Cephalosporins
Third Generation Cephalosporins
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
CARBAPENEMS
BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
TETRACYCLINES
Mechanism of Action
Antibacterial Spectrum
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Contraindications
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Mechanism of Action
Antibacterial Spectrum
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Uses
Tigecycline (Tigilcycline)
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
MACROLIDES AND OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
ERYTHROMYCIN
Antibacterial Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Uses
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
Lincosamides
POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS
Polymyxin and Colistin
Others
NEWER AGENTS
CHEMOTHERAPY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
CHEMOTHERAPY OF LEPROSY
TREATMENT OF LEPROSY
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTIHERPES VIRUS AGENTS
ANTI-INFLUENZA VIRUS AGENTS
OTHER ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS
CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
DRUGS USED IN LEISHMANIASIS AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS
LEISHMANIASIS
Other Drugs
TRYPANOSOMIASIS
ANTHELMINTICS
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
CLASSIFICATION
ALKYLATING AGENTS
ANTIMETABOLITES
ANTIBIOTICS
VINCA ALKALOIDS
HORMONES IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
MISCELLANEOUS
General Principles in the Treatment of Cancers (Table 11.12)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS AND IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
ANTIBODIES AS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
Interferons
VACCINES AND ANTISERA
CHAPTER 12:
Geriatric Pharmacology
INDEX
TOC
Index
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