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Manual of Anesthesia for Operation Theater Technicians S Ahanatha Pillai

CHAPTER 1:Surgical Team
- MEMBERS OF SURGICAL TEAM
- JOB DESCRIPTIONS
- UNSKILLED PERSONNEL WORKING INSIDE THE OPERATING ROOM
- INDIAN SCENARIO IN A SMALL SET-UP
- COORDINATOR OF THE TEAM
  - Responsibilities of the Coordinator
CHAPTER 2:Role of Anesthesia Technician in Assisting the Anesthetist
- IMPORTANCE OF ANESTHESIA TECHNICIAN
  - Things to be Kept Ready on the Anesthetic Machine
- TECHNIQUE OF SETTING UP AN IV LINE
- SUCTION TUBES
- FULL STOMACH
CHAPTER 3:Operating Table and Positions Used for Surgeries
- OPERATING TABLE AND ITS COMPONENTS
- POSITIONS FOR VARIOUS SURGERIES AND THE CAUTION REQUIRED FOR EACH POSITION
CHAPTER 4:Operating Department
- OPERATING DEPARTMENT
  - Definitions
- ACCESS ZONES
- PATIENT TRANSPORT AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
  - Patient Transport
- SUPPLIES
  - Storage for Medical and Surgical Supplies
- DESIGN
- TYPES OF OPERATING DEPARTMENTS
- CONSTRUCTION OF OPERATING ROOM
  - Walls and Ceiling
  - Floors
- LIGHTING
  - General Lighting
- OPERATION (TASK) AREA ILLUMINATION
- PENDANT SERVICES
- VENTILATION
- STORAGE
- OPERATING THEATER DISCIPLINE AND ASEPSIS
- SURGICAL HAND DISINFECTION (SCRUB UP)
- DRAPING
- DELIVERY OF STERILE SUPPLIES
  - Solutions
CHAPTER 5:Anesthetic Machine
- ANESTHETIC MACHINE
- COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
- FLUSH VALVE AND PIN INDEX
- FLOW METERS (ROTAMETER)
- VAPORIZERS
- CHECKING THE ANESTHETIC MACHINE
- THE ESSENTIAL ITEMS TO BE KEPT ON THE WORKTOP
CHAPTER 6:Anesthetic Breathing System (Breathing Circuits)
- BREATHING SYSTEMS (BREATHING CIRCUITS)
  - Definition
- OPEN, SEMIOPEN, SEMICLOSED AND CLOSED SYSTEMS
- CLASSIFICATION OF SEMICLOSED AND CLOSED SYSTEMS (NONREBREATHING AND REBREATHING SYSTEMS)
  - Nonrebreathing Circuits
- MAPLESON'S CLASSIFICATION OF NONREBREATHING SYSTEMS
- MAGILL'S BREATHING SYSTEM (MAPLESON'S A SYSTEM)
  - Construction
  - Functioning
- BAIN'S BREATHING SYSTEM (MAPLESON D)
  - Construction
- AYRE'S T-PIECE (MAPLESON'S E SYSTEM)
  - Construction
  - Functioning
  - Modifications
  - Advantages of T-piece Systems
- CLOSED BREATHING SYSTEMS (REBREATHING SYSTEMS)
  - Advantages
- CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION
  - Sodalime
  - Caution About Sodalime
- TO AND FRO CLOSED ANESTHETIC BREATHING SYSTEM
  - Water's Canister
  - Construction
  - Functioning
  - Channeling
- OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
- CIRCLE ABSORBER (CIRCLE CLOSED ANESTHETIC BREATHING SYSTEM)
  - Construction
- SODALIME CANISTERS
- UNIDIRECTIONAL VALVES AND CORRUGATED TUBES
  - Unidirectional valves
  - Corrugated Breathing Hoses (Tubing)
  - Functioning
    - During Inspiration
    - During Expiration
  - Double-Canister Absorbers
  - Caution
  - Advantages of the Circle System
- CATHETER MOUNT AND CONNECTORS
- FACEMASKS
  - Pediatric Facemasks (Rendell Baker Mask)
- LARYNGOSCOPE
- ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES
  - Types of Endotracheal Tubes
    - Cuffs of Endotracheal Tubes
- SPECIAL TUBES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
  - Armored Tubes: Reinforced Tubes (Nonkinkable Tubes)
  - Tube Cleaning Brush
- ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
  - Types of Airways
- INSERTION
CHAPTER 7:Laryngeal Mask Airway
- STANDARD LMA
  - Descriptio
- DIFFERENT LMA SIZES AVAILABLE (TABLE 7.1)
- METHOD OF USING LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY (AS ADVISED BY THE MANUFACTURER)
- MODIFIED VERSIONS OF LMA
CHAPTER 8:Pipeline of Anesthetic Cases and Vacuum (Suction)
- CENTRAL PIPELINE
  - Advantages of Central Pipeline Supply
- MANIFOLD ROOM
  - Safety Precautions in a Manifold Room
  - Gas Manifold and Control Panel
- INDICATORS AND ALARMS
  - Pressure Switches
    - Modern Control Panels
- BULK GAS CYLINDERS
  - Pipelines and Valves (Isolation Valves)
    - The Terminal Units
    - Wall Outlets of Pipeline
- CENTRAL VACUUM (SUCTION)
  - The Outlet for Vacuum
    - Medical Compressed Air
- COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS USED IN ANESTHESIA
  - Oxygen Cylinders
  - Nitrous Oxide Cylinders
- LIQUID OXYGEN
  - Vacuum Insulated Evaporator
  - Precautions for Liquid Oxygen
CHAPTER 9:Theater Asepsis and Sterilization of Equipment
- OPERATING THEATER ENVIRONMENT AND ASEPSIS
- HISTORY
- HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
- DEFINITIONS
  - Antiseptics
  - Disinfectants
  - Germicide
  - Detergent Antiseptics
- THEATER STERILIZATION SCHEDULE AND VARIOUS METHODS USED
  - Daily
  - Carbonizing
  - Weekly Washing
- COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DISINFECTANT
  - Bacillocid Special
  - Composition
  - Advantages
  - Areas of Application
- WEEKLY FUMIGATION WITH FORMALIN
  - Micro Nebulizers (OTI CARE or Similar Devices)
  - Boiling
  - Potassium Permanganate and Formalin
- ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
- ULTRAVIOLET RAYS AIR CLEANING SYSTEM
  - Microbiological Monitoring of Operation Theater Atmosphere
- TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS IN THE OPERATING ROOM
  - Maintaining Asepsis (Sterilization of Equipments)
  - Low-risk Equipments
  - Intermediate Equipments
  - High-risk Equipments
- METHODS FOR ASEPSIS
  - Decontamination (Cleaning)
  - Manual
  - Automatic Washing Machine
  - Ultrasonic Washer
  - Disinfection
  - Sterilization
- COLD CHEMICAL METHODS
- METHODS AVAILABLE (FOR DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION OF EQUIPMENTS)
  - General Classification
- PHYSICAL STERILIZATION METHODS (HEAT STERILIZATION)
  - Moist Heat
  - The Common Method of Operating
  - Bins for Autoclaving
  - Ideal Packing of Bins
  - Alternate Method of Packing
    - Advantages of Autoclaving
  - Testing for Adequacy of Sterilization
    - Low Pressure Autoclave (Steam Under Low Pressure Low Temperature)
  - Salient Features of LTS
- DRY HEAT
  - Hot Air Sterilizer (Oven)
  - Flames
- CHEMICAL STERILIZATION METHODS
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
  - Programmable Automatic EO Sterilizer
- GAMMA RAYS
- ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
- FILTRATION (BACTERIAL FILTERS)
- STERILIZATION OF EACH GROUP OF EQUIPMENTS
- THE METHOD OF STERILIZATION
- SPECIAL CONCERN ABOUT CONTAMINATION WITH TUBERCULOUS INFECTION
  - For Open Case of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  - Hepatitis B (Australian antigen)
  - Tests for Adequacy of Sterilization (EO, Gamma Rays, etc.)
- CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY DEPARTMENT
  - Sterile Pack System
  - Theater Sterile Supplies
  - Utilization
  - Functioning
- POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
CHAPTER 10:Monitors and Other Equipment
- PULSE OXIMETER
- WORKING PRINCIPLE
- WHAT HAS TO BE KNOWN
- CAPNOGRAPHY
- ECG MONITOR (FIGS 10.10A TO D)
- MONITORING THE CIRCULATION
- INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS AND INFUSION EQUIPMENT
- GELATIN
- COMMONLY USED IV FLUIDS
  - Their Composition and Indications
  - Dextrose Injection
- DEXTROSE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION
- RINGER LACTATE SOLUTION
- ACETATED RINGER'S SOLUTION
- SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION 0.9 PERCENT W/V (NORMAL SALINE)
- SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION 0.45% W/V (HALF NORMAL SALINE)
  - Electrolytes mEq/Lit
    - Benefits
    - Indications
- INVERT SUGAR 10%
- SELF INFLATING RESUSCITATOR BAG
CHAPTER 11:Respiratory System
- ANATOMY OF AIRWAY
- UPPER AIRWAY
- LOWER AIRWAY
  - Trachea
    - Conducting Airways (Nonalveolate region)
    - Respiratory Zone (Alveolate zone)
  - Gross Anatomy of Lungs
- PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
- RESPIRATORY APPARATUS AND MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION
  - Respiratory Apparatus
  - Thoracic Cage
- MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
- HYPOXIA
- EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA
- OXYGEN
- PRESSURE GRADIENT FOR DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN
  - Breathing 100 Percent Oxygen Through a Mask
  - Physiological Facts About Oxygen
- HYPOXIA DURING ANESTHESIA
  - Transport of Oxygen in Blood
- POSTOPERATIVE HYPOXIA
- METHODS OF OXYGEN THERAPY
- DEVICES
- THE SOURCE OF OXYGEN AND HUMIDIFICATION
CHAPTER 12:Cardiovascular System
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- PULSE
- CARDIAC CYCLE
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
- BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)
- THE CORRECT METHOD OF CHECKING THE BP
CHAPTER 13:Endocrine System
- TYPES OF GLANDS—EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE
  - Exocrine Glands
  - Endocrine Glands
- PITUITARY GLAND
- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- THYROID GLAND
- PARATHYROID GLAND
- PANCREAS
- ADRENAL GLANDS
  - The Adrenal Cortex
  - The Adrenal Medulla
- GONADS
- OTHER HORMONES
  - Erythropoietin
  - Prostaglandin
CHAPTER 14:Anesthesia
- HISTORY
- PURPOSE OF ANESTHESIA
- DUTIES OF THE ANESTHETIC TEAM
- GUEDEL'S CLASSIFICATION OF ANESTHESIA
- GOOD SURGICAL ANESTHESIA
- DEFINITION OF ANESTHESIA
- TRIAD OF ANESTHESIA
- MODERN ANESTHESIA
- BALANCED ANESTHESIA
  - Definition
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANESTHESIA
- METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- PREANESTHETIC ASSESSMENT
- PREANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS (PREMEDICATION)
  - The Purpose
  - Timing
- PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION DRUGS (PREMEDICANT DRUGS)
  - Two Groups
    - Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs
  - Useful Hints About Preanesthetic Medication
- EFFECTS OF PREMEDICATION
- EFFECT OF OPIOID PREMEDICATION IN SEVERELY ILL PATIENT
- BALANCED ANESTHESIA
CHAPTER 15:Pharmacology of Anesthetic Drugs
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA (GA)
- IN MODERN ANESTHESIA
- TOTAL INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA (TIVA)
CHAPTER 16:Regional Anesthesia
- REGIONAL ANESTHESIA—DEFINITION
- PHARMACOLOGY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
- STRUCTURE PHARMACOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
- TOXIC REACTIONS OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
  - Raised Blood Levels May be Caused by two Reasons
  - Manifestations
- TECHNIQUES OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
- SPINAL ANESTHESIA
  - Other Names
  - Anatomy
- LUMBAR PUNCTURE
  - Technician's Responsibilities
- POSITIONING FOR GIVING SPINAL ANESTHESIA
- EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA (PERIDURAL ANESTHESIA, EXTRADURAL ANESTHESIA)
- EPIDURAL NEEDLES
- TOTAL SPINAL
  - Cardinal Signs of Accidental Total Spinal
  - Treatment of Total Spinal
- COMBINED SPINAL-EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA (CSEA)
  - Advantages
  - Uses
CHAPTER 17:The Common Drugs Used Before or During Anesthesia
- SOME OF THE COMMONLY USED DRUGS
CHAPTER 18:Microbiology
- INFECTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
- FORMS OF BACTERIA
  - Bacterial Spores
  - Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
- IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA
- VIRUS CULTURES
- TOXINS
- SPREAD OF INFECTION
  - Route of Entry of Organisms into the Body
- COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED BACTERIA
- ANTIBIOTICS
CHAPTER 19:Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation
- HISTORY
- TERMINOLOGY
- MODERN RESUSCITATION
  - The Case Report is as Follows
- CARDIAC ARREST TEAM
- CARDIAC ARREST
- TREATMENT (RESUSCITATION)
- INOTROPIC DRUGS
- OTHER DRUGS
- AFTER TREATMENT: AFTER CARE: (POST-RESUSCITATION CEREBRAL ORIENTED THERAPY)
  - Brain Salvage
    - Management
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 20:Blood Grouping and Transfusions
- BLOOD GROUPS
- THE ABO SYSTEM
- INHERITANCE OF BLOOD GROUP
- NATURALLY OCCURRING ANTIBODIES
- IMMUNE ANTIBODIES
- THE RHESUS (D) SYSTEM
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- CROSS MATCHING OF STORED BLOOD
- BLOOD PRODUCTS
- HAZARDS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR BLOOD PRODUCTS
  - Transmission of Infection
    - Coagulation Problems
- ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD LOSS DURING ANESTHESIA
  - Gravimetric Method
  - Colorimetric Method
- THE MOST COMMON METHOD—EASIER AND PRACTICAL

INDEX

TOC
Index

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Chapter Notes