Understanding Medical Physiology: A Textbook for Medical Students RL Bijlani, S Manjunatha
INDEX
A
A band 514, 515
A cells 472, 474
a wave (atrial/venous) 138
A/G ratio (see albumin/globulin ratio)
Abbreviations 217
ABO system 89
ABP (see androgen binding protein)
Absorption 38, 293, 329, 332-336, 338-340, 344, 360, 361, 417
nutrient
and aging 38
of amino acids 336
of bicarbonate 345
of bile salts 329
of calcium 342, 417
of carbohydrate 331
tests for 361
of chloride 344
of cholesterol 336
of cyanocobalamin 339
of fats 336
tests for 361
of folic acid 340
of fructose 333
of galactose 334
of glucose 332
of iron 341, 417
of lipids 329
of medium chain triglycerides 337
of minerals 340
of phospholipids 338
of potassium 344
of proteins 335
tests for 362
of sodium 338, 344
of vitamin B12 340
of vitamins 339, 340, 363, 418
tests for 363
of water 338, 344
of zinc 342
tests 360
Absorption coefficient 217
Absorption (see also individual nutrients)
of calcium 399, 406
of zinc 408
Abstinence
for contraception 502
Acclimation 268
Acclimatization 267
Accommodation 511
Accommodation reflex 628, 629
ACE (see angiotensin converting enzyme)
Acetate
in the colon 346
Acetylcholine 130, 176, 312, 518, 520, 583, 584, 597, 696, 730
and pain 597
and sleep 730
as neurotransmitter in ANS 696
at synapses 579
discovery 176
effect on heart 130
receptors 518, 520
synthesis 518
Acetylcholine receptors
muscarinic 696
nicotinic 696
Acetylcholinesterase 519, 579
at synapses 579
inhibitors 520
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 696
Achalasia cardia 308
Achlorhydria 38, 64, 359
of pernicious anaemia 64
of the elderly 38
Acid (see individual acids)
Acid-base balance 435
Acidosis 281, 440
during hypothermia 281
metabolic 441
respiratory 441
Acoustic reflex 637
Acquired immunity 75
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 82, 88, 91, 93
Acromegaly 461
Acrosome 17, 488, 491, 498
ACTH (see adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Actin 18, 514, 523, 536
in smooth muscle 536
Action potential 120, 121, 127, 509, 511, 533, 537, 588
biphasic 533
compound 511
in cardiac muscle 127
in heart 127
in skeletal muscle 518
in smooth muscle 537
propagation 509
Activation heat 531
Active transport (see transport, active)
Acute phase protein 73
Adaptation 268, 587, 588
of sensory receptors 587, 588
Addison's disease 469
Adenosine
as neurotransmitter 697
Adenosine diphosphate
as neurotransmitter 697
Adenosine monophosphate
as neurotransmitter 697
Adenosine triphosphate 18, 19, 585, 697
as neurotransmitter 585, 697
Adenylyl cyclase 457
ADH (see antidiuretic hormone)
Adipose tissue 18, 470, 472
as source of estrogens 470
brown 18
effect of insulin 472
effect of thyroxine 465
Adrenal cortex 104, 180, 468, 500
and cold stress 279
in fetus 500
Adrenal medulla 94, 470, 550, 551
and exercise 550, 551
Adrenal androgens 496
Adrenaline 97, 129, 130, 180, 270, 470, 553, 697
and fatigue 553
and metabolic rate 270
and temperature regulation 270
effect on heart 129, 130
Adrenaline (see also epinephrine and Catecholamines)
Adrenaline (see also noradrenaline)
Adrenergic fibres
to skeletal muscle blood vessels 201
Adrenergic nerve(s)
vasodilator 179
Adrenergic receptors 470, 696
alpha 696
beta 696
in coronary arteries 157
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 456, 460, 462, 550, 585
and exercise 550
as neuroactive peptide 585
Adrenocorticotropin
(see adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Adrenogenital syndrome 470
Affect 585, 702
After-loaded muscle 527
Agglutination 81, 89
Agglutinin(s) 89
Agglutinogen(s) 89
Aggression 709
Aging 22, 37, 39, 186, 383, 478, 617, 628, 652, 728, 731, 763
and blood pressure 186
and gut 38
and hearing 652
and meditation 763
and melatonin 478
and resting metabolic rate 383
and sleep 728, 731
and vision 617, 628
theories 39
Agranulocyte 66, 69
AIDS (see acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Air, composition of 219
Air embolism 173, 288
Airway resistance 238
Akroyd, Wallace 379
Albert 524
Albumin 47, 48, 92, 434
glomerular filtration 434
in urine 49
Albumin/Globulin ratio 47
Albuminuria 49, 170
Albuterol 697
Aldosterone 104, 180, 305, 339, 442, 469, 550
and acid-base balance 442
and exercise 550
and intestinal absorption 339
and salivary secretion 305
Alimentary canal (see also gastrointestinal tract, and gut)
Alimentary canal
and aging 38
Alkaline phosphatase 368
Alkaline tide 312
Alkalosis
metabolic 441
respiratory 441
All or none law 135, 579
in nerve fibres 579
Allele(s) 26
Allergy 36, 76
to foods 356
Allergy (ies) (see also hypersensitivity)
Almqist 379
Alpha motor neuron (see motor neuron, alpha), 676
Alpha receptors (see adrenergic receptors)
Alpha waves
of EEG 725
Alpha-actinin 536
Alpha-gamma coactivation 677
ALT 368
Altitude
effect on atmospheric pressure 219
Altutude, high (see high altitude)
Alveolar cells, type 2 236
Alveolar pressure 234
Alveolar ventilation 221
Alveolar-capillary membrane 223
Alveolus 218
Alzheimer's disease 39, 584
Amacrine cells
neurotransmitter 584
Amenorrhea
lactational 502
Amino acid(s) 336, 395, 431
absorption 336
essential 395
limiting 396
renal reabsorption 431
Aminopeptidase 336
Ammonia buffer
in kidneys 439
Ammonia synthesis
in kidneys 439
Amplification 27, 28
Amygdala 669, 702, 712, 713
Amylase 332
Anaemia 51, 60, 168, 249
aetiological classification 60
blood flow 168
chemoreceptor stimulation 249
classification 60
folic acid deficiency 62
iron deficiency 61, 62
megaloblastic 62
murmur 168
pernicious 62
vitamin B12 deficiency 62
Anaemic hypoxia 257
Anand BK 707, 766
Anaphase 21
Anaphylactic shock 190
Androgen (see also testosterone)
Androgen(s) 53, 468, 470, 496
adrenal 470
and erythropoiesis 53
conversion into estrogens 496
Androgen-binding protein 489
ANF (see atrial natriuretic factor)
Angina pectoris 158
Angiotensin 104, 180, 195, 201, 426, 469, 585, 708
as neuroactive peptide 585
in hypothalamus 708
Angiotensin converting enzyme 469
Angiotensinogen 104, 182
Anisocytosis 64
Anovulatory cycles 497
ANS (see autonomic nervous system)
Antagonistic muscles 679
Anterior pituitary (see pituitary)
Anterolateral system 591
Antibodies 75, 78, 82, 89, 92, 93, 336
absorption
in infants 336
blood group 89, 92, 93
cellular origin 78
fluorescent 82
induction 80
mode of action 80, 81
monoclonal 79
production 79
specificity 78
structure 75
(see also immunoglobulins)
Anticholinesterase(s) 696
Anticoagulant(s) 97
Anti-D
for Rh incompatibility 87
Antidiuretic hormone (see also vasopressin) 104, 179, 180, 432, 456, 462, 550, 585
renal tubules 432
urine formation 432
as neuroactive peptide 585
during exercise 550
Antidromic conduction 180
Antigen presenting cell 80, 83
Antigen 75, 80, 81, 89
blood group 89
interaction with antibody 81
thymus independent 80
Anti-inflammatory agents 469
Antioxidant(s) 39, 261, 399, 479
effect of melatonin 479
glutathione peroxidase 408
selenium 408
vitamin A 398
vitamin C 404
vitamin E 399
Antiport 32
Antipyretic area 710, 711
Antipyretics 273, 730
Antithrombin III 97
Antropancreatic reflex 327
Aorta 112, 165
velocity of flow 165
Aortic body 179, 246
Aortic valve incompetence 141
Aortic valve regurgitation 141
Aortic valve stenosis 141
APC (see antigen presenting cell)
Aphasia(s) 732
Aplysia 732
Apneusis 243
Apneustic centre 243
Apoferritin 341
Apoptosis 86
Aqueduct of sylvius 568
Aqueous humor 614
Aqueous tension 217
Arabian science 6
Arachidonic acid 391
Arachnoid mater 568
Arcuate fasciculus 732
Area postrema 572
Area(s) 684, 732
Broca's 732
motor speech 732
sensory speech 732
Wernicke's 732
M II 684
Arginine vasotocin 730
Argyll Robertson pupil 629
Aristotle 4, 561
Arterial blood
PCO2 255
pH 255
PO2 255
Arterial pulse 138, 139
Arteries 38, 171
and aging 38
pressure-volume relationship 171
Arteriole(s) 112, 166
Arteriovenous shunt(s)
effect on PO2 and PCO2 255
Arteriovenous shunt(s) 195, 257
hypoxia in 257
physiological 195
Artery(ies) 112, 155, 166, 204
coronary 155
end 155
pulmonary 112
umbilical 204
Artificial kidney 444
Artificial respiration 261
Asana(s) 555, 745, 754, 761
Ascites 191
Ascorbic acid (see also vitamin C) 404
Ashtanga yoga 747
Aspartate 584
Asphyxia 260
Aspirin 273, 321
Assimilation 293
Association cortex 593, 634, 717, 732,
auditory 732
Associative learning 734
AST 368
Asthma, bronchial 239
Astigmatism 617
Astrocytes 196, 197, 574
AT III (see antithrombin III)
Atherosclerosis 38, 388, 391, 392
Atmospheric pressure
high 287
low 283
ATP (see adenosine triphosphate)
ATPase 31, 311, 523
cardiac 31
gastric 31, 311
inhibitor 31
myosin 523
ATPase, Na/K 118
ATPS 220
Atrial extrasystole 148
Atrial fibrillation 149, 154
Atrial flutter 149
Atrial natriuretic factor peptide 104, 179, 455, 456
Atrial pressure waves 138, 139
Atrial receptors 177
type A 177
type B 177
Atrial septal defect 207
Atrial tachycardia 149
Atrioventricular node 115, 131
Atrium 104, 111
left 112,
natriuretic factor 104, 179, 455, 456
right 111
Atropine 305, 313, 699
and gastric acid secretion 313
during surgery 313
Attenuation
of bacteria 72
Audiometry 653
auditory 649
Auditory cortex 648
Auditory function
evaluation 652
Auditory nerve 645
Auditory pathway
ascending 645
descending 648
Auerbach, Leopold 300
Aurobindo, Sri 693, 717, 745, 746, 749
Autoimmunity 36, 37, 85
Automaticity
of cardiac muscle 133
Autonomic control
role of hypothalamus 709
Autonomic effects 698
Autonomic functions
role of reticular formation 728
Autonomic nerve(s) 156, 164, 174, 196, 447, 491, 538
effect on smooth muscle 538
effect on the heart 164
to blood vessels 174
to cerebral blood vessels 196
to coronary arteries 156
to heart 174
to male genitalia 491
to urinary bladder 447
Autonomic nervous system 301, 322, 470, 471, 695, 709, 713, 766, 768
and aging 39
effects of yoga 766, 768
imbalance 322
responses to emotions 713
role of hypothalamus 709
Autoregulation 197, 200
of cerebral blood vessels 197
of renal blood flow 200
Autosomal trait 25
Autosomes 20
AV delay 131, 132
AV node (see atrioventricular node)
Avery 26
Avery Jones, Francis 320
Avicenna 6
Avogadro's hypothesis 216
Axillary temperature 269
Axon 509
giant 509
Axon hillock 578
Axon reflex 180, 202
Axonal transport 20
Axonotmesis 513
Ayurveda 7, 45
B
B cells 472
B cells (see also B lymphocytes) in the gut 355
B lymphocytes 69, 75, 76, 77
differentiation 77
Backache
prevention 541, 543, 769
treatment 769
Bacon, Roger 6
Bacteria
commensals 71
Bainbridge 177
Bainbridge effect 148, 177, 547
Balanced diet 412
Band cell 66
Banting FG 473
Barbiturates
and sleep 728, 729
Bard, Phillip 712
Baroreceptor reflex 176, 184, 185
Baroreceptors 176, 185, 188, 206
foetal 206
Barr body 485
Barrier 489, 613
blood-aqueous 613
blood-testis 489
Basal acid output
of stomach 358
Basal body temperature 269, 502
and ovulation 502
Basal electrical rhythm 349, 350
Basal ganglia 573, 584, 689691
and bilirubin 573
neurotransmitter 584
Basal metabolic rate 381, 465, 466
effect of thyroxine 465, 466
Basal metabolic rate (see also metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate)
Basilar membrane 639, 640, 641, 642
Basket cells 584, 687
neurotransmitter 584
Basophils 68, 69
Basti 758
BAT (see brown adipose tissue)
BBB (see blood-brain barrier)
Beaumont, William 317
Behavior 708, 734
operant 734
role of hypothalamus 708
Behavioural adaptation 270
Bekesy, George von 642, 643
Bel 635
Bell, Alendander Graham 635
Bends (see decompression sickness)
Benson, Herbert 716, 766, 780
BER (see basal electrical rhythm)
Berger rhythm 725
Berger, Hans 725
Beriberi 63, 400
Bernard, Claude 5, 9, 320
Beta receptors (see adrenergic receptors)
Beta waves
of EEG 725
Beta-carotene 398
Beta-endorphin (see endorphin)
Beta-estradiol (see estradiol)
Betz cells
neurotransmitter 584
Bezold-Jarisch reflex 177
Bhakti yoga 748
Bicarbonate 345, 438
absorption in colon 345
renal reabsorption 438
secretion in colon 345
Bicarbonate buffer 436
Bicarbonate pump
in cornea 615
Biggs 98
Bile 328
regulation of secretion 329
Bile acids/salts 329, 337, 364
serum level 368
Bile salt stimulated lipase 417
Bilirubin 55, 367
in serum 367
in urine 367
secretion 364
Biliverdin 55
Biological clock 710
Biological transport (see transport)
Biological value of proteins 396
Biomechanics 541
of the vertebral column 541
Biotin 402
Biphasic potential 533
Bipolar cells
in retina 618, 621
Birth control 502
Bitot spots 398
Bladder
abnormalities 449
urinary 447
Bleeding disorders 97, 98
Bleeding time
Blindness 634, 703
cortical 634
psychic 703
Blood 12, 37, 45, 48, 166, 185
and aging 37
clotting 94
coagulation 12, 94
viscosity 48, 185
volume 101
Blood-aqueous barrier 613
Blood-brain barrier 196, 246, 572, 573, 574, 705
in hypothalamus 705
permeability to hydrogen ions 246
role of astrocytes 574
Blood CSF barrier 572, 573
Blood flow 135, 156, 166-168, 193, 196, 201, 204, 270, 271, 285, 364, 545, 548
at high altitude 285
autoregulation 195, 200
cerebral 196
coronary 156
cutaneous 201, 270, 271
hepatic 199, 364
intestinal 199
laminar 168
lungs 193
effect of gravity 193
muscle 201
physical principles 166
pulmonary
during exercise 548
renal 200
resistance 168
skeletal muscle
in exercise 545
skin 201, 270, 271
splenic 197
through the gut 298
through uterus 204
turbulent 168
velocity 166
Blood glucose 36, 365, 553
and fatigue 553
in newborn 36
regulation of 365
Blood group(s) 88, 93
antibodies 93
inheritance 89, 93
Blood pressure (see also hypertension)
Blood pressure 176, 183, 184, 186, 462, 547
effect of ADH 462
effect of age 186
effect of vasopressin 462
factors affecting 184
in exercise 547
mean 176, 183
normal limits 186
normal range 186
regulation 426
Blood products 92
Blood substitutes 92
Blood sugar (see blood glucose)
Blood-testis barrier 489
Blood transfusion 90, 93, 88, 229
efficacy 229
history 88
incompatible 90, 93
mismatched 90, 93
Blood vessels 174, 175
innervation 174
regulation 175
Blood volume 172, 184, 188
determination 101, 102
distribution 172
effect on blood pressure 184
reduction 188
regulation 102
variations 104
Blotting
northern 27, 28
southern 27, 28
western 27, 28
Blundell, James 88
BMR (see basal metabolic rate)
Body fluids (see fluids)
Body surface area
calculation 159
Body temperature
(see temperature)
Body water (see total body water)
Boerhaave, Herman 5
Bohr effect 229, 232, 248, 499
double 249, 499
in foetus 248
Bohr equation 254
Bomb calorimetry 375
Bone marrow 70
Bone modeling 399
Bone(s) 410, 467
and fluorine 410
demineralization 467
Borg scale 554
Boussingault 378
Boveri 24
Bowman, William 427
Bowman's capsule 423
Bowman's membrane 615
Boyle's law 216
Bradykinin 181, 305, 585
and pain 597
and salivary secretion 305
as neuroactive peptide 585
Brain 196, 563, 573, 733
and computers 566
blood flow 196
function 733
imaging 733
species variation 563
tumour 573
Brain blood flow 196
during exercise 546
Brain death 167, 727
Brainstem motor mechanisms 682
Brain weight
species variation 563
Breaking point
for breath holding 259
Breast 463, 495, 500, 501,
development 495, 500, 501
effect of oxytocin 463
Breastfeeding 501, 502, 416
advantages of 416
Breath holding 154, 259
Breath hydrogen
and intestinal transit 348
Breathing
mechanics 233
reserve 221, 258
Bremer 729
Brobeck, J. 707
Broca's area 732
Brodmann's areas
areas 1-3, 5, 7, 17, 18-21, 41, 42------593, 594, 626, 631, 632, 645
Bromsulphalein excretion 367
Bronchial asthma 239, 770
treatment 770
Bronchioles 218
Bronchus 218
Brown adipose tissue
(see also adipose tissue, brown)
Brown adipose tissue
and adaptation to cold 280
Brunner's glands 296
Brush border 331, 332
disaccharidases 332
enzymes 342
peptidases 335
BSP excretion (see bromsulphalein excretion)
BSSL (see bile salt stimulated lipase) 417
BTPS 217, 220
Buffer 435, 48
protein 48
physiological 435
Bundle
branches 115
of His 115
Bundle branch block 150
Bundle of His 115
Burkitt, Denis 387
Burnett 379
Butyrate
in the colon 346
BV (see biological value of proteins)
C
C wave (atrial/venous) 138
CAD (see coronary artery disease)
Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y 562
Calciol 399
Calcitonin 468
as neuroactive peptide 585
Calcitriol 467
Calcium 406, 515, 522
and muscle contraction 515, 522
and muscle fatigue 552
and smooth muscle contraction 539
as second messenger 456, 457
dietary 406
functions 467
metabolism 467
plasma level 399, 467
recommended allowance 412
role in coagulation 96
Calcium binding protein 467, 342, 399
Calcium channel blockers 128
Calcium channel(s) 128, 518
at neuromuscular junction 518
at presynaptic terminal 577
Calcium ions
and LTP 739
absorption of 342
Calmodulin 349, 457, 577
at presynaptic terminal 577
in smooth muscle 539
Caloric nystagus 663
Calorimetry
bomb 375
direct 381
indirect 381
Camel
adaptation to hot environment 276
Canal of Schlemm 611
Cancer 23, 388
and aging 38
and melatonin 480
and selenium deficiency 408
metabolic rate 383
survivors 780
Cannon, Walter 5, 9, 349, 700, 713
Capacitance vessels 190
Capacitation 491
Capacities
respiratory 219
Capillaries 9, 112, 168
density 155
fenestrated 200
fluid exchange 103, 169
in lungs 194
in brain 197
Carbaminocompounds 230
Carbaminohaemoglobin 231
Carbohydrate 385
absorption
tests 361
absorption 331
catabolism during exercise 551
digestion 331
fermentation in colon 345
hepatic metabolism 365
metabolism 468, 471
Carbohydrate tolerance 388
(see also Glucose tolerance)
Carbon dioxide dissociation curve 231
Carbon dioxide retention 288
in respiratory failure 260
Carbon dioxide transport 230
Carbon monoxide poisoning 227
hypoxia in 257
Carbonic anhydrase 230
Carboxypeptidase 326, 335
Cardiac (see also Heart)
Cardiac catheterization 139
Cardiac cycle 137
events 137
Cardiac failure 190
hypoxia in 257
Cardiac glands 310
Cardiac impulse
conduction 131
Cardiac index 159
Cardiac metabolism 157
Cardiac muscle 114, 155
action potential 120, 127
electrophysiology 127
intercalated disc 16
properties 115, 133
Cardiac output 113, 159, 161
at rest 113
determination 159
distribution 159, 164
during exercise 113
factors affecting 161, 184
in exercise 546
Cardioacceleratory centre 175
Cardiogenic shock 190
Cardioinhibitory center 175
Cardiopulmonary bypass machine 280, 281
Cardiovascular regulation 174
chemical 180
hormonal 180
neural 174
Cardiovascular responses
to exercise 545
Cardiovascular system 111
and aging 38
effect of cortisol 468
effect of thyroid 466
effects of yoga 765
innervation 174
Carotenoids 398
Carotid body 179, 246
Carotid sinus 176
Carrier(s)
mediated transport 29
Cascade 21
Castle, William 46, 63, 339
Cataract 261, 616
senile 39
Catecholaminergic pathways 713
Catecholamines 456, 470
(see also adrenaline and noradrenaline)
Catechol-o-methyltransferase 579
Catheterization
cardiac 139
Caudate 689
Caveoli 537
CCK (see cholecystokinin)
Cell 8, 13-28
communication 20
inclusions 20
organelles 16
signaling 20
Cell culture 22
Cell cycle 21, 52
dysregulation 23
regulation 21
Cell death 86
Cell division 21
effect of insulin 472
Cell junctions 15
Cell mediated immunity
in the gut 356
Cell membrane 14,18
carrier 31
models 14
permeability 29
recycling 18
transport 29
Cell theory 8
Cellulose (see dietary fibre)
Celsus 376
Central nervous system 563
and temperature regulation 271
effect of hypercapnia 261
effect of hypoxia 261
effect of oxygen toxicity 261
effect of thyroid 466
neuroactive peptides 584
neuromodulators 583, 584
neurotransmitters 583
Centre-surround antagonism 621
Centriole 19
Cephalic phase
of gastric secretion 314
of pancreatic secretion 327
Cereals
amino acid profile 336
Cerebellum 687-689
neurotransmitter 584
Cerebral aqueduct 568
Cerebral asymmetry 739
Cerebral blood flow 196
during exercise 546
effect of yoga 767, 768
Cerebral blood vessels
nerve supply 196
Cerebral circulation 196
regulation 197
Cerebral cortex
and ANS 699
and respiration 244
arousal 729
association 593, 594
association areas 634
auditory 645, 648
columnar organization 632
entorhinal 669
layer IV 631
layers 593
limbic 702
motor mechanisms 683
orbitofrontal 669, 701
posterior parietal 683
premotor 684
prepyriform 669
primary motor 684
secondary motor 683, 684
sensory 593
visual 626, 631
Cerebral edema
at high altitude 286
Cerebrocerebellum 689
Cerebrospinal fluid 568-573
absorption 570
circulation 569
composition 570
examination 571
formation 34, 569
functions 570
pressure 571, 572
Cerveau isole 729
Cervical cap 503
CGP (see circulating granulocyte pool)
Chakras 750
Chalones 68
Channel (s) (see also individual channels)
sodium 122
voltage-gated 122, 123
Charaka 4, 561
Charaka samhita 376
Charles’ law 216
CHD (see coronary heart disease)
Cheilosis 401
Chemical regulation (see also regulation)
of cardiovascular function 180
of coronary blood flow 157
of respiration 246
Chemical score of proteins 396
Chemical senses (see taste and Smell)
Chemically gated channels
at neuromuscular junction 518
in smooth muscle 538
on postsynaptic membrane 578
Chemoreceptors
and respiratory regulation 246
aortic body 179
carotid body 179
central 246
foetal 206
Chemoreceptor reflex 179, 184, 185
Chemoreceptor trigger zone 572
Chemosensitive area 246
Chemotaxis 73
Chenodeoxycholate 329, 365
Chewing 303
Cheyne-Stokes breathing 12, 260
Chhina GS 766
Chief cells 310
Child
nutrition 416
Childbirth 501
Chloride shift 230
Chloride
absorption of 344
Chokes (see decompression sickness)
Cholecalciferol 399
Cholecystokinin 314, 316, 351, 455, 456, 708, 326
and biliary secretion 330
and gastric acid secretion 314
and pancreatic secretion 326
as neuroactive peptide 585
Choledochal spincter 328
Choleretic action
of bile satls 365
Cholesterol
absorption 335
dietary 390, 391
functions 391
level in serum 368, 387, 391, 393
Cholic acid 365
Choline acetyltransferase 518
Cholinergic fibres
to skeletal muscle blood vessels 201
Cholinergic nerve(s)
sympathetic 174, 270, 271
to sweat glands 270, 271
vasodilator 174
Cholinergic pathways
in reticular formation 723
Cholinergic receptors (see acetylcholine receptors)
Cholinergic transmission
and aging 39
Chopra, Deepak 771, 780
Chordae tendinae 116
Choroid 610, 611
Choroid plexus 568, 569
Christmas disease 97
Chromaffin cells 470
Chromatin 20, 485
sex 485
Chromatolysis 513
Chromosome(s) 20, 21, 24, 25, 27
sex 485
X 20, 25, 485
Y 485
Chronaxie 510
Chylomicrons 337
Chymotrypsin 326, 335
Cilia (see Cilium)
Cilia
in respiratory tract 218, 219
Ciliary body 610, 611
Cilium 19
Cimetidine 313
Cingulate gyrus 701
Circadian rhythm 710
of melatonin 478
of sleep-wakefulness 730
of temperature 269
Circulating granulocyte pool 66
Circulation 111, 545
bronchial 194
cerebral 196
foetal 204
gastrointestinal 298
neonatal 206
placental 204
portal 199
pulmonary 113, 193
renal 200, 425
skeletal muscle
in exercise 545
splanchnic 298
systemic 113
uterine 204
Circulatory filling pressure 183
Circulatory overload 90
Circulatory shock (see Shock)
Circumventricular organs 572
Cisterna basalis 568
Cisterna magna 568
Cisterna pontis 568
Clamp current 122
Class switching 80
Clearance 429, 445
Cleave TL 387
Climbing fibers 687
Clinical hypertension 716
Clock
endogenous 710
Clonal proliferation 80
Clotting factors 92
Clotting time 98, 99
Clotting
of blood 95
of menstrual blood 496
of semen 491
CMI (see cell mediated immunity)
CNS (see also central nervous system) 563
CNS ischaemic response 186, 179
Coagulation factors 92, 182
factor XII 182
Coagulation 95, 12
of blood 95
Cobalamin (see vitamin B12)
Cochlea 639
Cochlear microphonics 643
Cochlear nucleus 647
dorsal 645
ventral 645
Code
genetic 24
Coding
by labeled lines 595
by sensory receptors 587
Co-dominance 26
Codon 25
Coenzyme Q 40
Cognition 596
Cognitive process 713, 714
Cohn, Edwin 47, 88
Coitus (see sexual intercourse)
Cold environment
acclimatization to 279, 280
responses to 279, 280
thermoregulation 279, 280
Cold exposure
cyanosis in 258
Colipase 326, 337
Collecting ducts 425, 433
Colloid
in thyroid 464
Colloid osmotic pressure
plasma 170, 172
Colon 344-348
(see also Large intestine)
Colony stimulating factors 67
Color blindness 622, 624
inheritance 624
Colostrum 416
Colour vision 623, 632
Columnar organization
of cerebral cortex 594, 632
Coma 727
Commensals 71
Communication 20
Compared to auditory pathway 651
Compensatory pause 134, 149
Competitive inhibition 29, 30
Complement 72
Complex cells
in visual cortex 631
Compliance 236-237
Compound action potential 511
Computerised tomography 733
Computers
and brain 566
Conation 596
Concentration
units 33
Conditioned reflex 734
Conditioning
classical 734, 737
operant 734
Condom 503
Conductance 122
changes during action potential 122
Conduction aphasia 733
Conduction deafness 652
Conduction
saltatory 510
Conduction system
defects 150
Conduction system
of heart 131
Conduction tissue 115
of heart 115
Cones 618
Congenital heart diseases 207
Congestive cardiac failure 191
Congestive heart failure 191
Coning 572
Conjugate movements 629
Conn's disease 187
Conn's syndrome 469
Connective tissue
and aging 37
Consciousness
and yoga 768, 780
Consensual light reflex 627
Constipation 388
during pregnancy 415
Continuous capillaries 169
Contraception 502-503
Contraceptive(s) 502
oral 187, 503
Contrecoup phenomenon 570
Control system 10
oscillatory response 10, 11, 12
Control (see also regulation)
of autonomic functions 698, 709
of visceral activity 698, 709
Controlled variable 10, 11
Controller 10
proportional-differential 10, 11
Convergence
in visual pathways 633
Coombs’ test 61
Copernicus 6
Copper-T 503
Cor pulmonale 191
Cordotomy 602
Cornea 610, 614
Coronary arteries 155
nerve supply 156
Coronary artery disease (see coronary heart disease)
Coronary blood flow
measurement 156
regulation 156
Coronary heart disease 388, 392, 394, 769, 781
dietary recommendations 394
electrocardiogram 151
Corpus albicans 494
Corpus hemorrhagicum 493, 494
Corpus luteum 494, 499
Cortex (see adrenal cortex, cerebral cortex, etc.)
Cortical blindness 634
Cortical motor mechanisms 683-686
Corticosterone
in fetus 501
Corticotropin releasing hormone 456, 460
as neuroactive peptide 585
Cortisol 468 (see also glucocorticoids)
and cold stress 279
and erythropoiesis 53
and exercise 550
in fetus 501
Co-transport 32
of glucose and sodium 332
Cough reflex 245, 246
Coumarin 96
Counter transport 32 (see also transport, coupled)
Countercurrent mechanism
in intestines 299
Countercurrent multiplier
in kidneys 427, 433
Coupled transport
of glucose and sodium 332
Cournand, Andre 140
Cousins, Norman 779
Crane, Robert 333
C-reactive protein 73
Creatine phosphate 529
Creatinine
serum level 445
Creatinine clearance 429
CREB (see cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein)
Cretin 466
CRH (see corticotropin releasing hormone)
Crick 24
Critical closing pressure 169
Crosby 341
Cross matching
of blood 90
Crossed extension reflex 680
Cross-over
of chromosomes 25
CRP (see C-reactive protein)
Crystalloid osmotic pressure 172
CSF (see cerebrospinal fluid and colony stimulating factors)
CT (see computerised tomography)
Curare 520, 699, 700
Curd
in lactose intolerance 334
Current of injury 151
Current
clamp 121, 122
ionic 121
Cushing's reflex 197
Cushing's syndrome 187, 469
Cutaneous blood flow 202
and temperature regulation 270, 271
during exercise 546
CVS (see cardiovascular system)
Cyanide 31
Cyanide poisoning
hypoxia in 258
Cyanocobalamin (see also Vitamin B12)
absorption of 339
Cyanosis 258
Cyclic AMP
responsive element binding protein 737
Cyclic AMP 457, 458, 585, 738
and memory 738
Cyclic GMP 457, 456
Cytokinesis 21
Cytoprotection
by prostaglandins 321
Cytoskeleton 18
Cytotoxic cells 76, 84, 85
Cytotrophoblast 499
D
D cells 472
Dale, Henry 176, 301, 581, 584, 699, 700
Dale's hypothesis 301
Dale's principle 584
Dali, Salvador 729
Dalton's law 217
Dam 379
Damasio Antonio 712
Damasio, Hannah 714
Danielli-Davson model 14
Dark adaptation 619, 398
Dark ages 4, 6
Davidson, Richard 717
de Graff, Reinier 46
Dead space 221
physiological 225
determination 253, 254
Dead time 10
Deafness 652
and speech 732
Death
cellular 86
criteria 165, 727
Decartes 714
Decerebrate rigidity 683
Decibel 635
Decidual cells 498
Decompression sickness 288
Deep sleep 727
Defaecation 348
Defecation reflex 351
Defence mechanisms 71, 170
of the gut 353
Defibrillation 149
Degeneration
of nerve fibres 513
Wallerian 513
Deglutition 306
7-dehydrocholesterol 399
Dehydroepiandrosterone 470, 500
Delayed heat 532
Delivery 501
role of oxytocin 463
Delta sleep 728
Delta sleep-inducing peptide 730
Delta waves
of EEG 726
Dement, William 727
Dementia
senile 39
Dendrite 509
Denervation sensitivity 519
Denis, Jean-Baptiste 88
Dentate gyrus 701
Dentate nucleus 687
Deoxycholate 365
2-deoxy-glucose 707
Deoxyribonucleic acid 20, 21, 24, 25, 780
mitochondrial 18
response to hormones 456
Deoxyuridine suppression test 64
Depolarization 119, 120, 123
ventricular 153, 154
Depressor area 175
Depth of focus 614
Depth
perception of 633
Descartes 476
Descartes, Rene 561, 779
Descemet's membrane 615
Descending pathways 684
reticulospinal 683
vestibulospinal 685, 683
Desert (see hot environment)
Desmin 516, 536
Desmosomes 16
Detoxification 16, 367
Deuteranomaly 622
Deuteranopia 624
Development 35
of breast 495, 500, 501
of sex characters 491, 495
role of thyroid 465
DHA (see docosahexaenoic acid)
Dharana 747, 761
Dhauti 758
DHEA (See dehydroepiandrosterone)
DHPR (see dihydropyridine receptors)
DHT (see dihydrotestosterone)
Dhyana 747, 762
Diabetes
and exercise 551
Diabetes insipidus 462
Diabetes mellitus 388, 443, 474
and renal failure 443
treatment 769
Dialysis 31
for renal failure 444
Diaphragm
role in breathing 233
for contraception 503
Diarrhoea
rehydration in 333
Diastasis 139
Diastole 113, 137
Dichromats 624
Dicrotic notch (in arterial pulse) 139
Dicumarol 96, 97
Diencephalon 705
Diet
and erythropoiesis 53
and fatigue 553
and pancreatic secretion 328
and peptic ulcer 322, 323
balanced 412
Dietary allowance (see recommended dietary allowances)
Dietary fats 390
and lipoproteins 394
Dietary fibre 331, 333, 334, 387
Dietary requirement(s) 411
Diet-induced-thermogenesis (see thermic effect of feeding)
Differential leucocyte count 66, 70
Differential leucocyte count (see white blood cells, differential count)
Diffusing capacity 254, 255
carbon monoxide 255
Diffusion coefficient 254
Diffusion potential 117
Diffusion 216
defects
hypoxia in 257
facilitated 29
in lungs 254
during exercise 549
of oxygen
in lungs 223
Digestion 293
Digestion (see also absorption and gastrointestinal tract)
and aging 38
of carbohydrates 331
of fats 326, 336, 417
of lipids 326, 417
of proteins 335
Digestive system (see gastrointestinal tract)
Digitalis 31
Dihydropyridine receptors 522
Dihydrotestosterone 491
Dihydroxycholecalciferol 467
Diiodotyrosine 464
Diltiazem 128
Dinitrophenol 31
Dipalmitoyl lecithin 237
Dipeptidase 335, 336
Dipeptidyl peptidase 336
2, 3-diphosphoglycerate 229, 284
Diphtheria
hypoxia in 258
Disaccharidases 332
Distal convoluted tubule 425, 432
DIT (see diet-induced thermogenesis)
DIT (see diiodotyrosine)
Diurnal rhythm
of melatonin 479
Diving 287
DLC (see differential leucocyte count)
DNA (see deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNP (see dinitrophenol)
Docosahexaenoic acid 391, 392
Doctor
role in illness 4
Doctrine
Monro-Kellie 572
neuronal 562
of signatures 376
Dominant trait 23, 25, 26
Donor
universal 90
Dopamine 584
in chemoreceptor cells 246
Dopaminergic pathways
in reticular formation 723
Dopaminergic transmission
and aging 39
Dorsal column system 590
Dorsal root ganglion 590
Dossey, Larry 781
Double Bohr effect 248, 499
2,3-DPG 229, 284
Dream sleep 728, 729
(see also REM sleep)
Drinking behaviour 703
Driving
and backache 543
Drummond, Jack 379
Drumstick 485
Du Bois, Reymond 561
Du Bois’ formula 159, 382
Ductus arteriosus 206, 207
patent 207
Dumas 378
Duodenum 331
Dura mater 569
Dwarfism 461
D-xylose absorption 361
Dynein 19
Dynorphin 600
(see also enkephalins and endorphins)
Dysphagia
in elderly 38
Dyspnoea 245, 91, 258
Dyspnoea point 259
Dyspnoeic index 258
E
Ear 635, 657,682
function of balance 657,682
E-C coupling (see excitation-contraction coupling)
Eccles, John 581
ECF (see extracellular fluid)
ECG (see electrocardiogram)
Ectopic
impulse in heart 149
Edema (see also oedema) 170
pulmonary 191
at high altitude 286
Edinger Westphal nucleus 628
EDR (see electrodermal response)
EDTA (see ethylene diamine tetra-acetate)
Edwards, Milne 378
EEG (see electroencephalogram)
EEG silence 727
EETs (see epoxyeicosatrienoic acids)
EFA (see essential fatty acids) 391
Egas Moniz 714
EGF (see epidermal growth factor)
Ehrlich, Paul 46, 572
Eijjkman 63, 379
Einthoven's triangle 143
Ejaculation 491, 698
Ejaculatory duct 488
Ejection systolic murmur
in anaemia 168
EKG (see electrocardiogram)
Elastase 326, 335
Elasticity 166
Electrical axis of heart 146
deviation 147
Electrocardiogram 143, 158
interpretation 148
leads 143
recording 143
Electrocardiography 143, 158
exercise 158
Electrocorticogram 725
Electrocution 149
Electrodermal response 766
Electroencephalogram 165, 725, 766
effects of yoga 766
silent 727
Electroencephalography
magnetic 733
Electrogenic pump
sodium 118
Electromyography 532-535
during fatigue 552
Electron transport chain 18, 31
Electro-oculogram
during sleep 728
Electrophysiology
of heart 127
Electroretinogram 624
Electrotonic spread 121, 509
at synapses 581
Elementary particles 18
Emboliform nucleus 687
Embolism 195
air 173, 288
Embryo 498, 499
EMG (see electromyography)
Emission 491
Emotions 702, 703,712
neurophysiology 713
Encephale isole 729
End arteries 155
End diastolic volume
during exercise 547
End plate 517
End plate potential 518
miniature 518
End systolic volume
during exercise 547
Endocrine function
of hypothalamus 709,705
Endocrine system 451
and nervous system 584
Endocrine(s) 451
and aging 38
effects of yoga 767
responses to exercise 550
Endogenous clock 710
Endogenous pyrogen 273, 730
Endolymph 639
Endopeptidase 335
Endoplasmic reticulum 16
rough 16
smooth 16
Endorphin(s) (see also enkephalins)
as neuroactive peptide 585
and pain relief 599,600
and exercise 550
Endothelins 181
Endothelium 97, 112
Endotoxic shock 190
Energy cost of activity (ies) 384
Energy metabolism 381
Energy
cost of breathing 240
for muscle contraction 529
from glycolysis 530
recommended allowance 412
requirements during pregnancy 412, 414, 415
units 375
Enhancer 25
Enkephalins (see also endorphins) 600
as neuroactive peptides 585
Enteric nervous system 300
Enterochromaffine cells 310
Enterogastric reflex 316
Enterogastrone 316
Enterohepatic circulation
of ammonia and urea 346
of bile salts 329, 365
of vitamin B12 340
Enteroinsular axis 474
Enterokinase 335
Entero-oxyntin 316
Enteropancreatic reflex 328
Entorhinal cortex 669
Environment 267
and genetic expression 26,
internal 5, 9
EOG (see electro-oculogram)
Eosinophils 68, 74
Ependymal cells 568, 569, 574
Epidermal growth factor 417
Epididymis 488, 490
Epimysium 514
Epinephrine (see adrenaline)
Epithelium
respiratory 218
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids 197
EPSP (see excitatory postsynaptic potential)
Equilibrium potential 117
chloride 118
potassium 118
sodium 118
Ercalciol 399
Erection 491
during sleep 728
ERG (see electroretinogram)
Ergocalciferol 399
Ergonomics 543
Ergot 699
Erlanger 161
Erlanger and Gasser
classification of nerve fibres 512, 513
Error catastrophe theory 39
Erythroblastosis foetalis 91,248
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 780
Erythrocytes 31
(see also red Blood cells)
Erythropoiesis 51
regulation 53
Erythropoietin 53, 60, 64, 67, 426
Eserine 520
Esophageal pressure 237
Esophageal sphincter
lower 307
upper 306
Essential amino acids 395
nutritional aspects 336
Essential fatty acids 391
Estradiol 495, 501
(see also estrogens, oestrogens)
Estrogens 470, 486, 487, 494, 493,495-497, 499, 500, 501, 503
fetal 501
ET (see endothelins)
Ethylenediamine tetra-acetate 97
Eukaryotes 18
Eustachian tube 636, 637
Euthyroidism 466
Evans’ blue 103, 160
Evoked potential 595
auditory 654
in sensory cortex 593, 595
Evoked unit activity
(see evoked potentials)
Evolution
of excretory system 423
of life 14
of nervous system 562
of organ systems 9
of respiratory system 215
of the eye 612
Excitation-contraction coupling 522
in smooth muscle 538
Excitatory postsynaptic potential 578
and EEG 725
Excretory system 423
and aging 38
Exercise 545, 555
and aging 38, 40
and blood pressure 184
and melatonin 479
and metabolic rate 383
and target heart rate 554
and temperature regulation 270
at high altitude 285
blood flow 168
cardiovascular responses 545
electrocardiography 158
endocrine responses 550
energy supply 529
for prevention of backache 543, 544
fuel supply 530
intensity 554
J-receptor stimulation 245
metabolic adjustments 551
muscle blood flow 201
oxygen debt 530
prescription 553
respiration during 223
respiratory responses 548
role of J-receptors 178
skeletal muscle blood flow 545
skeletal muscle responses 549
training (see physical training)
yogic 555
Exercise test 256
Exocytosis 20,518
Exopeptidase 335
Exophthalmos 466
Expiration 234
Expiratory neurons 243
Expiratory reserve volume 220
External ear 636
Exteroceptors 586
Extracellular fluid 101
Extraocular muscle 611,629
Extrasystole 134
atrial 148
ventricular 149
Extrinsic factor 63
Extrinsic system
of coagulation 96
Eye (see also vision)
structure 610
Eye
refraction 614
evolution of 612
nerve supply 611
reduced 615
refraction
errors of 615
Eye movements 629
F
F Cells 472
F1 particles 18
FABP (see fatty acid binding protein)
Fabricius 5
Facial expression in emotion 713
smile 713,717
feelings 713
Facilitated diffusion (see diffusion, facilitated)
Facilitation 581, 583
post-tetanic 579
presynaptic 579
Factor(s)
coagulation 95
Faecal fat 361
Faecal nitrogen 362
Fallopian tube 493
Fallot
tetralogy of 207
Fasciculation 534
Fastigial nucleus 687
Fat
absorption 336
tests 361
digestion 336, 417
fermentation in the colon 347
Fatigue 551
in isolated nerve-muscle preparation 552
at neuromuscular junction 519
at synapses 580
Fats (see also Triglycerides and other individual fats)
animal 390
saturated 390
unsaturated 390
vegetable 390
body 390
dietary 390
digestion, in jaundice 57, 58
metabolism 468, 472
Fatty acid binding protein 337
Fatty acids 390
beta oxidation 18
classification 390
essential 391
oxidation 18
Fear 701,709
Feedback (see also negative feedback and positive feedback)
Feedback 10
and thermoregulation 272
negative 10, 12, 177
positive 12
Feeding behaviour 709
Feeding centre 707
Fenestrated capillaries 169
Fermentation
in colon 345
Ferritin 341
Fertilization 491, 498
Fetoplacental unit 500
Fetus 499
FEV1 220, 240, 250
Fever 273, 710
metabolic rate in 383
Fibre (s)
Purkinje 115
Fibre (see dietary fibre, nerve fibres, muscle fibres)
Fibrillation 534
atrial 149, 154
ventricular 149, 154
Fibrin 95
Fibrinogen 47,95
Fibrinolysin 96, 496
in menstrual blood 496
Fibroblasts 67
Fick 378
Fick's principle 159
for cardiac output 159,164
FIGLU excretion 64
Filariasis
oedema in 170
Filtration (see also glomerular filtration)
First degree heart block 150
First heart sound (see heart sound)
Flagellum 19
Flatus 346
Flaxedil 520
Fleming, Alexander 317, 611
Flemming 24
Flexion reflex 680
Flocculation tests 367
Flocculonodular lobe 687
Flosdorf 47
Flow-volume curve
respiratory 251
Fluid
balance 101
compartments 101
determination 101
extracellular 101
interstitial 8, 101
intracellular 45, 101
regulation 34, 102
Fluid balance 101
role of ADH 462
Fluid mosaic model 14
Fluid volume
regulation 34, 102
Fluorescent antibody technique 82
Fluoride 31
Fluorine 409
Flutter
atrial 149
Foetal circulation 204
Folic acid 403, 414, 415
absorption of 339, 340
deficiency 62
interaction with vitamin B12 62, 65, 404
Follicle
primordial 493, 494
thyroid 464
Follicle stimulating hormone 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 494-497, 502, 503
Follicular phase (see menstrual cycle)
Food 375
allergies 353, 356
functions 375
Food intake
role of hypothalamus 707
Foramen of Magendie 569
Foramen ovale 205
Foramina of Luschka 564
Foramina of Monro 568
Force-velocity relationship
in skeletal muscle 529
Forced expiratory volume 250
in cardiac muscle 136
Forel, August 562
Formiminoglutamic acid excretion 64
Forssmann, Werner 140
Fourth heart sound (see heart sound)
Fovea centralis 610, 618
Fowler's method
for dead space 253
Frank-Starling mechanism 163
Free fatty acids
mobilization 461
Free radicals 261, 399, 67, 72
and oxygen toxicity 287
theory of aging 39
Frostbite 181, 202, 282
FSH (see follicle stimulating hormone)
Fuel
during exercise 551
for muscular contraction 530
Fulton, J. 707
Functional residual capacity 220
effect of airway resistance 240
measurement 252
Fundic glands 310, 311
Fundus examination
importance 572
Funk 379
Funny current 129
Furosemide 433
Fuzzy coat 331
G
G cells 312, 314
G protein(s) 457, 458
G0, G1, G2 phases 52
G1 phase 21
G6PD deficiency (see glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
GABA (see gamma aminobutyric acid)
GAD (see glutamic acid decarboxylase)
Gain 11
of temperature regulatory system 273
Galanin 708
Galen 4, 6, 45, 242, 377, 476, 561
Gallamine 520
Galvani, Luigi 561
Galvanic skin response 766
Gamete 22, 25
female 493
Gametes
male 488
Gamma aminobutyric acid 580, 584
Gamma globulins (see globulins, gamma)
Gamma motor neuron(s) 676
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 300, 688
Ganglion cells
in retina 618, 620, 622, 626
Gap cycle 52
Gap junctions 15
Gap terminology 21, 52
Gas equation 216
Gas laws 215
Gastric emptying 316
Gastric function tests 358
Gastric glands 310
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 314, 316
and gastric acid secretion 314
Gastric motility 350
Gastric phase
of pancreatic secretion 327
Gastric secretion
cephalic phase 314
gastric phase 314
intestinal phase 315
of acid 310
regulation of
history of 317
Gastrin 312, 313, 315, 351, 456
and pancreatic secretion 327
as neuroactive peptide 585
Gastrocolic reflex 351
Gastrointestinal hormones (see individual hormones)
as neuroactive peptides 585
Gastrointestinal motility
(see motility, gastrointestinal)
stomach 316
Gastrointestinal system 293
effect of thyroid 466
Gastrointestinal tract (see also digestion gut, and alimentary canal)
blood flow 298
functions 293, 296, 297, 355
innervation 300
motility 349-352, 387
secretions 293
structure 296
Gate control theory 598, 600
G-CSF (see granulocyte-colony stimulating factory)
Gene(s) 20, 27
effect of hormones 456
expression 25
molecular basis 24
regulatory 25
repressor 25
Generator potential 587
Genetic code 24
Genetic factors
and peptic ulcer 322
Genetic profile 27
Genetic theory of aging 39
Genetics 22-27
Genetics
and immunity 86
Genome 25, 27
Genotype 27
Germ-free animals 347
GFR (see glomerular filtration rate)
GH (see growth hormone)
GHRH (see growth hormone releasing hormone)
Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium 32, 230
Gigantism 461
Gill withdrawal reflex 734
GIT (see gastrointestinal tract)
Gita 743, 751
yoga of 748
and sympathetic effects 698
Gland(s)
endocrine 451
Glans penis 491
Glaucoma 612
Glia (see neuroglia)
Glial cells 196, 197
Globose nucleus 687
Globulins 47
gamma 75
Globus pallidus 689, 424
Glomerular filtration 427, 428
Glomerular filtration rate 428
and aging 38
measurement 429
Glomerulotubular balance 430
Glomerulus
renal 424
Glomus cells 246
Glossitis 401
Glucagon 456, 472, 474
and exercise 551
as neuroactive peptide 585
Glucocorticoid(s) 456, 468, 501
and basophils 69
and cold stress 279
and eosinophils 68
in fetus 500
Gluconeogenesis 461, 472, 474
in newborn 36
Glucoreceptors
in hypothalamus 707
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 61
Glucose
absorption 332
blood level
regulation of 365
metabolism 50
renal reabsorption 431
Glucose tolerance
and exercise 551
Glutamate, 584
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 584
Glutamine
in kidneys 439
Glycaemic index 386
Glycine 584
14C-glycine-bile acid test 362
Glycocalyx 296, 331
Glycogen
as source of glucose 529
muscle
and diet 553
Glycogenolysis 468, 474
Glycolysis
aerobic 530
anaerobic 31, 530
during exercise 551
effect of insulin 472
effect of thyroxine 465
energy yield 530
GM-CSF (see Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor)
GnRH (see Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Gogli, Camillo 16
Goitre 466
Goitrogens 408
Gold thioglucose 707
Golden age 4
Goldstein, Avram 600
Golgi cells 687, 688
Golgi complex 16
Golgi tendon organs 515, 679
Golgi, Camillo 561
Gonadotropin releasing hormone 456, 486, 487, 490, 495, 502
as neuroactive peptide 585
Gonadotropins 486
Gonads (see also testes and ovary)
growth 35, 36
and aging 37
Gopalan C 380, 401
Gossypol 503
Gowans 78
G-protein(s) 470
Gram-negative shock 190
Granick 341
Granule cells
neurotransmitter 584
Granulocyte 66, 67
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor 67, 69
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating
factor 67, 68
Granulocytes 17
Granulopoiesis 66, 67
regulation 67
Granulosa cells 493, 494
Graves’ disease 466
Gravity
effect on pulmonary blood flow 193
Grouping
of blood 88, 89
Growth 35, 460, 472
effect of protein quality 396
role of estrogens 495
role of thyroid 465
Growth factors 417
Growth hormone 456, 460, 501
and erythropoiesis 53
and exercise 550
as neuroactive peptide 585
interaction with thyroid 465
Growth hormone releasing hormone 460
as neuroactive peptide 585
GSR (see Galvanic skin response)
Gustatory sense (see Taste)
Gut (see Gastrointestinal tract, and Alimentary canal)
Gut hormones
as neuroactive peptide 585
motility 308
Guyton, Arthur 169, 183
H
H band 514
H reflex (see Stretch reflex)
H+, K+ ATPase 31, 311
H2 histamine receptors 313
Habituation 734, 736
Haeckel 24
Haematocrit 50, 102
correction 102
Haemodialysis 444
Haemoglobin 50, 55, 224
as a buffer 437
at high altitude 284
catabolism 55
foetal 206, 229
glomerular filtration 434
in foetus 248
in newborn 248
role in carbon dioxide transport 230
Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve
Haemophilia 97
inheritance 98, 100
Haemopoiesis 51, 64, 67
(see also erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis and thrombopoiesis)
extramedullary 64
Haemorrhage 171, 179, 184, 188, 195, 257
hypoxia in 257
Haemorrhagic disorders 97, 98
Haemostasis 95
Hair cells
auditory 642
in vestibule 682
of cochlea 639, 640
vestibular 657
Haldane effect 231-232
and Bohr effect 232
Haploid 25
Hapten 75
Hargitay 427
Harvey, William 5, 7, 88
Hath yoga 746
Haustra 351
hCG (see human chorionic gonadotropin)
HCN channels 130
HCO3− ATPase 311
HCS (see somatomammotropin)
Head's paradoxical reflex 245
Health 3
Hearing 635
aids 655
and aging 39
defects 652
evaluation 652
Heart 109
and aging 38
blood supply 155
conduction system 115
conduction tissue 115
defects 150
electrical axis 146
Frank-Starling mechanism 163
innervation 174
murmur (s) 141
nutrition and metabolism 155
pacemaker 115
reflexes 179
Starling's law 135, 162
transplanted 555
vagal tone 175
valve 111, 112, 137-139
diseased 141
Heart block 150
Heart disease
congenital 207
Heart failure 190, 90
and body fluids 104
and fluid retention 104
Heart lung preparation 162, 164
Heart rate
factors affecting 164
in exercise 546
regulation 175
Heart sound (s) 138-141
abnormal 141
areas 141
in disease 141
anatomy 114
structure 114
Heat (see hot environment)
Heat cramps 277
Heat exhaustion 277
Heat production
in muscle 531
Heat stroke 277
Heat syndromes 277
Heidenhain, Rudolf 427
Helicotrema 639
Helium dilution method
for FRC 252
Helmholtz, Hermann 5, 623, 628
Helper T cells 83
Hemianopia 627
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 435, 436
Henle, loop of 425, 431
Henry's law 217
Heparan sulphate 97
Heparin 68, 87
Hepatic blood flow 199, 364
Hering-Breuer reflex 244
Herniation
of medulla oblongata 572
Hess 699
Heterosomes 20
Heterozygous 23
Hewson, William 46
Hexamethonium 696, 697, 699
Hiccup 248
High altitude
acclimatization to 284
and 2,3-DPG 284, 229
and intrauterine environment 249
and respiratory function 283
effects of 283
High altitude pulmonary edema 286
High output cardiac failure 191
Hill, AV 531, 524
Himsworth 388
Hippocampus 669, 701
and memory 738
neurotransmitter 584
Hippocrates 3, 4, 88, 376
His
bundle of 115
branches, block of 150
His, Wilhem 562
Histamine 73, 182, 313, 584
Histamine
for gastric function 359
Histamine receptors
H2 type 313
History 4
beriberi 63
of acetylcholine 176
of blood 46
of blood transfusion 88, 89
of genetics 22, 23
of immunology 72, 73
of lysozyme (s) 611
of neural transmission 176
of neurobiology 561
of nutrition 375
of phagocytosis 73
of regulation of gastric secretion 317
of renal physiology 427
of scurvy 377
of stethoscope 140
of vitamin K 379
of vitamin C 377
of vitamins 379
pernicious anaemia 63
Histotoxic hypoxia 257
HIV virus 87
Hodgkin 121
Hollander test 359
Homeostasis 3, 5, 10, 782
contribution of muscles 507
role of CSF 570
role of endocrines 453
Homing
of lymphocytes 354
Homozygous 23, 25
Hooke, Robert 8, 14
Hooker 161
Hookworm
iron loss 407
Hopkins 379
Hormonal regulation (see also regulation)
of cardiovascular function 180
Hormone response element 456
Hormones (see also individual hormones) 451
and aging 39
placental 500
sex 486
steroid 500
transport 48
Hot environment
acclimatization to 275
responses to 275
thermoregulation in 275
HRE (see hormone response element)
5-HT (see 5-hydroxytryptamine)
Hubel 631
Hudspeth 642
Hughes, John 600
Human chorionic gonadotropin 456, 499
antibody to 501, 503
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
(see somatomammotropin)
Human genome project 27
Humoral immunity
in the gut 355
Humoral regulation (see regulation)
Humors 45
Hunger 350
contractions 350
Hunter, John 318
Hunting reaction
of Lewis 279
Huxley 121
Hybridoma 22, 79
Hydrocephalus 572
Hydrochloric acid
secretion by stomach 310
Hydrogen
breath 348
Hydrogen ions (see also pH)
and pain 597
renal secretion 438
Hydrolysis 519
Hydroxycholecalciferol 467
5-hydroxytryptamine (see also serotonin) 584
and pain 597
Hyperaldosteronism
oedema 170
Hyperbaric oxygen 261
Hypercapnia
of respiratory failure 260
Hypercolumns
in visual cortex 632
Hypercomplex cells
in visual cortex 632
Hyperkalaemia
and acidosis 440
during hypothermia 281
on a low sodium diet 434
Hypermetropia 616, 617
Hyperphagia 707
Hyperpnoea
during exercise 549
Hypersensitivity 469
Hypersplenism 61
Hypertension 186, 443
causes 186
classification 186
leading to ventricular failure 191
treatment 769
Hyperthyroidism 191, 466
metabolic rate 383
Hypertonic solution 34
Hypertrophy
of ventricles 152
Hyperventilation 154, 260, 262
at high altitude 283
during exercise 549
Hypocalcemia 262
and alkalosis 441
Hypophysis (see pituitary)
Hypopolarization 119
Hypoproteinemia 363
Hypothalamic hormones
as neuroactive peptides 585
Hypothalamo-hypophysial axis
and aging 39
Hypothalamo-hypophysial relationship 705, 706
portal vessels 460, 461
Hypothalamus 705
and ADH secretion 104
and ANS 699
and sleep 730
as part of limbic system 701
and temperature regulation 271
and thirst 103
and water intake 103
hormones 460
osmoreceptors 462
periventricular zone 702
role in reproduction 486, 487, 490
Hypothermia 280
Hypothyroidism 60, 466
metabolic rate 383
Hypotonic solution 34
Hypoventilation
hypoxia in 257
Hypovolemia 188
Hypoxia 257
and oxygen therapy 260
cyanosis in 258
during hypothermia 280
effects on CNS 284
in foetus 206
in uterus 249
of respiratory failure 260
response of pulmonary vasculature 195
I
I band 514
ICF (see intracellular fluid)
ICSH (see interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
Idioventricular rhythm 134, 150, 154
IgA
intestinal 355-357
IgE 69, 76
IGF-I (see insulin-like growth factor-I)
IgG
in liver disease 356
IL-1 (see Interleukin-1)
IL-2 (see Interleukin-2)
IL-3 (see Interluekin-3)
IL-5 (see Interleukin-5)
Ileogastric reflex 351
Ileum 331
Imitative learning 734
Immune functions 71
of liver 356, 366
Immune mechanisms 71
and fever 273
in infections 273
Immune response
genetic factors 86
primary 78, 80
regulation 84
secondary 78, 80
Immune system 71
and cancer 21
Immunity
acquired 75
and aging 37
and breastfeeding 417
and melatonin 479
cell mediated 76
humoral 75
in newborn 36
innate 71
vs. acquired 71
regulation 84
role of lungs 195
role of lymphatics 170
specific 75
Immunization to gut antigens 356
Immunoassay 82
Immunoblotting 82
Immunoglobulins 75, 92
(see also antibodies)
(see also IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM)
classification 75
Immunohistochemistry 82
Immunological tolerance 78, 85
Immunology 71
history 72, 73
of the gut 353-357
Immunosuppression
effect of glucocorticoids 469
IMP (see intramembrane particles)
Impedance matching
in ear 637
Implantation 498, 499
Impulse
nerve 509
nerve/muscle 120
propagation of 509
IMS (see inner membrane spheres)
IMX (see isobutyl methylxanthine)
Incisura (in arterial pulse) 139
Inclusions
cellular 20
Incompatibility
of blood 90, 93
Rh 91, 93
Incompetence
of heart valves 141
Incus 637
Indian science 7
Indicator dilution method 160
for cardiac output 160
Indices
haematological 50
Indocyanine green excretion 367
Indomethacin 321
Inducer 25
Infancy (see also Newborn, Neonate, Childhood)
blood-brain barrier 573
Infant
nutrition 416
premature 261
Infection(s)
opportunistic 71
Inferior colliculus 647
Inflammation
effect of glucocorticoids 469
Inheritance
blood groups 89, 93
multifactorial 26
Inhibin 489, 490, 494
Inhibition
competitive 30
lateral 579
of ATPase 31
presynaptic 579
Inhibitory neurotransmitter(s)
GABA 584
glycine 584
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential 578
and EEG 725
Initial heat 532
Inner ear 639
Inner membrane spheres 18
Innervation
renal 425
Inositol triphosphate 539
Insecticide poisoning 520
Inspiration 233
Inspiratory capacity 220
Inspiratory neurons 242
Inspiratory reserve volume 220
Insulin 417, 456, 472, 501
and exercise 551
and pancreatic secretion 328
as neuroactive peptide 585
for gastric function 359
receptors 388
Insulin-like growth factor-I 460
Integral yoga 749
Intercalated cells
in kidneys 439
Intercalated disc 16, 114, 135
Intercellular 20
Intercostal muscles
role in breathing 233, 234
Intercostal reflexes 245
Interferon(s) 73
Interleukin-1 67, 69, 273
and sleep 730
Interleukin-2 80
Interleukin-3 67, 68
Interleukin-5 68
Internal environment 101
Interneurons 679
basket cells 687, 688
Golgi cells 687, 688
stellate cells 687, 688
Interoceptors 586
Interphase 21
Interpleural pressure 234
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone 462, 487
Interstitial cells 488
Interstitial fluid 102
in brain 196
pressure 169
Intervertebral disc 541
Intestinal absorption (see absorption)
Intestinal blood flow 199
Intestinal microflora 365
Intestinal phase
of pancreatic secretion 327
Intestine
absorption tests 360
and aging 38
microvilli 20
motility 387
small 331
Intestointestinal reflex 351
Intracellular fluid 101
Intracranial pressure 571
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
in the gut 354
Intraesophageal pressure 237
Intrafusal fibres 676
Intragastric titration 358
Intramembrane particles 297
Intraocular pressure 612
Intrapleural pressure 235
Intrapulmonary pressure 234
Intrauterine contraceptive device 503
Intrinsic factor 64, 339, 340
source 310
Intrinsic system
of coagulation 96
Inulin clearance 429
Iodine 407
and thyroxine synthesis 464
deficiency 466
Iodized salt 407, 466
Iodo acetate 31
Ionic current 121, 122
IPSP (see inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
Iris 610
Iron 407
absorption 341
deficiency 61
during pregnancy 414
recommended allowance 412
Iron lung 262
Irreversible shock 190
Irritant receptors
respiratory 245
Ischemic response, CNS 179
Islets of Langerhans 472
Isobutyl methylxanthine
and gastric acid secretion 313
Isohydric principle 442
Isometric contraction 526
of ventricle(s) 138
Isometric relaxation
of ventricle(s) 139
Isoniazid
interaction with pyridoxine 403
Isoprenaline 697
Isoproterenol 697
Isosmotic solution
amphibian 34
mammalian 34
Isotonic contraction 526
Isotonic solution 34
Isovolumetric contraction
(see isometric contraction)
Isovolumetric relaxation
(see isometric relaxation)
IUCD (see intrauterine contraceptive device)
J
J chain
of IgA 355
J point 151, 153
J receptors 178, 194, 245
James, William 712
Jaundice 55
aetiology 56
haemolytic 56, 57, 58
hepatic 56, 57, 58
obstructive 56, 57, 58
physiological 58
Jejunum 331
Jenner, Edward 72
Jet lag 480
JGA (see juxtaglomerular apparatus)
Jnana yoga 748
JND (see just noticeable difference)
Jugular venous pulse 138, 139
Just noticeable difference 595
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 200, 426
Juxtaglomerular cells 469
Juxta-pulmonary capillary receptors 178
K
Kallikrein 181
and salivary secretion 305
Kandel, Eric 734
Kapalabhati 758
Karma yoga 748
Karvonen equation 554
Kernicterus 91, 573
Keshan disease 408
Khorana, Hargobind 24
Kidney 423
action of ADH 462
and acid-base balance 437
and parathyroids 467
and vitamin D 467
and vitamin D metabolism 399
artificial 444
disease (s) 48, 60, 170, 186, 346, 443
erythropoietin production 53
failure (see renal failure)
function tests 445
transplantation 445
Kidney disease 48, 60, 170, 186, 443
prevention 445
and colonic fermentation 346
Kininogens 181
Kinins 181
Kinocilium 658
Kleitman, Nathaniel 727
Kluver-Bucy syndrome 703
Korotkow's sounds 172, 184
Korsakoff's psychosis 703
Kosterlitz, Hans 600
Krebs cycle
enzymes 18
Kriyas 758
Kuhn, Werner 427
Kundalini 750
Kupffer cells
function 356
Kymograph 5
L
La Place's law 172, 236
Labelled line code 595
Labour 12, 501
Labyrinth 639, 657
Labyrinthine reflexes 662
Lacrimal glands 610
Lactase 332
and aging 38
deficiency 334
Lactation 495, 501-502
nutrition during 414, 415
role of oxytocin 463
role of prolactin 461
Lactic acid 530
and fatigue 552
Lactic dehydrogenase 368
Lactoferrin 417
Lactase deficiency
tests for 361
Lactose intolerance 334
tests for 361
Lactose tolerance tests 361
Laennec, Rene 140
Lamina propria 296, 354
Laminar flow 238, 168
Landois 88
Landsteiner, Karl 88
Landsteiner's law 89
Lange, C.G. 712
Langerhans
islets of 472
Large intestine 344-348
absorption of water 338
Lashley 738
Lateral geniculate nucleus 626, 631
Lateral hypothalamus
and food intake 707
Lateral inhibition
in retina 622
in spinal cord 579
Lateral lemniscus 647
Lavoisier 377, 381, 89
LBBB (see left bundle branch block)
LDH 368
LDL (see low density lipoprotein)
Learning 702, 733
Lecithin 390
Left axis deviation 147
Left bundle branch block 151
Left ventricular hypertrophy 152
Length-tension relationship
in cardiac muscle 135
in skeletal muscle 528
Lens 614, 628
cataract 616
Lerner AB 476
Leucine hypothesis 401
Leucocytes (see also white blood cells) 67
Leucocytes
in menstrual blood 497
Leucopoiesis 66
Leucotrienes 391, 392
Lewis’ hunting reaction 279
Leydig cells 488
LFT (see liver function tests)
LGN (area 17) 717
LH (see luteinizing hormone)
Libido 495
Liebig 378
Lifespan
of platelets 94
Lifestyle 772, 781
and backache 543
and health 555
Light reflex 627
Limbic system 683, 701
and ANS 699
and affect 702
connections with hypothalamus 706
Lind, James 377
Linoleic acid 391
Lipase 337
bile salt stimulated 417
in milk 417
Lipid
digestion 417
Lipids (see also Fats)
catabolism during exercise 551
hepatic metabolism 366
Lipofuscin 38, 39
Lipogenesis 472
Lipolysis 468, 472
Lipoprotein (s) 387, 392
and dietary fats 392
low density 393
Lippe's loop 503
Lithocholate 365
Liver
and coagulation 96
and vitamin D 467
biliary secretion 328
blood flow 199, 364
enlargement 191
function 16, 96, 364, 399
function in elderly 38
function in newborn 36
function tests 57, 59, 98, 366
immune function 356
physiological reserve 38
propionate metabolism in 346
Liver bilirubin metabolism 55, 56
Liver disease 400
and colonic fermentation 346
IgG levels in 356
oedema 170
Liver function test(s) 98, 366
Lloyd and Hunt
classification of nerve fibres 512, 513
Locomotion 19, 20, 507, 508
Locus ceruleus
and sleep 728, 730
neurotransmitter 584
Loewi, Otto 176
Long-term memory 738
Long-term potentiation 738
Loop of Henle (see Henle, loop of)
Love 716, 717
Low density lipoprotein 393
Lower, Richard 88
LTP (see long-term potentiation)
L-tubules 515
L-type channels 128
Ludwig, Karl 5, 427
Lumbar puncture 571
Lung (see also respiration)
and acid-base balance 437, 440
and aging 37
blood flow 193
regional 193, 195
capacities 219
during exercise 548
function tests 250
immune mechanisms 195
volumes 219
Lung disease
obstructive 240, 250
restrictive 240, 250
Lunin 379
Luschka
foramina of 564
Luteal cells 494
Luteal phase (see Menstrual cycle)
Luteinizing hormone 456, 462, 487, 490, 492, 494-496, 499, 502, 503
as neuroactive peptide 585
LVH (see left ventricular hypertrophy)
Lymphatics 170
Lymphocyte(s) 69, 354
(see also B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes)
memory cells 78, 80, 82
in milk 417
in the gut 354
Lymphoid organ(s) 69
growth 35
primary 76
secondary 76
Lymphokine(s) 77, 80, 84
Lymphopoiesis 69
Lysosome(s) 17, 71
Lysozyme 71
history of 611
in milk 417
M
M cells 355
M line 514, 516
M phase 21, 52
m RNA (see ribonucleic acid, messenger)
Macroglia 574
Macrophage 80
Macrophage phagocytic system 55, 71
Macrophage-colony stimulating factor 67
Macrophages 69, 71
in milk 417
in the gut 354
Macula densa 425
Macula lutea 610
Magendie
foramen of 569
Magendie, Francois 5
Magnetic resonance imaging 733, 738
Magnetoencephalography 733
Magoun 729
Maintenance heat 532
Major histocompatibility complex 77, 80, 83
Malabsorption
tests for 360
Malathion 520
Malignancy (see cancer)
oedema in 170
Malleus 637
Malnutrition 170
during pregnancy 414
Malpighian body 424
MALT (see mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)
Maltase 332
Mammary gland (see breast)
MAO (see maximal acid output, or Monoamine oxidase)
Marginal granulocyte pool 66
Mass peristalsis 351
Mast cell(s) 73, 76, 310
Mastication 303
Maximal acid output 359
Maximum breathing capacity
(see maximum voluntary ventilation)
Maximum expiratory flow rate 250
Maximum mid expiratory flow rate 250
Maximum voluntary ventilation 221, 250
MBC (see maximum breathing capacity)
Mc Carrison, Robert 379
Mc Carty 24
MCH (see mean corpuscular haemoglobin)
MCHC (see mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration)
McLeod 24
M-CSF (see macrophage-colony stimulating
factor
MCT (see medium chain triglycerides)
MCV (see mean corpuscular volume)
Mean blood pressure 183
Mean circulatory filling pressure 183
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin 50
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration 50
Mean corpuscular volume 50
Mechanics
of breathing 233
Mechanoelectric transduction
in the ear 643
Mechanoreceptors
carotid sinus 176
in urinary bladder 449
Medial forebrain bundle 702
Medial geniculate body 647
Medical curriculum 5
Meditation 760
physiological considerations 763
physiological effects 763, 766
Medium chain triglycerides 337, 390
absorption 337
digestion 337
Medulla oblongata
respiratory neurons 242
MEG (see magnetoencephalography)
Megakaryocyte 94
Megaloblast 62, 64
Megaloblastic anaemia 403
Meiosis 21, 22, 25
Meissner, George 300
Meissner's corpuscle 586
Meissner's plexus 301
Melanin 462
Melanocyte stimulating hormone 456, 462
as neuroactive peptide 585
Melatonin 476
actions 479
and cancer 480
and immunity 479
and sleep 480
biosynthesis 477
circadian rhythm 478
effects of yoga 767
Melzack, Ronald 598
Membrane attack complex 73
Membrane potential 117
(see also resting membrane potential and action potential)
Memory 702, 738
Memory cell 78, 80, 82
Menaquinone 400
Menarche 493
Mendel, Gregor 22
Meninges 568
Menopause 496
Menstrual cycle 493, 495, 502
and melatonin 479
follicular phase 493
luteal phase 494
Menstruation 204, 493, 494, 496, 502
Mental stress (see also psychoneuroimmunology)
and aging 37
and backache 543
MEPP (see miniature end plate potentials)
Merkel's disc 586
Messenger
second 456, 457
Metabolic acidosis
during hypothermia 281
Metabolic rate
effect of yoga 766
of newborn 36
Metabolic
acidosis 441
alkalosis 441
Metabolism
and pineal 479
erythrocyte 50
in exercise 551
in newborn 36
lipoprotein 387
of heart 157
Metabolomics 27
Metallothionein 342
Metamyelocyte 66
Metaphase 21
Metarteriole (s) 166
Metchnikoff 73
Methacholine 697
Methylfolate trap 62, 65, 404
Methylmalonate excretion 64
Metoprolol 697
MGP (see marginal granulocyte pool)
MHC (see major histocompatibility complex)
Microfilaments 18, 19
Microflora
of the gut 347
Microfold cells 354, 355
Microglia 574, 575
Micropuncture 427
Microsomes 16
Microtubules 19
Microvilli 296, 297
intestinal 20
Micturition 447
Middle ear 636
Mifepristone (see RU486)
Migrating motor complex 350
Milieu interieur 5, 9, 10
Milk
breast 416, 501-502
secretion 501-502
Milk ejection reflex 502, 463
Milk intolerance 334
tests for 361
Milledge, J.S. 283
Milner, Peter 702
Mind-body medicine 780, 782
Mind-body relationship 769
(see also mind-body medicine, and psychoneuroimmunology)
Mineralocorticoids 456, 469
Minerals
absorption 340
Miniature end plate potentials 518, 532
Minot, George 46, 63
Minute volume 221
MIT (see monoiodotyrosine)
Mitochondria 18
at high altitude 285
Mitosis 21-22, 52
Mitral incompetence 141
Mitral regurgitation 141
Mitral stenosis 141
MMC (see migrating motor complex)
MMFR (see maximum mid expiratory flow rate)
Monoamine oxidase 579
Monochromats 624
Monocytes 66, 69, 71
Monoiodotyrosine 464
Mononuclear phagocytic system 55, 71, 200
Monophasic potential 533
Monosynaptic reflex 676, 581
Monounsaturated fats 391
Monro
foramina of 568
Monro-Kellie doctrine 196, 572
Mood
and melatonin 480
Morris, Desmond 717
Moruzzi 729
Mossy fibers 687
Mother Teresa 716
Motilin 350
as neuroactive peptide 585
Motility
gastrointestinal and aging 38
intestinal 350, 387
of the stomach 316
Motion sickness 662
Motor aphasia 733
Motor area
speech 732
Motor cortex
and conation 596
neurotransmitter 584
Motor end plate (see end plate)
Motor function
of thalamus 592
role of reticular formation 724
Motor mechanisms
brainstem 682, 683
cerebellar 687-689
cortical 683-686
of basal ganglia 689-691
spinal 676-681
Motor nerve 517
Motor neuron(s)
alpha 517, 676, 684
gamma 676
Motor system 675
Motor unit 517, 524
Motor unit potential 532
Mountain sickness 286
Movement 20
intestinal 350, 387
of stomach 316, 349
skeletal muscle 675
voluntary 507
MPS (see macrophage phagocytic system)
MRI (see magnetic resonance imaging)
MSH (see melanocyte stimulating hormone)
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue 77
Mucosal block theory
of iron absorption 342
Mucous cells 310
Mucus
protective role in stomach 320
Mudd 47
MUFA (see monounsaturated fats)
Muller, Johannes 5
Muller-Lyer lines 767
Multi-CSF 67
MUP (see motor unit potential)
Muramyl dipeptide 730
Murmur (s)
cardiac 141
in anaemia 168
Murphy, William 63
Muscarine 697
Muscarinic receptors 312
Muscle (s)
and homeostasis 507
antagonistic 679
cardiac 114-116, 155
contraction 20
during exercise 549
extraocular 611, 629
hyperplasia 550
hypertrophy 549, 550
of respiration 233, 234
papillary 116
pump 171
skeletal 115, 155, 507
smooth 115, 167, 536
tone 678, 683, 689
Muscle blood flow 201
Muscle contraction
action of glucocorticoids 469
ratchet mechanism 523, 524
sliding filament theory 524
Muscle fibre(s) 514
extrafusal 515
intrafusal 515
red 514
white 514
Muscle length
regulation of 764
Muscle spindle 676, 515
Muscle tone 532
during sleep 728
Mutation(s) 39
and aging 39
MVV (see maximum voluntary ventilation)
Myasthenia gravis 520
Myelin 510
Myelinated nerve fibres 510
Myeloblast 66
Myelocytes 66
Myeloid/erythroid ratio 70
Myocardial infarction 151
and blood pressure 185
Myocardial ischaemia 151, 158
Myocardial metabolism 157
Myoepithelial cells
effect of oxytocin 463
Myofibrils 514
Myofilaments 514
Myoneural junction
(see neuromuscular junction)
Myopia 616
Myxedema 466
N
Na, K-ATPase
renal 431
Nadis 750
National Institute of Nutrition
history of 379
Natural killer cells 73
Nauli 758
Neck reflexes 683
Negative feedback 10, 12
and thermoregulation 272
in and gastric acid secretion 314
in spinal cord 579
Neher 124
Neonatal circulation 206
Neonate (see Newborn)
nutrition 416
Neoplasia (see Cancer)
Neostigmine 520, 697
Nephron(s) 423
juxtamedullary 433
Nernst equation 117
Nerve fibre 509
A-delta 597
C 598
classification 512, 513
degeneration 513
fast pain 597
injury 513
motor 517
myelinated 510
regeneration 513
slow pain 597, 598
Nerve gases 520
Nerve impulse
antidromic conduction 180
conduction 509
Nerve injury(ies) 513
Nerves
to blood vessels 174, 175
to heart 174, 175
Nervi erigentes 351
Nervous system (see also central nervous system)
and aging 39
and endocrine system 584
effect of thyroid 466
effects of yoga 766
evolution 562
history 561
motor functions 675
sensory function 586
structural organization 563
Net protein utilization 396
Neti 758
Neural control
of micturition 448
Neural regulation
of temperature 271
Neural regulation (see also regulation)
of cardiovascular function 174
of coronary blood flow 156
Neural
growth 35
Neuroactive peptides 585, 697
influence of ANS 8 697
Neurobiology
history 561
Neurocrine 20
Neuroendocrine function
of hypothalamus 705
Neuroendocrine regulation
of immune response 85
Neuroendocrine
responses to emotions 713
Neurogenic shock 190
Neuroglia 574, 575, 568
Neuroma 513
Neuromodulators 583
and emotions 713
Neuromuscular blocking agents 519
Neuromuscular junction 517
in smooth muscle 537
Neuromuscular transmission 517
blockers 519
pharmacology 519
physiology 517
Neuron(s) 507, 509, 562, 563
alpha motor 676
expiratory 243
gamma motor 676
inhibitory 579
inspiratory 242
Renshaw 579
Neuronal doctrine 563
Neuronal plasticity 717, 768
Neuropeptides
and emotions 713, 768
Neuropraxia 513
Neurotensin 316
as neuroactive peptide 585
Neurotmesis 513
Neurotransmitter(s) 20
and sleep 730
at synapses 577, 583
central 583
criteria for 583
in reticular formation 723
modulation of 738
of Purkinje cells 688
putative 584, 585
transport 20
Neutrophil(s) 66, 71
drumstick 485
functions 68
in milk 417
Newborn
absorption of antibodies 336
breathing 207
circulation 206, 207
lipid digestion 417
nutrition 416
physiological functions 35-36
the first breath 247-249
Nexus 16
Niacin 401
Nicotinamide 401
Nicotine 696
Nicotinic acid 401
Nifedipine 128, 132
Night blindness 398
Nigrostriatal pathway 691
Nirenberg 24
Nissl granules 513
Nitric oxide 182, 456
and cerebral blood flow 197
role in erection 491
Nitrogen balance
method for protein quality 395
Nitrogen concentration
for lung functions 252, 253
Nitrogen narcosis 288
Nitrogen toxicity 288
Nitrogen washout method
for FRC 252, 253
Niyama 747
NK cell (see natural killer cells)
NMDA receptors 739
n-Methyl D-aspartate receptors (see NMDA receptors)
NO (see nitric oxide)
Nociceptors 597
Nodal tissue
electrical activity 129
Non-associative learning 734
Non-local medicine 782
Non-shivering thermogenesis 270, 280
Noradrenaline (see also adrenaline)
Noradrenaline (see also norepinephrine and Catecholamines)
Noradrenaline 180, 470, 584, 696, 730
and sleep 730
as neurotransmitter in ANS 696
at synapses 579
Noradrenergic fibres (see also adrenergic fibres)
Noradrenergic pathways
in reticular formation 723
Norepinephrine (see noradrenaline) 584
Normoblasts 52
NPU (see net protein utilization)
Nucleolus 20
Nucleus (see also under names of individual nuclei) 20
Nucleus
accumbens 701
basalis 584
caudate 689
cerebellar 687, 688
dentate 687, 688
during mitosis 21
emboliform 687, 688
fastigial 687, 688
globose 687, 688
paraventricular 705, 706
red 683, 685
tractus solitarius 730
subthalamic 689
supraoptic 706, 462
Nutrition Research Laboratories history of 379
Nutrient requirement(s) 411
Nutrient(s) 375
and aging 40
and erythropoiesis 53
and fatigue 552
during childhood 416
during infancy 416
during lactation 415
during pregnancy 414, 415
energy content 375
history of 375
of heart 155
parenteral 380
protein 48
Nystagmus
caloric 663
optokinetic 629
vestibular 662
O
Obesity 383, 388
and backache 543
and thermic effect of feeding 384
metabolic rate 383, 384
Occlusion 583
Ocular dominance columns 632
Oddi
sphincter of 328
Odours, primary 669
Oedema (see also edema) 170
diet in 409
Oestrogens (see also estrogens)and erythropoiesis 53
Off-centre cells
in retina 621, 622
Ohm's law
applied to blood flow 166
as applied to airways 238
Olds, James 702
Olfaction 668
Olfactory bulb neurotransmitter 584
Olfactory pathways 668
Oligodendrocytes 575
Olivary complex
superior 647
Olivocochlear fibres 642
Omeprazole 31, 311
On-centre cells
in retina 621, 623
Oncogenes 23
Oocytes 493
Operant behavior 734
Operant conditioning 734
Opioid receptors 599, 600
Opioids 600
Opponent cells 623
Opsonin 73
Optic chiasma 626
Optic nerve 626
Optic tract 626
Opticokinetic reflex 662
Optokinetic nystagmus 629
Oral contraceptives 187, 503
Oral temperature 269
Orbicularis occuli 713, 717
Orbitofrontal cortex 669
Organ of Corti 639
Organ systems (see also individual systems)evolution 8
Organelle 16
Organogenesis 20
Orientation columns
in visual cortex 632
Ornish, Dean 745, 771, 781
Orthopnoea 259
Oscillations 11, 12, 13
damped 11
undamped 12
Oscilloscope 509
Osler, William 317, 342
Osmolarity 33, 34
and osmotic pressure 34
units 32, 33
Osmoreceptor(s) 103, 462
in hypothalamus 708
Osmosis 30, 32
Osmotic pressure
and osmolarity 34
in renal medulla 433
of plasma proteins 48
plasma 169, 172
Ossicles
in middle ear 637
Osteomalacia 399
Otitis media 652
Otoilith organs 657, 682
Otoliths 657
Otosclerosis 652
Ovarian cycle 493
Ovaries 493
Overdrive suppression 130
Overload
circulatory 90
Overnutrition
metabolic rate 383
Overweight (see Obesity)
Ovulation 12, 416, 493, 495, 502
inhibiting 503
and breastfeeding 416
Ovum 493
Oxidative phosphorylation 18
uncoupling 31
uncoupling by thyroxine 465
Oxygenhyperbaric 198, 228
Oxygen consumptioneffect of thyroxine 465
Oxygen debt 530
Oxygen tent 260
Oxygen therapy 260
Oxygen toxicity 261
under water 287
Oxygen transport 223
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve 226-229
Oxyntic cells 310, 311
Oxyntic glands 310
Oxytocin 456, 463, 501, 502
and expulsion of milk 502
and parturition 501
as neuroactive peptide 584
release by suckling 416
source 705, 709
P
300 wave
in auditory potentials 655
PRU
(see peripheral resistance units)
P-450 366
Pacemaker 115, 129, 133
Pacemaker potential 127, 129
effect of acetylcholine 130
effect of adrenaline 130
Pacinian corpuscle 586
Packed cell volume 50, 102
Packed cell volume (see also haematocrit)
Page, Irvine 46
PAH clearance 429
Pain 597
and fatigue 551, 552
effect on blood pressure 184
relief 779
role of reticular formation 724
Paintal, A.S. 178, 193
Pancreas (see also pancreatic islets)
and aging 38
endocrine 472
enzymes 325
amylase 332
colipase 337
lipase 337
proteolytic 335
secretion of 325
Pancreatic amylase 332
Pancreatic function tests 358
Pancreatic polypeptide 472
Pancreozymin (see Cholecystokinin)
Panting 271
Pantothenic acid 402
Papez circuit 701
Papez, James 701
Papillary muscles 116
Papilledema 197, 572
Para-amino hippuric acid clearance 430
Paracrine 20
Paradoxical sleep 727, 728
(see also REM sleep)
Parafollicular cells 464, 468
Parahippocampal gyrus 701
Parallel processing 563, 631
in vision 633
Parallel secretion 328
Parasympathetic activity
during sleep 728
Parasympathetic effects 698
Parasympathetic nerve fibres
for defecation reflex 351
Parasympathetic nerve(s)
and salivary secretion 305
effect on smooth muscle 539
effect on the heart 164
effects on the gut 301
to blood vessels 174
to cerebral blood vessels 196
to coronary arteries 156
to heart 174
to male genitalia 491
to urinary bladder 447
vasodilator 179
Parasympathetic nervous system 695
and pancreatic secretion 327
effects of yoga 766-768
Parathion 520
Parathyroid hormone 456
Parathyroids 467
Paraventricular nucleus 705
Parietal cell mass 359
Parietal cells 310-312
Parkinson, James 691
Parkinson's disease 39, 584, 691
Parolfactory area 701
Parotid gland 303
Partial pressure 217
of water vapor 217
Parturition 12, 501
role of oxytocin 463
Passive transport (see transport, passive)
Pasteur, Louis 72
Patanjali 747
Patch clamp 124
Patent ductus arteriosus 207
Paternityand blood groups 89, 93
Pathway(s) (see also ascending pathways, descending pathways, and individual pathways)
nigrostriatal 691
Patvardhan VN 380
Pavlov 734
PCR (see polymerase chain reaction)
PCV (see packed cell volume)
P-D controller (see proportional-differential controller)
Peak acid output 359
Peck, M. Scott 770
Pegs
in visual cortex 632
Pellagra 402
Pendular movementsintestinal 351
Penfield 593, 634, 738
Penis 491, 503
erection 491
Pepsin 316, 335
Pepsinogens 316
Peptic cells 310, 311
Peptic ulcer 320
acid secretion 358
Peptide hormones 457
PER (see protein efficiency ratio)
Perceived exertion 554
Perception
of sensory stimuli 593
visual 633
Periaqueductal gray 598
Perifornical area 707
Perilymph 639, 657
Perimysium 514
Peripheral nervous system 563
Peripheral resistance units 168
Peristalsis 350
esophageal 307
mass 350
primary 307
secondary 307
Peritoneal dialysis 444
Perivascular space 568
Permeability 29, 119, 121
of cell membrane 119, 121
Pernicious anaemia 62, 342, 403
liver therapy 342
Peroxisomes 17
Pert, Candice 600
PET (see positron emission tomography)
Peyer's patches 354
PF 3 (see platelet factor 3)
pH
normal 435
Phagocytosis 20, 68, 71, 72
history 72
Phagosome 71
Phantom pain 600
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter
(see upper esophageal sphincter)
Pharynx 218
Phenotype 27
Phenoxybenzamine 697
Phentolamine 697
Phenylephrine 697
Pheochromocytoma 187, 471
Phineas Gage 713, 717
Phipps, James 71
Phloridzin 333
Phonocardiography 140
Phosphate buffer 437
in kidneys 442
Phosphatidyl inositol 456
Phosphatidyl inositol biphosphate 539
Phospholamban 182
Phospholipase C 539
Phospholipids 390
absorption 337
Phosphorus 406
Photoperiod 478
Photoreceptors 620
activation 620
transduction 620
Phrenic reflex 245
Phylloquinone 400
Physical training 547
effect on cardiac function 547
effects on metabolism 551
effect on muscle function 549
effect on respiratory function 549
endurance 550
strength 550
Physiological reserve 99, 445, 541
for tissue oxygenation 228
in locomotion 541
in lungs 223
of liver 38
respiratory 221
Physiology
and yoga 745
basis of medicine 3
branches 3
defined 3, 5
environmental 267
history 4
Physostigmine 520, 697
Pia mater 568
Pill
contraceptive 503
Pilocarpine 697
Pilo-erection 279
Pineal 476, 572
Pinna 636
Pinocytosis 20
Pirenzepine
and gastric acid secretion 313
Pituitary 572
anterior 460, 486, 487
posterior 104, 462
relationship with hypothalamus 706
Pituitary hormones
as neuroactive peptides 585
pK
of buffers 436
Placenta 499-501
and foetal respiration 248, 249
circulation 204
Planck, Max 380
Plasma 101, 47
freeze dried 92
frozen 92
osmotic pressure 48, 169, 172
Plasma cell 78, 79
Plasma membrane 14
(see also cell membrane)
Plasma proteins 47, 48, 53
as buffers 48, 436
in disease 48
osmotic pressure 48
Plasma substitutes 93
Plasmin 96
Plasminogen 96
Plasticity
at synapses 579
in auditory pathways 648
neuronal 717
Platelet aggregation 392
Platelet concentrate 92
Platelet factor 3, 95, 96
Platelets 94
functions 95
Plethysmography
whole body 239
Pleural pressure 235
Plexus
choroids 568, 569
Pneumotachograph 239, 251
Pneumothorax 235
Pneumotaxic centre 243
PNI (see psychoneuroimmunology)
Podocyte 424
Poikilocytosis 64
Poiseuille's equation 167, 238
Polycythaemia 104, 187, 285
of high altitude 285
Polydipsia 474
Polymerase chain reaction 28
Polyphagia 474
Polyprotein(s) 584
Polyriboisomes 16
Polysomes 16
Polyunsaturated fats 390, 391
and vitamin E 399
Polyuria 474, 462
Pons
respiratory centres 243
Portal circulation
hepatic 199
Portal system 203
hepatic 203
hypophysial 203
Portal vein 298
hypothalamo-hypophysial 460
Positive feedback
during delivery 501
Positron emission tomography 733
Postabsorptive phase
of pancreatic secretion 328
Posterior parietal cortex 683
Postsynaptic density 576
Postsynaptic potential 577
and EEG 725
Post-tetanic potentiation 581
Post-translational modification 25
Postural reflexes 662
Posture
and backache 543
and response to exercise 547
effect on blood pressure 184
Potassium 409, 469
absorption of 344
and pain 597
plasma level 469
secretion in colon 344
secretion in kidneys 432
Potassium channels 128, 129
Potentiation 313
Power law 595
P-R interval 138, 147
Pranayama(s) 555, 747, 755, 761
Pratyahara 747, 761
Precapillary sphincter (s) 166
Precentral gyrus 784
Precipitation 81
Prefrontal leucotomy 714
Prefrontal lobotomy 714, 716
Pregnancy 498-501
blood volume in 104
foetal circulation 204
metabolic rate in 383
nutrition during 414, 415
oedema in 170
placental circulation 204
uterine circulation 204
Pregnenolone
in fetus 500
Prekallikreins 182
Pre-loaded muscle 528
Premotor cortex 684
Preoptic area
and sleep 730
Prepyriform cortex 669
Presbyacusis 39, 652
Presbyopia 39, 616, 628
Pressor area 175, 177
Pressure
alveolar 234
esophageal 237
interpleural 234
intraocular 612
intrapleural 235
intrapulmonary 234
osmotic 48
pleural 235
pulmonary artery 193
transpulmonary 234
Pressure-volume relationship
of arteries 171
of urinary bladder 448
of veins 171
Presynaptic facilitation 579, 580
Presynaptic inhibition 579, 580
PRIH (see prolactin release inhibitory hormone)
Primary motor cortex 684
Probe 27, 28
Procainamide 132
Proerythroblast 52
Profibrinolysin 97
Progeria 40
Progesterone 487, 493-496, 499-501, 503
Proglumide 313
Programmed cell death 86
Projected pain 600
Prokaryote 14, 18
Prolactin 501, 456
Prolactin release inhibitory hormone 461
Prolactin
and exercise 550
as neuroactive peptide 585
Proliferative phase (see menstrual cycle)
Promonocyte 69
Promoter 25
Promyelocyte 66
Propagation
of action potential 509
Prophase 21
Propionate
in the colon 346
Proportional-differential controller 11
Propranolol 697
Propriocepters 586
Proprioceptive control
of breathing 244
Proprioceptive reflex(es)
respiratory 245
Prostaglandins 391, 392, 426, 490, 501
protective role in stomach 321
vasodilation 182
Prostate 488, 490
Protanomaly 622
Protanopia 624
Protein
absorption 335
digestion 335
extrinsic 14
integral 14, 15
intrinsic 14
peripheral 14, 15
transmembrane 14, 15
Protein buffer 436
Protein C 97
Protein efficiency ratio 396
Protein energy malnutrition 170
Protein losing enteropathy 363
Protein(s) 25
absorption 335
tests 362
acute phase 73
biological value 49, 396
C-reactive 73
chemical score 396
complementary 336
dietary 38, 49, 395
fermentation in the colon 346
for children 417
hepatic metabolism 366
in urine 49
metabolism 468, 472
plasma 47
quality 395
recommended allowance 412
reference 396
serum level 367
Proteinuria 49, 170
Proteomics 27
Prothrombin 95
Prothrombin time 98, 100
Prothrombin
synthesis 405
Prothrombinase 96
Proto-oncogenes 23
Proximal convoluted tubule 425, 431
Pseudopodia 20
Psychoneuroimmunology 715, 769, 780, 782
Psychophysiology
of sensation 595
Psychosomatic disease 703, 715
Psychosomatic factors 322
and peptic ulcer 322
Pteroylglutamic acid (see also folic acid) 403
PTH (see parathyroid hormone)
Puberty 486
precocious 470
PUFA (see polyunsaturated fats)
Pulmonary blood flow
during exercise 548
Pulmonary capillaries
fluid exchange 194
Pulmonary circulation 113, 193
compared to systemic circulation 194
regulation 195
Pulmonary edema 91, 191
at high altitude 286
Pulmonary function tests 250
Pulmonary stretch receptors 244
Pulmonary ventilation 221, 222
during exercise 548
Pulse pressure 176, 183
Pulse pressure method
for cardiac output 161
Punishment 734, 735
Punishment area
in the brain 702
Pupil 610, 614
Purinergic fibres 697
Purkinje cells 687, 688
neurotransmitter 584
Purkinje fibres 115
Purkinje images 628
Purpura 98, 99
Putamen 689
Pyloric glands 310
Pyrexia 273
(see also fever and interleukin - 1)
Pyridoxine 402
Pyruvic acid 530
PYY 316
Q
QRS complex 172,174
Q-T interval 174
Queckenstedt test 668
Queckenstedt's sign 235
Quinones 470
R
Rachitic rosary 399
Radioiodinated serum albumin 102, 573
Rage 709
Rage reaction 703
Raja yoga 746
Ranson 699
Raphe nuclei 723
and sleep 730
neurotransmitter 584
Rapid eye movement (see REM sleep)
Rasmussen 593
Ratchet mechanism
of muscle contraction 523, 524
Rating of perceived exertion 554
Ratio
A/G 47
albumin/globulin 47
RBBB (see right bundle branch block)
RBC (see Red Blood cells)
packed 92
count at high altitude 284, 285
RDA (see recommended dietary allowances)
Reabsorption
in kidneys 428, 431, 432
of amino acids in kidneys 431
of bicarbonate in kidneys 438
of glucose in kidneys 431
of sodium in kidneys 431, 440
Reactive oxygen species 261
Receptive field 621
Receptive relaxation 307
Receptor potential 586
in vestibule 659
of photoreceptors 620
of rods and cones 620
of visual receptors 620
Receptor(s)
adrenergic 470
atrial 177
dihydropyridine 522
for pain 597
for signaling molecules 20
gastrin 313
H2 histamine 313
hormone 455-459
muscarinic 312
opioid 599, 600
pleural 244
polymodal 597
ryanodine 522
secretin 326
stretch
pulmonary 244
tracheobronchial 244
visual 618
Receptors, sensory 586
Recessive trait 23, 25, 26
Recipient
universal 90
Reciprocal innervation 680
Recommended dietary allowances 411
Recovery heat 532
Rectal temperature 269
Rectifier channels 128
Red blood cells 50
absolute values 50
breakdown 55
count 50
formation 51
lifespan 51, 55
metabolism 50
Red nucleus 683, 685
Red reaction 202
Reduced eye 615
Reduction division 22
Referred pain 600
Reflex(es) (see also individual reflexes)
564-566, 628
accommodation 628, 629
acoustic 637
antropancreatic 327
axon 180, 202
Bainbridge 547
Baroreceptor 176, 184, 185
Bezold-Jarisch 177
chemoreceptor 179, 184, 185, 246
conditioned 734
consensual 627
cough 245, 246
crossed extension 680
defecation 351
enterogastric 316
enteropancreatic 328
flexion 680
gastrocolic 351
gastroileal 351
gill withdrawal 734
Head's 245
Hering-Breurer 244
in decerebrate animal 662
intercostals 245
intestointestinal 351
J receptor 178, 245
labyrinthine 662
light 627
milk ejection 463, 502
monosynaptic 676
opticokinetic 662
phrenic proprioceptive 245
postural 662
respiratory 244
righting 662
spinal 676
stretch 11, 676
suckling 463, 502
swallowing 306-308
tonic 662
vago-vagal 318, 327
vestibular 661
vestibule-ocular 662
Reflex arc 563, 676
for stretch reflex 676
Reflux esophagitis 308
Refractory period 123-125
in nerve fibres 579
of cardiac muscle 133
Regeneration
of nerve fibres 513
Regional blood flow
in lungs 193, 195
Regulation 10, 11
of acid-base balance 435
of aldosterone secretion 469
of autonomic functions 698, 709
of biliary secretion 329
of blood glucose 365
of blood pressure 12, 426
of blood vessels 166, 175
of blood volume 102
of body fluids 102
of cardiovascular function 174
of catecholamine secretion 471
of cerebral blood flow 197
of coronary blood flow 156
of fluid volume 34, 102
of food intake
role of hypothalamus 707
of gastric emptying 317
of gastric secretion 312
of glomerular filtration rate 428
of glucagon secretion 475
of glucocorticoid secretion 469
of granulopoiesis 67
of heart rate 175
of immune response 84
of insulin secretion 474
of iron absorption 341
of leucopoiesis 67
of muscle length 764
of pancreatic secretion 326-328
of parathyroid secretion 467
of pH 435
of plasma calcium 399
of plasma glucose 474
of pulmonary circulation 195
of respiration 242, 259
of salivary secretion 305
of sodium absorption 339
of strength of contraction 524-528
of temperature 11, 18, 36, 39, 111, 181, 269, 201, 479, 728, 707 during sleep 728
role of hypothalamus 271
of thyroid secretion 466
of urinary volume 103
of vascular lumen 166
of visceral activity 698, 709
of water absorption 339
of water balance 462
role of hypothalamus 708
of water intake 102
Regulation factor 11
Regurgitation
from heart valves 141
Reissner's membrane 639
Relaxation heat 532
Relaxation response 716
Relaxin 496, 500
Releasing hormones 705, 709
REM sleep 728, 729
Renaissance, European 6
Renal blood flow 200, 429, 546
during exercise 546
Renal circulation 425
Renal disease 48, 60 (see also kidney disease)
Renal failure 425, 443
Renal function tests 445
Renal innervation 425
Renal physiology 423
history 427
Renal plasma flow 429
Renal threshold
for glucose 430
Renal transplantation 445
Renin 104, 200, 426, 180
Renin-angiotensin mechanism 185, 469
Renography 445
Renshaw 679
Renshaw cell 579, 679
Reperfusion injury 158
Repolarization 120, 123, 124, 128, 154
ventricular 154
Reproduction 485-503
and aging 39
and pineal 479
role of hypothalamus 708
Reproductive system 485-503
female 493-503
male 488-492
RER (see respiratory exchange ratio)
RES (see reticuloendothelial system)
Research
justification 380
Residual volume 37, 220
and aging 37
Resistance
to blood flow 168
vascular 168
Respiration 215, 247
and acid-base balance 437, 441
and aging 37
during exercise 548
effect of thyroid 466
in newborns 247, 245
mechanics 233
mouth-to-mouth 261
regulation 242, 259
Respiratory exchange ratio (see respiratory quotient)
Respiratory failure 260
Respiratory membrane 223
Respiratory quotient 217, 219, 232, 381
Respiratory reflexes 244
Respiratory rhythm 243
Respiratory system 215
(see also respiration)
effects of yoga 765
Respiratory
acidosis 441
alkalosis 441
Resting heat 531
Resting membrane potential 117, 119, 537
in smooth muscle 629
of cardiac muscle 127
of intestinal smooth muscle 349
of pacemaker tissue 127, 129
of Purkinje fibres 127
Resting metabolic rate 381
(see also metabolic rate)
pathological variations 383
physiological variations 383
Reticular formation 683, 723, 728
and sleep 728
descending 683
medullary 683
pontine 683
Reticular lamina 639
Reticulocyte 53, 63
Reticuloendothelial system
(see macrophage phagocytic system)
Reticulospinal tract 683, 685
Retina 610, 618, 584
neurotransmitter 584
Retinohypothalamic pathway 730
Retinol 398
Retraction
of clot 95
Retrograde plasticity factor 739
Reward 734, 735
Reward area
in the brain 702
Reynold's number 168, 238
Rh group
inheritance 89
Rh incompatibility 91, 93
treatment 87
Rh system 89
Rheobase 510
Rhodopsin 398, 619
Rhythm method 502
Rhythmicity
of cardiac muscle 133
Riboflavin 401, 405
Ribonucleic acid 25
messenger 25
ribosomal 25
transfer 25
Ribonucleic acid
messenger 16
ribosomal 16
Ribosomes 16, 20
mitochondrial 18
Richards Jr, Dickinson 140
Richards, Alfred 427
Rickets 399, 405
Right axis deviation 147
Right bundle branch block 151
Right ventricular hypertrophy 153
Righting reflex 662
Rinne's test 653
RISA (see radioiodinated serum albumin)
Rivkees SA 476
RMP (see resting membrane potential)
RMR (see resting metabolic rate)
RNA (see ribonucleic acid)
Robert, Andre 321
Rods 618
activation 619
Roentgenographic methodfor cardiac output 161
Roman empire 4
Rose Bengal excretion 367
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 16
Roughage (see dietary fibre)
RPE (see rating of perceived exertion)
RPF (see renal plasma flow)
RQ (see respiratory quotient)
RU486 503
Ruffini's nerve endings 586
RVH (see right ventricular hypertrophy)
Ryanodine receptors 522
RyR (see ryanodine receptors)
S
S phase 21, 52
SA node (see sinoatrial node)
Saccades 629
Saccadic movement 662
Saccule 657, 682
Sacroplasmic reticulum
in heart 128
SAD (See seasonal affective disorder)
Sadhana 747
Safe period 502
Sakmann 124
Saliva 303, 304
antiseptic action 305
Salivary amylase 332
Salivary nuclei 305
Salivatory nuclei 665
Salt (see also sodium)
fortification with iron 407
iodized 407, 466
Saltatory conduction 510
Samadhi 747, 760, 762
Sarcolemma 514
Sarcomere 514
Sarcoplasm 514
Sarcoplasmic reticulumin skeletal muscle 515, 522
Sarcotubular system
cardiac muscle 114, 115
skeletal muscle 114, 115
Sarnoff 163, 164
Sarnoff's family of curves 164
Satellite cells 514
Satiety centre 707
Saturated fats 390
Saturation kinetics 30
Scala media 639
Scala tympani 639
Scala vestibuli 639
SCFA (see short chain fatty acids)
Schilling's test 363
Schleiden 14
Schleiden, Matthais 8, 561
Schlemmcanal of 611
Scholastic age 6
Schwabach's test 653
Schwann 14
Schwann cell(s) 510, 517
Schwann, Theodore 8, 561
Sclera 610
SCN (see suprachiasmatic nucleus)
SCUBA diving 289
Scurvy 404
history of 377
SDA (see secific dynamic action)
Seasonal affective disorder 480
Sebaceous glands 71
Second degree heart block 150
Second heart sound (see heart sound)
Second messenger 584
Secondary active transport
(see transport, secondary active)
Secondary motor cortex 684
Secondary sex characters 491, 495
Secretin stimulation test
for pancreatic function 359
Secretin 326, 316
and biliary secretion 330
and gastric acid secretion 316
and pancreatic secretion 326
as neuroactive peptide 585
Secretion (s)
in kidneys 428
of hydrogen ions in kidneys 438
of potassium in kidneys 432
of proteins 17
sebaceous 71
Secretory component
of IgA 355
Secretory phase
of menstrual cycle 494
Secretory piece 76
Segmentation 351
Seguin 377
Selenium 408
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
(see SCUBA diving)
Self-stimulation 702
Semen 488, 490-491
Semicircular canals 657, 682
Seminal vesicles 488, 490
Seminiferous tubules 488
Sensitivity of nerve and muscle 510
Sensitization 734, 737
Sensor 10
Sensorineural deafness 652
Sensory aphasia 733
Sensory area
speech 732
Sensory cortex 593
Septic shock 190
Septum 701
Serotonergic pathways 713
in reticular formation 723
Serotonin (see also 5-hydroxytryptamine)
Serotonin 181
and sensitization 737
and sleep 730
source 310
Sertoli cells 489, 490
Serum 47
Serum alanine transaminase 368
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 368
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase 368
Servomechanism 11
Set point
for body temperature 272
in fever 273
Sex
chromatin 485
determination 485, 498
hormones 486
Sex behaviour 495, 703
role of hypothalamus 708
Sex characters
secondary 491, 495
Sex chromosomes 20
Sex hormones 456
as neurotransmitter 585
Sex-linked character 26
Sex-linked diseases
color blindness 624
haemophilia 97, 98, 100
Sex-linked inheritance 27, 28, 97
Sexual intercourse 491-502
SGOT 368
Shakespeare 729
Sham feeding 314, 359
Sharma, K.N. 708
Sherrington, Charles 576, 683, 699
Shivering 270, 279, 280
during fever 273
Shock 185, 188, 443
anaphylactic 190
cardiogenic 190
cyanosis in 258
endotoxic 190
gram-negative 190
haemorrhagic 188
hypovolemic 188
hypoxia in 257
irreversible 190
neurogenic 190
septic 190
Short chain fatty acids 335, 346
in the colon 346
Short-term memory 738
Shortening heat 532
Shunt(s) 195, 225
physiological 195
Sickle cell anaemia 61
Siegel, Bernie 771, 780
Sign language 733
Signal 21
amplification 21
feedback 10
transduction 21
Signaling
cell-to-cell 20
endocrine 20
neurocrine 20
paracrine 20
Simple cells
in visual cortex 631
Simple diffusion (see diffusion)
Simple muscle twitch 526
Singer and Nicolson model 14
Singer, Charles 6
Singh, Baldev 766
Sino-aortic nerves 176
Sinoatrial node 115, 116, 127, 129
Sinus arrhythmia 148, 154
Sinus bradycardia 148
Sinus tachycardia 148
Sinus venosus 134
Sinusoidal capillaries
(see sinusoids)
Sinusoids 169
Skeletal muscle 115, 116, 507
action potential 121
blood flow 201
in exercise 545
compared to cardiac muscle 155
comparison with smooth muscle 536-540
during exercise 549
energy for contraction 529
force-velocity relationship 529
heat production 531
isometric contraction 526
isotonic contraction 526
length-tension relationship 528
mechanical model 524
of respiration 233, 234
properties 115, 136
regulation of strength of contraction
responses to emotions 713
stimulus-response relationship 526
structure 514
tetanus 526
twitch 526
Skeleton
in fluorisis 410
of heart 116
Skin
and vitamin D 467
pigmentation 462
Skin blood flow 201
and temperature regulation 270, 271
during exercise 546
Skinner box 734
Skinner, B.F. 734
Sleep producing substances 730
Sleep 725
and melatonin 480
and metabolic rate 383
rhythm 709
role of reticular formation 724
Sliding filaments
in muscle contraction 524
Slow wave sleep 727
Small intestine 331
Smell 668
Smith, Edward 378
Smith, Homer 429
Smoking
and peptic ulcer 324
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 16
Smooth muscle 115, 167, 536-540
classification 537
comparison with skeletal muscle 536-539
electrophysiology 537
excitation-contraction coupling 538
in blood vessels 166
nexus 15
of gastrointestinal tract 349
properties 115
vascular 166
Sneeze 246
Snyder, Solomon 600
Sodium 408
absorption 338, 344
regulation of 339
reabsorption in kidneys 431, 440
Sodium channel
inactivation 123, 128
Sodium channel blockers 128, 132
Sodium pump 118, 127, 615
in cornea 615
Solvent drag 32
Somatic marker hypothesis 712
Somatic motor system
vs. autonomic nervous system 695
Somatic mutation theory 39
Somatomammotropin 500
Somatomedin 417
Somatostatin 461, 472, 585
as neuroactive peptide 585
Sound
measurement 635
Space
swallowing in 307
Spatial speech 733
Spatial summation 582
Special senses
and aging 39
Specific acquired immunity 75
Specific compliance 236
Specific dynamic action (see thermic effect of feeding)
Specificity
of antibodies 78
Speech 732
audiometry 653
interpretation 650
Sperm (see also spermatozoa)
acrosome 17, 488, 491
motility 490
Spermatids 488
Spermatocytes 488
Spermatogenesis 488-489, 491, 492, 503
inhibition 503
regulation 489
Spermatogonia 488
Spermatozoa 488
Sperry, Roger 739
Spherocytosis 61
Sphincter(s) 307
anal 352
choledochal 328
of Oddi 328
Sphygmomanometry 183
Spike
action potential 120
Spinal cord
neurotransmitter
inhibitory 584
Spinal motor mechanisms 676
Spine 541
Spinocerebellum 688
Spinothalamic tracts 598, 592
Splanchnic blood flow
during exercise 546
Splanchnic circulation 199, 298
Splanchnic nerve
and pancreatic secretion 327
Spleen 94
blood flow 199
functions 200
Splenic blood flow 199
SPS (see sleep producing substances)
Squid
giant axon 509
Srikantia 401
Srikantia SG 380
S-T interval 147
St. Martin, Alexis 317
Stagnant hypoxia 257
Staircase phenomenon 135, 136
Stannius ligature(s) 134
Stapedius 637
Stapes 637
Starch 385
resistant 387
Stark, William 378
Starling's heart lung preparation 163
Starling's hypothesis
of fluid exchange 169
Starling's law of heart 135, 162, 164
Steatorrhea 362
Stellate cells 631, 688
Stem cell 51,
Stenosis
of heart valves 141
Stercobilinogen 56
Stereocilia 640, 658
Steroid hormones 457, 468
synthesis 16,18
Steroids 456
Stethoscope
invention of 140
STM (see Short-term memory)
Stokes Adams syndrome 150
Stomach 310, 64
and aging 38
function tests 358
motility 349
Stomatitis angular 401
STPD 220, 216
Strength-duration curve 510
Stress (see also mental stress)
and release of opioids 600
and salivary secretion 309
role of glucocorticoids 468
Stress ECG test 158
Stress relaxation 186
Stretch receptors 176
carotid sinus 176
pulmonary 244
Stretch reflex 11, 245, 676
inhibition by J receptors 245
Stria terminalis 702
Striate cortex 631
Striated muscle (see skeletal muscle)
Striatum 689
Stroke volume 159
factors affecting 161
in exercise 547
Subacute combined degeneration 64, 403
Subarachnoid space 568
Subcallosal gyrus 701
Subdural sinus(es)
injury 172, 173
Subiculum 702
Subliminal fringe 583
Sublingual glands 304
Submandibular glands 304
Substance P
as neuroactive peptide 585
as neurotransmitter 350
Substantia gelatinosa 599
Substantia nigra 689
neurotransmitter 584
Subthalamic nucleus 689
Succinylcholine 520
Suckling 463
Suckling reflex 502
Sucrase 332
Summation
of postsynaptic potentials 578
spatial 582
temporal 582
Sunshine vitamin 399
Superfemale 485
Superior colliculi 626, 629
Superior olivary complex 647
Suppressor T cells 84, 85
Suprachiasmatic nucleus 476, 709, 710
and sleep 730
Supraoptic nucleus 462, 705
Surfactant 236
Susheela, A.K 410
Susruta 4, 561
Susruta samhita 376
Sutton 24
Swallowing 306
and aging 38
Swammerdam, Jan 561
Sweat glands
nerve supply 271
Sweating
after heat acclimatization 275
during fever 273
SWS (see slow wave sleep) 727, 728
Sylvius
aqueduct of 568
Symbols
for respiratory physiology 217
Sympathetic
effect on heart 128,130
Sympathetic effects 698
Sympathetic nerve(s)
adrenergic vasodilator 179
and salivary secretion 305
cholinergic 179
effect on smooth muscle 538
effect on the heart 164
to blood vessels 174
to cerebral blood vessels 197
to coronary arteries 157
to heart 174
to hepatic artery 199
to male genitalia 491
to portal vein 199
to renal blood vessels 200
to skeletal muscle blood vessels 201
to splenic blood vessels 199
to sweat glands 271
to urinary bladder 425
vasodilator 179
Sympathetic nervous system 94, 470, 695
and cold stress 279
and metabolic rate 270
and pancreatic secretion 327
and temperature regulation 270
effects of yoga 766-768
Sympatho-adrenal system 94
Symport 32
Synapse 20, 564, 575 (see also synaptic transmission)
modulation of 736, 737
new 737
non-directed 695, 697
Synaptic delay 581,582
Synaptic transmission 576 - 585
electrical 581
Syncytiotrophoblast 499
Syncytium
cardiac muscle as 135
functional 114, 131
smooth muscle as 537
Syndrome
Stokes Adams 150
Systemic circulation 113
compared to pulmonary circulation 194
Systole 137,113
Systolic murmur 142
in anaemia 168
T
T cells (see T lymphocytes)
T lymphocytes 67,76
cytotoxic 76,82
differentiation 77
in gut 354
helper 80, 82,83
suppressor 84, 85
t RNA (see ribonucleic acid, transfer)
T3, T4 (see thyroid hormones)
Tachycardia
atrial 149
Tachypnoea 245
Tantra yoga 747
Taste 664
Taste pathways 665
TBW (see total body water)
TDF (see testis-determining factor)
Tea 400
TEA (see thermic effect of activity)
Tectorial membrane 639
Teeth
and fluorine 409
TEF (see thermic effect of feeding)
Teleology 298
Telles, Shirley 766,767
Teloglia 517
Telophase 21
Temperature
and fatigue 553
at ovulation 269
axillary 269
core 269
diurnal variation 269
normal 269
oral 269
rectal 269
regulation 18, 111, 181, 202, 269
in cold environment 279
in hot environment 275
regulation in elderly 39
regulation in newborn 36
shell 269
Temperature regulation
and melatonin 479
role of hypothalamus 707
Temporal summation 582, 583
Tendon organs, Golgi 515, 679
Tensor tympani 637
Tertiary 307
Test meal
for gastric function 358
for pancreatic function 360
Testes 488
undescended 492
Testis-determining factor 26
Testosterone 485, 487, 489, 491, 492
Tetanus 527
Tetany 262
Tetradotoxin 577
Tetraethylammonium 577
Tetraiodothyronine 464
Tetralogy of Fallot 207
Tetrodotoxin 128
TGT (see thromboplastin generation test)
Thalamic syndrome 592
Thalamus 591
and sleep 730
intralaminar nuclei 598
midline nuclei 598
nuclei 592
Thalassaemia 61
Thales of Miletos 5
Theca
externa 493
interna 493
Thermic effect of feeding
and temperature regulation 270
Thermic effect of activity 381, 384
Thermic effect of feeding 381, 383
Thermogenesis 270, 381
non-shivering 270
Thermoneutral zone 272
Thermoregulation
in cold environment 279
in hot environment 275
models 272
Thermosensitive areas
in the brain 271
Thermostat 273
hypothalamic 707
Theta waves
of EEG 726
Thiamine 400
Third degree heart block 150
Third heart sound (see heart sound)
Thirst 103, 177, 180
role of hypothalamus 708
Thorndike 734
Thrombin 95
Thrombocytes 94
(see also platelets)
Thrombocytopenia 98
Thrombomodulin 97
Thromboplastin generation test 98
Thrombopoiesis 94
Thrombopoietins 94
Thromboxanes 391, 392
THSC (see totipotent haematopoietic stem cells)
Thymol turbidity test 367
Thymus 69
Thymus dependent 80
Thyroglobulin 464
Thyroid 464
and aging 39
Thyroid hormone 279, 280, 405, 383, 456, 465
compared to vitamin D 405
and cold stress 279, 280
and metabolic rate 383
Thyroid stimulating hormone 456, 462, 585
as neuroactive peptide 585
Thyrotropin (see thyroid stimulating hormone)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 456, 461, 585
as neuroactive peptide 585
Thyroxine 53, 181, 456, 465
and erythropoiesis 53
and the heart 181
Thyroxine binding globulin 465
Tidal volume 220
Tight junctions 15
TLC (see total leucocyte count)
TM (see transcendental meditation)
Tm (see tubular transport maximum)
TNF (see tumor necrosis factor)
Tocopherol(s) 399
Tolerance
immunological 78, 356
in the gut 356
to self 78, 85
Tom 317, 322
Tone
muscle 678, 683
skeletal muscle 728
Tongue
taste buds 664
Tonic labyrinthine reflexes 662
Tonofilaments 16
Tonsils 35
Tonus (see tone)
Tooth paste
fluoride 410
Topographic representation
in motor areas 685
Total body water 101
Total leucocyte count
(see white blood cells, total count)
Total lung capacity 220
Total parenteral nutrition 380
Totipotent haematopoietic stem cells 51, 58
TPN (see total parenteral nutrition)
Trachea 218
Tractus solitarius 305, 665, 730
nucleus 730
Training (see physical training)
Trait
autosomal 25
continuous 26
discontinuous 26
dominant 23
multifactorial 26
recessive 23
sex-linked 26
X-linked 26
Transcendental meditation 780, 765
(see also meditation)
Transcobalamin II 340
Transcription 25, 457
effect of hormones 457
Transduction 21, 586
of sensory stimuli 586
Transformer function
of middle ear 637
Transfusion reactions 90, 92
Transit time
mouth-to-anus 348
mouth-to-caecum 348
Translation 25, 457
effect of hormones 457
Transplantation 164, 445
cardiac 555
renal 445
Transport 31-34
active 31, 32
competitive block 30
counter 32
coupled 32
gradient-time 430
non-competitive block 30
passive 29
secondary active 32
Transpulmonary pressure 236
Trataka 758
Treadmill test 256
Treadmill test 158
TRH (see thyrotropin releasing hormone)
Triad 515, 522
Trichromats 622
Triglycerides 390
medium chain 390
Triglycerides (see also fats)
dietary 69
Triiodothyronine 464
Triolein tests 362
Triple response 202
Triplet code 24
Tritanomaly 622
Tritanopia 624
Trophoblast 498, 499
Tropomyosin 523
Troponin 523
Trowell, Hugh 387
Trypsin 326, 335
TSH (see thyroid stimulating hormone)
T-tubules 515, 522
Tubectomy 503
Tuberculosis 195,225
Tubular load 430
Tubular transport maximum 430,445
for glucose 430
Tubule urinary 425
Tubulin 19
Tumor necrosis factor 67,69
Tumor suppressor genes 23
Tuning curve
of auditory nerve fibres 645
of basilar membrane 641
Turbulent flow 238
Tympanic membrane 636
U
UES (see upper esophageal sphincter)
Ultrafiltration 31
Umbilical cord 204
Undernutrition
metabolic rate 383
Undersea physiology 287
Undescended testes 492
Unit activity
evoked 593
Units
of measurement 32
Universal donor 90
Universal recipient 90
Unsaturated fats 391
Upper esophageal sphincter 306
Urea 433, 445
in blood 445
renal handling 433
Ureter(s) 447
Urethra 447, 491
prostatic 488,491
Urinalysis 445
Urinary bladder 447
atonic 449
automatic 449
innervations 447
mechanoreceptors 449
neurogenic 449
pressure-volume relationship 448
Urine formation 427
Urine
albumin in 170
proteins in 49
volume 103
Urobilinogen 58, 367
Uterine circulation 204
Uterine cycle 494
Uterus 493, 494, 495
blood flow 204
effect of oxytocin 463
involution 501
Utilization time 510
Utricle 657, 682
V
v wave (atrial/venous) 139
VA/Q ratio (see ventilation-perfusion ratio)
Vaccination 72
Vaccine (s) 72,87
VAD (see ventricular assist device)
Vagal tone 175
Vagina 493
Vagovagal reflex
for pancreatic secretion 327
in stomach 318
Vagus nerve
and gastric secretion 312, 314
and pancreatic secretion 327
and taste 665
in the gut 301
and respiratory regulation 244
dorsal motor nucleus 175
neurotransmitter 176
Vagusstoff 176
Valves
in lymphatics 170
of heart, diseased 141
venous 172
Valvulae conniventes 331
Valvular defects
cardiac 141
Van den Bergh test 58, 59
Van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni 8,46
Varicose veins 172
Vas deferens 488,490
Vasa recta 433
Vascular smooth muscle 167
Vasectomy 503
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
as neuroactive peptide 585
Vasoconstriction 167
Vasoconstrictor 180
chemicals 180
neural mechanisms 175
Vasodilation 166
Vasodilator 180
chemicals 181
neural mechanisms 179
Vasomotor centre 175,179
Vasopressin (see also antidiuretic hormone) 456
source 705,709
Vasovagal attack 185
Vectorcardiography 148
Vedanta 751
Vein(s) 113, 148, 170, 204
cardiac 155
umbilical 204
Venous pulse 138
Venous return
during exercise 545
Venous sinus (es)
Subdural 570
injury 172,173
Ventilation (see also pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation)
alveolar 221
assessment 251
pulmonary 221
Ventilation-perfusion ratio 225
during exercise 548
low
hypoxia in 257
Ventilator 260
Ventricle(s)
failure 191
hypertrophy 152
left 112
of the brain 568
right 111
Ventricular assist device 116
Ventricular ectopics 149
Ventricular extrasystole 149
Ventricular failure 191
Ventricular fibrillation 149,154
Ventromedial nucleus
and food intake 707
Vergence movements 629
Vermis 687
Vertebral column 541
Vesalius 5,6
Vestibular apparatus 657,682
Vestibular nuclei 658
Vestibular reflexes 661,682
Vestibule (see vestibular apparatus)
Vestibulocerebellum 688
Vestibulo-ocular reflex 662
Vestibulospinal tract 683
Villus/villi 331
VIPergic neurons 351
Virchow-Robin space 568
Vis a fronte 171
Vis a tergo 171
Visceral brain 302
Visceral circulation 298
Visceral functions (see autonomic functions and autonomic nervous system)
Visceral nervous system (see autonomic nervous system)
Viscosity 48, 185, 285
of blood 185, 285
at high altitude 286
Vision (see also eye) 39, 633
and aging 39
optics 614
perception 633
Visual cortex 627, 631
Visual pathway 626
compared to auditory pathway 651
Visual reflexes 627
Vital capacity 220
and aging 37
timed 250
Vitamin A 398
absorption 340
and vision 619
Vitamin B complex 405
deficiency 401
with antibiotic therapy 405
Vitamin B1 400
Vitamin B12 403
absorption 348, 343
tests 363
deficiency 62
interaction with folic acid 62, 65, 404
Vitamin B2 401,405
Vitamin B6 402
Vitamin C 404, 779
deficiency 98
effect on iron absorption 341
history of 377
Vitamin D 399,467
and kidneys 426
as a hormone 405
effect on calcium absorption 342
hydroxylation 426
Vitamin E 399
Vitamin K 400, 405
deficiency 100, 347
history 379
and coagulation 96
Vitamin(s) 398
absorption 339, 340
tests 363
history of 379
recommended allowance 413
supplements 404
synthesis by bacteria 347
Vitreous 610
VMC (see vasomotor centre)
Voltage clamp 121
Voltage gated channels (see channels, voltage gated)
at the axon hillock 578
calcium 518,577
in smooth muscle 539
Volumes
respiratory 220
Voluntary muscle (see skeletal muscle)
Von Haller, Albrecht 5, 476
Von Muralt 267
Von Willebrand's factor 98
vWF (see von Willebrand's factor)
W
Waldeyer Wilhem 562
Walker 427
Wall, Patrick 598
Wallerian degeneration 513
Water
absorption 338,344
balance 101, 103
in the body 101
Water absorption
regulation of 339
Water balance
role of ADH 462
role of hypothalamus 708
Water intake
regulation 103
Water vapour pressure 219
Watson 24
WBC (see white blood cells) 66
WBC concentrate 92
Weber's test 653
Weber-Fechner law 595
Weightlessness
swallowing in 307
Wenckebach phenomenon 150
Wernicke's area 732
Western blot 82
Whipple, George 46, 48, 341
White blood cells 17, 66
development 66
differential count 66
total count 66
White crescentric line 134
White reaction 202
Wiesel 631
Wilson, terminal of 144
Windkessel effect 166
Wirz 427
Wislicenus 378
Wolf and Wolff 317, 322
Work
of breathing 240
of muscular contraction 528
X
X chromosome 20, 26
Xenon
for lung functions 251
Xerophthalmia 398
X-linked character 26
X-linked diseases
colour blindness 624
haemophilia 97
X-linked inheritance 26,27
Y
Y chromosome 20, 26
Yama 747
Yawn 247
Yoga nidra 767
Yoga 541, 741
and emotions 716
and physiology 745, 763
as treatment 769
breathing 555
physiological effects 765, 770
postures (asanas) 555, 745, 754, 761
schools 746
view of life 751
way of life 752
Young, Thomas 623
Z
Z line 515
Zinc 408
absorption of 342
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 358
Zona glomerulosa 468
Zona pellucida 491
Zona reticularis 468
Zone fasciculata 468
Zygomatics 713
Zygote 498
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear