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Medical Surgical Nursing I & II
Deepak Sethi, Kirti Rani
1:
Cardiovascular Disorders
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Etiology and Risk Factors
Nonmodifiable Major Risk Factors
Modifiable Major Risk Factors
Contributing Factors include
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
ANGINA
Stable Angina
Accelerating Angina
Unstable Angina
Variant Angina
Microvascular Angina
Decubitus Angina
Risk Factors
Modifiable
Nonmodifiable
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic and Imaging Studies
Electrocardiography
Chest Radiograph
Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography
Echocardiography
Laboratory Studies
Stress Testing
Coronary Arteriography
Treatment
Lifestyle Modification
Smoking
Exercise
Weight Control
Pharmacologic Therapy
Antiplatelet Agents
Antianginal Agents
Risk Factor Management
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes Mellitus
Surgical Management: Revascularization
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
Procedure Completion, Both Methods
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG)
Risks of the Procedure
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery-on-Pump Procedure
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery-off-Pump Procedure
CABG Pre- and Post-operative Care
The Preoperative Phase
Intraoperative Phase
Postoperative Phase
Nursing Care
CARDIOMYOPATHY
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Interventions
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Etiology
Categories of Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Compensatory Mechanism During CHF
Diagnostic Evaluation
Major criteria
Minor criteria
Management
General measures
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Complications
Nursing Management
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Pharmacological Treatment
Surgical Management
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
Procedure Completion, Both Methods
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG)
Nursing Management
ENDOCARDITIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
MYOCARDITIS AND PERICARDITIS
Introduction
Definition of Myocarditis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluations
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
PERICARDITIS
Definition
Classification on the Basis of Etiological Factors
Infective
Causes
Other
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluations
Surgical Management
CHRONIC PERICARDITIS
Types
Causes
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Clinical Features
Treatment
Common Causes of Chronic Pericarditis
Common Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Pericarditis
Common Treatment of Chronic Pericarditis
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing management
Nursing assessment
Nursing interventions
Nursing interventions
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Types
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Aortic Regurgitation
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Health Education
ARTERIOSCLEROTIC VASCULAR DISEASE
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology
Pathology of Atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Physical Examination
Complications of Atherosclerosis
Treatment
Prevention
Nursing Management
Intervention and Rational
ARRHYTHMIA
Classification
Sinus Node
Atrial
Junctional Arrhythmias
Ventricular
HEART BLOCK
HEART BLOCKS
Introduction
Definition
Etiology
Types
SA NODAL BLOCK
Atrioventricular Block
Definition
First-degree Atrioventricular Block
Introduction
Characteristics
Diagnostic Test
Treatment
Prognosis
SECOND-DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK
Introduction
Types
Second-degree AV block, Type 1/Mobitz I (Wenckebach)
Characteristics
Causes
Treatment
Second-degree AV block, Type II/Mobitz II
Introduction
Characteristics
Etiology
Treatment
Third-degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete Heart Block)
Introduction
Characteristics
Etiology
PROGNOSIS
Treatment
Difference Between 1, 2, 3-degree Block
BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
Anatomy and Physiology
Normal Conduction System
Introduction
Definition
Types
RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
Characteristics of QRS Complex
Causes
LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
Characteristics of QRS Complex
Causes
Classification
Left Anterior Fascicular Block
Characteristics
Left Posterior Fascicular Block
Characteristics
Clinical Manifestations
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
ECG
Treatment
Combination of Bundle Branch Block and Hemiblock
SUDDEN ARRHYTHMIC DEATH SYNDROME (SADS)
Introduction
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Normal Electrical Activity
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Physical Maneuvers
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Other Drugs
Cardioversion
Defibrillation
Electrical cautery
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Drug History
Management
Avoid
Manage Your Risk Factor
ECG—ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION, BASIC ECG, 12-LEAD ECG, AXIS DETERMINATION
Normal Electrical Conduction of the Heart
Electrochemical Mechanism
Conduction Pathway
Depolarization and the ECG
AV Node/Bundles: PR Interval
Purkinje Fibers/Ventricular Myocardium: QRS Complex
Ventricular Repolarization
Electrical Signals and Blood Flow
(ECG) ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
Introduction
History
Meaning
Definition
Other Definitions
Functions
Characteristics of the Normal Basic ECG
ECG PAPER
Estimation of Heart Rate
Layout
Leads
Placement of Electrodes
Additional Electrodes
Limb Leads
Augmented Limb Leads
Precordial Leads
Precordial Placement of Unipolar Electrodes for 12-lead ECGs
Clinical Lead Groups
Waves and Intervals
Normal ECG Waveforms and Intervals
ECG Waveforms
Normal Q-wave
Axis Determination
Measurement
Quick look tests
Interpretation of QRS Axis
Normal Axis Deviation
Right Axis Deviation (RAD)
Right Axis Deviation (RAD)
Left Axis Deviation (LAD)
Left Axis Deviation (LAD)
Extreme Axis Deviation
Rotation
AORTIC ANEURYSM
Definition
Incidence
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Physical Examination
Radiographs
Arteriography
Ultrasound
CT Scan
Complications
THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Assessment and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment (Medical Management)
Surgical Management
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Introduction
Causes
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Assessment and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment (Medical Management)
Prevention
Surgical Management
Open Surgery
Endovascular Surgery
DISSECTION/DISSECTING AORTA
Introduction
Definition
Incidence
Classification
Stanford Classification
DeBakey Classification
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Assessment and Diagnostic Tests
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resource Imaging
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Aortogram
Medical Management
Surgical Management
RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON
Definition
Types of Raynaud's Disease
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment (General Care)
Emergency Measures
Drug Therapy
Surgical Intervention
Nursing Management
2:
Cardiovascular Emergencies
CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST
Classification of Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Shockable
Nonshockable
Diagnosis and Treatment
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA OR VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
BRADYCARDIA
ASYSTOLE
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
AIR EMBOLISM
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
CARDIAC TEMPONADE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
3:
Vascular Disorders of Heart
VASCULAR DISEASE
Diagnostic Criteria
Common Vascular Disorders
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
THROMBOANGIITIS (BUERGER'S DISEASE)
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prevention
RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON
Types
Etiology
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
General Care
Emergency Measures
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
SYPHILITIC AORTITIS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
AORTIC ANEURYSM
Types
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Open Surgery
Endovascular Surgery
VARICOSE VEINS
Types
Stages
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Conservative Management
Surgical Management
Nonsurgical Management
Complications
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
HYPERTENSION
Introduction
Types of Blood Pressure
Classification of Hypertension
Classification on the basis of type
On the basis of etiology
On the basis of severity
Etiology
Renal Causes
Endocrine Causes
Adrenal Causes
Exogenous Hormones
Other Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Hypertensive Crisis
Treatment of Hypertension
Nonpharmacologic Intervention
Pharmacological Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
HYPOTENSION
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment Management
Medium-term treatments of hypotension include:
According to diseases condition:
Prevention
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Noninvasive Testing
Invasive Testing
Management
Other Medications
Nonsurgical Management
Surgical Treatment
Prevention
VARICOSE VEINS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Stages
Other Diagnostic Tests
Treatment Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Health Education
4:
Blood Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Erythrocytes
ANEMIA
Etiology
Classification of Anemia
Morphologic Classification
Etiological Classification
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Dietary Management
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Types
Cobalamine (Vit B12) Deficiency
Etiology
Folic Acid Deficiency
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
APLASTIC ANEMIA
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Pathophysiology
Types of Hemolytic Anemia
Clinical Manifestation
Types of Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle Cell Crisis
Medical Management
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Management
HEREDITORY SPHEROCYTOSIS
IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
HEREDITORY HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Types of Polycythemia
Primary Polycythemia
Secondary Polycythemia
Relative Polycythemia
Stress Polycythemia
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Assessment
Nursing Management
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
MANAGEMENT
Medical Management
Pharmacological Management
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Health Education
LEUKEMIA
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Classification
ALL (Acute Lymphatic Leukemia)
Clinical Manifestation
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Treatment
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Other Management
Symptom Control
Supportive Care
Chronic Phase
Accelerated Phase or Blast Crisis
Nursing Intervention
Nursing Assessment
History
Physical Examination
Blood Tests
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Maintain Tissue Integrity
Prevent from Infection
Free the Mucosa from Bleeding
Health Education
Complication
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
Etiology
Risk Factors
Types
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Dietary Management
Prevention
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
HEMOPHILIA (FACTOR VIII DEFICIENCY)
Incidence
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Complications
LYMPHOMAS
Introduction
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Stages of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
THALASSEMIA
Types of Thalassemia
1. Alpha Thalassemia Facts
2. Beta-Thalassemia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical therapy
Standard Treatments
Blood Transfusions
Iron Chelation Therapy
Folic Acid Supplements
Complication
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
5:
Respiratory Disorders
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Introduction
Definition
CLASSIFICATION OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Acute Respiratory Failure
Types of Acute Respiratory Failure
Chronic Respiratory Failure
Etiology
Brain Disorders
Chest Wall Dysfunction and Neuromuscular Factor
Airway Obstruction
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Pulmonary Dysfunction
Cardiac Dysfunction
Other
Traumatic Causes
Pathophysiology
Mechanism of Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Administration of Oxygen
Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
Management of Upper Airway Obstruction
Medical Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
CARE OF PATIENT ON VENTILATOR
Introduction
Basics of Mechanical Ventilation
Trigger Variables
Limit Variables
Cycle Variables
Breath Types
VILI and Other Complications
Nursing Care of Ventilated Patients
Care Essential 1
Care Essential 2
Ventilator Settings and Modes
Care Essential 3
Care Essential 4
Care Essential 5
Other measures that decrease VAP risk
Care Essential 6
Care Essential 7
Care Essential 8
Care Essential 9
Care Essential 10
Weaning Procedure
Other Care Essentials
Care of the Airway
Check the Bedside Emergency Equipment
Ventilation
Suction of an Artificial Airway
Monitors
Oral Care
Eye Care
GIT
Genital/Urinary Tract
Repositioning and Pressure Area Care
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
Complications are of the Following Types
1. Associated with Patient's Response to Mechanical Ventilation
2. Associated with Ventilator Malfunction
3. Other Complications Related to Endotracheal Intubation
Nursing Care Plan for the Ventilated Patient
Nursing Assessment
Goals
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
Management
Treatment of ARDS
Pharmacological Management
Nutritional Therapy
Complications
Nursing Management
General Measure
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Introduction
Types of Pulmonary Hypertension
1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension
2. Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
Other Types of Pulmonary Hypertension
Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension
Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension
Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension
Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Tests
Management
Nonpharmacological Management
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
COR PULMONALE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
BRONCHITIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medications
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Etiology
Primary Causes
Pathophysiology
Mechanism of Pathophysiology
Schematic Diagram of COPD
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Component 1: Assess and Monitor Disease
Component 2: Reduce Risk Factors
Component 3: Manage Stable COPD
Component 4: Manage Exacerbations
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Treatment
Management of Sputum Viscosity and Secretion Clearance
Others
Pharmacological Therapy
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
ASTHMA
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Lifestyle Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
PNEUMONIA
Etiology and Risk Factors
Pneumonia According to Site
Pneumonia According to Location and Radiologic Appearance
Pneumonia According to Organism
Other Types of Pneumonia
Other Risk Factors
Pathophysiology of Pneumonia
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Monitoring and Preventing Complications
Health Education
BRONCHIECTASIS
Etiology and types
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Other Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medications
Physiotherapy and Exercise
Prevention
Nursing Management
Nursing Intervention
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
Introduction
Definition
Types of Interstitial Lung Disease
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Contraindications
Risks of the Procedure
Transplant Requirements
Requirements for Potential Recipients
Medical Tests for Potential Transplant Candidates
Types of Lung Transplant
Procedure
Single-lung
Double-lung
Signs of Rejection
Prevention of Rejection
Complications
SILICOSIS
Silica
Classification of Silicosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Test
Treatment
Experimental Treatments
Prevention
Complications
ASBESTOSIS
Etiology
Symptoms of Asbestosis
Other Symptoms of Asbestosis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
COAL WORKER'S PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Causes
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Prevention and Control
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Oxygenation therapy
RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
Introduction
Definition
Etiology
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Pathophysiology
In Cases of Intrinsic Lung Disease
In Cases of Extrinsic Disorders
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
Cytotoxic Therapy
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Etiology
OTHER CONTRIBUTING CONDITIONS
Risk Factors
Sign and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Balloon Valvuloplasty
Open-Heart Surgery
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Assessment
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Improve the Breathing
Improving Tissue Perfusion
Relieving Pain
Relieving Anxiety
Complications
Health Education
Prevention
PNEUMOTHORAX
Classification of Pneumothorax
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Conservative
Aspiration
Chest Tube
Surgical Management
HEMOTHORAX
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Complications
PYOTHORAX OR EMPYEMA
Stages of Pyothorax
Etiology and Risk Factors
Types
Simple Empyema
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment Options
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Assessment
Medical and Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Complications
TUBERCULOSIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Types
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Goals
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Intervention
Health Education
Complications
CHEST INJURIES
Classification
Blunt Trauma
Penetrating Injuries
Crush Injury
Specific Types of Chest Trauma
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Immediate Management
General Management
Postoperative Intensive Care
RIB FRACTURE
Definition
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FLAIL CHEST
Characteristics
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Surgical Fixation
STERNAL FRACTURE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Test
Treatment
PULMONARY CONTUSION
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prevention
Treatment
Complications
PULMONARY LACERATION
Etiology
Classification
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Treatment
Complications
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURY
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Prevention
Treatment
Complications
6:
Neurological Disorders
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Spinal Cord
The Medulla
The Pons
The Midbrain
The Diencephalon
The Cerebral Hemispheres
The Basal Ganglia
The Hippocampus and Amygdala
BELL'S PALSY
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Complications
Medical Management
Surgical Management
1. Facial Nerve Decompression
2. Subocularis Oculi Fat Lift (SOOF)
3. Lateral Tarsal Strip Procedure
4. Implants in Eyelid
5. Tarsorrhaphy
Other surgeries
Muscle Transposition, Nerve Grafting, and Brow Lift
Nursing Management
Teaching Eye Care
Teaching about Maintaining Muscle Tone
Diet and Nutrition
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA (‘TIC DOULOUREUX’)
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Types of ‘Tic Douloureux’
Management
Medical Management
Deep Brain Stimulation
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Interventions
PARKINSONISM
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Secondary Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease Stages
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Etiology
Autoimmunity
Thymus Gland
Genetic Factors
Factors that can Worsen Myasthenia Gravis
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME OR INFECTIOUS POLYNEURITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Emergency Symptoms
Diagnostic evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
Etiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)
Etiology and Types
1. Ischemic Stroke
2. Hemorrhagic Stroke
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Prevention
Medical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
NARCOLEPSY
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Nursing Management
HEADACHE
Types of Headache
Symptoms
Etiology and Risk Factors
Management
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
Symptoms
Etiology
Management
CLUSTER HEADACHE
Symptoms
Etiology
Management
HEAD INJURIES
Types of Head Injuries
Causes of Head Injury
Management
Treatment of Acute Head Injury
Pharmacological Management
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
SPINAL INJURY
Types of Spinal Injuries
Types of Paralysis
Etiology
Types of Hemiplegia
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Nursing Intervention
7:
Eye Disorders
REFRACTIVE ERRORS
Treatment of Refractive Errors
CATARACT
Risk Factors and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Cataract
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Objective of Cataract Surgery
Pharmacologic Therapy
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Postoperative Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses
Nursing Intervention
Relieving Pain
Relieving Anxiety
Prevention of Injury
Promoting Self-Care
Improving Knowledge
Health Education
Complications
After Care
GLAUCOMA
Etiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Surgery
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Intervention
Relieving Pain
Relieving Fear
Relieving Anxiety
Prevention of Injury
Promoting Self-Care
Improving Knowledge
Complications
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Types and Causes
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
OTHER EYE DISORDERS
Stye (External and Internal Hordeolum)
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention
Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst)
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Blepharitis
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Trichiasis
Entropion
Ectropion
Lagophthalmos
CONJUNCTIVAL DISORDERS
Conjunctivitis
Types of Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Prevention
Pterygium
Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Causes
Treatment and Management
CORNEAL DISORDERS
Keratitis
Types
Causes
Treatment
Corneal Dystrophies
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Corneal Transplantation
NURSING PROCESS—INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION OF THE EYE
Assessment
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
General Interventions for Visually Impaired
Preoperative
Postoperative
EYE BANKING AND CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION
Functions of Eye Bank
Contraindications for Donation
Retrieval Procedure
Role of Nurse During Corneal Transplantation
After Surgery
Home Care Instructions
8:
Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Outer Ear
Pinna
Ear Canal
Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear Cavity
Eustachian Tube
Ossicular Chain
Inner Ear
Vestibular or Balance System
Cochlea
PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING
Sound Transmission through the Outer Ear
Sound Transmission through the Middle Ear
Sound Transmission through the Inner Ear
Sound Transmission to the Brain
OTITIS MEDIA
Types
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Swimmer's Ear Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Ear Infection Symptoms
Complications
Management
Agents Used in the Treatment of Otitis Media
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE PERFORATION
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
OTOSCLEROSIS AND HEARING LOSS
Types of Hearing Impairment
Cochlear Otosclerosis
Stapedial Otosclerosis
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment of Otosclerosis
1. Doing Nothing is a Reasonable Option
2. Hearing Aids
3. Medical Treatment
4. Surgical treatment
Complications of Surgery
Nursing Management
MENIERE'S DISEASE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Hearing assessment
3. Balance assessment
Management
Medications for vertigo
Noninvasive therapies and procedures
Middle Ear Injections
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
LABYRINTHITIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
EPISTAXIS
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
History
Investigation
Management
Initial assessment—first aid
Cautery
Complications of packing
Follow these steps to stop a nosebleed in emergency when you are alone
Nursing Management
Provide nursing interventions to control bleeding
Provide ongoing assessment to monitor for bleeding
Provide oral and written instructions for treatment and prevention
LARYNX CANCER
Types of Larynx Cancer
TNM Stages of Cancer of the Larynx
Early-stage Laryngeal Cancer (T0–T2)
(a) T stage 0, Tis
(b) T stage 1
(c) T stage 2
Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer (T2b–T4)
(a) Glottic cancer T stage 2b
(b) T stage 3
(c) T stage 4
N-stages of Laryngeal Cancer
M-stages of Laryngeal Cancer
Grade of Cancer
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
The Main Treatments
Radiotherapy
Surgery
BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
Cetuximab
Side Effects of Biological Therapies
Nursing Priorities
Discharge Goals
Nursing Diagnosis:
SPEECH DISORDERS
Types of Speech Impairment
Etiology
Spasmodic Dysphonia
Aphasia
Dysarthria
Vocal Disturbances
Clinical Manifestations
Apraxia of Speech
Dysarthria
Stuttering
Aphasia
Management
Types of AAC Systems
Hearing aids and cochlear implant
Types of Hearing Aid
In-the-Canal (ITC) and Completely-in-the-Canal (CIC) Aids
In-the-Ear (ITE) Aids
Behind-the-Ear (BTE) Aids
Behind-the-Ear Aid: Open Fitting
Receiver-in-Canal Aids
Extended Wear Hearing Aids
Middle Ear Implants
Features Available in Hearing Aids
Directional Microphone
Telephone (Telecoil) Switch
Direct Audio Input
Advantages of Hearing Aids
Disadvantages of Hearing Aids
Daily Care for the Hearing Aid
Cochlear Implant
Functioning of a Cochlear Implant
Advantages of a Cochlear Implant
Disadvantages of a Cochlear Implant
Hearing-assistive Technology
Role of a Nurse with Hearing-impaired and Mute Clients
9:
Endocrine Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Function
Common Diseases Related to Thyroid Gland
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Causes
Primary
Secondary
Classification
Pathophysiology
Primary Hypothyroidism
Secondary Hypothyroidism
Signs and Symptoms
Early
Late
Uncommon
According to System
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Treatment
Supportive Management
Complication
Mild Hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Myxedema Coma
Cretinism
Nursing Management
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning and Implementation
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Complications
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Beta Blockers
Iodides
Antithyroid Drugs
Methimazole
Propylthiouracil
Radioactive Iodine
Nursing Management
Other Possible Nursing Diagnosis
THYROIDITIS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Etiology
Risk Factors
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complication
Management
Treatments and Drugs
Diet That is:
Nursing Management
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Etiology
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Surgical Management
Drugs
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
Nursing Management
CUSHING SYNDROME AND ADDISON DISEASE
The Cortical Hormones
CUSHING SYNDROME
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
24-Hour Urinary Free Cortisol Level
Dexamethasone Suppression Test
CRH Stimulation Test
Direct Visualization of the Endocrine Glands (Radiologic Imaging)
Petrosal Sinus Sampling
The Dexamethasone-CRH Test
Management
Assessment
Medical Management
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
ADDISON'S DISEASE (ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Management of Addisonian Crisis
Nursing Management
Assessment
Diagnosis
DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Nutritional Therapy
Pharmacological Management
Insulin Therapy
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
10:
Burn and Cosmetic Surgeries
BURN
Introduction
Definition
Cause
Chemical
Electrical
Radiation
Scalding
Inhalational injury
Types of Burns
According to depth
According to Burn Severity
According to the Extent of Body Surface Area
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies in Burn
Burn Management and Plastic Surgeries
Burn Management in Adults
Rule of Nines for Establishing Extent of Body Surface Burned
Burn Management in Children
Depth of Burn
Serious Burn Requiring Hospitalization
Treatment
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Resuscitation in burn shock (first 24 hours)
RESUSCITATION FORMULAS
COMPLICATIONS OF OVER-RESUSCITATION
Compartment Syndrome
Chest Compartment Syndrome
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Medications
SPECIAL BURNS
WOUND CARE
First Aid
Initial Treatment
Daily Treatment
Healing phase
In children
Other Wound Care Methods
Burn Wound Dressings
Surgical Treatment of Burns/Plastic Surgery for Burns or Wounds
Time of performing procedure
Techniques for burn reconstruction
Essentials of burn reconstruction
ESCHAROTOMY
DEBRIDEMENT OF BURN WOUNDS
EXCISION OF BURN WOUNDS
SKIN GRAFTS
Single-and Multiple-Stage Excision and Grafting
Multiple-Stage Excision and Grafting
BURN WOUND COVERAGE
Skin Substitutes and Skin Replacements
Temporary Wound Coverage
Permanent Wound Coverage
Others
Dealing with Deficiency of Tissue
Skin Changes after Cosmetic Surgery
Perfusion and Circulation after Cosmetic Surgery
Signs of Infection at the Surgical Site
Postoperative Daily Evaluation and Management
Operated Burn Wounds
Care of Burn Wounds Unrelated To Previously Operated Wounds
Unrelated Conditions
POST-DISCHARGE BURN WOUND MANAGEMENT
Discharge and Follow-Up
Follow-up
Scar prevention
Contracture prevention
Psychological sequelae
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
Assessment
Goals of Nutritional Management
Objectives of Nutritional Management
Enteral Feeding Should be Commenced Early
Aggressive Nutritional Support is often Required
Energy Requirements are Elevated by the Burn Injury
Protein Requirements are Substantially Increased
An Increased Requirement Exists for Nutrients Associated with Healing and Immune Function
Complications of Surgeries for Burn Management
Outcome and Prognosis
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
11:
Oncological Conditions
CANCER
Terminology Related to Cancer
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Classification of Cancer
Etiology of Cancer
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Detection and Prevention of Cancer
Caution
Secondary Prevention (Early Detection and Screening of Cancer)
Diagnostic Tests
Tertiary Prevention
Various Treatment Modalities of Cancer
CHEMOTHERAPY
Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
The Focus of Chemotherapy Treatment
Classification of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Antitumor Antibiotics
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Mitotic Inhibitors
Corticosteroids
Miscellaneous Chemotherapy Drugs
Hormone Therapy
SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
Short-term Side Effects
Long-term Side Effects
Role of Nurse in Chemotherapy
Calculation of Drug Dosage
Drug Reconstitution/Preparation
Documentation
Disposal of Supplies and Unused Drugs
Management of Chemotherapeutic Spills
Staff Education
Extravasation Management
Prevention of Extravasation
Extravasation Management at Peripheral Site
RADIATION THERAPY
Types of Radiation
Beta Radiation
Gamma and X-Radiation
New in Radiation Therapy
Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
Nursing Management
SURGICAL THERAPY
Surgical Techniques
Nursing Management
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Palliative Therapy
COLORECTAL CANCER
Cause
Stages of Colorectal Cancer
Staging Colon Cancer
Staging Rectal Cancer
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Tests
How is a Colonoscopy Performed?
Medical Management
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Targeted Drug Therapy
Alternative Treatment
SURGERY FOR COLORECTAL CANCER
Rectal Surgery
Side Effects of Colorectal Surgery
Surgery and Other Local Treatments for Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Definition
Causes and risk factors
Acid Reflux Raises Risk
Esophageal Cancer Types
Stages of Cancer
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Esophageal Stent
Surgical Management
Esophagectomy
Nursing Management
GASTRIC CANCER
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Stage 1 (Early)
Stage 2 (Middle)
Stage 3 (Late)
Diagnosis
Complications of Abdominal Surgery
Preoperative Management
Psychological Preparation
Thromboembolic Prophylaxis
Postoperative Management
Stomach Cancer (Gastric) Prevention
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Preoperative
Postoperative
LIVER CANCER
Classification
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms of Primary Liver Cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Signs and Symptoms of Secondary Liver Cancer
Diagnostic Tests
Management
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT)
Transarterial Therapy
Surgical Interventions for Liver Cancer
Surgical Resection (Tumor Removal)
Nursing Management
For Nonoperative Patients
Common Interventions
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Management for Client Undergone Surgery
Preoperative Care
Preoperative Care
12:
Emergency and Disaster Nursing
DISASTER
Disaster Nursing
Types of Disaster
Principles of Disaster Nursing
Factors Affecting Disaster
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Phases of Disaster
DISASTER CYCLE AND MANAGEMENT
Responsibilities of Various Agencies in Emergency and Disaster Management
Nursing Responsibilities During Disaster
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND REHABILITATION OF DISASTER VICTIMS
Signs and Symptoms
Predisposing Factors
Etiology
High-Risk Group
Principles of Nursing Care in PTSD
REHABILITATION OF DISASTER VICTIMS
Challenges of Rehabilitation
Kinds of Reactions Shown by Disaster Victims
Psychosocial Interventions
Principles
Work with Families
Work with the Community
Rehabilitation of Special Groups
Disabled People
Women
Children
Policies Related to Emergency and Disaster Management
Policy Statement
Focus Areas and Strategies for Intervention
Policy Implementation Agencies and Structures
Agencies
Functions
Operational Mechanism
AGENCIES INVOLVED DURING DISASTER MANAGEMENT
IMPACT ON HEALTH AND AFTER EFFECTS OF DISASTER
AFTER EFFECTS OF DISASTER
Grief
Dealing with Emotional Impact of Disaster
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
Shock
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Shock
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Collaborative Care
Cardiogenic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Septic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
Nursing Management
Nursing Care
SEIZURE OR EPILEPSY
Types of Seizures
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Care and Management of Seizures in the Acute Setting
Before (and During) Seizure Care
Postseizure Care
Initial Nursing Management:
Anticonvulsant Therapy for Management of Status Epilipticus
Patient and Family Education for Seizures or Epilepsy
General Health
HEARTSTROKE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Risk factors
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Prevention
FROSTBITES
Risk Factor
Management
Complications
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
Introduction
Definition
What is CPR?
Purpose
Indications
Complications
CHANGES IN BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS) GUIDELINES
Key Changes in Revised AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC
The Change From ‘A-B-C’ to ‘C-A-B’
Elimination of ‘Look–Listen–Feel’ in Breathing
Chest Compressions Rate: 100/min
Chest Compression Depth
Cricoid Pressure
Team Resuscitation
Precordial Thump
Simplified ACLS Algorithm and New Algorithm
Shock Energy
Drug Therapy
Advanced Airway
Reversible Causes
Capnography
Postcardiac Arrest Care
Atropine is ‘out’; Adenosine is ‘in’
Automated External Defibrillators (AED) Use in Children Now Includes Infants
Pediatric Resuscitation
Pediatric Basic Life Support
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
Neonatal Resuscitation
Ethical Issues
STEPS OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Responder/Rescuer
Precautions
Drugs Used During CPR
Amiodarone
Magnesium
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Equipment
Procedure
Complications
STRESS
Body Coping Mechanism with Stress
General Adaptive Syndrome Model
ADAPTIVE COPING STRATEGIES
Role of Nurse in Stress Management Assessment
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Interventions
ICU PSYCHOSIS
Etiology
Environmental Causes
Medical Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
13:
Gastrointestinal Disorders
INTRODUCTION TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Lifestyle Changes
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Intervention
HIATAL HERNIA
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
PEPTIC ULCERS
Classification of Peptic Ulcer
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Pathophysiology
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Blood Tests
Breath Tests
Tissue Tests
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Types of Vagotomy
Nutritional Management
Prevention
Complications
Nursing Management
APPENDICITIS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Appendectomy
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
Nursing Management
Presurgery
Postsurgery
HEMORRHOIDS
Etiology
Types
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medications
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Postoperative Complications
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Etiology
Types of GI Bleeding
Diagnostic Evaluation
1. Endoscopy
2. Enteroscopy
Management
Pharmacological Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)
Etiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions
CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS
Types of Gallstones
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Nonsurgical Treatment
CHOLECYSTITIS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Interventions
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Complications
LIVER CIRRHOSIS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Classifications of Cirrhosis
Other Classifications
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Treatment
Supportive Treatment
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Prevention of Cirrhosis of the Liver
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Other Nursing Diagnoses
PANCREATITIS
Types
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Emergency Management
Intensive Care
Pharmacological Management
Nutrition and Supplements
Surgical Management
Postoperative Management
Preoperative Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Postoperative Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Potential Complications
Nursing Diagnoses
Nursing Interventions
Patient Education and Health Maintenance
Complications
Acute (Early) Complications
Late Complications
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Etiology
Risk Factors
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Nonmechanical Factor
Other Causes
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Pathophysiology
Management
Assessment
Surgical Management
Nonsurgical Treatment
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Complications
Health Education
CROHN'S DISEASE
Etiology
Types
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Preparation for Surgery
Common Procedures for Crohn's Disease
A. Small Bowel Disease
B. Colonic Disease
C. Perianal Disease and Intestinal Fistulas
Dietary Recommendations
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
ABDOMINAL HERNIA
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Abdominal Hernias
Inguinal Hernia
Epigastric Hernia
Umbilical Hernia
Femoral Hernia
Incisional Hernia
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diagnosis of Abdominal Hernia
Management
Nonsurgical Treatment
Trusses
Hernia Belts
Bindings
Hernia Briefs
Nursing Interventions
HEPATITIS
Pathophysiology
Types of Hepatitis
1. Type A hepatitis
2. Type B Hepatitis
3. Type C Hepatitis
4. Type D Hepatitis (Delta Hepatitis)
5. Type E Hepatitis
COMPARISON OF MAJOR FORMS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Self-care at Home
Management
Pharmacological Intervention
Hepatitis B Medications
Dietary Management of Viral or Drug-induced Hepatitis
Preventive Measures
NONVIRAL HEPATITIS
Toxic Hepatitis
Drug-induced Hepatitis
Fulminant Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
14:
Musculoskeletal Disorders
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Modifiable Factors
Nonmodifiable
Other Possible Factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nonpharmacological Intervention
Nonpharmacolological Management and Lifestyle Changes
Healthy Body Weight
Analgesics
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
OSTIOMYLITIS
Modes of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Causes and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Medical Treatment
Antibiotics
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Etiology and Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Specific Aarticular Involvement is Manifested
Extra-articular Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
OSTEOMALACIA
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
POTT'S DISEASE
Signs and symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Physical Therapy Management
Postspinal Fusion Surgery
Pharmacological Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Priorities
Nursing Management
AMPUTATION AND PROSTHESIS
Types of Amputation
Levels of Amputation
Amputation Recovery
Prostatic Devices for Amputation
Potential Complications Associated with Amputation
Pain Complications
Phantom Pain
Neuroplasticity and Phantom Pain
Prosthesis
Types of Prosthesis
Nursing Management
Nursing Interventions
Nursing Diagnosis
OSTEITIS DEFORMANS (PAGET'S DISEASE)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Paget's Disease Evolves Through three Distinct Phases
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluations
Management
Pharmacotherapy
Complications
Nursing Management
PROLAPSED LUMBAR DISK (HERNIATED RUPTURED DISK)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Prolape Thoracic Disk
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Imaging
Pharmacological Management
Nursing Management
Types of Surgeries in Muscular Skeleton System
Total Knee Replacement
Partial Knee Replacement
Simultaneous Bilateral Knee Replacement—Both Knee Replacement Surgery
Revision Knee Replacement
Knee Arthroscopic Surgery
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction
Arthroscopic Meniscectomy
Total Hip Replacement Surgery (THR)
Indications of Hip Replacement Surgery
Advantages of Hip Replacement Surgery
Types of Shoulder Surgery
15:
Genitourinary Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Right Kidney
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Etiology
Prerenal Causes
Intrarenal Causes
Postrenal Causes
Types of Acute Renal Failure
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Pharmacologic Management
Calcium and Phosphate Binder
Antihypertensive and Cardiovascular Agent
Antiseizure Agents
Erythropoietin
Dietary Management
Hemodialysis
Nutritional Therapy
Home Care
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) OR END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)
Definition
Stages of Chronic Renal Failure
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complication
Medical Management
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nutritional Therapy
Other Therapy
Dialysis
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
DIALYSIS
Basic Goals
Principles of Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Principle
Procedure
Requirements for Hemodialysis
Components to Dialysis
DIALYZER
Dialysate
Blood Delivery System
Methods of Circulatory Access
Complications of Vascular Access
LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT FOR CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS
Pharmacological Therapy
Peritoneal Dialysis
Indications
Contraindications
Types of Peritoneal Dialysis
Procedure
Complications
Patient Education
CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (CRRT)
Indications
Types
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Introduction
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Medical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
Health Education
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nutritional Therapy
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Diet Management
Prevention
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
NEPHROLITHIASISX
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medical Management
Nutritional Therapy
International Procedures
Surgical Management
Complication
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Prevention
Diet Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Preoperative Care if Patient is Having Surgery
Complications
16:
Integumentary Disorders
INTRODUCTION TO SKIN
Functions of Skin
PEMPHIGUS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Other Treatments
PSORIASIS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Psoriasis
Risk Factors
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Topical Treatments
Light therapy (Phototherapy)
Oral or Injected Medications
Complications
Nursing Management
Nursing Interventions
DERMATITIS (ECZEMA)
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
CELLULITIS
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Management
Nursing Interventions
ACNE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Care
Management
Medical Management
SHINGLES (VARICELLA-ZOSTER)
Etiology and Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
SCABIES
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
COLD SORE
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Management
IMPETIGO
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Management
WARTS
Types of Warts
Management
ALOPECIA
Etiology
Alopecia Totalis
Alopecia Universalis
Androgenetic Alopecia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Nursing Management
17:
Occupational Health Hazards
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Effects of Occupational Health Disorders
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISORDERS
Disorders Due to Chemical Agents
Gases
Prevention
Metals
Organic Compounds
Dusts
DISORDERS DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS
Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Noise
Vibration
Other Mechanical Stresses
Ionizing Radiation
Nonionizing Radiation
Disorders Due to Infectious Agents
Disorders Due to Psychological Factors
Common Occupational and Industrial Health Hazards
18:
Immunological Disorders
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
Congenital Immune Disorders
Secondary Immunodeficiencies
Presentation of Secondary Immunodeficiencies
Diagnostic Evaluation
Examination
Investigation
Management
Prevention and Treatment
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Cycle of HIV Virus
Stages of HIV
Acute Infection Stage
Clinical Latency Stage
AIDS
Factor Affecting the HIV Progression
Symptoms of Acute Infection
Symptoms of AIDS
Opportunistic Infections Symptoms on the Basis of CD4 Count
Greater than 500 cells/mm3
500 cells/mm3 to 200 cells/mm3
200 cells/mm3 to 100 cells/mm3
100 cells/mm3 to 50 cells/mm3
50 to 100 Cells/mm3
Less than 50 Cells/mm3
Diagnostic Evaluation
HOW HIV VIRUS TRANSFERS
How the HIV Spread
HIV is NOT Spread by
Signs and Symptoms of HIV
Early Stage
Clinical Latency Stage
PROGRESSION FROM HIV TO AIDS SYMPTOMS
Management and Prevention From HIV
Management of HIV
Preexposure Prophylaxis
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
Antiretroviral Therapy (Art)
Nursing Management
Nursing Priorities
Discharge Goals
Nursing Diagnosis
19:
Reproductive Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Size
Layers
Functions
Uterus
Structure
Functions of Uterus
Terminology
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Physical Symptoms
Affective Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Medications
Health Education
DYSMENORRHEA
Types
Etiology
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Secondary Dysmenorrhea
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nonpharmacological Treatment
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
AMENORRHEA
Classification of Amenorrhea
Etiology
Lifestyle Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Goals
Drug Therapy
Surgical Management
VAGINAL FISTULA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications
Management
Personal Hygiene
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnoses
VAGINITIS
Etiology and Types
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nonpharmacological Management
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE
Cystocele
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Rectocele
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Enterocele
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Urethrocele
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Male Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology
Functions of Testes
Spermatic Cords
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Etiology
Risk Factors
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Surgical Management
Preoperative Management
Postoperative Management
Family Teaching
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Complications
EPISPADIAS
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
In a male
In a female
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Nursing Management
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
HYPOSPADIAS
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
History
Physical Examination
Management
Nursing Management
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Other Supportive Nursing Care
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
INFERTILITY
Types of Infertility
Etiological factors
In females
In males
Clinical Manifestations
In females
In males
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Pharmacological Therapy
Lifestyle Modifications
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
INDEX
TOC
Index
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