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Essentials in Community Health Nursing Practice S Kamalam

1:Historical Perspective of Community Health Nursing in Developed Countries
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- ORGANIZATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
- AGENCIES FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT—1961
  - Public Health Nursing in India
- TRAINING
2:Historical Perspective of Community Health Nursing in India
- DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
  - Community Health
  - Public Health Nursing
- DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
  - Chronological Development of Community Health Nursing in India
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
3:Concepts of Health andTheoretical Approaches inCommunity Health Nursing
- CONCEPT OF HEALTH
- COMPONENTS OF HEALTH
- CHANGING CONCEPTS
- CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
- DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
- HEALTH RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC
- PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO HEALTH
  - Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention
  - Level of Preventive Care
- PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING (MNEMONIC)
- DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL-EMPIRICAL STRUCTURE
  - Theories and Models for Community Health Nursing
- GOALS OF THEORETICAL NURSING MODELS
  - Orem’s Theory
    - Orem’s Theory: Compensatory Nursing System
    - Neuman’s Theory
  - Roy’s Theory
- INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES/THEORIES
4:Community Health Nursing Process
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- MAJOR STEPS IN COMMUNITY NURSING PROCESS
- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NURSING PROCESS (FIG. 4.1)
- COMPONENTS OF NURSING PROCESS (FIG. 4.2)
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
5:Family Health Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY HEALTH SERVICE
- NURSING PROCESS IN FAMILY HEALTH (FIG. 5.1)
- Theoretical Approaches in Family Health Nursing (White and Klein, 2002)
- DIRECTIONS FOR SCALING
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
6:Evolution of Health CareSystem in India
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN INDIA
- Analysis of Recommendations of various Expert Committees
- FIVE YEAR PLANS
- SELECTED TARGETS AND OUTLAYS
- PROGRAMS THRUSTED IN THE SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN
- OTHER PROGRAMS
- APPROACHES DURING THE NINTH PLAN
- ACHIEVEMENTS
  - Investments in Different Plan Periods (in crores)
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
7:Health Programmes
- HEALTH PROGRAMS ARE LISTED BELOW
  - Eradication Programmes
  - Control Programmes
- OTHER HEALTH PROGRAMMES
- VERTICAL PROGRAMMES
  - Integrated Health Programmes
- HORIZONTAL PROGRAMMES
  - Programmes for Communicable Diseases
  - Programmes for non-communicable Diseases
  - National Nutritional Programmes
  - Programmes Related to System Strengthening/Welfare
  - National Health Policies
- NATIONAL MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMME
  - Activities Carried out in Nmep
  - School Children and Community should be Educated in the Following Aspects
  - Role of a Nurse in Antimalarial Programme
- NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - World Bank Assistance
  - Magnitude of the Problem
  - Global Distribution
  - Activities of NLEP
  - The Constraints in the Programme are Listed Below
  - Role of a Nurse in NLCP
- NATIONAL GUINEA WORM ERADICATION PROGRAMME
  - Prevalence of Guinea Worm
  - Source of Infection
  - Responsibility of the Primary Health Centre Staff
- NATIONAL POLIO ERADICATION PROGRAMME
  - Critical Elements for Achieving This Goal
  - Importance of IPPI
  - Important Steps for the States and Districts for Successful Intensified PPI
  - Role of a Nurse in Polio Eradication Programme
- NATIONAL FILARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Objective of the NFCP
  - Role of Nurse in NFCP
- NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME(Fig. 7.2)
  - Components of Tuberculosis Control Programme
  - District Tuberculosis Control Programme
  - Activities of District Tuberculosis Control Programme (DTCP)
  - Direct Observe TreatmentShort-course Chemotherapy(DOTS) (Figs 7.3A and B)
  - What is DOTS?
  - Reason for DOTS
  - Components of DOTS
  - Advantages of DOTS
  - Role of Nurse in Tuberculosis Control Programme
- NATIONAL GOITRE CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Prevalence of IDD
  - Objectives
  - Components of NGCP
  - Role of the District Administrator
  - Achievements of NGCP
  - Role of Nurse in NGCP
- NATIONAL ANTIDIARRHEAL DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Risk Factors for ADD
  - Plan of Action for the Control of ADD
  - Role of Nurse in ADDP
- ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Treatment of Pneumonia at a Health Centre
  - Hospital Admissions and Deaths (Figs 7.5A and B)
    - Role of Nurse
- NATIONAL SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Achievements
- NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - AIDS control Strategies and Approaches
  - Role of Nurse in AIDS Control Programme
  - Antiretroviral Therapy ( Art)
    - Goals of Art
- NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS
  - Vitamin A Prophylaxis
  - Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency
  - Role of Nurse in National Blindness Control Programme
- ANEMIA CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Role of Nurse in Anemia Control Programme
- NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - Role of Nurse in Cancer Control Programme
- NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME
- UNIVERSAL IMMUNISATION PROGRAMME
  - Responsibilities of Health Professionals
  - Precautions to be Taken During Immunisation Session
- IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE (TABLE 7.6) SOURCE—WHO 2013
  - Activities at the District Level
  - Role of Nurse in Universal Immunisation Programme
- MATERNAL CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME (FIG. 7.6)
  - Introduction
  - Objectives
  - Strategy
  - Motherhood Services
  - Vitamin A Prophylaxis
  - Control of Diarrheal Diseases
- NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME
  - Genesis
  - Objectives
    - Contributory Objectives
    - Districts Level Responsibilities
  - Statistics
- REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME
  - Definition
  - Main Highlights of RCH
  - Interventions in all Districts
  - Interventions in Selected States/Districts
  - Achievements and Goals (RCH)
- NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION
  - Purpose
    - Administrative Set-up
    - Coverage States
  - Strategies
  - Outlay: 2005–06 = 6713 crores—State Level Allocation
    - Additional Input
    - WHO is ASHA?
  - Micro Planning Facilities
    - Focus on National Rural Health Missions: Efforts to Contain AIDS
- CHILD-TO-CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME
  - Objectives of Child-to-Child Programme
  - Topics for Child-to-Child Activities
  - Child-to-Child—The Concept Widens
  - From Sibling Care to Child Power
  - From Health Messages to Ways of Learning and Teaching Health
- SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
  - Major Components of the Programme
  - Objectives of School Health Programme
  - Operational Problems
- MINIMUM NEEDS PROGRAMME
  - Objectives
  - Components
  - Basic Principles in MNP
- NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
- 20-POINT PROGRAMME
  - The Problem
  - Existing Mental Health Services
  - Manpower Available
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
8:Community Development
- BLOCK ORGANIZATION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
9:Community Organization
- COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
- IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL LEADERS
- ROLES OF LEADERS
- GUIDELINES FOR THE FIELD VISIT
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
10:Community Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
11:Civil Administration
- COMMON FUNCTIONS
- SOURCES OF INCOME
- CORPORATION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
12:Health Care Delivery System
- CURRENT CRITICISM OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES
  - Evolution of Health Care Services in India
  - Organizational Structure in India
- STRUCTURE OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
- STRUCTURE AND REQUIRED HEALTH SERVICES
- MODEL OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
  - Inputs
  - Throughput
    - Health Care Services
    - Concept of Health Care
- MODEL OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM (SYSTEM’S THEORY APPROACH)
- ACTIVITIES OF NUTRITION WORKERS FOR 1000 POPULATION
- CONVERGENCES OF SERVICES AND COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
- ORIENTATION OF TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS (DAIS)
- PRIVATE HOSPITALS
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
13:Primary Health Care
- GENESIS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
- HEALTH FOR ALL
- PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
  - Definition
  - Philosophy and Principles
- HEALTH POLICY
- HEALTHY PEOPLE–2010:FOCUS AREAS
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
14:Roles and Responsibilitiesof Field Functionaries
- JOB RESPONSIBILITIES
- DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DISTRICT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES
- JOB DESCRIPTION OF MEDICAL OFFICERS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS
  - As per the Copy of GOMs. no. 169, Health, Indian Medicine, Homeopathy and Family Welfare Department
  - Curative Work
- PREVENTIVE, PROMOTIVE AND REHABILITATIVE HEALTH WORK
- JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF MULTIPURPOSE HEALTH WORKER (MALE)
- DUTIES OF A MULTIPURPOSE HEALTH WORKER (FEMALE) (FIGS 14.6 TO 14.15)
- JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MULTIPURPOSE HEALTH SUPERVISOR (FEMALE)
- JOB RESPONSIBILITIES OF A STAFF NURSE AT PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER
- JOB DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPUTERS AT PHC LEVEL
  - Working Relationship
  - Duties and Functions
- DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A BLOCK HEALTH SUPERVISOR
- JOB DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES
- JOB DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK EXTENSION EDUCATOR
  - Working Relationship
    - Duties and Functions
- JOB FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY NUTRITION WORKERS (ICDS)/CHV/ANGANWADI/ASHA
15:Maternal and Child Health
- INTRODUCTION
  - Evolution of MCH
  - MCH Services During 1980 to 1990
  - Importance of MCH Services
    - Definition
  - MCH Problems
  - Nutritional Anemia
  - Relationship of RTIs/STIs and HIV Infection
  - RCH Programme
  - Puerperal Sepsis
  - Uncontrolled Reproduction
    - Control Measures
    - Goals of MCH
  - Antenatal Care
    - Objectives
- ESSENTIAL MATERNAL CARE
  - Early Registration
  - Antenatal Check-up
  - Clinical Assessment
  - History
  - Physical Examination
    - Height
    - Weight
  - Advise to Mothers
    - Food, Rest and Sleep
  - Anemia Prophylaxis
  - Immunization
  - Preparing for Labor
  - Care of Breast During Pregnancy
  - Minor Ailments During Pregnancy
  - Risk Approach (Figs 15.19 to 15.22)
    - High-Risk
    - Risk Factors
  - Maternity Waiting Homes
    - Purpose of Maternity Waiting Homes
  - Early Detection of Complications
  - Natal Care
- MANAGEMENT OF NORMAL LABOR
  - Conduct of Normal Labor
  - Emergency Care for Those Who Need It
  - Care at Birth (The Five ‘C’s) (Fig. 15.24)
  - Postnatal Care
- ANTENATAL EXERCISES
  - General Precautions
    - Timing of Pregnancy
    - Personal Hygiene
- NEWBORN CARE
  - Principles of Newborn Care
  - Introduction
  - General Care
  - Care at Birth
    - Cord Care
    - Eye Care
    - Bath
  - Assessment of Birth Weight
  - Breastfeeding
  - Prevention of Hypothermia
  - Prevention of Infection
  - Suction
  - Advice to the Mother
  - Exclusive Breastfeeding
  - Birth Weight
  - Current Status
  - Action
  - Normal Weight Gain
  - Expected Weight
  - Calculation of Expected Weight
  - Low Birth Weight
    - Preterm Babies
  - Management of Low Birth Weight Newborns
  - When to Refer Low Birth Weight Newborns
  - The Advantages of Breastfeeding
  - The Composition of Breast Milk
  - How Breast Milk Protects Against Infections
  - Reflexes
  - The Rooting Reflex
  - The Sucking Reflex
  - The Swallowing Reflex
  - Duration of Feeds
  - Rooming-in
  - Cleaning the Breasts
  - Sucking for Comfort
  - How to Increase a Woman’s Milk Supply
- BREASTFEEDING POLICY
  - Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding
- ARTIFICIAL FEEDING
  - Types of Milk
  - Quantity of Formula
  - The Disadvantages of Artificial Feeding
  - Feeding of the Preterm Baby
- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
  - Weight
  - Height
  - Head and Chest Circumference
- ROAD-TO-HEALTH CHART (FIGS 15.29A AND B)
- UNDER-FIVES CLINIC (FIG. 15.30)
  - Aims and Objective
  - Care in Illness
  - Preventive Care
  - Growth Monitoring
  - Indicators of MCH
- MID-DECADE GOALS FOR INDIA
  - Health
  - Nutrition
  - Water and Sanitation
  - Education
  - Child Labor
  - Convention on the Rights of the Child
- CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND PROGRAMMES RELATED TO MCH
  - Child Survival and Safe Motherhood (CSSM)
  - Objectives
  - Components
  - Supplies Sanctioned for CSSM
  - Components of CSSM
  - Reproductive and Child Health Programme (Refer Chapter 7)
  - Reproductive Child Health
  - Program Components (Fig. 15.31)
  - Priority for Child Health Scheme
  - Reproductive and Child Health Programme Package of Services
  - Other New Services: New Approach
  - Life-cycle Approach Participatory Planning (Fig. 15.33)
- QUALITY OF CARE
  - What is Q uality of Care?
    - Service Delivery
    - Interpersonal Communication
    - Technical Factors
    - Social Aspects
  - Gender Sensitivity
  - The Elements of Quality of Care
  - Anemia Control Programme
  - Supplementary Feeding Programme
  - Family Welfare Programme
  - Muthulakshmi Reddy Scheme
  - Universal Immunization Programme (Fig. 15.34)
  - Control of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari Programme)
    - Pneumonia Control
  - Acute Respiratory Infection in Children
    - What is ARI?
    - Classification of ARI
  - Diagnosis of Pneumonia
  - What is Fast Breathing?
  - What is Chest indrawing?
  - Treatment (Refer Chapter 7)
    - Caution
  - Diarrhea: A Common Problem of Childhood (Add Control Programme) Also Refer Chapter 7
  - Giving Increased Fluids During Diarrhea
    - How to Prepare ORS Solution from a One Litre Packet (Fig. 15.39 and Table 15.6)
  - Principles of Treatment
    - Continue to Give Normal Diet to the Child
  - Control of Vitamin A Deficiency
  - National Immunization Programme
  - Benefits of Vaccination
  - Pulse Polio Immunization in India
    - Background
    - Routine Coverage
  - Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance
  - The Polioviruses
  - Communicability
  - Immunity
  - Occurrence
  - Transmission (Fig. 15.41)
  - Reservoir
  - Clinical Aspects of Polio (Fig. 15.42)
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Polio Vaccines (Sabin)
  - How to Read VVM
  - Benefits of PPIs
    - What is Pulse Immunization?
  - What is Done During Pulse Polio Immunization in India?
  - Why should Fully Immunized Children Receive OPV During PPIs?
  - Why December and January?
  - What can Private Professionals Do to Help?
  - Important Steps for the States for Successful PPIs
    - Make Special Efforts for ‘Underserved Populations’
    - Ensure Adequate Financial Resources
    - Involve Other Sectors
    - Develop Appropriate IEC Strategy
    - Assess Vaccine Requirement and Place Indent
    - Establish Structure and DesignateResponsibilities
    - Develop a Time Schedule(chronogram) for Each Level
    - Ensure Excellent Logistics
    - Ensure Effective Social Mobilization Reaching All Villages
    - Supervize at Each Level
    - Ensure Efficiency and High Quality Services at Immunization Post (Site for Immunization)
    - Review Findings for Future PPIs
    - Manpower Requirement
    - Transportation
  - Cold Chain Maintenance (Fig. 15.44)
    - Contingency Plan for More Children
    - Keep the Press Informed
- COLD CHAIN SYSTEM (FIG. 15.45)
  - Important Points to Remember
  - Vaccine Requirement
  - Monitoring Vaccine Supply and Utilization
    - Follow First-in first-out Rule
- THE COLD CHAIN EQUIPMENT (FIG. 15.46)
  - Walk-In-Coolers (WIC)
  - Cold Chain Equipment
- RECORDING AND MONITORING OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE
  - Cold Boxes (Fig. 15.49)
  - Vaccine Carriers (Fig. 15.50)
  - Day Carriers (Fig. 15.51)
  - Ice Packs
    - Steps to be Followed to Pack Vaccines in Cold Box/Carriers
- MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS
  - Usage of Vaccines
- FIFTEEN-POINT PROGRAMME FOR CHILD WELFARE
- INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (ICDS)
  - Objectives
  - Components of the Programme
- INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS (IMCI)
  - Strategy
  - Objectives
  - Components
  - Step 1
  - Step 2
  - Step 3
  - Step 4
  - Step 5
  - Intervention
- INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS (IMCI)
  - From the Literature Reviews
  - Components of IMCI
    - Problems
    - Goals of IMNCI
  - Essential Components of IMNCI (Fig. 15.58)
  - IMNCI Addresses Causes of Deaths
  - Major Adaptations
  - Improving Health and Nutrition Worker Skills
  - Home Visits for Young Infants
  - Home Visits Schedule
  - Improvement of Family, Community Practices
  - General Danger Signs
  - Colored Coded Case Management
  - IMNCI Case Management in the Outpatient Health Facility (Fig. 15.64)
    - Limitations of Imnci
  - What can be Rapidly Added to IMNCI
  - Major Challenges
- MATERNAL MORTALITY
  - Definition
  - Causes of MMR (Fig. 15.65)
    - Direct Causes
    - Indirect Obstetric Causes
- SOCIOECONOMIC ANDOTHER CAUSES
  - Preventive Measures
  - Motherhood Programmes
- CHILD MORTALITY
  - Infant and Child Mortality Rate
  - Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
  - Neonatal Mortality Rate (NNMR)
  - Reasons for Declining IMR
  - Causes of Infant Deaths and Prevalence
  - Preventive and Social Measures
- PREVENTION OF IMR (FIG. 15.72)
  - Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
  - Strategies for Improving Child Survival
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
16:Family Planning
- INTRODUCTION
- NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 (REVISED)
- TARGET FREE APPROACH
- IDENTIFICATION OF BENEFICIARIES
  - Eligible Couple and Child Register
  - Estimate Beneficiaries
- EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF ANTENATAL MOTHER
- REGISTRATION OF BENEFICIARIES
- FAMILY PLANNING/WELFARE METHODS
- CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
17:School Health and its Components
- AN OVERVIEW OF SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
18:Health Education and Communication Media
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- INFORMATION
- EDUCATION
- TEACHING
- IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
- AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
- PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES
- HEALTH EDUCATION VERSUS PROPAGANDA
  - Areas of Content
- PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
  - Principles of Learning
- COMMUNICATION
- PRACTICE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
  - Family Health Education or Individual Health Education
    - Advantages
  - Group Health Education
- METHODS OF GROUP TEACHING
- MYSTERY SPOT/BLACKOUT SYNDROME
- AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
- SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON EDUCATIONAL MEDIA
  - Principles of Selecting Media
- CONE OF EXPERIENCE
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
19:Nutritional Problems and Practical Nutrition
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA
- ACCENTUATION OF SEVERITY OF OTHER CONDITIONS
- DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF PEM
- VITAMIN ‘A’ DEFICIENCY
- THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
  - Prevalence
  - Causes of Thiamine Deficiency
    - Nature of Diet
    - Prevention
- PELLAGRA
  - Prevalence
  - Etiology
- LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
- NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
- IDENTIFICATION OF NUTRITIONAL DISEASES IN THE FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
- ADULT CONSUMPTION UNIT (ACU)
- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
- FOOD EXCHANGES
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
20:The Home Visit
- INTRODUCTION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
21:Records and Reports
- RECORDS
- REPORTS
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
22:Socio cultural Factors in Health and Social Issues
- CULTURAL FACTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL DISEASE AND CURE
- CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
- SOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING HEALTH
- TRAUMA CARE SERVICES
  - Care of Multi-trauma Patient
    - Control Hemorrhage
    - Interventions
- OLD AGE HOMES
  - What is the Relevance of Old Age Homes in India?
  - What are the Types of Old Age Homes in India?
- ORPHANAGE
- HOME FOR DESTITUTE
- RULES FOR MANAGEMENT OF WELFARE HOMES
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
23:Treatment of Minor Ailments and Standing Orders
- STANDING ORDERS
- SUGGESTED STANDING INSTRUCTIONS FOR HEALTH WORKERS
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
  - How to Access Your Patient
24:Food Hygiene and Prevention of Food Adulteration
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- FOOD HYGIENE
- FOOD ADULTERATION
- FOOD ADULTERATION (TABLE 24.1) SITE AT A GLANCE
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
25:Fairs and Festivals
- INTRODUCTION
- ATTENTION SHOULD BE MADE IN THE FOLLOWING FACTORS
- HEALTH CHECK-UP AND TREATMENT CENTERS
- EFFECTIVENESS OF SANITARY RULE
- RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE HEALTH AUTHORITY
- HEALTH EDUCATION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
26:Control of CommunicableDiseases and its Importance
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
- NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASES
  - Prepathogenesis Phase
  - Pathogenesis Phase
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
  - Communicable Diseases
  - Noncommunicable Diseases
  - Health Spectrum
  - Iceberg of Disease
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
  - Agent Factors
  - Host Factors
  - Environmental Factors
  - Disease Cycle (Fig. 26.6)
- DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  - Source of Infection
  - Modes of Transmission
- DIRECT TRANSMISSION
  - Direct Contact
  - Droplet Infection
  - Contact with Soil
  - Inoculation into Skin or Mucosa
  - Transplacental Transmission
- INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
  - Vehicle-borne Transmission
  - Vector-borne Transmission
  - Airborne Transmission
  - Fomite-borne Transmission
  - Role of Environment
  - Communicable Diseases
  - Global Problem
  - Factors Responsible for Re-emerging of Infectious Diseases
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
  - HIV/AIDS
    - Aids Vaccine
  - Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
    - Viral Hepatitis B
    - Viral Hepatitis C
  - Tuberculosis
  - Dengue
  - Plague
  - Malaria
  - Japanese Encephalitis
- FILARIASIS
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiological Triad
  - Prevention and Control
- TETANUS
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiological triad
  - Prevention and Control
- POLIOMYELITIS
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Control Measures
  - Blocking the Channels
  - Protecting the Susceptible Population
- TUBERCULOSIS
  - Cardinal Signs
  - Diagnosis
  - Epidemiological Triad
    - Environment
  - Control Measures
  - Protecting the Susceptible Population
- LEPROSY
  - Cardinal Signs
  - Epidemiological Triad
    - Agent
    - Host
  - Environment
  - Control Measures
  - Protecting the Susceptible Population
- MEASLES
  - Stages of Diseases
  - Complications
  - Epidemiological Triad
  - Control Measures
- CHIKUNGUNYA
  - Prevalence
  - Clinical Science and Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Control Measures
  - Vector Control
  - General Measures in Prevention of Infectious Diseases
    - Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Broadly Depend on
  - Blocking the Channels or Routes of Transmission of Infection
  - Protecting the Susceptible Hosts (people at risk)
  - Suggested Educational Activities
    - Special Broadcast and Telecast
- LEVELS OF PREVENTION
  - Primary Prevention
    - Health Promotion
    - Specific Protection
  - Secondary Prevention
  - Tertiary Prevention
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH
  - Introduction
  - Definitions of Epidemiology
  - Historical Background of Epidemiology
  - Epidemiology Today
  - Aims of Epidemiology
  - What is an Outbreak?
  - Objective of an Outbreak
  - Investigation of Epidemic Outbreaks of Communicable Diseases
  - Epidemiological Surveillance
    - Why Surveillance is Important?
- INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
  - Uses of Epidemiology
- EPIDEMIOLOGY—STUDY DESIGNS
  - Observational Studies
  - Descriptive Studies
  - Analytical Epidemiology
  - Case-Control Study
  - Cohort Study
  - Experimental Studies
    - Types
    - Randomized Controlled Trials
  - Types of Experimental Studies
    - Clinical Trials
    - Therapeutic Trials
  - Epidemiological Process
- INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
  - Short-term Response (Immediate Action)
  - Long-term Response (Late Action)
  - Role of Various Functionaries in Routine Surveillance
  - Methods of Data Collection in Surveillance
    - Role of Community Health Nurses at PHC/District Level
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
27:Evaluation inHealth Services
- INTRODUCTION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
28:Town Planningand Housing
- PLANNING
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
29:Public Relations inCommunity Health
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- CONCLUSION
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
30:Civil Registrationand Vital Statistics
- INTRODUCTION
- USES OF REGISTRATION
- OBJECTIVES AND USE
- VITAL STATISTICS
- TYPES OF STATISTICS
- NATURAL INCREASE METHOD
  - National Goals to be Achieved by 2010
- PRESENTATION OF DATA
- SEVERAL METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
  - Presentation of Statistical Data
  - Management Information System
    - Sources
- TABULATION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA (FIGS 30.1 TO 30.9)
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
31:Rehabilitation
- INTRODUCTION
- Social workers role in rehabilating physically and mentally challenged people
  - Application of Nursing Theory in Rehabilitation (Table 31.5)
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
32:Ethics and Legal Issues in Community Health Nursing and its Implications
- INTRODUCTION
- CLIENTS’ RIGHTS AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE
- ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN DECISION MAKING
- BASIC VALUES THAT GUIDE DECISION MAKING
- NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
33:Common Procedures Used in Community Health Nursing
- HOME VISIT
- POINTS TO REMEMBER
34:Occupational Health
- PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
- THE EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE ACT, 1948
35:Disaster Management
- DISASTER AND VULNERABILITIES OF INDIA
36:Biomedical Waste Management
- INTRODUCTION
  - Definition
  - Current Scenario in Health Care Institutions
- MANAGEMENT RULES, 1998
APPENDICES:Formats used in Community Health Nursing
- APPENDIX 1: NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
- APPENDIX 2: CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF STUDENTS’ COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- APPENDIX 3: FAMILY COPING APPRAISAL FORMAT
- APPENDIX 4: EVALUATION OF PRACTICAL PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS FOR COMMUNITY CARE STUDY
- APPENDIX 5: CASE INVESTIGATION FORM (0–15 YEARS) ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS—SURVEILLANCE
- APPENDIX 6: LABORATORY REQUEST FORM
- APPENDIX 7: NATIONAL CHILD SURVIVAL AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM
- APPPENDIX 8: KAP SURVEY
- APPENDIX 9: NUTRITION ASSESSMENT—GUIDELINES
- FOOD EXCHANGES
- APPENDIX 10: CHECKLIST FOR MONITORING OF PPI ARRANGEMENTS
- APPENDIX 11: AVERAGE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF BOYS AND BOYS AT A GIVEN AGES
- APPENDIX 12: PREGNANCY CALENDER TO CALCULATE DUE DATE (EDC) OR (EDD)
- APPENDIX 13: PRACTICAL EXAMINATION FORMAT FOR BSC (N) DEGREE COURSE
- APPENDIX 14: BIRTH REPORT
- APPENDIX 15: DEATH REPORT
- APPENDIX 16: CHECKLIST ON SCHOOL HEALTH VISIT
- APPENDIX 17: DISTRICT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE ACTIVITIES— EVALUATION FORMAT
- APPENDIX 18: FIXED PROGRAM FOR TWO MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTER OF 30,000 POPULATION
- APPENDIX 19A: FIXED TOUR PROGRAM OF VILLAGE HEALTH NURSES/HEALTH WORKERS (FEMALE)
- APPENDIX 19B: FIXED TOUR PROGRAM OF SECTOR HEALTH NURSE/LHV/HS(F)
- APPENDIX 20: FIXED TOUR PROGRAM FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
- APPENDIX 21: RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED IN PRIMARY HEALTH CENTER

INDEX

TOC
Index

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Chapter Notes