Index

Symptom Oriented Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery: Rhinology and Facial Plastics (Volume 2) Zahoor Ahmad, Randall P Morton, Malcolm Giles

SECTION 1: RHINOLOGY
1: Clinical Anatomy of the Nose and Sinuses
- 1.1 OVERVIEW
- 1.2 DEVELOPMENT
- 1.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND SINUSES
- 1.4 ANATOMY
- 1.5 RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE SINUSES
- 1.6 IMAGING
2:Acute General Nasal Symptoms
- DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY OF SYMPTOMS
- 2.1 NASAL FOREIGN BODY
- 2.2 ODONTOGENIC
- 2.3 ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
- 2.4 CSF RHINORRHEA
- 2.5 RHINITIS
- 2.6 ADENOIDITIS
- 2.7 SEPTAL ABSCESS
- 2.8 FACIAL CELLULITIS
- 2.9 ALLERGIC REACTION
3:Nasal Congestion and Nasal Obstruction
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 ALLERGIC RHINITIS
- 3.3 NONALLERGIC RHINITIS (CHAPTER 7)
- 3.4 ADENOID HYPERTROPHY (SEE PEDIATRIC CHAPTERS ON NASAL OBSTRUCTION AND SNORING)
- 3.5 UNILATERAL CHOANAL ATRESIA
- 3.6 NASAL SEPTAL DEVIATION
- 3.7 NASAL VALVE COLLAPSE (CHAPTER 17)
- 3.8 NASAL POLYPS
- 3.9 FOREIGN BODY
- 3.10 ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
- 3.11 COMMON COLD
- 3.12 NASAL MASSES
- 3.13 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT (NICK BHAT (USA) APPROACH)
4:Nasal Discharge
- 4.1 DEFINITION OF RHINORRHEA
- 4.2 CLEAR RHINORRHEA
- 4.3 MUCOPURULENT RHINORRHEA
  - Rhinosinusitis
- 4.4 BLOODY RHINORRHEA
5:Postnasal Drip
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 DIAGNOSIS
- 5.3 CLINICAL FEATURES
- 5.4 INVESTIGATIONS
- 5.5 DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
- 5.6 RHINOLOGIC
  - Inflammatory
- 5.7 CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
- 5.8 ALLERGIC RHINITIS
- 5.9 VASOMOTOR RHINITIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Preferred Treatment
- 5.10 IRRITANTS/TOXINS/OCCUPATIONAL RHINITIS
- 5.11 ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITIES
- 5.12 OTHER
- 5.13 REFLUX-RELATED
  - Gastroesophageal Reflux
    - Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
  - Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
- SUMMARY
6:Facial Pain
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 HISTORY
- 6.3 CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- 6.4 SPECIFIC CONDITIONS CAUSING FACIAL PAIN
- 6.5 MIDFACIAL SEGMENT PAIN (TENSION-TYPE FACIAL PAIN)
- 6.6 ATYPICAL FACIAL PAIN
- 6.7 PAIN DUE TO MALIGNANCY
7:Sneezing
- 7.1 RHINITIS
  - Allergic Rhinitis
    - Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
    - Clinical Features
  - Nonallergic Rhinitis
- 7.2 PHOTIC SNEEZE REFLEX
- 7.3 NEUROGENIC SNEEZING
  - Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- 7.4 PSYCHOGENIC SNEEZING
- 7.5 SNATIATION REFLEX
- 7.6 SEXUAL IDEATION/ORGASM
8:Disorders of Smell
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 DEFINITION OF OLFACTION
- 8.3 PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION
- 8.4 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH DYSOSMIA
- 8.5 CAUSES OF OLFACTORY LOSS
  - Causes
- 8.6 MANAGEMENT OF OLFACTORY DISORDERS
- 8.7 QUALITY-OF-LIFE ISSUES
9:Bleeding Nose (Epistaxis)
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
- 9.3 VASCULAR ANATOMY
- 9.4 HISTORY TAKING AND EXAMINATION
- 9.5 STOPPING THE BLEEDING
- 9.6 CAUSES AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT
10: Sleep-Disordered Breathing
- 10.1 PEDIATRIC SNORING AND SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING
- 10.2 ADULT SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING
- 10.3 TIPS AND PEARLS
11: Functional and Aesthetic Analysis of the Nose
- 11.1 NOSE—A COMPLEX ORGAN
- 11.2 FIVE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
- 11.3 TECHNICAL CHALLENGE
- SUMMARY
12: Trauma to Nose
- 12.1 NASAL ANATOMY
  - Nerve Supply
    - Trigeminal Nerve
    - Arterial Supply
- 12.2 APPLIED ANATOMY
- 12.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY
- 12.4 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NASAL TRAUMA
  - Septal Hematoma
- 12.5 SYMPTOMS
- 12.6 CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Typical Findings on Examination
- 12.7 INVESTIGATIONS
- 12.8 TREATMENT
- 12.9 HOW I DO IT?
13: Crooked Nose
- 13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 13.2 HISTORY
- 13.3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS
- 13.4 PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- 13.5 SEPTUM
- 13.6 NASAL TIP
- 13.7 CONTRAINDICATIONS
- 13.8 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- 13.9 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- 13.10 COMPLICATIONS
14: Saddle Nose
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 ETIOLOGY AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- 14.3 CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
15: The Patient Wanting to Alter Asian Nose
- 15.1 INTRODUCTION
- 15.2 ANATOMY
- 15.3 PRINCIPLES IN ASIAN RHINOPLASTY
- 15.4 SPECIFIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- CONCLUSION
16: Prominent Nose
- 16.1 INTRODUCTION
- 16.2 DEFINITION AND CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
- 16.3 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- 16.4 FACIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
- 16.5 SURGICAL PLANNING
- 16.6 SURGICAL SOLUTIONS
- SUMMARY
17: Nasal Valve Collapse
- 17.1 INTRODUCTION
- 17.2 PHYSIOLOGY
- 17.3 ETIOLOGY
- 17.4 DIAGNOSIS
- 17.5 TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18: Septoplasty
- 18.1 INTRODUCTION
- 18.2 ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE OF SEPTAL DEVIATION
- 18.3 INDICATIONS
- 18.4 DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
- 18.5 SURGICAL ANATOMY
- 18.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- 18.7 COMPLICATIONS
- 18.8 RESULTS
19: Septal Perforation
- 19.1 ANATOMY OF NASAL SEPTUM
- 19.2 ETIOLOGY
- 19.3 SYMPTOMS OF NASAL SEPTAL PERFORATION
- 19.4 INVESTIGATIONS
- 19.5 TREATMENT
SECTION 2: FACIAL PLASTICS
20: Analysis of Aging Face
- 20.1 INTRODUCTION
- 20.2 AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN FACIAL STRUCTURES
- 20.3 CONSULTATION
- 20.4 FACIAL ASYMMETRY
- 20.5 CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- SUMMARY
21: Facial Aging and Role of Botulinum Toxin in Aging Face
- 21.1 INTRODUCTION
- 21.2 INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS
- 21.3 CLINICAL EXAMINATION— LOOK FOR SIGNS OF AGING
- 21.4 PATIENT COUNSELLING— CHOOSE YOUR WEAPONS WISELY AND CORRECTLY
- 21.5 BOTULINUM TOXIN
- 21.6 FILLERS INJECTION
- CONCLUSION
22: Lasers and IPL in Facial Plastics
- 22.1 INTRODUCTION
- 22.2 ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- 22.3 REGION: FACE
  - Anatomy of the Skin
  - Fitzpatrick Skin Types
- 22.4 PRESENTATION: RHYTIDS
- 22.5 PRESENTATION: VASCULAR LESIONS
- 22.6 PRESENTATION: UNWANTED FACIAL HAIR
- 22.7 PRESENTATION: FACIAL DYSCHROMIA
  - Treatment Options
- 22.8 PRESENTATION: HYPERTROPHIC SCARS
  - Treatment Options
- 22.9 FUTURE TRENDS
23: Brow Ptosis and Its Management
- 23.1 INTRODUCTION
- 23.2 SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE FOREHEAD, BROW, AND EYE
- 23.3 BROW AESTHETICS
  - Ideal Male Brow
  - Female Brow
- 23.4 AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN BROW'S SHAPE AND POSITION
- 23.5 MANAGEMENT
- 23.6 POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- 23.7 COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
24: Mid-Face Lift
- 24.1 INTRODUCTION
- 24.2 SURGICAL ANATOMY
  - Midfacial Aging
  - Aging of the Lower Face and Neck
- 24.3 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- 24.4 MIDFACIAL REJUVENATION
- 24.5 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FACELIFT
- 24.6 NONSURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FACELIFT
  - Thread Lift
- 24.7 COMPLICATIONS
  - Midface Lift
  - Facelift
25: Aesthetic Surgery of the Neck and Submental Region
- 25.1 INTRODUCTION
- 25.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NECK CONFIGURATION AND AESTHETICS
- 25.3 ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION
- 25.4 PATIENT EVALUATION
- 25.5 AUGMENTATION OF THE MENTUM
  - Surgical Technique
- 25.6 SUBMENTAL LIPOSUCTION
  - Surgical Technique
- 25.7 SUBMENTAL PLATYSMAPLASTY
  - Surgical Technique
- SUMMARY
26: Correction of Lids (Blepharoplasty)
- 26.1 INTRODUCTION
- 26.2 EYELID ANATOMY
- 26.3 INDICATIONS FOR BLEPHAROPLASTY
- 26.4 FEATURES IN CLINICAL HISTORY
- 26.5 TYPICAL FINDINGS IN EXAMINATION
- 26.6 INVESTIGATIONS
- 26.7 PREFERRED TREATMENT
- 26.8 COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT
27: Drooping Eyelids (Ptosis)
- 27.1 PRESENTATION: PTOSIS
- 27.2 ANATOMY—KEY POINTS
- 27.3 PTOSIS CAUSES
- 27.4 DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
- 27.5 INVOLUTIONAL PTOSIS
- 27.6 THIRD CRANIAL NERVE PALSY
- 27.7 SYMPATHETIC NERVE PALSY (HORNER'S SYNDROME)
- 27.8 MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND PTOSIS
- 27.9 MECHANICAL PTOSIS
- 27.10 CONGENITAL PTOSIS
- 27.11 MYOGENIC PTOSIS
28: Correction of Ears (Otoplasty)
- 28.1 INTRODUCTION
- 28.2 ANATOMY
- 28.3 MEASUREMENTS AND DIAGNOSIS
- 28.4 PREVENTION
- 28.5 TREATMENT
- 28.6 COMPLICATIONS
29: Correction of Small Ears (Microtia)
- 29.1 INTRODUCTION
- 29.2 EMBRYOLOGY OF EXTERNAL EAR
- 29.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- 29.4 NORMAL PINNA
- 29.5 TYPES OF MICROTIA
- 29.6 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROTIA
- 29.7 CLASSIFICATION OF EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ATRESIA
- 29.8 ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT
- 29.9 TREATMENT OPTIONS
  - Audiological Treatment
  - Surgical Treatment
30: Facial Weakness
- 30.1 INTRODUCTION
- 30.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF FACIAL PARALYSIS
- 30.3 ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
- 30.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE FACIAL PARALYSIS PATIENT
- 30.5 ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
- 30.6 MANAGEMENT
- 30.7 SURGICAL REANIMATION PROCEDURES
- SUMMARY
31: Pigmented and Nonpigmented Lesions of the Face
- 31.1 BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
- 31.2 SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
  - Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
  - TNM Classification
- 31.3 INTERMEZZO AK AND BOWEN'S DISEASE
  - Bowen's Disease
- 31.4 MELANOMA SKIN CANCER
32: Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery
- 32.1 INTRODUCTION
- 32.2 MOHS’ SURGERY VERSUS CONVENTIONAL EXCISION
33: Local Flaps for Facial Reconstruction
- 33.1 PRINCIPLES OF FLAP DESIGN
- 33.2 DEFECT ANALYSIS
- 33.3 TYPES OF LOCAL FLAPS
34: Correction of Facial Scars
- 34.1 INTRODUCTION
- 34.2 SKIN ANATOMY—KEY POINTS (BICHAKJIAN AND JOHNSON, 2007)
- 34.3 NORMAL WOUND-HEALING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 34.4 EVIDENCE-BASED TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SCAR OUTCOMES
- 34.5 UNSATISFACTORY AND PATHOLOGIC SCARRING
- SUMMARY
35: Frontal Sinus Fracture
- 35.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- 35.2 CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinical History
  - Typical Findings on Examination
- 35.3 INVESTIGATIONS
- 35.4 PREFERRED TREATMENT
- 35.5 COMPLICATIONS OF DISEASE
  - Early Complications
  - Late Complications
- 35.6 COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT
  - Early Complications
  - Late Complications
36: Midface and NOE Fractures
- 36.1 CLINICAL FEATURES
- 36.2 INVESTIGATIONS
  - Imaging
  - Beta-2 Transferrin
- 36.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MIDFACE FRACTURES
  - Le Fort Classification
  - Markowitz Classification of NOE Fractures
- 36.4 PREFERRED TREATMENT
- 36.5 TREATMENT OUTCOME(S)
- APPENDIX 36.1: FACIAL TRAUMA ANALYSIS
37: Orbital Floor Fracture
- 37.1 INTRODUCTION
- 37.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURES
- 37.3 ANATOMY OF THE ORBITAL FLOOR
- 37.4 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURES
- 37.5 ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT WITH ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURE
  - Clinical History
  - Clinical Examination
- 37.6 INVESTIGATIONS
- 37.7 TREATMENT
  - Indications for Surgery
  - Surgical Repair of Orbital Floor Fracture
- 37.8 POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- 37.9 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
38: Mandible Fracture
- 38.1 ETIOLOGY
- 38.2 ANATOMY OF THE MANDIBLE AND ITS RELATED STRUCTURES
- 38.3 CLASSIFICATION OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
- 38.4 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
- 38.5 RADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS FOR MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
- 38.6 TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
- 38.7 BIOMECHANICS OF THE MANDIBLE
  - Principle of Fracture Reduction
    - Single-Plate Fixation
    - Two-Plate Fixation
- 38.8 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
  - Closed Reduction with Intermaxillary Fixation
  - Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (Load Sharing versus Load-Bearing Osteosynthesis)
- 38.9 SOFT TISSUE APPROACHES TO MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
- 38.10 CONDYLAR FRACTURES
- 38.11 COMPLICATIONS
39: Cleft Lip and Palate
- 39.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- 39.2 CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Features in Clinical History
- 39.3 TYPICAL FINDINGS ON EXAMINATION
- 39.4 PREFERRED TREATMENT
- 39.5 COMPLICATIONS
40: Craniosynostosis
- 40.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- 40.2 CLINICAL FEATURES
- 40.3 PREFERRED TREATMENT
- 40.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- 40.5 COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes