Index

Symptom Oriented Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery: Head & Neck and Laryngology (Volume 1) Zahoor Ahmad, Randall P Morton, Malcolm Giles

SECTION 1: HEAD AND NECK
1:Clinical Anatomy of the Mouth
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  - Examination of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
- 1.2 BOUNDARIES
  - Oral Cavity
  - Oropharynx
- 1.3 TEETH
- 1.4 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDs
  - Duct Orifices
- 1.5 MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
- 1.6 TONGUE
- 1.7 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
- 1.8 PALATE
- 1.9 PALATINE TONSILS
2:Clinical Anatomy of the Pharynx and Esophagus
- 2.1 PHARYNX
- 2.2 ESOPHAGUS
3:Clinical Anatomy of the Neck
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 WHAT ONE NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT THE CERVICAL LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?
- 3.3 EXAMINATION OF THE NECK
  - Surface Anatomy
- 3.4 CLINICAL LANDMARKS
- 3.5 MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE NECK (Fig. 3.6)
- 3.6 SURGICAL TRIANGLES OF THE NECK
- 3.7 IMPORTANT SURGICAL NECK STRUCTURES
4:Clinical and Surgical Anatomy of the Major Salivary Glands
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE PAROTID GLAND
- 4.3 SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE FACIAL NERVE
- 4.4 SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE FACIAL NERVE
  - Antegrade (Proximal) Technique
  - Retrograde (Distal) Technique
- 4.5 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE (PPS)
- 4.6 ACCESSORY PAROTID TISSUE
- 4.7 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAROTID TUMORS
  - Patient Information and Informed Consent for Parotidectomy
  - Tips and Tricks— Parotid Gland Surgery
- 4.8 SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
- 4.9 FOLLOW-UP AFTER COMPLICATED SURGERY
5:A Mucosal Lesion in the Oral Cavity
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 ULCERATION CAUSED BY TRAUMA
- 5.3 RECURRENT APHTHOUS ULCERATION
- 5.4 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION
  - Viral Infections
  - Bacterial Infections
- 5.5 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN DISEASES
- 5.6 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
  - Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's Disease, and Celiac Disease
- 5.7 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
- 5.8 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH DRUGS AND BIOACTIVE AGENTS
- 5.9 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE
- 5.10 ORAL ULCERATION ASSOCIATED WITH IRRADIATION
- 5.11 RARITIES
  - SUMMARY
6:Suspicious Ulcer or Mass in the Oral Cavity
- 6.1 PRINCIPLES
- 6.2 PRESENTATION
- 6.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY
- 6.4 FIELD CHANGE
- 6.5 CLINICAL ASSESSMENTOF THE MOUTH
- 6.6 INVESTIGATIONS
- 6.7 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 6.8 TREATMENT PRINCIPLES OF SCC
- 6.9 SURGERY FOR SCC
- 6.10 RADIOTHERAPY FOR SCC
- 6.11 CHEMOTHERAPY FOR SCC
- 6.12 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS FOR SCC
- 6.13 MALIGNANCIES ARISING WITHIN THE BONES OF THE FACIAL SKELETON
7:Swelling or Cyst of the Jaw (Maxilla/Mandible)
- 7.1 PRESENTATION
- 7.2 RADICULAR CYSTS
- 7.3 RESIDUAL CYSTS
- 7.4 DENTIGEROUS CYSTS
- 7.5 ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST
- 7.6 AMELOBLASTOMA
- 7.7 CALCIFYING ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
- 7.8 SOLITARY BONE CYST
- 7.9 ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
- 7.10 ADENOMATOIDODONTOGENIC TUMOR
8:Submucosal Cyst or Mass in the Oral Cavity
- 8.1 PRESENTATION
- 8.2 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- 8.3 INVESTIGATIONS
- 8.4 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 8.5 DENTAL ABSCESS
- 8.6 SALIVARY GLAND STONES
- 8.7 SALIVARY GLAND SWELLINGS
- 8.8 ODONTOGENIC CYSTS AND TUMORS
- 8.9 BONY TORUS
9:Taste Disorder
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- 9.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE DISORDERS
- 9.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENTWITH TASTE DISORDERS
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- 9.5 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 9.6 BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME
- 9.7 MANAGEMENT
10:Dry Mouth
- 10.1 SYMPTOMS/COMPLAINTS
- 10.2 INTRODUCTION
- 10.3 PHYSIOLOGY
- 10.4 CAUSES
- 10.5 COMPLICATIONS OF HYPOSALIVATION
- 10.6 DIAGNOSIS
- 10.7 TREATMENT
- 10.8 XEROSTOMIA/HYpOSALIVATIONAND THE ELDERLY
- 10.9 SJÖGREN's SYNDROME
- 10.10 FOOTNOTE: DENTAL HYGIENE
11:The Adolescent Presenting with a Nasopharyngeal Mass: [A Teenager +/- Early Adult Presenting with Nasal Obstruction +/- Recurrent Epistaxis]
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 11.3 INVESTIGATION
- 11.4 JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA (JNA)
  - Diagnosis
- 11.5 EXTRANASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMAS (ENAs)
- 11.6 NASOPHARYNGEAL CYSTS
- 11.7 ANTROCHOANAL POLYPS (ACPs)
- 11.8 VASCULAR TUMORS
- 11.9 WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS
- 11.10. MALIGNANT SINONASAL AND NASOPHARYNGEAL TUMORS
12:Cyst in the Neck
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 12.2 SYMPTOMS
- 12.3 INVESTIGATION
13:Recurrent/Persistent Diffuse Parotid Swelling
- 13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 13.2 SYMPTOMS
- 13.3 Specific Diseases
  - Mumps
14:Mass in the Parotid Gland
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 SYMPTOMS
- History
- 14.3 EVALUATION AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Parotid Mass
  - Mouth
- 14.4 INVESTIGATIONS
  - Laboratory Tests
  - Needle Biopsy or Aspiration
- 14.5 IMAGING
- 14.6 PAROTID MASS IN ADULTS
- 14.7 PAROTID MASS IN CHILDREN
15:Recurrent Painful Submandibular Gland Swelling
- 15.1 PHYSIOLOGY
- 15.2 PRESENTING SYMPTOMS
  - Hypofunction
  - Swelling
- 15.3 EXAMINATION
- 15.4 INVESTIGATIONS
- 15.5 SUBMANDIBULAR NONCALCULUS OBSTRUCTIVE SIALADENITIS
- 15.6 SUBMANDIBULAR SIALOLITHIASIS
- 15.7 SUBMANDIBULARNON-OBSTRUCTIVE SIALADENITIS
  - Others
- 15.8 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND EXCISION
16:Persistent/Progressive Submandibular Mass
- 16.1 SYMPTOM PRESENTATION
- 16.2 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 16.3 INVESTIGATION
- 16.4 CYSTIC LESIONS
- The Plunging Ranula
- 16.5 SIALADENITIS
- 16.6 AUTOIMMUNE SIALADENITIS
- 16.7 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
- 16.8 BENIGN NEOPLASTIC LESIONS
- 16.9 SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS
  - Clinical Symptoms and Presentation
  - Other Malignancy and Lymphoma
17:Enlarged Cervical Lymph Nodes
- 17.1 INTRODUCTION
- 17.2 SYMPTOMS
- 17.3 PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- 17.4 Classification of cervical nodal groupings
- 17.5 Pediatric Cervical Lymphadenopathy
  - Causes of Cervical Nodal Adenopathy
    - Inflammatory/Infections
    - Neoplastic
- 17.6 Adult Cervical Lymphadenopathy
- 17.7 Classification of Malignant Cervical Nodal Disease
- 17.8 Patient with the “Clinically Unknown Primary”
- 17.9 Treatment of Metastatic Cervical Nodal Disease
- 17.10 Causes of Supraclavicular Adenopathy
18:Recurrent or Persistent Sore or Irritable Throat
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 RECURRENT ACUTE SORE THROAT
- 18.3 CHRONIC IRRITABLE/SORE THROAT
- 18.4 Examination
  - Clinical Signs
- 18.5 Investigations
- 18.6 TREATMENT
19:Difficulty in Swallowing
- 19.1 INTRODUCTION
- 19.2 GENERAL DEMOGRAPHICS
- 19.3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYOF SWALLOWING
- 19.4 EVALUATION OF DYSPHAGIA
  - History
  - Clinical Examination and Investigation
- 19.5 SWALLOWING THERAPY
- 19.6 DIETETIC MANAGEMENT
20:The Toxic Patient with Sore Throat and/or Painful Neck
- 20.1 INTRODUCTION
- 20.2 SYMPTOMS
- 20.3 PRESENTATION
- 20.4 DIAGNOSIS
- 20.5 ANATOMY
  - Fascial Planes
  - Deep Neck Spaces
- 20.6 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- 20.7 SURGICAL THERAPY
- 20.8 COMPLICATIONS
  - Lemierre's Syndrome (LS)
- 20.9 INFECTIONS OF INDIVIDUALDEEP NECK SPACES
21:Thyroid Mass
- 21.1 INTRODUCTION
- 21.2 ANATOMY
- 21.3 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- 21.4 Investigations
- 21.5 CLASSIFICATION
- 21.6 THYROID SURGERY
  - Types of Thyroidectomy
- 21.7 Management of Thyroid Cancer
  - Prognostic Factors
- 21.8 Post-Treatment Follow-upand Aftercare
22:Cranial Nerve Lesion
- 22.1 INTRODUCTION
- 22.2 CRANIAL NERVE I: OLFACTORY NERVE
- 22.3 CRANIAL NERVE II: OPTIC NERVE
- 22.4 CRANIAL NERVES III, IV, AND VI: OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, AND ABDUCENS
- 22.5 CRANIAL NERVE V: TRIGEMINAL
  - Surgical Application
  - The Lingual Nerve (V) (Fig. 22.3)
- 22.6 cranial NERVE VII
- 22.7 cranial Nerves IX and X: “THE WANDERING NERVE”—THE GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL AND VAGUS LINK
- 22.8 cranial nerve xi: SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE
- 22.9 CRANIAL NERVE XII:HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
- 22.10 PHRENIC NERVE—CONSIDERATIONS
  - Pearls
  - Pitfalls
- 22.11 SYMPATHETIC TRUNK:HORNER's SYNDROME
23:Trismus (Difficulty in Opening Mouth)
- 23.1 DEFINITION
- 23.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:NORMAL MOUTH OPENING
- 23.3 MECHANISM OF CLASSICAL TRISMUS
- 23.4 TYPES OF TRISMUS
- 23.5 ETIOLOGY: CAUSES OF TRISMUS
- 23.6 CHILDREN WITH TRISMUS
  - Congenital/Developmental Causes
- 23.7 YOUNG AND ADULT PATIENTS
- 23.8 ELDERLY PATIENTS
- 23.9 ALL PATIENTS
- 23.10 TREATMENT OF TRISMUS
  - Temporary or Acute Trismus
24:Facial Pain and Headache
- 24.1 INTRODUCTION
- 24.2 HISTORY TAKING
- 24.3 PAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 24.4 MIGRAINE
- 24.5 TENSION HEADACHE
- 24.6 MEDICATION OVERUSE HEADACHE
- 24.7 SINUSITIS
- 24.8 CONTACT POINTS ANDNASAL OBSTRUCTION
- 24.9 TEMPOROMANDIBULARJOINT DISORDERS
- 24.10 TOOTH PAIN
- 24.11 EXAMINATION
- 24.12 INVESTIGATIONS
- CONCLUSION
25:Probable Skin Cancer (Head and Neck)
- 25.1 INTRODUCTION
- 25.2 NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER
- 25.3 BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
- 25.4 SQUAMOUS CELLCARCINOMA OF THE SKIN
- 25.5 KERATOACANTHOMA
- 25.6 MERKEL CALL CARCINOMA
- 25.7 MELANOMA
- 25.8 CLINICAL HISTORY
- 25.9 CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- 25.10 INVESTIGATIONS
- 25.11 STAGING SYSTEMS
- 25.12 TREATMENT OPTIONS
- 25.13 FOLLOW-UP
26:Facial Trauma
- 26.1 INTRODUCTION
- 26.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, AND PRESENTATION
- 26.3 SPECIFIC STRUCTURES
27:Penetrating Neck Trauma
- 27.1 INTRODUCTION
28:Hyperparathyroidism
- 28.1 DEFINITION
- 28.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Approach to the pHPT Patient
- 28.3 MANAGEMENT of ALGORITHM
- 28.4 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
29:Frey's Syndrome
- 29.1 INTRODUCTION
- 29.2 ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE
- 29.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 29.4 INVESTIGATION
  - Minor's Starch Test
- 29.5 PREVENTION (“PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE”)
- 29.6 TREATMENT OF ESTABLISHEDFREY's SYNDROME
30:First Bite Syndrome
- 30.1 SYMPTOMS
- 30.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 30.3 ETIOLOGY
- 30.4 INCIDENCE
- 30.5 INVESTIGATION
- 30.6 TREATMENT
31:Halitosis
- 31.1 ETIOLOGY
- 31.2 SYMPTOMS
- 31.3 CONSULTATION
  - History
  - Examination
- 31.4 MAIN CAUSES (Flowchart 31.1)
- 31.5 TREATMENT
SECTION 2: LARYNGOLOGY
32:Anatomy of the Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree
- 32.1 OVERVIEW
- 32.2 STRUCTURE
- 32.3 CARTILAGES
- 32.4 MEMBRANES AND LIGAMENTS
- 32.5 MUSCLES
- 32.6 NERVE SUPPLY
- 32.7 BLOOD SUPPLY
- 32.8 MUCOUS MEMBRANE
- 32.9 LYMPHATICS
- 32.10 MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE VOCAL FOLD
- 32.11 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LARYNGEAL ANATOMY
- 32.12 OVERVIEW
- 32.13 STRUCTURE
- 32.14 CARTILAGES
- 32.15 MEMBRANES AND MUSCLES
- 32.16 NERVE SUPPLY
- 32.17 BLOOD SUPPLY
- 32.18 LYMPHATICS
33:Physiology of the Larynx
- 33.1 INTRODUCTION
- 33.2 AIRWAY PROTECTION
  - Closure during the Act of Swallowing
  - Expulsion of Air during Coughing and Sneezing
- 33.3 RESPIRATION
- 33.4 VOICE PRODUCTION
- 33.5 OLFACTION
- 33.6 PUBERTAL CHANGES (PUBERPHONIA)
- 33.7 AGING VOICE (PRESBYPHONIA)
34:Assessment of the Difficult Airway
- 34.1 INTRODUCTION
- 34.2 OTOLARYNGOLOGY—HEAD AND NECK SURGERY PERSPECTIVE
- 34.4 INVESTIGATION
- 34.5 AIRWAY ACCESS FOR THE OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
- 34.6 ANESTHESIA PERSPECTIVE
- 34.7 POST-ASSESSMENT KEY CONSIDERATIONS
- 34.8 FUTURE
  - SUMMARY
35:Objective Evaluation of the Voice
- 35.1 INTRODUCTION
- 35.2 SIMPLE AERODYNAMIC MEASURES
- 35.3 COMPLEX AERODYNAMICASSESSMENT MEASURES
36:Pain in the Larynx (No Swelling)
- 36.1 OVERVIEW
- 36.2 HISTORY
- 36.3 EXAMINATION
- 36.4 INVESTIGATIONS
- 36.5 MANAGEMENT
  - SUMMARY
37:Stridor and Airway Obstruction
- 37.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
- 37.2 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 37.3 ACUTE STRIDOR
- 37.4 CHRONIC ONSET STRIDOR
38:Laryngeal Trauma—Blunt Injury
- 38.1 PRESENTING SYMPTOMS
- 38.2 PRIORITY MANAGEMENT
- 38.3 INVESTIGATIONS
- 38.4 IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT
- 38.5 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - General
  - Specific
- 38.6 COMPLICATIONS OFLARYNGEAL TRAUMA
39:Unremitting Rough or Husky Voice
- 39.1 PRESENTING SYMPTOM
- 39.2 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES/CLINICAL FEATURES
- 39.3 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- 39.4 INVESTIGATION
- 39.5 TREATMENT
- 39.6 RESULTS OF TREATMENT
40:Weak, Breathy Voice
- 40.1 PRESENTING SYMPTOM
- 40.2 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- 40.3 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 40.4 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- 40.5 MANAGEMENT
  - Vocal Cord Palsy
  - Impaired Glottal Closure
41:The Professional Voice—Assessment and Care
- 41.1 INTRODUCTION
- 41.2 LARYNGEAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATIONSHIPTO THE SINGER
- 41.3 LARYNGEAL EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
- 41.4 EVALUATION OF THE SINGING VOICE
- 41.5 MEDICAL AND SURGICALDISORDERS IN THE SINGER
- 41.6 SURGERY IN A SINGER
- 41.7 OFFICE-BASED PROCEDURES
  - Vocal Fold Injections: New Techniques and New Injectable Materials
  - Light Absorption Lasers and Laser Surgery in the Office Setting
- 41.8 COMMUNICATING WITH THE PERFORMER AS A PATIENT
  - CONCLUSION
42:Chronic Cough
- 42.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
- 42.2 ALLERGY
- 42.3 INVESTIGATIONS
- 42.4 TREATMENT
43:LP Reflux
- 43.1 INTRODUCTION
- 43.2 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 43.3 INVESTIGATION
- 43.4 TREATMENT
  - CONCLUSION
44:Hemoptysis
- 44.1 PRESENTING SYMPTOM
45:Request for Gender Voice Change
- 45.1 INTRODUCTION:PRINCIPLES OF CARE
- 45.2 RELEVANT BASIC VOICE PHYSIOLOGY FOR GENDER AND PITCH
- 45.3 EFFECT OF AGE
- 45.4 EFFECT OF MEDICATIONAND HORMONES
- 45.5 VOICE ASSESSMENT: VIDEOSTROBOSCOPY, VOICE ANALYSIS
- 45.6 SURGICAL OPTIONS (Table 45.1)
46:Voice Rehabilitation after Laryngectomy
- 46.1 INTRODUCTION
- 46.2 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENTAND CASE HISTORY
- 46.3 PRIMARY SURGICAL VOICE RESTORATION
- 46.4 SECONDARY SURGICAL VOICE RESTORATION
- 46.5 VOICE PROSTHESES
- 46.6 IN-DWELLING VERSUSEX-DWELLING PROSTHESES
  - In-dwelling
  - Ex-dwelling
- 46.7 SIZING, FITTING, ANDGENERAL MANAGEMENT
- 46.8 MANAGEMENT OF LEAKAGE
- 46.9 MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WHO ARE UNABLE TO ACHIEVE VOICE FOLLOWING SVR
- 46.10 PERMANENT REMOVAL OF THE VOICE PROSTHESIS
- 46.11 PROSTHESES COMPARISON
- 46.12 ESOPHAGEAL VOICE
- 46.13 PATIENTS UNABLE TOACHIEVE VOICE
- 46.14 ELECTROLARYNX
- 46.15 HEAT-MOISTUREEXCHANGE SYSTEMS
- 46.16 HANDS-FREE SYSTEMS
47:The Troublesome Tracheostomy
- 47.1 INTRODUCTION
- 47.2 Early Problems: Tube Displacement/Placement
  - Tracheostomy-related Infection
  - Humidification/Suctioning
- 47.3 Long-term Tracheostomy Problems
48:Intermittent or Recurrent Hoarseness
- 48.1 INTRODUCTION
- 48.2 ETIOLOGY
- 48.3 EXAMINATION
- Assessment of the Voice
- 48.4 MANAGEMENT
49:Impacted Foreign Body in Airway
- 49.1 INTRODUCTION
- 49.2 POINTS TO NOTE ON SOFT TISSUE X-RAY OF THE NECK
- 49.3 EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE
- 49.4 COMPLICATIONS
50:Aspiration
- 50.1 DEFINITION
- 50.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes