Editors
Ashwini Bhalerao-Gandhi
MD DGO DFP FCPS DNB FICOG
Consultant Gynecologist
PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Vice President, Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (2013)
President, Mumbai Obstetric and Gynecological Society (2012–2013)
Chairperson of Adolescent Health Committee of FOGSI (2004–08)
Treasurer, Family Planning Association of India, Mumbai Branch E-mail: ashwinibgandhi@rediffmail.com Website: www.drashwinibhaleraogandhi.com
Basab Mukherjee
MD FICOG FRCOG
Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Chairperson, Family Welfare Committee of FOGSI (2013–16)
Co-Editor
Madhushri Pandey
MBBS MS (Obs and Gyne)
Consultant Gynecologist
Antop Hill Hospital, Antop Hill, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Ex-Clinical Associate
PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Ex-Assistant Professor
Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Foreword
CN Purandare
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Contraception: Past, Present and Future
First Edition: 2006
Second Edition: 2016
9789385891915
Printed at
5Dedicated to
Late Dr Mandakini Anand Parihar
Born on August 2, 1962, Mandakini always demonstrated a phenomenal passion, determination and a dream to excel. She did her undergraduation and postgraduation from Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College (Sion Hospital). Later, she pursued her career in assisted reproduction and set up her practice at Mandakini IVF Centre and Mangal Anand Hospital, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Dr Mandakini Parihar was an Honorary Assistant Professor at Somaiya Medical College, Mumbai, and also served at Fortis-Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai.
During her illustrious career, she shouldered many organizational responsibilities serving as the President of Navi-Mumbai Obs-Gyn Society, Chairperson of FOGSI—Family Welfare Committee, First Vice President FOGSI-2012, Secretary to the President of FOGSI—Dr Sadhana Desai, Honorary Librarian ISAR, National Advisor of Journal of Human Reproduction of ISAR, President-Elect of Maharashtra Chapter of Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction (ISAR), and an active member of Indian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ICOG). She was integral part of many major events, conferences organized by FOGSI, ICOG and ISAR.6
7Contributors
- Adarsh Bhargava
- Ex-Professor and Head
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- SMS Medical College, Jaipur
- Superintendent
- Zenana Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Alok Bannerjee
- Technical Advisor
- Parivar Seva Sanstha
- New Delhi, India
- Ameet Shah
- Reproductive Health and Family Planning Advisor
- United States Agency for International
- Development (USAID), American Embassy
- New Delhi, India
- Anahita Chauhan MD DGO DFP
- Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Additional Professor and Unit Head
- Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai
- Honorary Consultant
- Saifee and St Elizabeth Hospitals
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ankesh Sahetya MBBS DNB DGO MNAMS
- Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Specialty Medical Consultant
- KB Bhabha Municipal General Hospital Mumbai
- Consultant, Pushpa Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Archana Kshirsagar Khardikar MS
- Clinical Assistant (Gynecology)
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Arun Nayak MD DGO FICOG
- Fellowship in Endoscopic Surgery, Korea
- Professor, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal
- Medical College and General Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- President, Association of Fellow
- Gynecologists, 2014
- President, MOGS 2015
- Ashish Birla DA
- Senior Medical Advisor
- Organon (India) Pvt Ltd
- A Subsidiary of Merck and Co. Inc.
- Kenilworth, NJ, USA
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ashwini Bhalerao-Gandhi MD DGO DFP FCPS DNB FICOG
- Consultant Gynecologist
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre Mumbai,
- Maharashtra, India Vice President, Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (2013)
- President, Mumbai Obstetric and Gynecological Society (2012–2013)
- Chairperson of Adolescent Health
- Committee of FOGSI (2004–8)
- Treasurer, Family Planning Association of India,
- Mumbai Branch
- E-mail: ashwinibgandhi@rediffmail.com
- Website: www.drashwinibhaleraogandhi.com
- Atul Ganatra
- Obstetrician Gynecologist and Gynecological Endoscopist
- RJ Ganatra Nursing Home,
- Mumbai Coordinator Department of Gynecological
- Endoscopy Fortis Hospital, Mumbai Consultant
- Fertility and IVF Clinic Jupiter Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Basab Mukherjee MD FICOG FRCOG
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Calcutta Medical Research Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Chairperson, Family Welfare Committee of FOGSI (2013–16)
- Bhaskar Pal DGO MD DNBE FICOG FRCOG
- Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Chairperson of Young Talent Promotion
- Committee, FOGSI (2011–13)
- Biswajyoti Guha MD, MRCOG, FICOG
- Assistant Professor
- ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
- Haldia, West Bengal, India
- BP Singh
- President, Enable Health Society
- Bulbul Sood
- Country Director
- Jhpiego—An Affiliate of Johns Hopkins
- University, India
- CN Purandare
- President, FIGO
- Dean and President, Indian College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- President, FOGSI (2009)
- President, Indian College of OB GYN (2009)
- Secretary General FOGSI (2003–8)
- Daniel S Seidman MD MMSc
- President, Israeli Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel
- Associate Professor, The Sackler School of Medicine
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Duru Shah
- Director, Gynaecworld, The Center for Women’s Health and Fertility
- Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UK
- President Elect, Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction
- Past President, Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India, 2009
- Past Chairman, Indian College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ICOG)
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- First and only Indian to receive the “Distinguished Merit Awardee” of FIGO
- Geeta Pandya
- Consultant Gynecologist and Endocrinologist
- Breach Candy Hospital andResearch Centre, Mumbai
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Hema Divakar MD FRCOG
- Senior Consultant
- Divakar’s Specialty Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- President, FOGSI 2013
- FOGSI representative to FIGO
- HP Pattanaik MD MIDCOG FICMCH
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Postpartum Programme
- SCB Medical College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Ex-Chairperson, Geriatric Gynecology
- Committee, FOGSI
- Jatinder Kaur
- Clinical Associate
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai
- Member, Youth Council, MOGS
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jayam Kannan
- Emeritus Professor
- Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Chairperson Adolescent Health Committee of FOGSI (2013–16)
- Member, PMNCH WHO Programme
- Kalpana Apte
- Senior Assistant Secretary General (Programme Implementation)
- Family Planning Association of India
- Bajaj Bhavan, Mumbai
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Kamal Hazari
- Deputy Director
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai
- Vice President, Family Planning
- Association of India, Mumbai Branch
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- (Late) Mandakini Parihar MD DGO
- Ex-Hon Associate Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- KJ Somaiya Medical College and Hospital, Mumbai
- Chairperson, Family Welfare Committee FOGSI (2004–08)
- Consultant
- Wockhardt Hospital
- Laxmi Shrikhande MD DGO
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist and Medical Director
- Shrikhande IVF and Surrogacy Centre
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- Vice President, FOGSI (2012)
- Madhushri Pandey MBBS MS (Obs & Gyne)
- Consultant Gynecologist
- Antop Hill Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ex-Clinical Associate
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ex-Assistant Professor
- Hind Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mandakini Megh MD DGO FICMCH FICMU FICOG
- Past Vice President, FOGSI, Past Chairperson FOGSI (Imaging Science Committee), Past President, IFUMBDean, Indian College of Medical Ultrasound
- Maternal Health Consultant
- Government of Maharashtra
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Manisha Bhise
- Assistant Director, Access and Holding
- Charge for Director Medical
- Family Planning Association of India
- Bajaj Bhavan, Mumbai
- Meenal Sarmalkar MD DNB DGO DFP
- Assistant Professor
- LTMMC and LTMG Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- M Vidya R Rao
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Kavya Nursing Home
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- President Hyderabad Chapter—ISOPARB
- Nikhil Purandare MD DGO MRCOG MRCPI FRANZCOG CCST
- Fellowship Reproductive Medicine
- Fellowship Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist and Specialist Reproductive Medicine
- University College Hospital Galway, Ireland
- Nozer Sheriar MD DNBE FICOG FCPS DGO
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Breach Candy Hospital, Hinduja
- Healthcare, Holy Family and Masina Hospitals
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ex-Secretary General and Past
- Chairperson MTP Committee, FOGSI
- Member, Board of Directors, IPAS and CEDPA India
- Member, Medical Advisory Panel, FPA India
- N Palaniappan
- Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Senior Consultant, Sri Ramchandra
- Medical College and Research Institute
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Nupur Gupta
- Pakhee Aggarwal
- Parag Biniwale MD FICOG FICMCH
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Biniwale Clinic
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Chairperson of Young Talent Promotion
- Committee, FOGSI
- (2008–10)
- Parul Kotdawala
- Consultant Gynecologist and Endoscopic Surgeon, Ahmedabad
- Chairperson, Adolescent Health
- Committee, FOGSI (1999–2003)
- Past Vice President, FOGSI
- Priyanka Singh MS
- Registrar
- Gynecological Oncology
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Priya Vora DNB DGO FCPS DFP
- Consultant Gynecologist
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rana Pathak MBBS MS (Obs and Gyne)
- Senior Resident
- Acharyashree Bhikshu Government Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ratna Sharma MBBS MS (Obs and Gyne)
- Clinical Assistant (Gynecology)
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical
- Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Reena J Wani MD MRCOG FICOG DNBE DFP DGO FCPS
- Professor Additional and Unit Head
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Dr RN Cooper Municipal Medical College and Hospital
- Ex-Professor (Additional)
- I/C Family Welfare Program
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- TN Medical College and BYL Nair
- Charitable Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ritu Joshi
- Head of the Department
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Monilek Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Chairperson of Family Welfare
- Committee, FOGSI (2008–10)
- Vice President, FOGSI 2014
- Rohit Bhatt
- Past President
- Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological
- Societies of India (FOGSI) Chief
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- BD Amin General Hospital
- Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Roza Olyai
- Member, National Executive Committee
- Family Planning Association of India (2014–2017)
- Member, Child Protection Committee
- FPAI-IPPF (2015–2017)
- President, Family Planning Association of India, Gwalior (2014–16)
- Vice President, Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (2014)
- Director, Olyai Hospital
- Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- RP Soonawalla
- Past President, FOGSI
- Past President, FPAI
- Professor Emeritus, Wadia Maternity Hospital
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Breach Candy, The BD Petit Parsee
- General and Masina Hospitals
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sadhana Gupta MS (Obs and Gyne) MNAMS FICOG FICMU FICMCH
- Vice President, Elect, FOGSI (2016)
- Member, ICOG Governing Council (2015–2017)
- Chairperson, Safe Motherhood Committee (FOGSI 2011–2013)
- Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Jeevan Jyoti Hospital and Medical
- Research Center
- Jeevan Jyoti Test Tube Baby Center
- Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Saloni Suchak MS
- Consultant
- Suchak Hospital, Surya Childcare,
- Benzer Maternity Home and Cloud Nine Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sangeeta Agrawal MD MRCOG DNB DGO
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Bombay Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sanjay Gupte MD DGO FICOG LLB FRCOG
- President, FOGSI 2010
- President, DIPSI 2013
- Secretary General, World Gestosis Organization
- Member, Central Supervisory Board of PCPNDT Act Member Ethics Committee
- Medical Council of India
- Chairman, Ethics Committee of Maharashtra Medical Council
- Ex-Honorary Associate Professor
- BJ Medical College
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Director, Gupte Hospital and Center for Research in Reproduction
- Sanjukta Mahapatra MD
- Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital,
- SOA University
- Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Sanket Pisat
- Consultant Gynecologist
- Laparoscopic Surgeon
- Nanavati Hospital, Seven Hills Hospital
- Criticare Hospital, Central Railway
- Hospital (Byculla)
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sarita Bhalerao
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Bhatia, Saifee Hospital, Mumbai
- Hon. Clinical Associate Wadia Hospital
- Office Bearer —The Mumbai Obstetric and Gynecological Society (MOGS)
- Chapter Secretary—Indian Menopause
- Society (IMS)
- (Mumbai Chapter)
- Sasikala Kola
- Consultant, Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Lakshmi Clinic, Hyderabad Vivekananda
- Hospital, Hyderabad
- Rainbow Hospital, Hyderabad
- South Zone Coordinator—ISOPARB
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Saswati Das
- Director
- Clinical Services and Training (FP),
- Jhpiego—An Affiliate of Johns Hopkins
- University, India
- Shanta Chitlange
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH)
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shikha Shrivastava
- Deputy Director
- Medical Services and Training
- Population Services International—India
- Shobha Gudi MD DNB FICOG CIMP
- Professor and Head
- St Philomena’s Hospital, Bengaluru
- Consultant
- Manipal, Sagar and Excel Care Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Shruti Gadekar Mangle
- Clinical Assistant (Gynecology)
- PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sonia Golani
- Consultant
- Department of Obstetricand Gynecology
- BD Amin General Hospital
- Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Subrat Ray MD
- Associate Director (Medical Affairs)
- Organon (India) Pvt Ltd
- A subsidiary of Merck and Co. Inc.
- Kenilworth NJ, USA
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Suchitra Pandit MD DNB FRCOG (UK) FICOG DFP MNAMS B Pharma
- Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- President, FOGSI (2014–15)
- President, MOGS (2013–14)
- West zone coordinator-ISOPARB (2008–11)
- Chairperson, Young Talent Promotion
- Committee, FOGSI (2003–7)
- Sukumar Barik MD DNB FRCOG MFFP MAMS FICOG FICMCH
- Associate Professor
- ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
- Haldia, West Bengal, India
- Academic Director
- Consultant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Westbank Hospital
- Howrah, West Bengal, India
- Suneeta Mittal
- Ex-Professor, Head and Director Incharge
- WHO-CCR in Human Reproduction
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Suvarna Khadilkar MD DGO FICOG CIMP
- PG Diploma in Endocrinology (South Wales, UK)
- Consultant, Endocrinologist and Gynecologist
- Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai
- Ex-Professor and Head
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Government Medical College
- Kolhapur, Maharashtra
- Ex-Associate Professor and Unit Chief
- Grant Medical College and Cama and Albless Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Joint Treasurer, FOGSI, 2015–17
- President elect 2017, Vice President 2015
- Secretary General 2013
- Indian Menopause Society
- Joint Associate Editor, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India [JOGI] FOGSI, 2014–16
- Chairperson, Endocrinology Committee of FOGSI 2011–13
- Tapasi Pati MD
- Associate Professor
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum
- Hospital, SOA University
- Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Uday Thanawala MD FCPS DNB
- Vice President
- FOGSI (2015)
- Chairperson
- Medical Disorders in Pregnancy
- Committee FOGSI (2006–2008)
- Joint Secretary
- FOGSI (2005)
- Chairman
- Thanawala’s Maternity Home
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vaishali Korde-Nayak
- Professor and Unit Head
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- MIMER Medical College
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Vinita Dayal
- Sr Specialist
- Population Services
- International—India
- Vrushali Kamale MBBS DGO
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
- Vighnahar Clinic
It is my pleasure to write this foreword for a book on a very important subject: Contraception: Past, Present and Future—a subject that deserves priority and needs all our efforts to maximize the achievements. The editors Ashwini Bhalerao-Gandhi, Basab Mukherjee and Madhushri Pandey have done an excellent work by covering every possible aspect.
Family planning is not all about population control but is a tool for reduction in maternal mortality and morbidity by averting unwanted pregnancies. The terminology was changed from “Family Planning” to “Family Welfare” a few years back. I must emphasize that it should now be changed to “Conception Planning” since large population of adolescent and young people are trying to avoid conception and they are not planning families.
The book covers various methods of contraception—natural and behavioral methods, steroid contraceptives, emergency contraception, barrier methods and intrauterine contraceptive devices. The evolution of oral combined contraceptives and progesterone-only pills, the various routes of administration such as injectables, patches, vaginal rings, etc. are discussed. The methodology, counseling and follow-up of various methods of sterilization for male and female are covered extremely well.
The book certainly is a “must read” for all who are involved in reproductive health, contraception and population stabilization—the policy makers, health providers and social scientists in addition to postgraduate students for whom it will definitely serve as a ready reckoner.
Professor (Dr) CN Purandare
President, FIGO
Dean
Indian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
President, FOGSI (2009)
President, Indian College of OB-GYN (2009)
Secretary General, FOGSI (2003–8)
President, MOGS (2003–4)
Ex. Hon. Professor (OBGYN)
Grant Medical College and JJ Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Preface to the Second Edition
“For most women, including women who want to have children, contraception is not an option; it is a basic health care necessity”.
—Louise Slaughter
We are extremely happy to present the second revised and updated edition of the popular book Contraception: Past, Present and Future to our readers.
This monograph on contraception addresses an important issue of reproductive health. The concept of this book is bringing together all the relevant details along with current literature review on all aspects of family welfare. While a lot of material is available on various contraceptive options, a comprehensive yet practical reference volume is the need of the hour. That is the idea behind the book.
Details of each method of family planning, from barrier contraceptives to hormonal methods, the intrauterine devices and their evolution and the current updated methods of male and female sterilization are discussed in detail by the various experts. Special emphasis on counseling and needs of special groups like adolescents, perimenopausal women, etc. have been given importance along with programs of increasing health awareness.
The Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI) Policy statements, Ideal consent forms, details of various Internet sites complete the need for information for every practicing gynecologist as well as postgraduate students.
We have dedicated the book to memory of Late Dr Mandakini Parihar who was one of the editors of the 1st edition of the book. Her untimely demise is a great loss for all of us. We are publishing this updated second edition to acknowledge her tremendous contribution towards FOGSI!
The book was conceptualized and initiated by us in partnership with our publishers. It took a lot of time and efforts from all ends. We are grateful to our publishers for giving us their help and support along with their professionalism, commitment and patience during the journey of the book.
We would like to thank all the contributors for their selfless service, excellently researched and updated chapters and their generosity in sharing their knowledge and experience with us. The Indian contributors are from various parts of India and well known for their dedicated work in the field of contraception. We are especially thankful to our international authors for adding a special flavor to the book. Ms Rasika Shelar has tirelessly provided secretarial support for this book to see the light of the day and deserves special thanks for the same.
Ashwini Bhalerao-Gandhi