Index

Immunization in Clinical Practice Nitin K Shah, Naveen C Thacker, Abhay K Shah, Alok Gupta

SECTION I: BASICS IN IMMUNIZATION
CHAPTER 1:General Immunology and Principles of Vaccination
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE SYSTEM
- TYPES OF IMMUNITY
  - Non-specific Immunity
  - Specific Immunity
- HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
- ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
- CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- ROLE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IN INFECTIONS
  - Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response
  - T-cell-dependent Immune Response
- PASSIVE IMMUNITY
  - Transplacental Passive Immunity
  - Acquired Passive Immunity
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- VACCINES
  - Live Vaccines
  - Inactivated Vaccines
- IMMUNE MEMORY
- IMMUNOMODULATION
CHAPTER 2:General Guidelines for Vaccination
- INTRODUCTION
- STAFF EDUCATION
- PATIENT PREPARATION AND CARE
- VACCINE PREPARATION
- VACCINE ADMINISTRATION (TABLES 2.1 TO 2.4)
  - Route and Site
  - Nonstandard Administration
- IMMUNIZATION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- DOCUMENTATION
- VACCINE STORAGE AND HANDLING
- SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES AND INFECTION CONTROL
  - Safe Disposal of Injection Equipment
- ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION
  - Common Minor Vaccine Reactions
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:Immunization Schedules
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF VACCINE SCHEDULING
- NATURE OF VACCINE
- IMMUNOGENICITY AND POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE BY PASSIVELY TRANSFERRED MATERNAL ANTIBODIES
- LOCAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE
- CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE
- SPACING OF MULTIPLE DOSES OF THE SAME ANTIGEN
- SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF VACCINES
- COMBINATION VACCINES
- VACCINE FAILURE
- DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
- UPDATING THE SUBJECT
- PRACTICAL TRAINING
- WHO AND IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS
- NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
- IAP IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
- INTERNATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULES
- IMMUNIZATION IN ADOLESCENTS
- IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE FOR AN UNIMMUNIZED CHILD
CHAPTER 4:Storage of Vaccines and Maintenance of Cold Chain
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED ABOUT PROPER VACCINE STORAGE?
- COLD CHAIN
- STORAGE OF VACCINES
- LEVELS OF VACCINE STORAGE
- COLD BOXES (COOLERS)
- VACCINE CARRIERS
- CONDITIONING OF ICE PACKS
- TIPS FOR BETTER VACCINE STORAGE IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS
- PURPOSE-BUILT VACCINE REFRIGERATOR
  - Voltage Control
- COLD CHAIN TEMPERATURE MONITORING
- PERSONNEL
- PROTOCOLS
CHAPTER 5:Adverse Events Following Immunization
- INTRODUCTION
- VACCINE REACTIONS
  - Vaccine Reactions by Severity and Frequency
    - Common, Minor Vaccine Reactions
    - Serious and Severe Vaccine Reactions
- REPORTING AND INVESTIGATIONS
- CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT
  - Adequate Information Available
  - Adequate Information not Available (Unclassifiable)
CHAPTER 6:Safe Injection Practices
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS AN INJECTION?
- WHAT IS A SAFE INJECTION?
- WHY ARE INJECTIONS SO POPULAR?
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PROMOTE SAFE AND APPROPRIATE USE OF INJECTIONS?
- RECOMMENDED ROUTES OF INJECTION AND NEEDLE LENGTH
- INJECTION DEVICES
- WHAT IS THE PROGRESS?
- INJECTION SAFETY GUIDELINES
- WASTE DISPOSAL
SECTION II: VACCINES WIDELY USED IN CHILDREN
CHAPTER 7:Immunization Against Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Pathogen
  - Pathogenesis
- PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE
  - Immunity against Tuberculosis
- BCG VACCINATION
- REVACCINATION
- NEWER VACCINES FOR TUBERCULOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccines
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS AND TETANUS (DPT) VACCINES
CHAPTER 9:Immunization Against Poliomyelitis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGEN
- HOST
- MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- MORBIDITY INCLUDING CLINICAL SPECTRUM
- DISEASE MORTALITY
- VACCINES AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
- VACCINE EFFICACY
- COMBINATION VACCINES
- VACCINE SCHEDULE
- VACCINE STORAGE, HANDLING AND INOCULATION
- ADVERSE REACTIONS FOLLOWING VACCINATION
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 10:Immunization Against Measles, Mumps and Rubella
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EFFECT ON IMMUNITY
- COMPLICATIONS
- VIROLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
- ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
- VACCINE STRAINS
- VACCINE COMPOSITION
- DOSAGE AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
- STABILITY OF VACCINE
  - Combination with Rubella, Mumps, and Varicella Vaccines
- RESULTS OF VACCINATION
  - Immune Response
  - Response to Revaccination
- EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTION
  - Measures of Protection
  - Host Factors Affecting Protection
  - Maternal Antibody and Age at Vaccination
  - Intercurrent Illness and Malnutrition
  - Vitamin A Supplementation
    - WHO Recommendation
  - Persistence of Immunity
  - Combined Vaccines and Simultaneous Vaccination
  - Postexposure Prophylaxis
    - Use of Vaccine
    - Use of Immuneoglobulin
  - Adverse Effects
  - Indications, Timing of Vaccination, Precautions and Contraindications
  - Recommendation by IAP-ACVIP (Indian Academy of Pediatrics: Advisory Committee on Vaccination and Immunization Practices)
  - Future Vaccines
  - Public Health Considerations
  - Measles Eradication
  - Indian Perspective
    - India's Decision to Introduce MCV2
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Acquired Rubella
  - Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- VIROLOGY
  - Pathogenesis as it Relates to Prevention
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- SIGNIFICANCE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
- INDIAN DATA
- PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  - Ordinary Immune Serum Globulin
- ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
- VACCINE STRAINS
- DOSAGE AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
- STABILITY OF VACCINE
- COMBINATION WITH MEASLES AND MUMPS
- RESULTS OF VACCINATION
  - Immune Responses
  - Rubella in the MMR Combination
  - Effect of Maternal Antibody
  - Protective Effects
  - Correlates of Immunity
  - Reinfection and Herd Immunity
  - Persistence of Immunity and Revaccination
  - Combined and Associated Vaccines
  - Adverse Reactions
  - Indications for Rubella Vaccine
  - Infants
  - Adolescents
  - College Students
  - Hospital Employees
  - International Travelers
  - Contraindications
  - Public Health Considerations
  - India
  - Strategies for Rubella Vaccination
  - Paradoxical Increase in CRS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Complications are more Frequent in Adults than Children
- VIROLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
- ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
- VACCINE STRAINS
- DOSAGE, ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION AND COMPOSITION
- STABILITY OF VACCINE
- COMBINATIONS INCLUDING MUMPS VACCINE
- VACCINE USE
- CORRELATES OF IMMUNITY
- PERSISTENCE OF ANTIBODIES
- PROTECTIVE EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
- SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION WITH OTHER VACCINES
- ADVERSE EVENTS
  - Aseptic Meningitis
- PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF VACCINATION
- INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON MMR VACCINE
CHAPTER 11:Immunization Against Hepatitis B
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- HEPATITIS B—TRANSMISSION
- PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B
- VACCINE EFFICACY
  - Pre-exposure Vaccine Efficacy
  - Postexposure Vaccine Efficacy
- ADVERSE EVENTS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS TO VACCINATION
- VACCINE ESCAPE MUTANTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VACCINATION
  - IAPCOI Recommendations for Hep B Vaccination108
    - Routine Vaccination
    - Catch Up Vaccination
- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Infection
    - Prevention of Perinatal HBV Infection
    - People with Accidental Percutaneous/Permucosal Exposure to Blood
- PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF HEPATITIS B VACCINATION
  - Importance of Birth Dose
  - Effectiveness of Routine Infant Hepatitis B Immunization
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Immunization Against Typhoid Fever
- INTRODUCTION
- BURDEN OF DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:Immunization Against Haemophilus influenzae Type B
- INTRODUCTION
- DISEASE SPECTRUM
- DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- PREVENTION OF HIB DISEASE
- HIB VACCINE
CHAPTER 14:Immunization Against Hepatitis A
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  - Pre- and Post-exposure Prophylaxis
- ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
CHAPTER 15:Varicella Vaccine
- BACKGROUND
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- CLINICAL SPECTRUM AND OUTCOME
- PREVENTION OF VARICELLA
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE
- VACCINATION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- PASSIVE PROTECTION WITH VARICELLA ZOSTER IMMUNOGLOBULIN (VZIG)1,11,12
- FUTURE
CHAPTER 16:Rotavirus Vaccines
- DISEASE BURDEN
- VIRUS
- ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
- IMPACT OF ROTAVIRUS VACCINES15
- SEROTYPE REPLACEMENT17
- VACCINE SAFETY18
- ROTAVAC: THE 116E ORAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINE20,21
- ECONOMIC BURDEN OF ROTAVIRUS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF A NATIONAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINATION PROGRAM24
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:Influenza Vaccines: Current Perspectives
- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL INFLUENZA DISEASE BURDEN
- BURDEN OF INFLUENZA DISEASE IN INDIA
- INFLUENZA DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN INDIA
- INFLUENZA VACCINES
- VACCINE IMMUNOGENICITY
- ADVERSE EVENTS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  - Children who should not be Vaccinated with IIV
  - Children who should not be Vaccinated with LAIV
- IAP RECOMMENDATIONS 2014
- RECENT PANDEMIC IN 2014
- VACCINATION TIMING IN INDIA
- RECOMMENDED VACCINE STRAINS FOR 2015–2016
CHAPTER 18:Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccines
- BACKGROUND
- BURDEN OF DISEASE CAUSED BY HPV
  - Global
  - Cervical Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in India
- PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER: SCREENING OR VACCINATION
- PATHOGENESIS
- PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
- HPV VACCINES
- QUADRIVALENT VACCINE (HPV4)
- BIVALENT VACCINE (HPV2)
- EFFICACY AGAINST GENITAL WARTS
  - Cross-protection Against Nonvaccine Serotypes
- SAFETY OF HPV VACCINES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE
- DOSE AND SCHEDULE
- CATCH-UP VACCINATION
- EVIDENCE AND JUSTIFICATION
CHAPTER 19:Immunization Against Streptococcus pneumoniae
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DISEASE MORBIDITY INCLUDING CLINICAL SPECTRUM
- DISEASE MORTALITY
- DRUG RESISTANCE
- PREVENTION OF DISEASE
SECTION III: IMMUNIZATION IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
CHAPTER 20:Dengue Vaccine
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVENTION
- TRIALS FOR VACCINE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES
CHAPTER 21:Immunization of Children in Special Situations
- INTRODUCTION
- PRETERM AND LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS
- MISSED IMMUNIZATION
  - Child with Uncertain Immunization Status
  - Child with Lapsed Immunization
- ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION
- ADOPTED CHILD
- CHILDREN RESIDING IN INSTITUTIONS
- CHILDREN RESIDING IN REFUGEE CAMPS
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CHILD
  - Basic Principles for Immunizing the Immunocompromised Child
    - Specific Considerations in Each Disease
  - HIV Infection
- IMMUNIZATION TO CHILDREN ON STEROID THERAPY
- IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN WITH MALIGNANCY
- IMMUNIZATION IN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
  - Hemapoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  - Solid Organ Transplant
- IMMUNIZATION IN ASPLENIC CHILDREN
- IMMUNIZATION IN THE CHILD WITH COAGULOPATHY
- IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN WITH PROGRESSIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER
- FOREIGN TRAVEL
  - Child Going Out of India
  - Child Coming to India
- POSTEXPOSURE VACCINATION
- IMMUNIZATION DURING EPIDEMICS
CHAPTER 22:Immunization Against Neisseria meningitidis
- INTRODUCTION
- BACTERIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL DISEASE AND PRESENTATION
- IMMUNITY TO MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
- ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
- HISTORY OF MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 23:Immunization Against Rabies
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Bat Rabies8
- VIRUS
  - Rabies-like Virus and Rabies Related Virus8
- PATHOGENICITY
- RESERVOIR
- MODES OF TRANSMISSION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF RABIES IN HUMAN
  - Incubation Period
    - Clinical Forms
- PREVENTION OF RABIES
- RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULIN
  - Choice of RIG
  - Failure of RIG Treatment
- ANTIRABIES VACCINES9
CHAPTER 24:Immunization Against Japanese Encephalitis
- INTRODUCTION
- GEOGRAPHY
- DISEASE BURDEN
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
- TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
- IMMUNITY
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- CASE CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPECTED JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS CONTROL
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINES1
  - Inactivated Vero Cell-derived Vaccines
  - Live Attenuated Vaccines
  - Live Recombinant Vaccines
  - Safety Profile of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
  - Co-administration with Other Vaccines
- VACCINE INTERCHANGEABILITY
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINATION IN SPECIAL RISK GROUPS
- IMPACT OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINES
- WHO RECOMMENDATIONS ON JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINES
  - Doses and Age Schedule
  - Choice of Vaccines
- REACTIVE VACCINATIONS DURING OUTBREAKS
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINATION FOR SPECIAL RISK GROUPS
  - Immunocompromised Persons
  - Pregnant and Lactating Women
  - Health-care Workers
  - Travelers
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINATION PROGRAM IN INDIA
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 25:Immunization of Adolescents
- IMPORTANCE OF ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION
- ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES
  - Routine Vaccination
  - Catch-up Vaccination
- TETANUS AND DIPHTHERIA TOXOIDS AND ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS (TDAP) VACCINE
  - Routine Vaccination
  - Catch-up Vaccination
- CATCH-UP VACCINATIONS
- VACCINES IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
- VACCINES FOR ADOLESCENT TRAVELLERS
- VACCINES FOR PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS
- BARRIERS TO ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION
- PRACTICE POINTS FOR ADOLESCENT VACCINATION
- CONCLUSION
SECTION IV: FUTURE IN VACCINOLOGY
CHAPTER 26:Combination Vaccines
- WHAT IS A COMBINATION VACCINE?
  - Types
- WHY COMBINATION VACCINES?
- EFFICACY OF COMBINATION VACCINES
- SAFETY OF COMBINATION VACCINES
- WHICH COMBINATION VACCINE AVAILABLE?
  - Advantages of Combination Vaccines
  - Disadvantages Combination Vaccines
- ISSUES WITH COMBINATION VACCINES?
CHAPTER 27:New Technologies and Future Vaccines
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF VACCINE TECHNOLOGIES
- HIV
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28:Newer Vaccine Delivery Systems and Newer Technologies for Vaccine Delivery
- NEWER VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- NEWER TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE DELIVERY
CHAPTER 29:Immunization Resources on Internet
CHAPTER 30:VPD Surveillance and Integrated Disease Surveillance
- BACKGROUND
- WHY VPD SURVEILLANCE IS NECESSARY
- SURVEILLANCE: TERMINOLOGIES
- CURRENT STATUS OF VPD SURVEILLANCE IN INDIA
  - VPD Surveillance Systems in India
- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION—NATIONAL POLIO SURVEILLANCE PROJECT SUPPORTED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
- IDSURV-AN INNOVATIVE PROJECT TO REPORT INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- CONCLUSIONS AND THE NEED OF THE HOUR

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes