Multiple Gestations: Basics and Beyond Shailesh Kore
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table
A
Abortion 63
spontaneous 134
Abruptio placentae 52
Acardiac acephalus 94f
Acardiac amorphus 95f
Acardiac fetus 95f
Acardiac paracephalus 95f
Acardiac twin 48, 65, 65f, 93
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Guidelines 77
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 134
Amniocentesis 36, 38
Amnions, count number of 22
Amniotic band syndrome 147
Amniotic fluid 125
assessment of 54
Amniotic sacs, the number of 45
Amniotomy 131
Amorphus acardiac twin 48f
Analgesia 119
Anemia 52, 57, 61
and pre-eclampsia, prevention and treatment of 27
Anesthesia 119
Anorectal malformations 147
Antenatal corticosteroids 77
Antepartum hemorrhage 52, 57, 61
Apnea 145
Assisted reproductive technology 59, 134
Atrial natriuretic peptide 85
Auscultation 19
B
Bipolar cord coagulation 71
Birth, timing of 29, 130
Brain natriuretic peptide 85
Breast tenderness 19
Breastfeeding 150
twins 149f
C
Cardiotocograph machine 119
Cardiovascular profile score 55
Central nervous system 71, 151
Cephalic twin, delivery of 122
Cervical cerclage 76
Cervical length 57
ultrasonic assessment of 47f
Chin-to-chin interlocking 127f
Chorionic peak sign 45
Chorionic villus sampling 35, 39, 41, 60
Chorionicity 16, 21-23, 25
determination of 21, 25f, 44, 53
Chronic lung disease 145
Clomiphene citrate 134
Congenital anomalies 27, 53, 68
Congenital heart disease 147
Congenital malformations 47, 147
Conjoined twins 48, 66, 69, 110, 147
types of 66f, 112f, 113t
Cord accidents 62
Cordocentesis 41
Count gestational sacs 22
Crohn's disease 150
Crown-rump length 26, 32, 86
D
Deflexion 125
Delivery 98, 136
mode of 118
route of 130
timing and mode of 81
Dichorionic diamniotic triplet 17
pregnancies 28
Dichorionic diamniotic twins 107
Dichorionic gestation 23f, 24t
Dichorionic placenta 31f
Dichorionic triamniotic triplet 17
pregnancy 23f, 141f
Dichorionic triplet pregnancies 17
Discordant growth 54
Discordant twins 48, 49f, 63, 79
Disimpaction maneuvers 127
Dizygotic twins 16, 59
Doppler myocardial performance index 55
Down's syndrome 27, 32, 33, 69, 135
Dye, use of 38
E
Embryo
count number of 22
reduction 46, 46f
transfer 157
Estimated fetal weight 48, 79
External cephalic version 123
External parasitic twins 66
F
Fatigue 19
Fertilization 17
Fetal
blood sampling 41
death 62
fibronectin 57
growth
discordance 146
restriction 28, 61
growth, assessment of 54
heart rate 121f, 131
magnetic resonance imaging 115
Medicine Foundation 33
medicine unit 55
monitoring 119
scalp electrodes 120f
surveillance 52, 57, 135
Fetopelvic disproportion 125
Fetoscopic laser ablation 88
Fetus
mapping of 36
ultrasonography of 85
Fluorescent in situ hybridization 39
Follicle stimulating hormone 2, 18, 134
Fused placental masses 24f
G
Gamete intrafallopian transfer 157
Genitourinary anomalies 147
Gestational diabetes 57, 61
mellitus 27, 61
Gestational sacs 22t
Glucocorticoids, role of 77
Gonorrheal infection 40
H
Higher order multiple gestations 8
management of 135
Home uterine activity monitoring 56
Human chorionic gonadotropin 155
Human menopausal gonadotropin 134
Hydramnios 20, 61
Hyperemesis gravidarum 61
Hypertensive disorders 52
Hypovolemia 84
I
In vitro fertilization 18, 79, 134, 155
Indian Council of Medical Research Guidelines 157
Infertility therapy 3, 134
Intermittent auscultation 120
Intracardiac needle injection 137f
Intracardiac potassium chloride 99
Intracranial hemorrhage 146
Intrapartum cardiotocograph of twins 121f
Intrauterine death 99
Intrauterine fetal demise 52
Intrauterine growth restriction 28, 73, 86, 146
Intrauterine insemination 18
Ipsilon sign 45, 46f
K
Kimball-Rand maneuver 127, 128f
L
Labor
management of 119, 121
third stage of 131
Laser therapy, complications of 90
Live birth
number of 6
weight 29, 61, 134
Lower segment cesarean section 127
Lung maturation 77
Luteinizing hormone 2
M
Magnesium sulfate 77
Magnetic resonance imaging 53, 104, 108
Membranes, preterm premature rupture of 27
Middle cerebral artery-peak systolic velocity 86
Monochorionic diamniotic triplet 17
pregnancies 28
Monochorionic diamniotic twin 107, 108
pregnancy 22t
Monochorionic monoamniotic entangled umbilical cord 63f
Monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancy 50
Monochorionic monoamniotic triplet 17
pregnancies 28
Monochorionic monoamniotic twin 108, 109
pregnancies 28
Monochorionic placenta 32f
Monochorionic polyhydramnios 62f
Monochorionic triamniotic triplets 17
Monochorionic twin pregnancies 17
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins 17t
Monozygotic twinning 112f
mechanism of 60f, 111f
outcome of 17f
Monozygotic twins 16, 17, 59
Multifetal gestation, maternal complications of 57
Multifetal pregnancy 52
reduction 139
Multifetal reduction 136, 156
Multiple births, rate of 11t
Multiple fetuses 134
Multiple gestations 11, 12t, 16, 26, 31, 33, 35, 38, 44, 52, 59, 68, 73, 106, 118, 133, 139, 145, 148, 155
epidemiology of 1, 5
Multiple intrauterine gestations, assessment of 3
Multiple pregnancies 27, 36, 55, 133f
N
National Institute for Health and Care 29, 74, 134
Nausea 19
Necrotizing enterocolitis 146
Neonatal consequences of multiple gestations 145
Neonatal intensive care unit 77, 151
Neural tube defect 80, 147
Non-cephalic twin, delivery of 122
Non-invasive prenatal testing 33
role of 33
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 78
Nonstress test 48
Normal fetal circulation 93
Northern Survey of Twin and Multiple Pregnancy 7
Nuchal translucency 32
measurement of 32f
O
Obesity 9
Observable gestational sacs, number of 45
Omphalopagus 66
Oral contraceptives 3, 14
use of 3
Ovarian stimulation 3
Ovarian tumor 20
Ovulation induction 18, 134
Oxytocin 131
P
Patent ductus arteriosus 145
Perinatal asphyxia 146
Perinatal mortality 62
Placental malformations 147
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 3, 18
Polyhydramnios 52
Postpartum hemorrhage 61, 62, 123, 131
Post-procedural loss rates 38, 41
Pregnancy
fatty liver of 57, 61
hypertensive disorders of 57, 61
induced hypertension 19, 27
Prenatal chorionicity 87f
Preterm labor 52
prevention and treatment of 28
Progesterone 75
Pump twin 95
Q
Quadruplet pregnancy, neonatal outcomes of 137t
R
Renin-angiotensin system 85
Respiratory distress syndrome 145
S
Selective feticide
indications 87
procedure 88
Separate placental masses 24
Septostomy 87
Severe hydrops 95
Simultaneous visualization technique 38
Single embryo transfer policy 156
Single umbilical artery 147
Spontaneous twinning 17
Spontaneously occurring multiple gestations, 16
Stuck twin 47
T
Therapeutic amniocentesis 62
Thromboplastin theory 103
Tracheo-esophageal fistula 69
Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling 40f
Transcervical chorionic villus sampling 40f
Transvaginal chorionic villus sampling 40
Transvaginal sonography 28
Trap
complication of 95
sequence 94, 147
Trichorionic triplets 17
Tricuspid regurgitation 33
Triplet pregnancies 8
types of 17
Trophoblastic disease 102
Twins
anemia polycythemia sequence 85, 100, 142, 147, 148
delivery of 122
embolization syndrome 147
frequency of 59
gestational sac diamniotic dichorionic 45f
interlocking of 125
live births 6
maternities 8
peak sign 23, 31f
pregnancy 8, 99, 103, 131t
complications of 60, 61t
intrapartum management of 131
types of 16, 59
reversed arterial perfusion 36, 48, 61, 108, 148
sequence 92, 100
to-twin transfusion 80
syndrome 48, 55, 61, 64, 69, 84, 84f-85f, 87, 87f, 100, 107, 124, 142, 147, 148
Two-puncture technique 37
V
Vaginal breech delivery 123
Vanishing twin 45, 59
syndrome 106
Velamentous cord insertion 147
Vomiting 19
Y
Yolk sacs
count number of 22
numbers of 45
Z
Zavanelli maneuver 127
Zygosity 16, 21
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