Index

Vascular Imaging and Intervention Ducksoo Kim, Nilesh H Patel, Dan E Orron, Alik Farber

SECTION 1: VASCULAR IMAGING
CHAPTER 1:Digital Subtraction Imaging and Cone-beam C-Arm CT Imaging
- DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY
- C-ARM MOUNTED CBCT
- ACQUISITION AND RECONSTRUCTION
- CBCT APPLICATIONS
- CBCT LIMITATIONS AND ARTIFACTS
- PATIENT SAFETY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2:CT Angiography
- INTRODUCTION
- METRICS OF IMAGE QUALITY FOR CTA
- CTA IMAGE ACQUISITION
  - Contrast Timing
  - Cardiac Gating
- ADVANCEMENTS IN CTA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- INTRODUCTORY PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF MRI AND MRA
  - Angiographic Display: MIP and mIP Algorithms
  - Chapter Organization
- NONCONTRAST-ENHANCED (QUALITATIVE) MRA: NCE-MRA
- CONTRAST-ENHANCED WB-MRA
- NEW HORIZONS
CHAPTER 4:Intravascular Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- CATHETER DESIGNS
- ACCESS
- CATHETER SELECTION
- IMAGE ACQUISITION
- DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
- THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
- PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
- INTRAVASCULAR STENTS
- ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC ANEURYSM TREATMENT
- AORTIC TRAUMA AND DISSECTIONS
- VENOUS INTERVENTIONS
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER 5:Angioscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE ON AS
- DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF OUR AS SYSTEM
- OUR AS SYSTEM
- ANGIOSCOPY PROCEDURES (FIGS. 5.2A TO D)
- COMBINED USE OF AS AND IVUS
- ANGIOSCOPY IMAGES OF PERIPHERAL VENOUS DISEASE
- ANGIOSCOPY IMAGES OF CAVAL VENOUS DISEASE
- EVALUATION OF INTRAVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIES USING AS
  - Simultaneous Observation by a Hybrid of AS and IVUS
- EVALUATION OF SURGICAL THERAPIES USING AS AND IVUS
  - Open Repair of Saccular Aortic Aneurysm
  - Open Repair of Annuloaortic Ectasia and Aortic Dissection
- ANGIOSCOPY-GUIDED INTRAVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
  - Guidance of Guidewire by AS
- NEW AS TECHNIQUES
  - Dye-staining AS for Tissue Imaging
    - Cellular Imaging Using Intravascular Microscopy
    - Molecular Imaging Using Fluorescent AS
- FUTURE PROSPECTS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: RADIATION SAFETY
CHAPTER 6:Radiation Safety and Protection Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- REGULATORY ISSUES
- X-RAY INTERACTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
  - X-ray Interactions
  - Biological Effects
- RADIATION UNITS
- RADIATION RISKS
  - Deterministic Effects
  - Stochastic Risks
    - Effective Dose Risk Factors
    - Age and Sex Organ Dose Risk Factors
- FLUOROSCOPY COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT FUNCTION
- EQUIPMENT SELECTION, PURCHASE, AND QC
- TECHNIQUES FOR PATIENT RADIATION RISK REDUCTION
- TECHNIQUES FOR RISK REDUCTION TO STAFF
- REAL-TIME PATIENT DOSE MANAGEMENT
- FLUOROSCOPY RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING
  - Didactic Training
  - Hands-on Training
- SUMMARY
- NEW DEVICES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION OF OPERATORS
SECTION 3: CONTRAST AGENTS
CHAPTER 7:Intravascular Contrast Media
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
- CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA
  - Positive Contrast Media
- CONTRAST MEDIA REACTIONS
CHAPTER 8:CO2 Angiography
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- DELIVERY TECHNIQUE
  - Imaging Technique
- EVALUATING PATIENTS BEFORE CO2 ANGIOGRAPHY
  - Monitoring Patients during CO2 Angiography
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
- POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
SECTION 4: PATIENT CARE AND PHARMACOLOGICS
CHAPTER 9:Conscious Sedation, Pain Management, and Patient Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- GOALS
- LEVELS OF SEDATION
- ASA/TJC GUIDELINES
- RECOVERY AND RECOMMENDED DISCHARGE GUIDELINES
- MEDICATIONS AND DOSAGES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:Pharmacologics: Systemic and Transcatheter Therapies
- ANTICOAGULANTS
- GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS
- ANTIPLATELET THERAPY
- INTRODUCTION
- VASOACTIVE THERAPY
- VASODILATORS
- VASOCONSTRICTORS
  - Vasopressin
- THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY
- CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS
SECTION 5: VASCULAR ANATOMY
CHAPTER 11:Arterial Anatomy of the Chest and Neck
- THORACIC AORTA
- BRANCHES OF THE THORACIC AORTA
- COLLATERAL PATHWAYS IN THORACIC AORTIC OCCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Arterial Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis
- ABDOMINAL AORTA
- BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
- COLLATERAL PATHWAYS FOR AORTIC VISCERAL BRANCH OBSTRUCTION
- COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES
  - External Iliac Arteries
    - Deep Iliac Circumflex Artery
    - Inferior Epigastric Artery
  - Internal Iliac Arteries (Hypogastric Arteries)
- ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE UTERUS
- ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE PENIS
- ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE PROSTATE
- COLLATERAL PATHWAYS IN AORTOILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
CHAPTER 13:Arterial Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Extremities
- UPPER EXTREMITY
- PALMAR ARCHES
- ARTERIAL ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
- VARIATIONS OF THE PEDAL VESSELS
  - Collateral Circulation of the Femoral Artery
CHAPTER 14:Venous Anatomy
- HEAD AND NECK VEINS
- CHEST VEINS
- ABDOMEN
- LOWER EXTREMITY AND PELVIC VEINS
- UPPER EXTREMITY AND BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
  - Major Superficial Veins of the Upper Extremity
  - Venous Collateral Pathways in Axillary or Subclavian Venous Occlusion
SECTION 6: VASCULAR PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 15:Pathology of Vascular Disease
- ARTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
- VENOUS MORPHOLOGY
- THROMBOSIS
- ARTERIAL PATHOLOGY
- VASCULITIS
- VENOUS PATHOLOGY
  - Deep Vein Thrombosis
  - Varicose Veins
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RESTENOSIS
- BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE AFTER VASCULAR INJURY
  - Mechanism of Restenosis
- IN-STENT RESTENOSIS: THE INFLUENCE OF RESTRAINING FORCES AND WALL SHEAR STRESS
- ROLE OF DRUG DELIVERY IN PREVENTION OF RESTENOSIS
- SELECTION OF DRUG ON DCB AND DES
  - Drug-coated Balloons
    - Carrier Excipient for Coating
  - Drug-eluting Stents
- PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS FOLLOWING ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING
  - Stent Fracture
- PTA FOR CALCIFIED PERIPHERAL ARTERIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Pathophysiology of Thrombosis
- INTRODUCTION
  - Overview of Hemostasis
  - Thrombosis and Virchow's Triad
- ENDOTHELIUM AND PLATELETS
  - Endothelium
  - Platelets
- PROCOAGULANT PROTEINS
  - Tissue Factor
  - Coagulation Proteins
- ANTICOAGULANT PROTEINS AND FIBRINOLYSIS
  - Anticoagulant Proteins
  - Fibrinolysis
- INFLAMMATION, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND THROMBOSIS
- THROMBOTIC DISORDERS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
SECTION 7: NONINVASIVE VASCULAR IMAGING
CHAPTER 17:Imaging of the Extracranial Carotid Artery
- NONINVASIVE PLAQUE IMAGING OF THE EXTRA-CRANIAL CAROTID ARTERY
- CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CTA and MRA IMAGINGS
- PLAQUE RISK ASSESSMENT
  - Finite Element Analysis
  - Computational Fluid Dynamics
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:CT and MR Imaging of the Thoracic Vasculature
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES FOR THE THORACIC VASCULATURE
  - CT Imaging of the Thoracic Vasculature
  - MRI of the Thoracic Vasculature
- THORACIC VASCULAR DISEASES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 19:Noninvasive Vascular Imaging of the Abdomen and Pelvis
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND VARIANTS
- MEDIAN ARCUATE LIGAMENT SYNDROME
- NUTCRACKER SYNDROME (RENAL VEIN ENTRAPMENT SYNDROME)
- ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
  - Abdominal Aortic Dissection
- TRAUMA
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  - Leriche Syndrome
  - Renal Artery Stenosis
- VASCULITIS
- THROMBOEMBOLI
- SPLENIC ARTERY ANEURYSM
CHAPTER 20:Noninvasive Vascular Imaging of the Female and Male Reproductive Organs
- NONINVASIVE VASCULAR IMAGING OF THE PELVIS
- IMAGING OF VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA
CHAPTER 21:Noninvasive Vascular Testing and Imaging: A Brief Introduction and Selected History
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGIC TESTING
- ARTERIAL TESTING
  - Arterial Doppler and Segmental Pressure Testing
  - Digital (Finger and Toe) Testing
- ULTRASOUND IMAGING AND DUPLEX SCANNING
- VENOUS TESTING
  - Deep Vein Thrombosis
  - Venous Reflux Testing
- HEMODIALYSIS ACCESS
  - Initial Evaluation When Considering Arteriovenous Fistula or Graft
  - Surveillance and Testing for Malfunction of Arteriovenous Fistulae and Grafts
- VASCULAR LABORATORY OPERATIONS
  - Interaction with the Ordering Provider and Insuring that the Correct Test is Performed
  - Equipment, Correlation, and Quality Improvement in the Vascular Laboratory, Credentials
- SUMMARY
- SUGGESTED READING AND OTHER RESOURCES
CHAPTER 22:Imaging of Upper and Lower Extremity Vascular Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
- IMAGE DISPLAY
- LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL DISEASE
- UPPER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL DISEASE
- VENOUS DISEASE: LOWER EXTREMITY
- VENOUS DISEASE: UPPER EXTREMITY
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
SECTION 8: ANGIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 23:Basic Techniques and Complications of Angiography
- PATIENT PREPARATION
- PERCUTANEOUS ARTERIAL PUNCTURE
- COMMON DIFFICULTIES IN DIAGNOSTIC ANGIOGRAPHY
- COMPLICATIONS OF ANGIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 24:Selective Catheterization Technique
- INTRODUCTION
- SELECTIVE CATHETERIZATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES IN ARTERIOGRAPHY AND VENOGRAPHY
- SPECIFIC BRANCH CANNULATION
- MAJOR VEINS
- SUPERSELECTIVE CATHETERS AND TECHNIQUES
SECTION 9: ENDOVASCULAR DEVICES
CHAPTER 25:Interventional Devices: Guidewires, Catheters, Balloons, and Stents
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANGIOGRAPHY
- VASCULAR ACCESS NEEDLES
- ENDOVASCULAR WIRES
- VASCULAR DILATORS AND ACCESS SHEATHS
- VASCULAR CATHETERS
- ANGIOPLASTY BALLOONS
- SPECIALTY BALLOONS
- VASCULAR STENTS
CHAPTER 26:Endovascular Devices for Vascular Occlusive Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- ANGIOPLASTY BALLOONS AND OTHER SPECIALIZED BALLOON CATHETERS
- SPECIALTY BALLOONS
- STENTS
  - Stent Placement for Femoropopliteal Artery Disease
  - Stent Placement for Aortoiliac Disease
- ATHERECTOMY
- THROMBECTOMY, EMBOLECTOMY, AND THROMBOLYSIS DEVICES
- OCCLUSION CROSSING DEVICES AND RE-ENTRY DEVICES
- EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27:Advanced Endovascular Devices
- COVERED STENTS AND STENT GRAFTS
- ATHERECTOMY DEVICES
- CROSSING DEVICES
- RE-ENTRY DEVICES
- MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY DEVICES
CHAPTER 28:Endovascular Embolization Devices, Agents, and Techniques
- INTRODUCTION
- TEMPORARY EMBOLIZATION MATERIALS
- PERMANENT EMBOLIZATION MATERIALS
  - Coils and Plugs
- PARTICLE EMBOLIC AGENTS
- LIQUID EMBOLIC AGENTS
  - Sclerosing Agents
- LIQUID CASTING AGENTS
  - Cyanoacrylates
  - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 29:Endovascular Robotics
- BACKGROUND
- MAGELLAN ROBOTIC SYSTEM
  - CorPath GRX System
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- CLINICAL DATA
- OUTLOOK
CHAPTER 30:Endovascular Simulation
- OVERVIEW
- TYPES OF SIMULATION
- ENDOVASCULAR SIMULATION IN TRAINING
- CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC SIMULATION PHANTOMS
  - Ultrasound Gel Phantom
  - Gelatin-Fiber-based Phantom
- OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSION
SECTION 10: HEAD AND NECK VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTERVENTION
CHAPTER 31:Endovascular Management of Cervical Carotid Arterial Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR CAS AND COMPARISON TO CEA
- ACCESS
- AORTIC ARCH
- CAROTID SPECIFIC ISSUES
- PREPROCEDURAL PREPARATION
- EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES
- MEDICATION AND EQUIPMENT
- TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Cardiovascular Complications
  - Neurocognitive Complications
- FOLLOW-UP CONSIDERATIONS
- FUTURE HORIZONS
CHAPTER 32:Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CCSVI
- NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF CCSVI
- DIAGNOSTIC VENOGRAPHY FOR CCSVI
- TREATMENT OF CCSVI
  - Endovascular Treatment of CCSVI
  - Outcomes
- THE FUTURE
- EDITORS’ STATEMENT*
CHAPTER 33:Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Injuries: Penetrating and Blunt Trauma
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS OF ARTERIAL INJURY AFTER NECK TRAUMA
- MANAGEMENT OF CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES
- RESULTS OF OPEN AND ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
CHAPTER 34:Neuroendovascular Management of Tumors and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck
- BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS: WHAT ARE BRAIN AVMS?
- DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS
- EMBOLIZATION OF CRANIOCERVICAL TUMORS
  - Embolization Technique
- CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR TUMOR EMBOLIZATION
- COMPLICATIONS OF INTRATUMORAL EMBOLIZATION
- RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 11: THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTERVENTION
CHAPTER 35:Central Venous Stenosis and Occlusion
- INTRODUCTION
- MALIGNANT DISEASE
- BENIGN DISEASE
- ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES
- ANATOMIC AND TECHNICAL PITFALLS
- COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
- FUTURE HORIZONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36:Clinical and Therapeutic Overview of Pulmonary Embolism
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Severity Assessment
  - Supportive Treatment
- ANTICOAGULATION
  - Oral Anticoagulants
  - Duration of Anticoagulation
- SYSTEMIC THROMBOLYSIS
- EMBOLECTOMY
- ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
  - Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Intracardiac Thrombus, “Clot-in-Transit”
  - Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
CHAPTER 37:Pharmacomechanical Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism
- DEMOGRAPHICS
- PROGNOSIS: FACTORS AND COMPLICATIONS
- CATEGORIES OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- RISK STRATIFICATION
- TREATMENT GUIDELINES
- CATHETER-DIRECTED TREATMENT
- SUCTION EMBOLECTOMY
- ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS
- COMPLICATIONS OF CDT
- SURGICAL INTERVENTION
- CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTION
CHAPTER 38:Pulmonary Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMOPTYSIS
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 39:Aortic Dissection: Diagnosis, Classification, and Endovascular Management
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINING THE ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROME
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CONSEQUENCES OF DISSECTION
- DYNAMIC VERSUS STATIC BRANCH OBSTRUCTION
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
  - Imaging
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 40:Overview of Endovascular Aortic Replacement: Past, Present, and Future
- PAST
- PRESENT
- FUTURE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41:Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)
- HISTORY OF ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR
- INDICATIONS FOR EVAR
- COMPARISON OF THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE EVAR DEVICES
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- FENESTRATED GRAFTS
  - ZFEN (Zenith Fenestrated) Stent Graft”
  - Anaconda Fenestrated
- APPROACH TO EVAR PLANNING
- EVAR TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS AFTER EVAR
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 42:Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR)
- INTRODUCTION
- DISTRIBUTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TAA
- ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
- MEDICAL THERAPY
- PATIENT SELECTION
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- NEW HORIZONS: OPTIONS FOR BRANCH PRESERVATION
- OTHER PATHOLOGIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 43:Management of Endoleak after EVAR and TEVAR
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- IMAGING IN ENDOLEAK
- ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF ENDOLEAK
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 44:Traumas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Penetrating and Blunt
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- ACCESS
- ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
- TREATMENT MODALITIES
- COMPLICATIONS
- SPLENIC TRAUMA
- ABDOMINAL AORTIC INJURY
  - Blunt
  - Penetrating
    - Technical Considerations
- RENAL TRAUMA
- PELVIC TRAUMA
- VENOUS INJURY
  - Pitfalls
- LIVER TRAUMA
- MESENTERIC TRAUMA
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 45:Vena Cava Filters
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- CLASSIFICATION OF VENA CAVA FILTERS
- COMPLICATIONS AND ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT
- FILTER RETRIEVAL: STANDARD TECHNIQUE
- NEW HORIZONS: BIODEGRADABLE VENA CAVA FILTERS
- THE IDEAL FILTER
SECTION 12: VISCERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTERVENTION
CHAPTER 46:Gastrointestinal Interventions (Arterial and Venous)
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATIENT EVALUATION
  - Noninvasive Imaging in Evaluation of Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency
  - Angiographic Evaluation of Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency
- MANAGEMENT
- OUTCOMES OF ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 47:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage and Intervention
- UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
- LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
CHAPTER 48:Interventions for Portal Hypertension and Budd-Chiari Syndrome
- PORTAL HYPERTENSION: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANIFESTATIONS
- TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT
- TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT SURVEILLANCE
- BUDD-CHIARI
CHAPTER 49:Portal Vein Embolization
- BACKGROUND AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
- INDICATIONS
- PREPROCEDURAL WORK-UP
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- LIVER ANATOMY
- PORTAL VENOUS ANATOMY
  - Standard Anatomy
  - Anatomic Variants
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS
  - Portal Vein Infusion
- POSTPROCEDURAL CARE
- POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 50:Hepatic Interventional Oncology
- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- PRIMARY HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES
- SECONDARY HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES
- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HEPATIC TUMORS
- PORTAL VEIN EMBOLIZATION
CHAPTER 51:Vascular Interventions in Nonhepatic Abdominal and Pelvic Malignancies
- INTRODUCTION
- ARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
- EMBOLIZATION OF ADRENAL TUMORS
- INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR PANCREATIC CANCER
- INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY AND EMBOLIZATION FOR PELVIC MALIGNANCIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52:Renal Vascular Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- EVALUATION OF RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
  - Anatomic Noninvasive Imaging Studies
- TREATMENT
- RENAL ARTERY ANEURYSM
- THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE:ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
- RENAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION AND ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
- RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
- NUTCRACKER SYNDROME
- ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY HYPERTENSION
SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTERVENTION
CHAPTER 53:Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intervention
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- RISK FACTORS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- CLASSIFICATION
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- IMAGING STUDIES
- TREATMENT OF PAD
- MEDICAL TREATMENT
  - Risk Factor Modification
  - Leg Symptoms in Intermittent Claudication
    - Exercise Therapy
    - Pharmacological Therapy
- REVASCULARIZATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 54:Role of Exercise Training for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR PATIENTS WITH PAD
- HEALTH BENEFITS OF EXERCISE TRAINING
  - Benefits of Exercise Training
- EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Contraindication for Exercise Training in Patients with PAD
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 55:Clinical Aspects of the Diabetic Foot
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MICROCIRCULATION
- METABOLIC FACTORS
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE DIABETIC FOOT
- IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS
- MANAGEMENT
- REVASCULARIZATION: THE ROLE OF ENDOVASCULAR AND OPEN SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS
- FOOT SURGERY IN THE DIABETIC PATIENT
- PREVENTION
  - Advanced Wound Care Modalities
  - Food and Drug Administration Approved Advanced Treatments
    - Newer Modalities
    - Newer Offloading Devices
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 56:Collagen Vascular Disorders and Vasculitides: General Overview and Endovascular Considerations
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR VASCULITIDES
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF REVASCULARIZATION
- PRINCIPLES OF ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 57:Acute Limb Ischemia: Atherosclerotic and Nonatherosclerotic Causes in the Upper and Lower Extremities
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE
- TREATMENT
- RESULTS
- POPLITEAL ANEURYSMAL DISEASE
- THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME-ARTERIAL
- POPLITEAL ENTRAPMENT SYNDROME
- CYSTIC ADVENTITIAL DISEASE
- HYPOTHENAR HAMMER SYNDROME
- BUERGER'S DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 58:Endovascular Management of Chronic Lower Extremity Limb Ischemia
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT EVALUATION
  - Hemodynamic Evaluation and Imaging
- FACTORS AFFECTING OUTCOME OF ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS FOR LOWER EXTREMITY ISCHEMIA
- PATTERN OF VASCULAR DISEASE
  - Multilevel Occlusive Disease
  - Runoff Status
- PATENT DEMOGRAPHICS
  - Gender
  - Diabetes
- OTHER FACTORS THAT HELP DETERMINE SUCCESS OR FAILURE
- INDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTION
- PATIENT SELECTION FOR ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTION
- TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- ADDITIONAL REVASCULARIZATION TOOLS AND THERAPIES
- CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSIONS
  - Re-entry Devices
    - Retrograde Access
    - Complications
  - Consequence of Failure
    - Acute Failure of Endovascular Reconstruction (<30 Days)
    - Later Failure of Endovascular Reconstruction (>30 Days)
- FUTURE OF ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTION
CHAPTER 59:Endovascular Interventions in Diabetic Foot Care
- INTRODUCTION
- PATTERN OF DISEASE
- ARTERIAL ANATOMY
- ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR
CHAPTER 60:Trauma of Extremity: Penetrating and Blunt
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PREPROCEDURAL CLINICAL EVALUATION
- IMAGING STUDIES
- ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
- ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF VASCULAR INJURIES
- SUBCLAVIAN AND AXILLARY INJURIES
- LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES
- ROLE OF EMBOLIZATION IN EXTREMITY TRAUMA
- ANATOMICAL AND TECHNICAL PITFALLS
- NEW HORIZONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 61:Thromboembolic Disease: Lower Extremity and Inferior Vena Cava
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATIENT SELECTION
- PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE
- POSTPROCEDURE MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62:Venous Insufficiency
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT OF SUPERFICIAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
- DEEP VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
  - Background
  - Venous Outflow Obstruction
    - Surgical Methods
    - Nonsurgical Methods
- VENOUS VALVULAR INCOMPETENCE
  - Primary Valvular Incompetence
  - Secondary Valvular Incompetence
SECTION 14: VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
CHAPTER 63:Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Concise Overview in Diagnosis and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Primary Classifications
- EMBRYOLOGY
  - Extratruncular CVMs
  - Truncular CVMs
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Treatment: Nonsurgical–Endovascular
  - Treatment: Surgical
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 64:Vascular Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION
  - Imaging Workup Strategies
- HEMANGIOMAS AND VASCULAR TUMORS
  - Definition, Clinical Presentation, and Histopathology
  - Imaging
- HIGH-FLOW MALFORMATIONS
  - Definition, Clinical Presentation, and Histopathology
  - Imaging
- LOW-FLOW MALFORMATIONS
  - Definition, Clinical Features, and Histopathology
  - Imaging
- OVERGROWTH SYNDROMES WITH VASCULAR ANOMALIES
  - Definition, Clinical Features, and Histopathology
  - Imaging
- TREATMENT OF INFANTILE HEMANGIOMAS AND VASCULAR TUMORS
SECTION 15: VENOUS AND HEMODIALYSIS ACCESS
CHAPTER 65:Central Venous Access
- TYPES OF DEVICES
- CATHETER DESIGN
- DEVICE CHOICE
- PREFERRED ACCESS AND TECHNIQUE
- TUNNELED DEVICE PLACEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 66:Hemodialysis Access Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FINDINGS, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION, AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TO GUIDE INTERVENTIONS
- TYPES OF ACCESSES: CATHETERS, AUTOGENOUS, AND NONAUTOGENOUS
- COMPLICATIONS
- ACCESS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- MANAGEMENT OF ENDOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
- OTHER DEVICES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
SECTION 16: VENOUS SAMPLING AND FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL
CHAPTER 67:Venous Sampling
- INTRODUCTION
- BILATERAL INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS SAMPLING
- PARATHYROID VENOUS SAMPLING
- MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER
  - Treatment
    - What Part Does Venous Sampling Play in This Disease?
- PANCREATIC SAMPLING FOR NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
- ARTERIAL STIMULATION VENOUS SAMPLING FOR GASTRINOMA
- ADRENAL VENOUS SAMPLING
- GONADAL VEIN SAMPLING
- RENAL VEIN RENIN SAMPLING
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 68:Endovascular Foreign Body Retrieval: A Modern Reappraisal of Indications, Techniques, and Complications
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- APPLICATIONS
  - Venous Foreign Body Retrieval
  - Arterial FB Retrieval
- PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS
SECTION 17: GENITOREPRODUCTIVE DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS
CHAPTER 69:Prostatic Artery Embolization for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
- EVALUATION OF THE ADULT MEN WITH LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS
- REVIEW OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
- ANATOMY
  - Zones of the Prostate
  - Arterial Supply of the Prostate
- PROSTATIC ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
- QUESTIONS THAT REMAIN TO BE ANSWERED
  - Technical Issues
    - Long-term Durability
    - Improved Understanding of Mechanism of Clinical Success
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 70:Failure of the Testicular Venous Drainage System (Varicocele): Male Infertility and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia—Diagnosis and Management
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- EFFECT OF VARICOCELE ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION
- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
  - Physical Examination
- INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
- VARICOCELE AND BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
- TREATMENT OF VARICOCELE
- KEY POINTS, PEARLS AND PITFALLS
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 71:Erectile Dysfunction: Endovascular Diagnosis and Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- VASCULAR EVALUATION: IMAGING STUDIES
- ANGIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
- TREATMENT
- ANATOMICAL AND TECHNICAL PITFALLS
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 72:Female Genitoreproductive Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERINE FIBROID EMBOLIZATION
- ADENOMYOSIS
- ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION OF UTERUS
- UTERINE PSEUDOANEURYSMS
- PELVIC CONGESTION SYNDROME
  - Femoral Approach
  - Jugular Approach
- TUMOR-RELATED BLEEDING
- POSTPARTUM UTERINE HEMORRHAGE
- ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table

Abbott supera stent 674f, 675f, 690f

Abciximab 182, 1325

dosing 183

monitoring 183

Abdomen 279, 1097

arterial anatomy of 212

computed tomography of 1184f

normal vascular anatomy of 422

traumas of 1097

Abdominal aorta 19, 59f, 212, 212f, 218, 316, 554f, 559, 609, 614, 636, 947f, 948f, 1040f, 1102, 1107, 1125, 1394, 1848f

anatomy of 249

bifurcates 227

branches of 212

descending 950

juxtarenal 1324

paravisceral 1039

saccular 74f

suprarenal 1039

tears in 983f

upper 974f, 989

Abdominal aortic

aneurysms 12, 160, 316f, 433, 434f, 434, 435, 551, 612, 749f, 1002, 1010, 1029f, 1035, 1085f, 1086f, 1370f, 1420, 1421

inflammatory 1011f

repair 282, 965

surgical management of 1000

dissection 435

endografts 697

infusion 1298

injury

penetrating 1108

traumatic 1109

rupture 422

Abdominal compartment syndrome 1125

Abdominal pain 460, 742f, 1177

after oral intake 151f

severe mid 1176

Abdominal scan 32f

Abdominal stent-grafts, development of 1010

Abdominal trauma, signs of 1116

Abdominal vascular

disease and intervention 873

trauma 1099

Abdominal vasculature 1099

Ablation, angiographic 1692

Ablative therapy

chemical 1540

surgical 1536

thermal 1538

Abortion

incomplete 1881f

spontaneous 1860

Abscess, hepatic 1125, 1648

Access site

complications 1103

thrombus 1154

ACE aspiration neurovascular thrombectomy system 714f

Acetylcysteine 1011

Acne 1687

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 1337

Acropolis Greece, relief from 832f

Activated partial thromboplastin time 1252, 1637

Activated protein C resistance 1332

Acute aortic

disorder 400

dissection 959f, 965fc

syndrome 400, 944, 946, 989

anatomic classifications 946

chronological classification 951

clinical classification 951

morphologic classification 947

Acute arterial

embolism 1412

occlusion 1332

thrombosis 628

Acute coronary syndrome 179, 181, 183, 353, 373

Acute deep vein thrombosis 1525, 1153f

management of 354fc

Acute dissection, endovascular repair of 1071

Acute embolic occlusion 1411f

Acute embolism thrombosis, manifestations of 1413t

Acute esophageal variceal bleeding 1225

Acute limb ischemia 560f, 1357, 1360, 1410, 1411t, 1413, 1414t, 1416f, 1430

clinical categories of 1361t

Acute mesenteric ischemia 1175, 1405

causes of 1175t

endovascular management of 1178

Acute respiratory distress syndrome 11

Acute thromboembolic disease 684, 1411

Acute thrombosis, manifestations of 1413t

Acute thrombotic superficial femoral artery 1418f

Adamkiewicz artery 399, 400f

Adenocarcinomas 1195

Adenoma 1687, 1692

aldosterone producing 1708, 1716f

artery 1751

double 1700

ectopic 1696

Adenomyosis 476f, 477f, 479f, 483, 1843, 1860, 1863f

symptomatic 1862

treatment of 483

Adenosine diphosphate 343

inhibitors 185

therapies, dosing recommendations for 186t

Adequate collateral venous formation 1646

Adhesion, permanent 765

Adjuvant techniques, several 1885

Administer intra-arterial medication 1487

Adnexal arteriovenous malformation 486f

Adrenal adenoma 1688, 1708

Adrenal arterial embolization, use of 1295

Adrenal artery 1291

angiogram, middle 1296f

embolization 1295

middle 225

superior 1195f

Adrenal carcinoma 1688, 1708, 1709f

Adrenal gland 280f

right 14f, 1296f

Adrenal steroids 1814

Adrenal tumor 280f, 1721

embolization of 1295

Adrenal vein 12, 14f, 641

anatomy 1712

catheterization of right 14f, 1715

joins, right 1713

opacification of 1716f

right 280f, 282f, 1712, 1713

rupture 1714

sampling 1687, 1708, 1710, 1717, 1717f, 1719, 1720t

Adrenalectomy, unilateral 1708

Adrenocortical carcinoma, right 1296f

Adrenocorticotropic hormone 1688, 1689t

infusion 1717

Adult testicular volume 1809

Advanced microcatheter techniques 644

Advanced retrieval techniques 1163

Advanced therapy, treatment guidelines for 915t

Advanced uterine cervical carcinoma, management of 1302

Adventitia 1021, 1050

Adverse contrast reactions

classification of 134t

risk factors for 136t

Aerodigestive tract 832

Age and sex organ dose risk factors 91

Air

bubbles, injection of 628

embolism 891, 1643, 1644

embolus 1642, 1643

kerma 84

cumulative 112

display 98

typically 115

Airway

compromise 1579

management

advanced 169

basic 169

obstruction 1598

Alanine transaminase 1248, 1269

Albumin 1248, 1269

Alcohol 1619

absolute 759, 763f

Alcoholic disease 1192

Aldosteronism, primary 1312, 1708

Aldosteronomas 1710

Alfuzosin 1746

Alkaline phosphatase 1248, 1261

Alkalosis 1708

Allen's test 609

Allergic reactions 135, 184, 1877

Allergy 1011

Alligator retrieval device 1728

Allograft dysfunction 152

Alport's syndrome 1309

Amenorrhea 1845, 1853

American Association for Surgery of Trauma

hepatic injury scale 439t

splenic injury scale 442t

American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation 1344

American Association of Study of Liver Diseases Guideline 1242t

American College of Cardiology 914, 1368

American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 1146

American College of Radiology 19, 165, 1145-1147

American College of Rheumatology criteria for classification of

polyarteritis nodosa 1400t

takayasu arteritis 1396t

American Heart Association 901, 913, 914, 1439

guidelines 1038, 1368

American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 542

American Society of Anesthesiologists 165

Physical Status Classification System 167t

Preprocedure Fasting Guidelines 168t

American Urological Association Prostatic Symptom Score Questionnaire 1819t

Aminobutyric acid 1226

Amiodarone 169

Ammonia 1226

Amplatz device 1136f

Amplatz vascular plug 734, 1867

Amplatzer Gooseneck snare 1729

Amputation, primary 1372

Amyloid 1377

Anaconda fenestrated graft 1017

Analgesia 166, 169t, 170t

agents 169

levels of 166t

patient controlled 1850

Anaphylactoid 134

reactions 134

Anastomotica magna artery 241, 252

Anchoring sutures 1650

Anchoring technique 795

Ancure endograft 696f

Androstenedione 1719

Anemia 468, 470, 479f, 729f, 1209f, 1273, 1580

Anesthesia

general 166, 1253

monitored 1253

Aneurx 1011

Aneurysm 1037, 1406

ascending aortic 399f, 1035

degenerative 987

descending aortic 399, 1035

development 621

diameter 1039

dissecting 64, 1328, 1329

enlarging 1677

exclusion 1188

expansion 1422

risk for 1083

formation 1564

intrarenal 1329

left ventricular 1411

management of 1036

neck of 1186f

proximal 1057

remodeling 1066

sac 1045, 1092, 1184

enlargement 1093

shrinkage 1058

treatment of 1045

true 948f, 1102, 1328

Aneurysmal dilatation 989

Aneurysmal disease 316, 989

severe 1360

treatment of 989, 1463

Aneurysmal formation, atherosclerotic 315

Aneurysmal neck 1183

Aneurysmal sac 412

Angel's kiss 1564

Angiitis 326

Angina 1400

pectoris 1039

unstable 1404

Angioblasts 1564

Angiocath vascular catheter, simple 1619f

Angiodysplasia 1196f

Angiogenesis 1814

imaging 383

Angiogram 1182, 1672, 1771

abdominal aortic 48f

ascending aortic 617f

bronchial 927

coronary 49

demonstrates hepatoma 754f

hepatic 218f, 752f, 1198f

left pulmonary 735f

post-embolization 753f

through thoracic aorta 199f

Angiographic

catheters, standard 1522

disease 1439

display 32

evaluation 1202

interpretation and cases 1203, 1211

intervention 1196

procedures, second-look 1100

studies, sequential 557

technique 552, 564, 587, 1200, 1210, 1281, 1836

Angiography 649, 1057, 1121, 1839

basic techniques of 589

breath-hold 1029

complications of 589, 617, 1214

confirmatory visceral 1053

contrast 1365

conventional 16, 1414

catheter 394

diagnostic 614, 1019

failure of 1101

hepatic 1205f

iliolumbar 769f

indications for 1116

infectious complications of 629

selection for 1105

suites 1127

Angiojet catheter

family 712f

system 919

Angiojet rheolytc thrombectomy system 1179, 1530

Angioplasty 673, 977, 1344, 1403-1405, 1416, 1680

balloon 656, 668, 1449f, 1670

design, novel 671

selected 669t, 670, 670t

complications of 890

endovascular 1839

goal of 824

high-pressure 824, 876

moderate-to-low-pressure 824

of bifurcation, subintimal 1503f

repeat molding 1029

Angioscopy 57, 74f

procedures 59

Angiosculpt balloon 661f

Angioseal device 596f

Angiosome 1491

concept 1488

directed revascularization 1486

Angiotensin 1313

converting enzyme 1309, 1318, 1487, 1721

receptor blocker 1309

Anhidrosis 1342

Anjury, blunt aortic 1108, 1110f

Ankle

brachial index, interpretation of 1434t

index 514, 515, 556, 674, 1357, 1382, 1434, 1487

posterolateral 1493

pressure 1361

Ankylosing spondylitis 1038

Annulus 199f

Anogenital anomalies 1585

Anomalous venous valves 65f

Anomalous vessels 1212

Anorexia 1273

Antecubital fossa 241, 515, 609f

Antegrade femoral

approach 624, 1496

artery catheterization 142f

puncture 590f, 597, 602, 603, 604f, 1497

Antegrade recanalization, retrograde 1507

Antibacterial layer 1658

Antibiotic therapy 1853

Antibody, antineutrophil cytoplasmic 326

Anticoagulant 178

dosing of 179t

drugs 825

fibrinolysis 348

mechanism of action of 179t

proteins 348

therapy 933

Anticoagulation 902, 1527, 1530

duration of 904

failure of 1146

immediate intravenous 824

therapy 559f, 1133

discontinuation of 1161

Antiemetics 175

Antihistamines 175

Anti-inflammatory agents 1827

Antiphospholipid antibody 826

syndrome 344, 880t, 898, 1308

Antiplatelet

medication 1487

therapy 185, 1413

Antithrombin 178

glycoprotein 348

Antithrombotic

therapy 188

trialists collaboration 1368

Antivascular endothelial growth factor 1650

Antral vascular ectasia 1226

Anxiety 134, 136

Aorfix 1016

Aorta 58, 60, 75f, 225f, 235, 276, 280, 283f, 313f, 422, 423, 433, 964f, 984, 1083, 1099, 1365

abdominal paravisceral 48f

aneurysmal 1109

balloon occlusion of 1118

coarctation of 400, 404, 408f, 1312

distal 149, 564, 1021, 1022

abdominal 147f, 1836, 1837f

draped 434

infectious vasculitis of 450

infrarenal 1443f, 1449

abdominal 1038, 1039

lower abdominal 1038

medial degeneration of 319f

small terminal 1015

suprarenal 1040f

visceral 1035

Aortarenal ostium 1324

Aortic anatomy, native 988

Aortic aneursym 434f, 1003, 1029f, 1240

causes of 397

development of 433

disease 1319

inflammatory 1404

infrarenal abdominal 1086f-1090f

large infrarenal abdominal 1022f

large thoracic abdominal 980f

post endovascular repair of 1094f

repair of 769f

sac enlargement 1005t

types of 433f

unstable 400

Aortic arch 25f, 199f, 611, 616, 635, 792, 793f, 1049

aneurysm of 1035, 1063f

classification 793

complex endovascular repair of 1006

disease 367

distal right 1037

ectatic 1644

geometry 794f

isthmus, aneurysm of 1041f

level of 974f

parallel to 795f

types 794f

Aortic arterial

anatomy 1004f

embolization 1071

Aortic artery anatomic measurements, postoperative 1003

Aortic bifurcation 1446, 1448f, 1455

lesions of 1446

points 48f

thrombolysis for 1455

Aortic branches 641, 945f

Aortic caliber 953, 1059

Aortic cannulation 946

Aortic clamping 1053

placement 946

Aortic coarctation 1069, 1410, 1585

history of 744f

management of 405

Aortic diameter 1045

average 1038t

abdominal 977

normal 1038, 1047

Aortic disease 61, 529

Aortic dissection 53, 64f, 71f, 317, 318f, 400, 412f, 435, 944, 946, 946t, 947, 947f, 948f, 965, 966, 969, 978, 981, 1039, 1069, 1072f, 1308

acute 944

chronic 966

classic 944, 952

classification 944

clinical evaluation 960

complicated type B 980f

complications 986

diagnosis 944

dissect classification of 951t

intimal tear 318f

management of 964, 966t, 974f, 1071

mechanism of 944

open repair of 67

pathophysiology 952

treatment of 945

Aortic endograft 697

branch 980f

Aortic endoleak, classification of 436t

Aortic graft anastomosis 946

Aortic hiatus, level of 286f

Aortic injury, blunt abdominal 1108

Aortic insufficiency 1394

Aortic interventions 11

Aortic intima 1037

Aortic isthmus 1037

compatible 202f

Aortic landing zones 1045f

Aortic lesions 62f, 1404

infrarenal 1436

Aortic lumen 976

caliber of 626f

irregular 452f

Aortic media, degeneration of 952

Aortic motion artifact 962

mimicking type aortic dissection 962f

Aortic occlusion 24f

below renal arteries 142f

Aortic outer wall diameters 1050

Aortic patch aortoplasty 946

Aortic plaques, atherosclerotic 62

Aortic pseudoaneurysm 1111f

postoperative 1067, 1069f

Aortic repair, traditional open 1036

Aortic root

aneurysms 1394

transitions 199

Aortic rupture 433, 969, 1003

injuries 1108

Aortic sac enlargement, rate of 1004

Aortic sealing zones 1050

Aortic shadow 1040

Aortic stenosis, critical 802

Aortic stent

grafts 605

placement, primary 1454

Aortic syndrome, middle 1449

Aortic tear, exclusion of 1068f

Aortic transection, traumatic 400, 1068f

Aortic trauma 53

Aortic turn technique, quick 636

Aortic ulcer 403, 564f

penetrating 397

Aortic valve

involvement 399

replacement of 401f

Aortic valvular surgery 946

Aortic visceral branch obstruction, collateral pathways for 226

Aortic wall 309f

abnormailities 1011f

circumferential thickening of 449f

hematoma 1308

Aortoenteric fistula 1189

endovascular management of 1185

Aortogram

abdominal 1323, 1835f

anteroposterior 141f

conventional thoracic 738f

Aortography 148

abdominal 1290

targeted 976

Aortoiliac arterial dissection 564

Aortoiliac bifurcation 1021

Aortoiliac disease 516, 1360, 1368, 1371, 1457

stent placement for 675

Aortoiliac dissection, causes of 564f

Aortoiliac endovascular intervention 1449

Aortoiliac lesions, classification of 1370f

Aortoiliac occlusive disease 234, 1045, 1440, 1455, 1457, 1835

severe 792

Aortoiliac segments 561

infrarenal 1323

Aortoiliac stenosis 1440

Aortotomy 946

Aorto-uni-iliac converter 1013

Apert syndrome 1600

Apoptosis, imaging of 385

Apoptotic cells 385

Apparatus, juxtaglomerular 1721

Aptus stapler 1057

Arch

anomalies 1585

aortogram 792

calcification 795

vessels 641

Arcuate artery 257, 264f, 1491

absence of 264f

Arcuate ligament, median 432

Arcuate pubic ligament 1835

Arcuate uterine arteries 467f

Arcuate venous plexus 465

Argatroban 182

dosing 182

monitoring 182

pharmacokinetics 182

pharmacology 182

Arm brachiocephalic fistula, upper 1676f

Arrhenoblastoma 1718

Arrhythmias 24, 1207, 1413, 1728

cardiac 1156, 1613

procedure associated 1642

Arteria lusoria 1037

Arteria princeps pollicis 243

Arteria profunda brachii 241

Arterial anastomosis, rupture of 1680

Arterial anastomotic thrombus plug 1672

Arterial anatomy 1115, 1202, 1211, 1488

Arterial bypass grafts 576

Arterial carbon dioxide, partial pressure of 1384

Arterial catheterization 559

Arterial circulation, extremity 564

Arterial collateralization, degree of 1118

Arterial colored blood 591

Arterial complications 1729

Arterial disease 508, 513, 1430

extremity 513

systemic 1357

Arterial dissection 317, 582

Arterial Doppler and segmental pressure testing 514

Arterial dysrhythmias 1412

Arterial embolization 1290, 1293, 1885

complications of 1303

Arterial feeder 1581, 1592

Arterial flow, asymmetric 559

Arterial hypertension, causes of post-transplant 152

Arterial hypervascularity 1267, 1267f

Arterial infusion techniques 1298

Arterial injection, direct 591

Arterial injury

after neck trauma, diagnosis of 834

post-traumatic 576

Arterial laceration 1123

Arterial lesions, traumatic 1839

Arterial ligation, surgical 1886

Arterial limb 1667

Arterial malformations 1397, 1398f, 1560

Arterial morphology 309

normal 309

Arterial obstructive disease 1468

Arterial occlusion 453, 1518

acute lower extremity 1415f

Arterial occlusive disease

endovascular management of 668

end-stage 1459

infrainguinal 1360

treatment of 49

Arterial pathology 312, 1410

Arterial perfusion, distal 1487

Arterial phase 963

Arterial pressures, segmental 1362

Arterial puncture 590, 592, 1642, 1643

Arterial reconstruction, surveillance of 528

Arterial remodelling, expansive 365

Arterial rupture 1421, 1473

Arterial segment 1523

Arterial spasm 1473

Arterial stenosis, severity of 1362

Arterial stimulation venous sampling 1704, 1707, 1707f

Arterial supply

conventional pancreatic 1705f

extrahepatic 1277f

systemic 924

Arterial system 1580

Arterial testing 514

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome 1425f

Arterial thrombosis 619, 1175, 1177

Arterial venous

gradient 1722

malformations 572

Arterial volume, injected 1705

Arteriocalyceal fistulae 1112

Arteriogram 1277, 1325, 1700

aortoiliac 1448f

femoral 261f

hepatic 6, 146f

left subclavian 240f

superselective 1612f

Arteriographic abnormality 1400

Arteriography 1446, 1572, 1705, 1708

diagnostic 92, 618t

techniques in 635

Arterioles 310, 328

Arteriomegaly 317

Arterioportal fistula 1121

Arteriosclerosis 312

Arteriotomy 1416

direct 45

location 593

Arteriovenous connections, multiple 1596

Arteriovenous fistula 143, 477, 505, 538-540, 619, 621, 623f, 1113f, 1517, 1579, 1335, 1659, 1663f, 1865f

chronic 1519f

embolization 1614f

formation 590, 602

iatrogenic 621

left brachiocephalic 1665f

treatment of 157f

summary of dural 861t

Arteriovenous graft stenosis 1667f

Arteriovenous malformation 572, 747f, 752, 843, 844, 844t, 847, 1193, 1308, 1560, 1565, 1569, 1579, 1582, 1590-1592, 1593f, 1595f, 1607, 1843, 1863

clinical staging for 1568t

complications of embolization of 856t

cutaneous 1092

diagnosis of 1575f

factors 844, 1591f

management of 1575f

pre-existing 827

treatment 843

Arteriovenous shunts 483, 720, 1847

large 1290

rapid 1580t

Arteritis 561, 568, 582, 1035, 1410

Artery 422, 792, 1561, 1591

abnormal feeding 1609

acromial 239

acromiothoracic 239

and vein, normal 310f, 311f

circumflex 240

humeral circumflex 240

interosseous 243

tibial 252, 254, 555f, 1473, 1486, 1490, 1499f, 1511f, 1512f

ulnar carpal 244

ulnar recurrent 243

atherosclerotic occlusion, left mid-femoral 558f

basilar 530

brachiocephalic 407f, 567

branches, adjacent pulmonary 747f

bulbourethral 1835

capsular 1772

centripetal 505

common interosseous 243

corkscrew 3f

cremasteric 1818

deep

circumflex 235

perforating 257

distal 1472

femoral 557f

peroneal 1465f

vertebral 530

dominant vertebral 567

dorsal

metatarsal 264f

pedal 517f

ectopic bronchial 207

elastic 310

external circumflex 252

gastroepiploic 1207, 1182

gastrointestinal 1205f

genitovesical 1753, 1753f

groups of 1772

iliolumbar 209, 230, 265f, 1086f, 1752

inferior articular 254

inflow 1679

infrarenal 1433

internal

circumflex 252

malleolar 254

maxillary 205, 425, 863

interosseous 244f

ipsilateral vertebral 565

large 1207

lateral femoral circumflex 252, 264f, 265f

lateral inferior genicular 254

left vertebral 203f, 210f, 567f

lobar pulmonary 919

lower segmental 1106f

median 248

neighboring 1774

normal 310f

of Adamkiewicz 927

of lower extremity, development of 258f

perforating 245

puncture, high brachial 605f

sparing ligation 1797

suprarenal 225

suprascapular 203f, 204

target 637

thoracodorsal 240

under fluoroscopic guidance 723

Arthralgia 321, 327

Arthrograms 92

Articulating sections, multiple controllable 773

Artifacts

beam-hardening 376

misregistration 147f

represent flow 1518

sources of 42

Artificial graft 71f

Ascending aorta 199, 199f, 401f, 402f, 947, 948f, 958f, 962f, 969, 975, 1038, 1070f

dissection of 947

lateral border of 949f

pseudoaneurysm of 1070f

Ascites 1224

abdominal 1648

Aspartate aminotransferase 1248, 1269

Aspergillosis 1240

Aspergillus 451

Aspiration

catheters 1179

thrombectomy 682

Aspirin 185, 1282, 1368

pharmacology 185

Asplenia 1152

Aster-Coller classification, modified 1273

Ataxia 818

Atherectomy 679, 887, 1464

angioscopy-guided 70

device 703

features 680t

rotational 682f, 1469

directional 66, 1464, 1467

excisional 1464

Athereosclerotic disease 1175, 1177, 1179f

Atheroembolism 557

Atheroma 525f

fatty core 313f

removal, mechanism of 704

Atheromatous disease 1318

pre-existing 954

Atherosclerosis 445, 556, 564, 1308, 1358

disease 1212

presence of 1768

risk factors 1377

role of 1357

Atherosclerotic disease 524, 524f, 556f, 564, 1358, 1381

severe 567f, 1360

Atherosclerotic occlusive disease 1486

Atherosclerotic plaque 60, 557

Atherosclerotic rabbits, pretreatment of 383

Atherosclerotic renal artery 1319

stenosis 1308, 1315, 1320

Atherosclerotic ulcer, penetrating 406f, 944, 954

Atherothrombosis 352

pathophysiology of 352

Atresia 1564

Atrial fibrillation 344, 1332

Atrial septal defects 57

Atrium

iCast delivery 703f

iCast deployed 703f

right 1655, 1657, 1659

Atrophy, epidermal 1609

Atropine 169

Augmentation 1657

Auricular artery, posterior 205, 858

Autoimmune disease, absence of 321

Automatic brightness control

functioning centers 94

system 95f

Autopsy 1156

Avitene microfibrillar collagen hemostat 727f

Avulsion, hepatic 1121

Axillary arteriogram, right 607f

Axillary artery 238, 247, 247f, 606

abducted 607f

access 238

branches of 238

injuries 1520

laceration 1520, 1520f

puncture 606, 606f

Axillary vein 303, 880, 881, 883

Axillosubclavian arterial injuries, management of 1520

Axillosubclavian occlusions, malignant 878

Axillosubclavian vein

secondary 883

thrombosis 880, 883

etiologies of 880t

primary 881

treatment of primary 890

Axillosubclavian venograms, right 156f

Azathioprine 1398

Azoospermia 1808, 1812

Azygos 289f

arch

dilated 286f

stenting of 826f

articular artery 253

continuation 1152

dilated 1152

pathway 278

valve 277f

visualization of 277f

variant 277

vein 275, 277, 277f, 286f, 304f, 822, 823, 826

stenosis 824f

venogram, normal 277f

Back pain 1344

Bacteremia, catheter associated 1659

Ballistic and knife trauma 1109

Balloon 1099

angioplasty 51, 66, 68f, 75f, 790, 891, 917, 935, 1091, 1333, 1457, 1459, 1500f, 1501f, 1669

assisted clot disruption 917

intraoperative 1457

suboptimal results of 1439

catheter 59, 60, 656, 1218

design, standard 670

inflation 1218

placement of 1885

specialized 668

technique of 1882

compliance on resistant stenosis, effect of 671f

deflation 807

detachable 984

diameters, typical 1676

dilatation 1501

dilation technique 1164

expandable 1331

stent 662, 664f, 883, 1182, 1184, 1519

fenestration 977f

high-pressure 877

inflation 807, 1061

injured carotid arteries 384

mounted stents 673

occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration 11

occlusion, proximal 840

radial force 668

retrograde transvenous obliteration 1218, 1218f

scoring 1463

technique 978

Bannayan Riley Ruvalcaba syndrome 1605, 1607, 1609

Barbeau's test 611f

Barcelona clinic liver cancer 1269, 1271f

Bard fluency plus 703f

Bard lifestent stent 676

Bard luminexx stent 676

Bare metal stents 331, 677, 678, 875, 1186f

Bare stent deployment 1091

Bareback technique 1055

Barotrauma, reduced 679

Basilic swing point 1680

Basilic vein 302

transposition 1663f, 1665

Beak sign 401, 402f

Behçet's disease 929, 946, 1393, 1394, 1397, 1398, 1398f, 1406

treatment of 1398

Behçet's syndrome, diagnosis of 1399t

Below-the-knee 1496f

techniques of 1486

Benadryl 138

Benson guidewire 650

Benzodiazepines 170, 172

antagonist 173

Benzoic acid ring, six-carbon 127f

Berenstein catheter 822, 1497, 1499f, 1500f, 1501, 1823

Bernoulli's law 1806

Bernoulli's principle 1808

Bertha Röntgen's hand 1098

Best guess technique 41

Best medical therapy 790

Beta blockers 1721

Beta-adrenergic antagonists 1368

Bevacizumab 1274

Bicuspid aortic valve 400, 404, 946

disease 1037

Bifurcation plaque, ulcerated 807f

Bifurcation stenosis, severe 789

Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling technique 1687-1690, 1692

complications 1690

discussion 1691

interpretation of results 1691

procedure 1690

Bile leak 1263

Biliary ductal dilatation 1248

Biliary fistulas 1236

Biliary interventions 12

Biliary obstruction, chronic 1223

Biliary sepsis, prevent 1253, 1283

Biliary system 1121, 1269

Bilirubin 1248, 1252

total 1269, 1283

Bilobar disease 1269

Binary stenosis, risk of 1463

Bind fibrinogen 343

Binocular vision, normal 1610

Bioabsorbable stents 1464

Biodegradable vena cava filters 1168

Biografts employing technologies 1668

Biopsy 1113

forceps 1166

systems 704

Biotronik pulsar stent 676

Biplane systems 98

Bird's nest filter 1144, 1145f

Bird-beak configuration 1058

Birthmark 1564

Bivalirudin 179, 181, 181t

dosing 181

monitoring 181

pharmacokinetics 181

pharmacology 181

Black-blood methods 395, 963

Bladder 1753

cancers 1304

carcinoma 1299

neck 1747

hypertrophy, primary 1744

strictures 1769

stones 1744

supply 1765f

protective embolization of 1774f

urine volume 1815

Blakemore tube 1216

Bland and tumoral venous thrombosis 451

Bland embolization 1271, 1275, 1281

Bleeding 827, 1883

complications, major 915

endovascular management of 1203, 1212

esophageal varices 1229

expected risk of 1528

gastrointestinal 143, 152, 153, 186, 460, 720, 723, 903, 1563

intraoperative 1573

intraperitoneal 503

lower gastrointestinal 757f, 1207

prolonged 1656

rapid control of 1185

third trimester 492

ulcers 1680

Bleomycin 1573, 1618

Blind

biopsies 1393

embolization 1206

technique 1501

Blood

brain barrier 130, 160, 819

count, complete 191, 1252, 1282

flow 702, 1646

hypercoagulability 344

loss

acute 1880

greater 1880

major 1886

operative 1293

reducing 1291

pool, intramural 953

pressure 134, 386, 519, 524, 1053, 1327, 1367, 1400, 1656, 1721

control, poor preprocedural 797

cuff 1619f

diastolic 183, 1321

reduction 809

simple 514

systemic 513, 964

systolic 183, 912, 1053, 1321

untraluminal 952

products, transfusion of 1225

regurgitation 64

supply

intestinal 1011

location of 40

reduced 1375

transfusions, frequent 1631

urea nitrogen 589, 1252, 1400

vertical column of 1796

vessel 521f

Bloodstream infection, catheter related 1642, 1646

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome 1569, 1596, 1598, 1599f

Blue toe syndrome 557, 559f, 1146

Blunt tip cannula 650f

Blunt trauma 440, 832, 1106f, 1112-1114, 1126

admissions 1111

setting of 438

B-mode ultrasound 365

Body floss technique 1057, 1544

Body's natural coagulation systems 897

Boerhaave's syndrome 1193

Bolton medical relay device 1048

Bolus technique 764

Bone

disease 1693

loss, severe 1692

marrow stem cell 1261

metastases 1299, 1303

pain 1692

removal 28

Bony structures 15

Borden system 857

Borderline renal function 1149

Boston scientific angiojet system 683f

Bovine arch 795f

Bovine carotid arteries 1668

Bovine grafts 1668

Bowel disease, inflammatory 1207

Bowel gas, overlying 447

Bowel infarction 1186

Bowel ischemia 1126

risk of 1188

Bowel lumen 1203

Bowel motion artifact 1211

Bowel smooth muscle 1206

Bowel wall thickening 455

Brachial access 1100

Brachial arteriogram, normal 241f

Brachial artery 240, 247, 248f, 303, 539, 568, 606, 606f, 607, 608f, 609f, 664f, 1661, 1663f, 1675f, 1676

bifurcation of 242

branches of 241

puncture 607

superficial 247, 248

supra-antecubital 1662

Brachial axillary prosthetic hemodialysis graft 889f

Brachial basilic fistula 1669

Brachial cephalic autogenous accesses 1671

Brachial cleft cysts 1602

Brachial index 514, 515, 556, 674, 1357, 1382, 1434, 1487

Brachial plexus 1423

Brachial veins 303

Brachiobasilic fistula, transposed 1666f

Brachiobasilic graft 1670f

mid-segment of 1668f

Brachiocephalic artery

cannulation of, right 642f

right 200

Brachiocephalic fistula 1663f

banding of 1676f

ipsilateral 1664f

primary 539

Brachiocephalic trunk 396f

Brachiocephalic vein 273, 274, 274f, 301, 537, 884, 889f, 1135, 1699

right 269f, 273, 889f, 1698

thrombosis 883

Bradycardia 811, 1344

Brain

arteriovenous malformation 843

endovascular treatment of 843

stem 864, 1690

Branch cannulation, specific 638

Branch ostium 976

Branch stenting 975, 978

Branch veins 1540

Branch vessel 1000

stents 1066

Breast 1299

carcinoma 1266

Breath sounds 1563

Breathlessness 1342

Bright-blood methods 963

British National Institute 1743

Bronchial artery 206, 412, 641, 924, 926f, 1406

anatomy 207f, 924

hemorrhage 723

left 207, 926

right 207, 207f

Bronchial forceps technique 1166, 1166f

Bronchiectatic diseases 924

Bronchoscopic forceps 1727

Bruising 1687

Budd-Chiari syndrome 67f, 456, 878, 1223, 1227, 1230, 1239, 1240, 1241f, 1242, 1242t, 1564, 1648

Buerger's disease 325, 551, 561, 562f, 568, 1410, 1429

Bulkier devices 1728

Bulk-related symptoms 1843

Bullae 1384

Bullet in neck 838f

Bundle-branch block

left 1645

right 901

Burns 1146

Buttock claudication, high rates of 1092

Buttock necrosis, prevent 1303

Bypass graft, post-coronary 1067

Cadmium 1805

Calcaneal artery, medial 256, 1490

Calcific sclerosis, medial 315

Calcium 1004f

abundant 1498f

channel blockers 189, 1368

gluconate

injection, intra-arterial 1704

stimulation 1707f

gluconate-induced hypoglycemia 1707

hyperosmolar concentration of 1705

ions 130

Calf

deep veins of 293

gastrocnemial perforator 292f

muscle pump 295

Caliber vessels, smaller 449

Canaud's analysis 988

Cancer 85, 902, 1133, 1146, 1771

endometrial 475, 1878

genetic propensity for 86

late-stage 1529

Candida albicans 451

Candy-Plug technique 984

Cannula, removal of 592

Capecitabine 1274

Capillary 328

bleeding 1101

lymphatic venous malformation 1580, 1605

malformations 1560, 1564, 1569, 1579, 1582, 1583, 1601, 1605, 1607

Capnography 147

Capsular rim sign 1333

Captivia delivery system 1047

Captopril 1722

plasma renin test 1318

stimulation 1722

Carbon dioxide 3, 6f, 141, 1011, 1030, 1103, 1149, 1150, 1319

angiography 141, 146

splenoportography 159

vena cavography 156

wedged hepatic venography 157

Carcinogenic risks 81

Carcinoma in situ 1272

Cardiac chamber 57

perforation of 1728

Cardiac cycle 523

Cardiac device leads 1655

Cardiac disease

severe uncorrectable 1011

significant 136

Cardiac disorders 367

Cardiac failure 621

high output 1611

Cardiac gating 25, 950

Cardiac output, temporary abolishment of 968

Cardiac preload reduction 968

Cardiac rotalink plus system 705

Cardiac scan modes 26f

Cardiac toxicity, reduces 130

Cardiac volume overload 1580

Cardinal veins, posterior 282

Cardiomyopathy 1332

restrictive 1223

Cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cannulation 946

Cardiopulmonary disease 407

severe 1146

Cardiovascular complications 811

Cardiovascular death 1359

Cardiovascular disease 380, 393, 902, 944, 1322, 1358, 1744

Cardiovascular events 1315, 1368

major 1315

Cardiovascular surgeon 964

Cardiovascular surgery 397

Cardiovascular system 1467, 1467f, 1585

Cardioverter defibrillator, implantable 156

C-arm

rotation 1728

units 1055

Carnevale's classification 1768f

Carotid 832, 1375

arteriogram 1690f

artery 37, 204, 205f, 271, 312f, 383f, 758f, 800, 812, 836

adjacent 1602

angulations 796f

atherosclerotic plaques 378

disease 551, 556

duplex scan 526f

extracranial 363, 373, 376f

injuries of 832, 835, 840

left common 396f, 411, 744f, 758f, 794, 794f, 795f, 965

management of penetrating injury 836

occlusion 375

pain 403

proximal internal 789

right external 848

right internal 379f, 793f, 803f, 804f, 848

rupture of 811

slim sign of right internal 379f

stenting 789, 791, 792f, 803f, 806f-809f

tortuosity 795

atheroma 368, 383

atherosclerosis study, asymptomatic 526

bifurcation 368f, 374f

body tumors 378, 524, 528f

bulb 528f

severe stenosis in 796f

carotid bypass 1059f, 1061f

cavernous fistula 1689f

circulation, contralateral 792

disease, severe extracranial 530

dissection 374, 375, 527

duplex scans 541

endarterectomy 363, 789, 791, 805f

right 807f

occlusion 400

plaque

neovascularization 372f

right 368f

surface, irregularity of 366

unruptured 386f

revascularization endarterectomy 790

sinus induced bradycardia 795

specific issues 795

steal syndrome 568

stenosis

ipsilateral intracranial 792

severe 367f

stenting 781

string sign 796

surgery trial, asymptomatic 363

terminus, right 379f

territory transient ischemic attack 381f

vessels 609

web 380f

Carotidynia 1394

Catastrophic proximal aortic occlusion 986

Catecholamines 1805

Cathepsins 385

Catheter 57, 723, 1099, 1207, 1633, 1657, 1658, 1698, 1705

accesses, nonjugular 1658f

and wires, smaller 1826

angiographic 644, 655

angiography 1318, 1839

standard 1581

assisted foreign body 1731f

based systems 1343

bends, series of 774f

blockage 1645

central lumen 919

cleft technique 640f

collateral 602f

design 44, 1632

directed thrombolysis 190, 191, 354, 628, 915, 1417, 1525, 1527

complications of 919

indications for 1527t

pharmacomechanical 1527, 1530

tools of 191f

ultrasound-assisted 919

directed thrombolytic therapy 915, 916, 1332, 1335

directed treatment 915, 916

dysfunction 1659

flushed 636

fragments 1729

in left renal artery 284

induced complications 618

inner infusion 1826

insertion 96, 1644

intraluminal 44

intravenous 1646

left-sided 1638

lumen 1659

malfunction 1640

manipulation 960

materials 1633

mounted angioplasty balloons 668

multimarker 1027

multipurpose angled 1180

multisidehole infusion 191f

occlusion, incidence of 1633

placement of 1649, 1658

pointing 637

position, satisfactory 1720f

positioning 1822, 1847

proximal section of 776

purple seperator 714f

receiver elements 44

re-entry 1472

related infections 1633, 1646

reverse-curve 636f, 638, 639, 641

selected support crossing 686t

selection 46, 1721

sizing 655f

support 657f

system, road re-entry 711f

tip 639, 656

configuration 635

position 1640

position verification 1641

rotation 775

verification systems 1641

tunneled 1631, 1632

types of 635, 1656, 1698

unknotting 627f, 1738f

venography 1809

Catheterization

cardiac 99f, 179, 373

subselective 1839

Catheterizing nidus 845

Catphan phantom 21

Caudal direction 1155

Cava

evaluation 1149

filtration, discontinuation of 1160

injury, management of 1167

penetration 1156

perforation 1164

thrombosis 1157, 1159f, 1164

Caval veins 57, 58, 60

Caval venous disease 65

Cavernosal artery 233, 507, 1777, 1778f, 1833f, 1834f, 1835

filling of 1781f

right and left 1834f

Cavity

abdominal 1797

distortion 1856

Cecal diverticulum 1212f

Cefazolin 1253

Ceftriaxone 1283

Celiac angiogram 225f, 740f, 743f, 1197f

Celiac angiography 1195f, 1205f

Celiac artery 48f, 152, 189, 212, 217f, 226, 428, 636, 639, 967, 1046, 1053, 1054f, 1063f, 1108f, 1111f, 1179f, 1182

anatomy of 214f

branches 213f

dynamic obstruction of 412f

embolization of 1188

revascularization of 1187

selective angiogram of 1188

Celiac axis 423, 424, 1126

management of 1053

Celiac origin demonstrates, level of 412f

Celiac trunk 225f, 422, 1107

angiogram 1196f

catheterization of 1125f

supply 422

variation of 428t

Celiacomesenteric trunk 1107

Cell

adhesion molecules 345

biology 1559

culture technologies 1683

cycle inhibitory proteins 333f

death, programmed 1584

inflammatory 351

nucleus 90

tumors, juxtaglomerular 1722

Cellular

leiomyomata 468

repair processes 89

Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services 82

Center of Disease Control and Prevention 1133

Central nervous system 323, 323f, 818, 1565, 1584

giant cell arteritis of 324f

symptoms 410

Central neurologic disease 1744

Central vein

catheter intended for 1645

malignant disease of 878

stenosis, catheter associated 1662f

Central venous

access 1631, 1637t, 1651t

catheters 1650

device 1631, 1632, 1635, 1635t, 1636t, 1640

angioplasties 1680

catheter 405, 878, 1631f, 1635, 1645

tunneled 277f

circulation 1728

obstruction 278f

stenosis 875, 1659, 1676, 1677

treatment of 886

system 875

thrombosis, catheter related 883

thrombus 1146

Cephalad deep veins 1525

Cephalic arch 1669

stenoses 1664f

Cephalic vein 272f, 274, 302, 1660, 1661, 1663f

Cephalocaudal direction 599f

Cerebellopontine-angle tumors, bilateral 865

Cerebral

angiogram 859f, 860f, 864

arterial abnormalities 1585

arteriograms 541

artery 531f, 1585

anterior 530, 531f, 864f

left middle 366f, 809f

middle 530, 531f, 532, 532f, 533f, 864f

normal basal 531f

posterior 530, 531f, 532f

right middle 848

catheter 1823

circulation 142, 143, 798

emboli, reducing 1058

embolism, consequences of 809

hemorrhage 809

Cerebrospinal

fluid

drainage 1045, 1053

normal 819

venous insufficiency, chronic 818

Cerebrovascular

accident 1052, 1375

minor 805

disease 1357, 1367

duplex scanning, extracranial 524

event, acute 938f

reserve 531

Cervical

angiography 835

arterial injuries, extracranial 836fc

artery 1585

ascending 204

transverse 204

cancer 1878, 1879f

stage 1879

carotid arterial disease, endovascular management of 789

ectopic pregnancy 492f, 1886f

internal carotid artery 810f

leiomyomata 472

polyps 1845

pregnancies 490

rib 1424f, 1425f

presence of 569

spine fracture 833

stroma 490

vascular injury 840

blunt 835

vertebral bodies 203

Cesarean scar pregnancy 490f, 491f, 1885f

Cetuximab 1274

Chainsaw injury 834f

Charcot deformity 1380

Cheese-String technique 977

Chemoembolic emulsion deposition, paucity of 9

Chemoembolization 1279, 1290

Chemofiltration, extracorporeal 1302

Chemotherapeutic

agents 1301

drug 1299, 1303

Chemotherapy

adjuvant 1272

drug concentrations 1302

intra-arterial 1298, 1299, 1302, 1304

intrahepatic arterial 759

systemic 1248, 1272

Chemotoxic reactions 134

Chest

arterial anatomy of 199

organs, transplantation of 1655

radiography 394

symptoms 393

veins 273

Child-Pugh class 1275

Child-Pugh grading chart 1224t

Chimney grafts 1064

Chimney technique 1063f

Chlorhexidine, aqueous 1637

Chocolate percutaneous angioplasty balloon 659

Choke vessels 1488

Cholangiocarcinoma 1265

Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde 92, 1237

Cholangitis 1648

Cholesterol 73, 313, 315

embolization 1327

treatment of 1327

esters 73, 313

Chorionic villi 1883

Choroid plexus papilloma 861

Chronic dissections, management of 984

Chronic kidney disease 903, 1295, 1308, 1312, 1327

epidemiology collaboration 137

mild to moderate 1321

Chronic limb ischemia 1361, 1367, 1381, 1410, 1433

clinical categories of 1361t

Chronic lower extremity ischemia 1433

endovascular management of 1433

Chronic mesenteric ischemia 1175, 1176, 1177f, 1180, 1405

endovascular management of 1180

Chronic total occlusions 650, 677, 688, 791, 1467, 1470, 1497

development of 1497f

devices 1473t

histopathology of 1498f

Chronic venous insufficiency 1535, 1564

symptoms of 1545

Churg-Strauss angiitis 326, 327f

Chylothorax 891, 1598

Cilostazol 1369

administration of 1494

Ciprofloxacin 1253

Circulation, coronary 143, 666

Circumflex

artery, posterior 240

iliac artery, superficial 1841f

Circumflexa humeri

anterior 240

posterior 240

Circumflexa ilium superficialis 251

Circumflexa scapulae 240

Cirrhosis 1225

alcohol-induced 1223, 1265

clinical severity of 1224

Cisplatin 1302

intra-arterial 1302

Clarivein catheter 1540, 1541f

Claudication, intermittent 1368

Claustrophobia 394

Clavicular artery 239

Clopidogrel 185, 186, 187

dosing and monitoring 186

pharmacokinetics 186

Closure devices, efficacy analysis of 596

Coagulopathy

causes of 1883

consumptive 1580

Coarctation 946

abdominal aortic 1449

Coaxial double sheath dissection 1164

technique 1164

Coaxial microcatheter 1116

system 1212

Coaxial small caliber 1821

Coaxial system 1821

Cobb syndrome 1569

Cobra-shaped catheters 149, 616f, 636f, 638, 639, 641

Cobweb sign 401, 402f, 438, 962, 962f

Cocaine 946

Coda balloon 658f

Coeliac artery disease 1011

Cogan syndrome 1394

Coils 722, 727, 1099, 1204, 1213

detachable 729, 732, 1522

embolization 1188, 1213, 1517

options, number of 1102

retrieval of 1737

Colapinto needle 976f

Colic artery 1182

left 424

middle 22, 221, 226, 429

right 221, 222, 424f

Colitis, ischemic 929

Collagen

elastin ratio 952

rich fibrous tissue 1497

vascular disorders 1393

Collateral artery, systemic 928f

Collateral blood

flow 1410

supply 1053

vessels, development of new 1376

Collateral branch, middle 241

Collateral pathways 210f, 226f

Collateral vein 272f

access 1648

Collateral vessels

development of 432

multiple 452f

pre-existing 858

presence of 1867

Collateralis ulnaris

inferior 241

superior 241

Colon 1108, 1211

cancer 1273t

Color Doppler ultrasonography 790, 1797

Color Duplex ultrasonography 1189, 1316

Colorectal cancer, primary 759

Colorectal carcinoma 1250f, 1265, 1272t, 1273t

current staging for 1273t

distant metastatic disease for 1273t

Colorectal disease 740f

Common carotid artery 203, 205f, 271f, 525, 791, 792f, 796f, 798, 811f, 833

bifurcation 789

right 794

Common carotid cutdown 1063

Common carotid peak systolic velocity 525f

Common femoral artery 143f, 249, 261f, 264f, 516, 591f, 599f, 600, 600f, 601, 602, 602f, 622f, 623f, 758f, 961, 1010, 1051, 1200, 1366f, 1370, 1371, 1419f, 1728, 1771

bifurcation 603f, 623f

occlusive disease 266t

post-catheterization 621f

pseudoaneurysm, right 1399f

puncture 142f

surgical thromboembolectomy of 1418f

treatment of 673

Common hepatic artery 212-214, 422-424, 429, 430, 1125, 1188, 1206f

angiogram 1196f

Common iliac artery 75f, 227, 423, 425, 446f, 458f, 974f, 1004f, 1011f, 1022, 1370, 1436, 1440, 1443, 1523

aneurysm 737f, 1011f

atherosclerotic right 599f

erosion of right 489f

right 425, 885f, 974f, 1871, 1880f

treatment of 663

Common iliac vein 299, 431f, 455, 1816, 1865f

obstruction 299

right 66f, 289f, 426, 301f

Common re-entry method 1472

Compartment syndrome 759, 1420

secondary 1487

Completion angiography, evaluation of 1030t

Complex carotid lesions 796f

Complex therapeutic endovascular interventions 649

Compression

assist devices 594

extrinsic 373

therapy 1536

Computational fluid dynamics 386

Computed tomographic angiography 19, 24, 423-425, 429, 431, 433, 438, 899, 1020, 1088, 1317, 1363, 1415

multidetector 422

Computed tomography 92, 431, 1038t

abdominal 1261f

angiography 551, 552, 614, 833, 960, 1177, 1200, 1415, 1518, 1835

advancements in 27

multidetector 394

venography 422

Cone-beam computed tomography 3, 4, 1055

Confluent two-balloon technique 1473

Congenital anomaly 428, 1590

Congenital hemangioma

noninvoluting 1579, 1583, 1585, 1585f

rapidly involuting 1579, 1583, 1588f, 1589f

Congenital syndrome 568

Congenital vascular malformations 1559, 1560t, 1561, 1563t, 1572

diagnosis 1563

diagnostic tests for 1564t

extratruncular 1561

management of 1563, 1572

primary classifications 1560

syndrome, eponyms of 1559

truncular 1561

type of 1563

Conichrome 1143

Conn's syndrome 1312

Connective tissue

disease, mixed 327

disorder 400, 946, 952, 987, 1411

Consensus criteria

development of 526

for severity of carotid bifurcation stenosis 527t

Constipation 1692

Contralateral iliac artery 142f, 616

techniques for catheterization of 616f

transfemoral catheterization of 616

Contralateral limb, normal 1413

Contrast allergy, history of 1149

Contrast enhanced computed tomography 431

Contrast kinetics, time-resolved imaging of 1592

Contrast media

classification of 129

injection of 135

reactions 133

Conventional multidetector computed tomography scanners 26

Cook Zenith flex device 697, 1013

Cook Zenith TX2 device 1048

Cook Zilver stent 677

Copper filtration 96

Cordis smart stent 677

Corkscrew appearance 561

Corona Mortis 1120

artery 1121f

Coronal subvolume maximum intensity pixel 567f

Coronary artery 368f, 564, 951, 1498f

bypass grafting 181, 186, 1070f, 1406

disease 72, 551, 556, 761f, 1045, 1308, 1463

evidence of 1357

risk of 1457

severe 968

treatment of 1315

normal 333f

Coronary parallel wire technique 1498

Corpath system 771, 776, 778

Corpus

cavernosum 1777

spongiosum, artery to 1834f

Cortical venous reflux 857

Corticosteroids 137, 1398

Corticotropin releasing hormone 1690

secreting tumors 1688

Cortisol 1805

Costocervical artery 204, 207

Costocervical trunk 203

Couinaud's segments on computed tomography 1270f

Couinaud's system 1268

Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 82

Counter-current technique 1671, 1672f

Cover stent graft 1184

Covidien microvascular plug 747f

Covidien plymouth 1417

Covidien Protégé everflex stent 677

Cowden syndrome 1607

Cranial angulation 1758

Cranial direction 1155

Cranial nerve 271, 857

injury 789

Craniocervical tumors, embolization of 859

Craniotomy, left temporal 853

Crash cart 169

Crawford classification 1040f

C-reactive protein 314, 1309, 1359, 1377, 1494

Creatine phospokinase 1176

Creating aorto-aorto intussusception 978

Creatinine 589, 1252, 1377

levels 1283

Crest syndrome 568

Cricothyroid membrane 834

Critical limb ischemia 330, 665, 1360, 1433, 1475, 1486

endovascular therapy for 1442t

treatment of 1438

Cross prostate collaterals 1755f, 1756f

Crouzon syndrome 1600

Cryoglobulinemia 327

Cryoplasty 1470

balloons 672

system 1470

Cuffed tunneled hemodialysis catheter 1632f, 1635

Culprit vessel 1206

Cumulative patency, primary 1461

Curacao diagnostic criteria 937

Curved-catheter twist technique 1164

Cushing's disease 1687, 1688

causes of 1691

Cushing's syndrome 1296f, 1312, 1687, 1688t, 1718

Cutting balloons 1463

Cyanide 189

Cyanoacrylate 762

based tissue adhesive 1640

glue 1868

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 188

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 333f

Cyclooxygenase 185

enzyme 174

Cyclophosphamide 1399

Cyclosporine A 1399

Cylindrical nitinol frame 1141

Cystic adventitial disease 319, 562, 1427, 1428f

treatment of 1427

Cystic artery 7f, 220f, 1125

branches 1125

Cystic disease, adventitial 319, 1410

Cystic fibrosis 924, 926f

Cystic lymphangiomas 1565

Cystic medial

degeneration 317, 952

necrosis 317, 397, 952

Cystic veins 426

Cysts, foregut duplication 1602

Cytomegalovirus infection, active 1400

Damage control embolization 1117

Danlos syndrome 564

D-dimer testing 899

Debakey classification 947, 948f

Decadron 138

Decongestive lymphatic therapy 1567f, 1573

Deep arterial wall dissections 51

Deep femoral artery 252, 259, 261f, 264, 265f, 600f, 601f, 602

puncture of 602f

right 1522f

Deep femoral vein 297, 298, 601f

variation of 298f

Deep vein system 291, 572, 1605, 1609

Deep vein thrombosis 181, 312, 328, 329, 329f, 480, 497, 534, 571, 1398, 1525, 1526f, 1527, 1527t, 1542, 1566, 1607, 1638, 1823

clinical diagnosis of 534

incidence of 1133

proximal 1135

Deformation 1486

Degradable starch microspheres 724

Dehydroepiandrosterone 1719

Delivery 1056

systems 965

technique 144

Deltoid artery 239

Dementia-type syndrome 856

Denali filter 1139

Dendritic cells 1396

Dense

adhesions 1164

calcification 795

Deoxyribonucleic acid 349, 1805

Deployment 1057

strategy 1057

Depression 1844

Dermal

atrophy 88, 89

necrosis 89

vasculitis 327

Descending aorta 397, 404f, 612f, 945f, 947f, 948f, 955f, 958f, 974f, 983f, 1035, 1038

catheterization of 609

passage to 606f

pathology 1044

transaxillary catheterization of 612f

vasa vasorum of 311f

Descending aortic dissection 51f

Descending thoracic aorta 59f, 199f, 206, 947f, 950, 1025

branches of 209

stent-graft deployment 54f

Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 1035-1037, 1039, 1052f

hybrid repair of 1062f

Detachable coils, multiple 734f, 1093f

Detrusor muscle 1745

Device fixation sutures 1651

Device removal 1640

Dexamethasone 1614, 1691

sodium sulfate 138

suppression test, high dose 1688

Diabetes 313, 1308, 1314, 1344, 1368, 1376, 1412, 1438, 1655, 1687, 1832, 1839

mellitus 136, 1214, 1283, 1358, 1380, 1535, 1744

treatment of 1247

Diabetic foot

abscess 1385f

advanced treatments 1389

advanced wound care modalities 1389

care 1486

classification of 1382, 1383t

clinical evaluation 1381

deformity 1381f

infection 1384, 1385f

necessitating toe amputation 1385f

ischemic 1486

management of 1386

metabolic factors 1381

microcirculation 1381

pathophysiology 1380

physical examination 1381

prevention 1387

syndrome 1486

ulcer 1382, 1384f, 1386f

Dialysis

access 1655

graft thrombosis 711

Diamond cells 697

Diarrhea, minimal 1787

Diastolic velocity 466

Diazepam 169, 170, 172

Didactic training 110

Dieulafoy lesion 1195

Digital force gauge 1166

Digital rectal examination 1744

Digital subtraction

angiography 3, 3f, 27, 141, 206f, 367, 1088, 1090, 1210, 1319

imaging 3

pulmonary angiogram, left 934f

Digital testing 520

Dihydrotestosterone 1814

active 1746

Dimethyl sulfoxide 765, 844

Diphenhydramine 138, 169, 170, 175

Diplopia 818

Direct puncture technique 862

advantages of 863

Disability status scale 826

Discrete splenic vascular injuries 1103

Displace blood 57

Dissect classification system 951

Dissection

consequences of 954

hematoma 1114

Distal balloon protection devices 689

Distal fixation hooks 1144

Distal limb perfusion 1410

Distal popliteal bypass graft 581f

Distal pulses, absent 1517

Distal renal artery branches 974f

Distant metastatic disease 1265

Distress, emotional 136

Dizziness 136, 1746

Dopamine 804

Doppler waveform analysis 1362

Dorsal carpal

arch 246

branch 242

rete 246

Dorsal pancreatic artery 226

branches of 256

Dorsal penile

arterial bypass 1833f

artery, left 1834f

Dorsalis pedis 1381

artery 256, 1452f, 1491, 1505f, 1508f

absent 1494f

Dosimetric calculation, part of 1277

Dosimetry 1277

Double catheter technique 858

Double wall puncture technique 590, 591f

Down syndrome 378

Doxazocin 1746

Doxorubicin 1302

Doxycycline 1573, 1618

Drug

abuse 946, 952

coated balloons 330, 334, 335, 662, 662f, 671, 1462, 1463

delivery, role of 334

eluting

beads 330, 1272, 1276, 1281

stents 335, 663, 666f, 671, 674, 1462

Dry gangrene 1386

Dry skin 1381

Dual antiplatelet therapy 186

Dual venous access technique 1151

Dubin-Amelar classification 1804, 1804t

Dubin-Amelar grading system 1804

Ductus diverticulum 202f, 1037

Duodenal varices 1220

Duodenum 214, 422, 1192, 1203

arterial supply of 219f

Duplex ultrasound 1363, 1415, 1518, 1529, 1567

Durable primary patency rate 1405

Dural arteriovenous fistulas 843, 856, 859

classification systems for 857t

Durant maneuver 1644

Dust, surgeon of 1097

Dutasteride 1746

Dutch Randomized Endovascular

Aneurysm Management Trial 1001

Dynamic obstruction, mechanism of 956

Dyslipidemia 946, 1358, 1368, 1376

Dysmenorrhea 500, 1853f, 1855f, 1860

Dyspareunia 500, 1844

Dysphagia 869f

Dysphasia 397

Dysplasia, intimal 319

Dyspnea 187, 408, 1394, 1406

Dysrhythmias, cardiac 1645

Eagle eye platinum 46

Ear 1585

bleeding 1530

Early catheter dysfunction, causes of 1660f

Eastern Association for Surgery of Trauma Group 1105

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 1271t

Echo sequences 1581

Echogenicity 133

Ectasia, annuloaortic 67, 1038

Ectopic pregnancy 465, 486, 488, 1885, 1886

abdominal 490

Ectopic varices 1219

treatment of 1220

Edema 1687

acute pulmonary 1404

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 374, 400, 564, 566f, 946, 1037, 1309, 1328, 1394

Ejaculation, retrograde 1747

Ejaculatory dysfunction 1746, 1792

Ekos control unit 713f

Elastic compression 1536

stockings 1530

Elastic recoil 51, 891

Electronic magnification 102

Electrons excite and ionize 83

Elephant trunk 413

repair 413

mimicking dissection 414f

Eluting metallic coronary stents 666

Embolectomy 682, 905

catheter directed 915

devices 682, 685t

surgical 188, 915, 916, 934

Emboli

left pulmonary 915f, 935f

removal of 1681

Embolic agents 720, 750, 759, 1213, 1291, 1616, 1850, 1867

choice of 721

classification of 722fc

consideration of 721

particle 750

types of 861

variety of 1286

Embolic coils 1106f, 1880

Embolic material 1103

Embolic mixture, injection of 1772

Embolic occlusion 1333

Embolic particles, injection of 751f

Embolic protection 797

devices 688, 797, 1325, 1327, 1466

selected 691f

types of 798f

Embolism

acute pulmonary 409f, 912

bilateral pulmonary 920f

Embolization 1567

approaches 765

bilateral 1787

catheter 723

end-point for 846

materials 1204, 1213

permanent 727

particle 1204

preparation of 1279

proximal 1206

related complications, role of 844

role of 1521

selecting vessels for 845

techniques of 844, 861, 1842

types of 1275

unilateral 1787

Embolized catheter fragments, retrieval of 1729

Embologenic access plaques 793f

Embolotherapy 924, 1521, 1574, 1876

Embosphere 1204

microspheres 1102

trisacryl gelatin microspheres 1851f

Embryology 1561

Embryonic cardiac activity 490

Emergency department thoracotomy 1109

Empiric embolization 1206

Encephalopathy

hepatic 1226, 1236

prior history of 1230

End diastolic velocity 525, 526, 529f, 533f, 1176, 1316

Endarterectomy

aortoiliac 1454

common femoral 1372

End-arterial occlusive disease 1487

End-hole catheter 289f

Endocrine

disease 1687

function 1687

gland 1687

neoplasia, multiple 1707

Endofit 1049

Endograft 1103, 1235

delivery 155f

integrity 411

regular 1018

requires, placement of 1030

treatment 1404

Endoleaks 412, 989, 1000, 1058, 1083

endovascular management of 1091

for multiple reasons 1088

graft migration 1103

incidence of 1058

intervention 437f, 1091f

post-deployment 1056

treatment 1093

types of 1083, 1084, 1084f, 1089, 1091, 1093

Endologix 1015

nellix endovascular aneurysm sealing syste 1016

powerlink device 1015

Endoluminal first policy 1461

Endoluminal occlusion system 747

Endoluminal recanalization 1498

Endometrial mass 479f

echogenic 497

Endometritis 497, 1844

Endometrium 1867

End-organ preservation strategies, modern 1044

Endoscope 57

Endoscopic clip, fluoroscopically visible 1206

Endoscopic therapy 1199, 1215, 1229

Endoscopic treatments, primary 1215

Endoscopy 1196, 1199, 1207

Endothelial cells 309, 330, 333f, 334, 350f, 351, 384, 1377

damaging 1646

denuded 314

flattening of 1584

proliferation 1579

single layer of 422

spindle-shaped 1586

Endothelial damage 329

producing 759

Endothelial function 1376, 1377

Endothelial injury 312, 344

triad of 344f

Virchow's triad of 349

Endothelial proantithrombotic balance 345f

Endothelial protein C receptor 345

Endothelialization, delayed 1463

Endothelium 130, 344, 759, 1619

Endotracheal tube insertion 176

Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm 1004

failure of 1019

repair 641, 1083

Endovascular and open surgical interventions, role of 1386

Endovascular aneurysm repair 143, 148, 1010, 1012, 1025, 1044

contraindications for 1011

indications for 1010

planning 1018

technique 1025

Endovascular angiography, diagnostic 780

Endovascular aortic

aneurysm

repair 1002, 1030

treatment 52

fenestration 976f

repair 1025

procedures 1065

replacement 1000

Endovascular aortoiliac

intervention, indications for 1440

stent grafting 735

Endovascular approach, proponents of 1186

Endovascular collapse 1059

Endovascular complications

management of 1327, 1680

prevention of 1327

Endovascular debranching 1060

Endovascular devices 647, 1655

advanced 696

Endovascular diagnosis 1832

Endovascular embolization 858, 869

devices, agents, and techniques 720

Endovascular equipment and tools 721

Endovascular fenestration, method of 976

Endovascular foreign body retrieval 1727, 1729

Endovascular intervention 838, 840, 1116, 1121, 1180, 1427, 1435, 1442, 1448, 1456, 1460, 1486, 1524

advanced 1127

advantages of 1071

complications of 1473t

future of 1475

indications for 1439

Endovascular management 969, 970, 989, 1186, 1189, 1334, 1403, 1417, 1421, 1424, 1427, 1429

complications of 1335

Endovascular procedure 778, 779, 1134, 1517

types of 1574

Endovascular recanalization 1512

Endovascular reconstruction

acute failure of 1475

later failure of 1475

Endovascular reconstructive techniques 1486

Endovascular renal denervation systems 1343

Endovascular repair 965, 1001, 1046, 1067, 1093, 1494

advantages for 1001

complication of 1083

history of 1010

initial 1085

techniques of 1323

Endovascular retrieval devices 1733f

Endovascular revascularization 1839

technical success of 1326

Endovascular robotic usage, roots of 771

Endovascular simulation 780, 782, 784

Endovascular snare device 1139

Endovascular stent 576

grafting 1404

Endovascular supplies 1523

Endovascular techniques 410, 886, 1121, 1186, 1402, 1404, 1405, 1436, 1470, 1523

development of 393

Endovascular therapy 839, 840, 843, 1216, 1369, 1405, 1818

planning 1799

types of 1241

use of 1405

Endovascular thrombolytic therapy 1533

Endovascular treatment 858, 956, 1095, 1183, 1241, 1329, 1334, 1799, 1814, 1832

advantages of 1185

rules 1067

technique for 1182

Endovascular venous interventions 54

Endovascular wires 650

Endovenous laser ablation 1538, 1541

Endovenous techniques 1551

Endurant delivery system 1013

Enemy's carotid artery 832

Enoxaparin 179, 180

dosing of 180

Enroute transcarotid neuroprotection system 798

Entrapment syndrome 562

Enzyme 1746

linked immunosorbent assay 406

Ephedrine 169

Epidermal cells, loss of 89

Epidermal growth factor 332

Epididymitis 1818

Epigastric abdominal region 1176

Epigastric angiogram, right inferior 1833f

Epigastric artery

inferior 227, 229, 236, 1120, 1120f, 1121f, 1839, 1840f, 1841f

left inferior 229

right and left inferior 1837f

right inferior 229

superficial 251

Epigastric veins

left inferior 289f

right inferior 289f

Epigastrica superficialis 251

Epilepsy 843

Epinephrine 169, 902

Epineural inflammation 1400

Epistaxis 1530

Epithelial cells 1743

Eptifibatide 184

dosing and monitoring 184

Equipment acceptance testing 100

Erdheim mucoid degeneration 317

Erectile dysfunction 234, 1024, 1092, 1832

Erectile function 233

international index of 1744, 1784

Ergotism 564

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 448, 1309, 1396

E-selectin ligand-1 351

Esophageal varices 1219, 1225, 1228

sclerotherapy for 1226

Esophagus 225, 1192, 1203, 1216

distal 1203

Estimated liver volume, total 1248

Ethamolin 1618

Ethanol 759, 760f, 1573, 1611, 1613

absolute 759, 760f

sclerotherapy 1574

Ethiodized oil 759

Ethiodol 759

Ethyl alcohol 1613

Ethylcellulose-ethanol 1618

Ethylene vinyl alcohol 762, 765, 768t

European Carotid Surgery Trial 363, 364

European Classification of Aortic Dissection 948f

European Society of Cardiology 914, 944, 949f, 966

Eurostar registry 1044

E-vita 1049

Ewing sarcoma 1597f

Excimer laser

ablation 682

atherectomy 1468

Exercise

duration 1378

frequency 1378

intensity 1378

recommendations 1377

therapy 1368

types of 1378

Exocrine gland 1814

External carotid artery 204, 205f, 206f, 758f, 789, 798f, 802f

branches of 206f, 804f

External elastic membrane 309

External iliac artery 227, 235, 260f, 423, 749f, 1004f, 1024, 1055, 1121f, 1365f, 1370, 1440, 1754, 1764f, 1841f

branch of 1120f

disease 1456

embolic occlusion of 265f

endofibrosis of 1410

system 1119f

Extracellular fluid 370

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 348, 921

Extracranial vascular

anomaly 1600

injuries 838

Extracranial venous system 818

Extrahepatic disease 1268, 1275

Extrarenal vascular anatomy 1329

Extratruncular venous malformation 1564

Eye 84, 1585

injuries, lens of 89

lesions 1399

Eyeball technique 1445

Eyeballing method 364

Facial

artery 205

hemangiomas 1585

Facilitate device passage 1057

Falciform artery 1277f

Fallopian tubes 486, 1885

False aneurysm 948f, 1328, 1329

formation 1060f

management of 1331

False lumen perfusion, retrograde 982f

False negative angiography, risk of 1117

Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms 1042

Fasciotomy

compartment 1420

indications for 1420

Fat 1567

Fatal pulmonary embolus 1855

Fatigue 818, 1746, 1871

Fatty streak 313f

Febrile morbidity 1853

Federal narcotic laws 173

Feeder arteries, multiple 1295

Feeding arteries 1863

multiple large 1863

Feeding iliolumbar artery 1086f

Female genitalia, vascular abnormalities of 465

Female genitoreproductive interventions 1843

Female reproductive organs 1843

noninvasive vascular imaging of 465

Female reproductive tract 466

arterial anatomy of 465

venous anatomy of 465

Femoral access 1523

Femoral angiogram 603f

post-embolization right 763f

Femoral approach 1821

retrograde 590

Femoral arterial

cannulation 1116

catheter 301

Femoral arteriovenous graft 1669f

Femoral artery 75f, 258, 265f, 1030, 1425

access, contralateral 152

aneurysms 559, 561

bifurcation 600f, 620, 1411

bilateral 578, 1025

branches 580f

collateral circulation of 266

contralateral common 659

disease, treatment of superficial 666f

ipsilateral 59f

lateral circumflex 1121

left common 560f

occlusive disease, superficial 266t

proximal superficial 1496

puncture 602

right superficial 73f, 150f

superficial 48f, 53f, 59f, 68f, 149, 252, 260f, 261f, 516, 600, 600f, 601, 601f, 602, 604f, 668, 681f, 1360, 1365f, 1371f, 1405, 1413f, 1445, 1446, 1451f, 1496, 1457, 1462

treatment of superficial 1463

Femoral circumflex artery, medial 252, 264f, 265f

Femoral cutaneous nerve, posterior 253

Femoral femoral

bypass 1015, 1371

crossover graft 581f

Femoral head

inferior border of 623f

level of 623f

Femoral neck-head junction demonstrates 620f

Femoral occlusive disease 1436

Femoral popliteal

deep vein 569

disease 1470

intervention 1449f, 1450f

lesions 1446

Femoral pulses, dampened 611

Femoral puncture 1821

retrograde 590f, 600

Femoral tunnel catheter 1658f

Femoral vein 60, 278, 293, 294, 296, 297f, 298, 298f, 319, 536f, 603f, 1100, 1632, 1713

access 1648

aplasia of 1561

common 46, 291f, 297, 536, 536f, 601-603, 829, 1529, 1722f

hypoplasia 1576

injection, bilateral 1118

left 1874

patency 1821

puncture 1720

right 1874

superficial 293, 298f

system, examination of 535

valvuloplasty of 74f

Femoral venogram 297f

Femoral venous

approach 1147

puncture 602

route 1338

Femorofemoral bypass 1457

Femoropopliteal arterial segment 673

Femoropopliteal artery 676t

disease, stent placement for 673

Femoropopliteal balloon angioplasty 1458

Femoropopliteal bypass, survival for 1461

Femoropopliteal disease 1363, 1372, 1436, 1438, 1466

Femoropopliteal in-stent stenosis 675f

Femoropopliteal intervention, indications for 1440

Femoropopliteal lesion 674, 1437

classification of 1371f

recurrent 1439

severely calcified 1466

Femoropopliteal segments 1436

Femoropopliteal stenosis 1463

Femoropopliteal stent placement 1459

Femostop device 594

Femostop plus compression system 595f

Femur, radiograph of right 763f

Fenestrated devices 1065

Fenestrated endografts 1065

Fenestrated grafts 1016

Fenestration

complication of 978

stenting 975

Fentanyl 170, 173

Fertility 485

Fever 863

symptoms of 1394

without infection 1787

Fiberscope 58f

Fibrillinopathies, hereditary 946

Fibrin

clot formation 346

sheath 1661f

absence of 1730f

Fibrinolysis 348

Fibrinolytic agent 190

Fibroblast growth factor 1376

basic 1584

Fibrocellular tissue 370, 371, 383

Fibrofatty replacement, progressive 1587

Fibrofatty tissue 1584

excessive 1609

Fibroid

after uterine fibroid embolization 1855f

hypervascular 1853f, 1856f

infarction 1843

spontaneous 1844

large 1855

dominant 1845

multiple 1853f

symptomatic 1859

volume, infarcted 1845

Fibromuscular disease 1333

Fibromuscular dysplasia 318, 373, 377, 449, 450f, 524, 527, 808f, 1308, 1309, 1320, 1410, 1449

pathologic classification of 1310t

Fibromuscular stroma 1749

Fibromuscular tissue 1749

Fibronectin 343

Fibroplasia

adventitial 1310

intimal 1310

medial 1310

Fibrosarcoma 1585

Fibrous tissue 1357

Fibula, nutrient artery of 255

Fibular artery, circumflex 256

Figure of three sign 405

Filter embolic protection devices 690t

Filter placement 1150

contraindications of 1145

indications of 1145

Filter retrieval, standard technique 1161

Filter, misplacement of 1155

Fine-needle aspiration 1694

ultrasound-guided 1694

Fingers, arterial supply to 245t

Finsesteride 1746

First dorsal metatarsal

artery 257, 1491

branch 1492

First generation devices 1044

First line medical therapy 1401

First lumbar vertebra 158f

First plantar metatarsal artery 256, 257

Fistula 1308, 1635, 1659, 1667, 1671

brachiobasilic 1663f

long occlusions of 1665

types of 1660

Fixation

hooks, proximal 1144

zone, proximal 968

Flank pain 1295, 1344

Flash lighting 515

Flash pulmonary edema, recurrent 1315

Flextome cutting balloon 660f

Flood technique 764

Flow artifacts 32, 32f

Flow disrupted BB-MRA techniques 38

Flow murmur 1656

Flow rate, maximum 1783-1785

Flow sensitive sequences, types of 1581

Fluid drainage 1566

Flu-like syndrome 1827

Flumazenil 170, 173, 174

Fluorescein, application of 72

Fluorinated ethylene propylene film 1046

Fluorography 96

operates 97

substitution, fluoroscopy for 103

Fluoroscopic angiographic equipment 96

Fluoroscopic guidance 1180

Fluoroscopic imaging 1574

chain 93

Fluoroscopic monitoring 1529

Fluoroscopic vessel cannulation 782

Fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures 81, 92, 92t

Fluoroscopy 96

components 93

continuous 97f

dose rate limits 98

radiation 109

safety training 110

systems 12

Flush catheter 1771

Flush pelvic aortogram 1116

Foam cells 314

Foam sclerosants 1574

Foam sclerotherapy 1540, 1541f, 1878

Fogarty balloon 836, 1680

Fogarty catheter 1674f

Fogarty retrieval 1681

Foley balloon placed into bladder 1752

Foley catheter 1836

Follicular stimulating hormone 1812, 1845

Fondaparinux 179-181, 903

dosing 181

monitoring 181

pharmacology 180

Food and Drug Administration 55, 98f, 752, 965, 1012, 1276

Foot

angiosome of 257t, 1490f, 1490t

arterial anatomy of 255f

arteriovenous malformation embolization 1616f

deep veins of 293

for pedal angiography 1489f

lateral arteriogram of 255f

surgery 1386

venogram of 293f

Foramen ovale, patent 133

Forearm

back of 87

grafts 1667

normal arteriogram of 242f

Four-dimensional computed tomography 1695

Fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries 257

Fracture 1692

acromioclavicular 578f

filter 1156, 1157, 1158f, 1164

Fragment, types of 1727

Fragmentation 1156

Framingham score 368

Frank aneurysm formation 954

Free hepatic venous pressure 1227

French gauge systems 653

Fungal infections, frequency of 1687

Fusiform aneurysm 962, 1058

Fusion road map 1055

Gadobenic acid 132f

Gadofluorine injection 372

Gadolinium 1363, 1605

arterial phase 1267f

based contrast media 135

contrast 5

infusion 371f

Gadoxetic acid 132f

Galactose 133

Galen malformations, vein of 843

Gallbladder 214, 422, 1655

infarction 1125

Gamma knife 859

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 172

Gangrene 1361, 1384, 1459

Gardner's protocol 1377

Gastointestinal bleeding, treatment of 1202

Gastric

acid 1192

antral vascular ectasia 1229

artery 225f, 429f, 778, 1182, 1203

angiogram of 1195f

pseudoaneurysm 1199f

right 215, 218, 429f, 740f, 1125, 1277f

short 220

variation of right 219f

bleed 778

cancer 1197f

cardia 218

catheter, left 655

fundus 1203

variceal bleeding 1194f

varices 778, 1194f, 1216, 1219, 1226, 1229

embolization of 735

treating 723

vein, posterior 1217

Gastrinomas 1707

detection of 1707, 1708

Gastrocnemius 253

muscle 1425

veins 293, 295

Gastroduodenal artery 151f, 213, 218, 424, 429, 740f, 1053, 1125, 1182, 1184f, 1188, 1196f, 1197f, 1204, 1707, 1708

embolization 723

infusion 1298

patent 740f

proximal 1202f

Gastroepiploic artery

left 1203

right 215

Gastrohepatic trunk 216f, 1277f

Gastrointestinal

bleeding, minor 827

carcinoid ranges, survival rate of 1266

hemorrhage, carcinoid causing 1209f

interventions 1175, 1192

system 226, 1563, 1591

tract 323

Gastrorenal shunt 1217f

classification of venous outflow for 1217f

Gastrosplenic trunk 221f

Gat Goren technique 1796, 1815, 1820, 1821

basis for 1816f

Gaussian distribution 622

Gel phantom, ultrasound 782, 783f

Gelatin

fiber phantom creation 783, 783f, 784f

sponge 722, 723, 1092, 1205

absorbable 1867

powder 1205

slurry 1865f

Gelfoam 723, 1214, 1291, 1521

embolization 1117f

pledgets 723, 1117

powder 724

preparation of 723f, 1868f

slurry 724, 1117, 1868f

Genetic

damage 85

disorder 1133, 1607

entities 1035

risk factors, several 1133

syndrome, number of 1598

Geneva score, revised 899

Genicular artery

descending 252

inferior 254

lateral superior 253

medial inferior 254

medial superior 253

middle 253

superior 253

supreme 252

Genital tract

laceration 496

trauma 496

Genital ulcers 1397

recurrent 1398, 1399

Genitofemoral nerve injury 1818

Genitoreproductive diagnosis and interventions 1741

Genitourinary system 1563

Gentle traction 1729

Genu inferiores 254

Germ cell 1806

destruction 1806

Gestational trophoblastic

disease 483, 1881f

neoplasia 492, 497

Gestroesophageal reflux disease 167

Giacomini vein 292f, 293f

Giant cell 325

arteritis 321, 322f-324f, 946, 1038, 1308, 1393, 1396, 1397

isolated 322, 323f

reaction 315

Gibroids, infected 1853

Glagov's seminal work 365

Gland

central 1751, 1769, 1771

function of specific 1687

hypertrophy of 1750

left submandibular 758f

tissue, absence of 1768

treatment of small 1769

Glandular hyperplasia 1769

absence of 1749

Glandular predominance 1791

Glans penis, artery to 1834f

Glasgow coma score 833

Global portal hypertension, absence of 1220

Glomerular

deposition 327

filtration rate 1020, 1314, 1321, 1327, 1771

Glomus tumor 758f, 869f

Glomuvenous malformation 1596, 1598

Glucocorticoid 169, 410

exogenous 1719

Glucose 169

transporter 1584

Glue 1541

Gluteal artery

inferior 228, 229f, 230f, 264f, 265f, 1303, 1752, 1754f

superior 229, 231, 235, 264f, 265f, 1752, 1754

Gluteal vein

inferior 300

superior 300

Glycation end-products, advanced 1381

Glycine 346

aspartate amino acid 184

Glycoprotein 182, 184, 807, 1325

Goldblatt volume-dependent hypertension 1313

Gonadal arteries 225f, 425, 1291

Gonadal branches 236

Gonadal dysfunction 1687

Gonadal vein 280, 281f, 282f, 1649

anatomy 1720

main 1827

right and left 1720f

sampling 1718, 1720f

Gonadocaval bypass 1340

Gonadotropin releasing hormone 468, 1844

Gooseneck snare 1162, 1729

catheter 1140

Gore devices 1057

Gore excluder 1013

aortic endoprostheses 698f

Gore flow reversal system 798

Gore Viabahn

contoured leading edge 703f

endoprosthesis flexibility 703f

Gore viabil 702f

Gore Viatorr delivery system 702f

Gorham-Stout syndrome 1598, 1600f, 1602, 1603

Gradient echo 1582

Graft 1671

attachment sites 1083

bifurcation 1011, 1021, 1110f

declotting, technique of 1673f

direct puncture of 1055

fixation, proximal 697

loss 152

lumen, inner 697

materials 1656

types of 1668

migration 1059

placement 1635

pseudoaneurysm 1679f

endovascular management of 1678f

stays 1103

via transjugular route 1125

Grain alcohol 1613

Granulomatosis 326

allergic 326

Granulosa cell 1719

Graves’ disease 1687

Great masqueraders 1390, 1437

Greater saphenous vein 278, 290, 291f, 292f, 293, 293f, 296f, 298, 298f, 538f

variation of 292f

Greenberger protocol 138

Greenfield embolectomy device 916

Greenfield vena cava filter 1134

Grievous injury 1115

Growth

cycle 1559

factor, insulin-like 331

Guide catheters 656, 656f

Guidewire 58f, 1099

passage of 592

related artifacts 44

technique 1738f

Guiding balloon catheter 58f, 643

Günther tulip filter 158f, 1136, 1138f, 1160

Gynecologic malignancies 1878

Hair

injury 88, 89

loss 1434

Halo appearance 1177

Hamburg classification 1559, 1560

modified 1560t

Hand arteriogram, normal 244f

Hand arteriovenous malformation 1615f

Hand

arterial

supply to 245t

variation of 245t, 248f

foot syndrome 1273

ischemia 1681, 1681f

Handle vascular trauma 1517

Hands-on training 110

Hangman techniques 1164

Head and neck

vascular disease and intervention 787

veins 268

Headache 136

chronic 843

Headhunter catheter 644, 822

Healing clavicular fracture 881

Heart

artery, right 1134

block 919

bypass, left 1045

disease

atherosclerotic 1315

congenital 378, 886, 924, 1152

ischemic 1332

dysfunction, right 393

failure 914

chronic 914

congestive 903, 912, 1295, 1400, 1404, 1580

high-output 1565

high-output congestive 1584

rates 24

sounds, abnormal 1563

strain, right 902

valve operations 1655

Heat sensitive liquid crystals 1809

Heel ulcers 1492

Helical cardiac imaging 24

Helical coil design 1102f

Helicobacter pylori 1192

Hemangioblastoma 861

Hemangioendothelioma 1587, 1611

Hemangioma 1579, 1580, 1582-1584, 1586, 1596, 1610

adult hepatic 1587

endangering 1609

hepatic 1584, 1587, 1610

infantile 1588f, 1610

infantile 1579, 1583, 1584, 1584f, 1585, 1585f, 1586-1590

hepatic 1590

intramuscular 1579, 1583, 1585, 1588, 1612f, 1613f

large 1610

majority of 1609

Hemangiomatosis, disseminated 1584

Hemarthrosis 1563

Hematologic disorders 1133

Hematoma 411, 414, 496, 594, 619, 835, 1103, 1104, 1121, 1214, 1473, 1503, 1517, 1738, 1827, 1877

enlarging 834

epidural 1417

formation 594, 1030

groin 827, 1853

intraperitoneal 620

large 602f, 1201f

perisplenic 1104f

retroperitoneal 434f, 435f

pathways of spread of 619f

right thigh 1522f

risk of 600

small 1680

visible expanding 1517

Hematospermia 1787

Hematuria 729f, 1114, 1563, 1615, 1763, 1787

treatment of recurrent 1295

Hemiazygos 289f

vein 275, 277f

accessory 277

Hemifacial spasm 857

Hemobilia 1121, 1123, 1263, 1198f, 1648

after liver biopsy 752f

Hemodialysis 1659

access 538, 1629

interventions 1655

catheters, tunneled 1657

vascular access 1655

Hemodynamic

consequences 1564

effects 1609

evaluation and imaging 1434

instability 460

quantitative 32

status 912

Hemoglobin 589

Hemoglobinuria 1613, 1615, 1621

Hemolymphatic malformations 1560, 1565

Hemolysis 1237

Hemopericardium 1642, 1643

development of 949f

Hemoperitoneum 1235

presence of 487

Hemoptysis 924, 925f, 926f

Hemorrhage 453, 847, 1115, 1125, 1164, 1192, 1197f, 1207, 1236, 1263, 1648

active 1118f

active arterial 1116

acute cessation of 1214

arterial 1116

causes of 1208

cecal diverticular 1208f

colonic diverticular 1210f

control of 620, 1295

detection of active 1208

etiology of 1209

focal 1106f

gastrointestinal 1176, 1192

intra-abdominal 620f

intracerebral 809

intracranial 847, 1099, 1335

intramural 625

massive 1199

multiple areas of 1214

nonmassive 1215

postpartum 465, 496, 720, 1882f

relies, resolution of 1214

risk for 857

site of 1209

spontaneous 1586

suture line 1198f

traumatic 720

variceal 1215

vasospasm, postsubarachnoid 533

Hemorrhagic complications 1146, 1419

Hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hereditary 729f, 940f, 1591

Hemorrhoidal artery

middle 264f

superior 264f

Hemorrhoids 500

Hemosiderin deposition 1589

Hemostasis 343

manual 1672

surgical 1883

Hemostatic maneuvers, angiographic 1104

Hemostatic patches 594

Hemostatic processes, normal 343

Hemostatic sequence, normal 343

Hemothorax 1642, 1643, 1643f, 1659

Heningioma, large petroclival 866f

Henoch-Schönlein purpura 327

Heparin 178, 1146, 1416

intravenous 1324

molecules 178

sulfate proteoglycans 332, 333f

Heparinized cell transplant solution 1261

Hepatic angiogram, selective left 754f

Hepatic arterial

anatomy 1277f

biliary fistula 1198f

injuries 1123

supply 214

vascular anatomy 430t

Hepatic artery 10, 213, 216f, 219f, 429f, 1121, 1123, 1125, 1182, 1202f, 1588

aberrant 151f

accidental transection of 1202f

anatomy of 216f, 429f

angiography 742f

middle 216-218

patent 1202f

proper 424

pseudoaneurysm 1121

replaced right 1125

right 3f, 141f, 215, 216, 216f, 217, 217f, 218, 219f, 226, 424, 428-430, 1101f, 1125, 1125f, 1277f

to-hepatic-vein 1121

variants 428

Hepatic disease 174, 1266

Hepatic function 1248

Hepatic injury 438, 440f, 441f, 1098, 1121, 1122

blunt 1125

Hepatic interventional oncology 1265

Hepatic lobe, right 8f

Hepatic malignancy

primary 1265, 1266, 1269, 1275, 1276, 1281

secondary 1265, 1268, 1272, 1275, 1276

Hepatic necrosis, major 1125

Hepatic parenchyma, normal 1275

Hepatic segment, absence of 1152

Hepatic sinusoid pressure 1227

Hepatic tumors

primary 1266

secondary 1266

Hepatic vein 66f, 158, 279f, 282f, 287f, 426, 426f, 1121, 1123, 1240, 1248f, 1268, 1705

accessory 426

anatomic variation of 279f

inferior right 279

middle 279, 280, 426, 1248, 1270

proximal 158

right 214, 279, 426, 1233, 1235, 1248, 1270

sample sequence 1706

Hepatic vena cava 456

Hepatic venogram, wedged 158f, 159f, 1227f

Hepatic venous

collaterals 426

malformation 1622f

pressure

gradient 1223

wedged 1227

thrombosis 1648

Hepaticojejunostomy 1269

Hepatitis

active 1192

C infection 1400

Hepatocellular carcinoma 7f, 8f, 66f, 456f, 759, 1216, 1265, 1271, 1280f, 1296

hypervascular 3f

large 1266f

trial, treatment of 1272

Hepatoma 754f

hypervascular 754f

Hepatopulmonary syndrome 937

Hepatorenal syndrome 1230

diagnosis of 1230

Hernia, ipsilateral 1821

HeRO catheter 1681

Higher intima media thickness 1466

High-flow malformations 1567, 1579, 1590

treatment of 1611

High-osmolar iodinated contrast media 130

High-resolution color duplex ultrasound 1809

Hilar Leydig cell tumors 1718

Hilar veins 1339

Hilus cell 1719

Hinged catheter design 704

Hirsutism 1687

Histamine 1805

Hockey stick configuration 635

Holmium laser enucleation 1747

Homeostasis 1814

Homocystinuria 589, 1337

Hooked catheter, reformation of 635

Hook-shaped catheter configurations 636f

Hormonal influence 1871

Hormone

androgenic 1719

antidiuretic 1313f

luteinizing 1812

therapy 898

Horner's syndrome 375, 377, 1037

Hostile abdomen 1185

H-protons 31

Human

antichimeric antibody 183

atheroma 378

chorionic gonadotropin 487, 1865, 1881f, 1885f

coronary arteries 57

eye 21

gene 1274

prostate 1749

tissue 783

vascular systems 781

Humanitarian device exemption 1276

Humeral circumflex artery, posterior 240

Hunter's canal 1412

Hybrid

device 596

graft 1682, 1682f

procedures 1036, 1065

repair 1065

technique 1060

Hydrocoil 728f, 1522

Hydrolyser catheter system 919

Hydromorphone 1281, 1282

Hydronephrosis 1811

Hydrophilic

bluglide delivery system 1016

coating 652, 1055

guidewires 652f

tip 1820

wire 800, 1180

Hydrostatic pressure 1808

Hydrothorax, hepatic 1229

Hydroureter 1811

Hyperaldosteronism 1710, 1710fc

idiopathic 1708

secondary 1721

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 1390

Hypercalcemia 1295

Hypercalciuria 1693

Hypercholesterolemia 1412

Hypercoagulable disorders 880t, 1240

Hypercortisolism, demonstration of 1688t

Hyperdense crescent sign 434

Hyperfunctioning gland 1687

etiologies of 1687

Hyperglycemia, management of 1375

Hyperglycemic medication 1487

Hyperhomocysteinemia 1359

Hyperkeratosis 1542

Hyperlipidemia 313, 380, 1045, 1358, 1412

management of 1375

Hyperosmolar glucose 1886

Hyperparathyroidism 1312

primary 1692, 1694t

recurrent 1702t, 1703t

Hyperpigmentation 1542

Hyperplasia 1700

bilateral 1708

adrenal 1711f, 1717f

congenital adrenal 1718

epithelial 1743

intimal 49, 1670f

Hypersensitivity vasculitis 450

Hypertension 313, 403, 405, 458, 1114, 1115, 1295, 1313, 1358, 1359, 1368, 1376, 1394, 1412, 1417, 1655, 1687, 1692, 1708, 1710, 1721, 1832

causes of 1312t

secondary 1708

chronic 946

thromboembolic pulmonary 905

venous 1535

incidence of 1115

management of 1375

posthepatic portal 1223

severe 1207

uncontrolled 1378

Hyperthyroidism 1312

Hypertonic solutions 759

Hypertrophy, left ventricular 1315

Hypervascular renal cell

cancer 761f

carcinoma 729f

Hypervascular uterus, supplying 472f

Hypnotic 174

agent 174

Hypocellular scar tissue 1677

Hypogastric artery 227, 235, 1024, 1030

right 155f

Hypogastric trunk 1117

Hypoglycemia 1613

Hypokalemia 1708, 1710

Hypoperfusion, chronic 1314

Hypoplasia 1564

unilateral 234

Hypotension 1344

absence of 902

arterial 913

avoidance of 1053

Hypothenar hammer syndrome 520, 551, 568, 1428, 1429f

Hypothenar trauma 1428

Hypothermic circulatory arrest 1045

Hypothyroidism 1312, 1699

Hysterectomy 483, 1858, 1867, 1871

Hysterosalpingogram 92

Iatrogenic hemorrhage 1196

complicating carotid artery stenting, management of 811f

Iatrogenic injury, suffers 1103

Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm 1113f

Ileal artery 1182

Ileal branches 221, 222

Ileocolic artery 221, 222

angiogram 1208f

Ileofemoral deep vein, management of 253

Iliac access vessels 1011

Iliac aneurysmal disease 1015, 1023

Iliac aneurysms, common 1005

Iliac angiogram

left external 1522f

left internal 229f

right internal 769f

Iliac arterial

anatomy 1004f

dissection 564

injuries 1100

system, left 469f

Iliac arteriogram 147f, 261f

Iliac artery 59f, 152, 249, 425, 564, 678t, 1023, 1026, 1030, 1099, 1101, 1108, 1365, 1403, 1445, 1446

anatomic measurements, post-operative 1003

angioplasty 1447f

bilateral 578

internal 1882f

circumflex 229, 1102f

contralateral internal 774f

deep circumflex 603f, 1841f

disease, focal 1024

distal external 261f, 1442

femoral 1055

internal 227, 228f, 229, 229f, 235, 260f, 264f, 265f, 423, 425, 466, 489f, 496, 616, 1116, 1119f, 1121f, 1360, 1846, 1847, 1879, 1882, 1883

anatomy of 1750

anterior division of 425

balloon catheters 1885

branches of 1836f

future 257

ligation 1844

posterior division of 425f

ipsilateral 59f

internal 265f, 616, 1005

left

external 142f, 264f, 1411f

internal 264f, 749f, 775, 1848f

proximal internal 749f

occlusion 1457

occlusive disease 1371, 1456

proximal left internal 1118f

recanalization 605

right

external 71f, 75f, 425, 1100f

internal 264f, 425, 1882f

stenosis

inflow 1456

stent placement for 1455

substantial proportion of 1457

tortuosity 1024

severe 1026

trainee performs 782f

Iliac bifurcation 1713

Iliac branch devices 1005

Iliac chronic total occlusion 1458f

Iliac circumflex artery 261f, 265f, 1119

deep 227

superficial 251

Iliac compression syndrome 299f

Iliac conduit creation 1055f

Iliac crest 1798f, 1799

Iliac disease

bilateral 1371

treating 659

Iliac lesions 1442

Iliac occlusion 1457

Iliac occlusive disease 1015

bilateral 1372

Iliac spine, anterior superior 601, 602f, 603f

Iliac stenosis 781, 1369

common 1448f, 1734

Iliac system, stented right 581f

Iliac vein 66f, 506f, 884, 1099, 1530

agenesis 1576

aneurysm 1564

bilateral common 452f, 1135

contralateral 156

dilated internal 301f

external 297, 300f, 1119, 1865f

hypoplastic external 301f

laceration, right 1118

left

common 289f, 299f, 301f, 823, 882f, 1149

external 158f, 289f, 426

internal 300f, 426

normal internal 300f

right 1152

external 289f, 301f, 426

internal 300f, 426

stenosis 536f

treatment of 55

variations 301f

Iliac venogram, left 298f, 301f

Iliac venous thrombosis, right 51f

Iliocaval occlusions, chronic 1338

Iliofemoral access site, tortuosity of 1041

Iliofemoral artery stenosis 1394

Iliofemoral bypass 1055

Iliofemoral occlusive disease 884

Immobility 352, 898

Immune

deficiency 1486

mediated small vessel vasculitides 327

In situ thrombosis 1178

Incidentalomas 1688, 1720

Infantile hemangioma, periorbital 1609

Infarction 438, 1843

acute renal 1332

hepatic 1237

Infections 619, 856, 1035, 1038, 1473

control, adequacy of 1385

endometrial 499

ischemic 1512

mild 1384

Inferior vena cava 55, 143, 223, 275, 277f, 279, 280, 280f, 281f, 282f, 284, 284f, 285f, 288f, 301f, 354, 423, 425, 426, 426f, 431, 452f, 453f, 454f, 506f, 535, 875, 884, 933, 1099, 1122, 1133, 1134f, 1155, 1165f, 1219, 1223, 1232f, 1248, 1250, 1251, 1337, 1525, 1527, 1622f, 1711, 1727, 1798f, 1799, 1803f, 1816

abdominal 55

agenesis of 287f, 1152

anatomy, conventional 1150f

aneurysm 287f

azygos continuation of 286f

congenital anomaly of 428

diagnosis of 51f

double 284f, 430

duplication 1152

embryogenesis of 283f

extensive 1526

filters 905, 1135, 1136

indications for 1159

removal of 1158

hemiazygos continuation of 297f

left 284f, 430

obstruction 288t, 453

penetration 1156, 1157

segments 1153

suprarenal 283f, 1151f

syndrome 878

acquired 1871

malignant 878

thrombosis 1157

total 1547f

translumbar 1648, 1648f

transposition of 285f

tumor thrombus 1294f

variation of 284f

Inferior vesical artery 228, 1753, 1753f, 1754, 1765f, 1768f

origin 1763f

Infertility 1808, 1813

Inflammation 349

reduced markers of 1377

Inflammatory disease, chronic 924

Inflammatory reaction 1789

Inflow techniques 33

Infragenicular disease 1466

Infrainguinal disease 1461, 1462

Infrainguinal vascular disease 1464

Infrainguinal vessels, treatment of 1466

Infrapopliteal angioplasty 1460, 1463

groups 1461

Infrapopliteal applications 710

Infrapopliteal arteries 1439, 1486

angioplasty of 1460

Infrapopliteal bypass 1461

Infrapopliteal intervention, indications for 1441

Infrapopliteal lesions 1437

Infrapopliteal stenting 1462

Infrarenal aortic, normal 1021

Infrarenal inferior vena cava 283f

obstruction of 289f

Infrarenal neck

angulation 1023f

configurations 1023f

Infusion catheter 1417, 1826

and wires 684f

placement of 191f

Infusion kit 1281

Inguinal mass ligation 1797

Injury

abdominal 1097

aortic 1108, 1109

adjacent structure 1642

arterial 1051

axillary 1519

axonal 833

blunt 1108

iatrogenic 1100f, 1410, 1520

intraoperative 838

intestinal 1818

intimal flap 1518

Innominate artery 48, 396f, 565, 793, 1052f

origin of 794f, 1059f

patency of 1059f

pseudoaneurysm 738f

right 48f

Innominate vein 48, 273, 1699

In-stent restenosis 332, 335

Insulinoma 1704

Intensity projection

maximum 32, 467, 1210, 1774

minimum 33

Intensive care unit 1100, 1180, 1530

Intensive multidisciplinary care 1115

Intercavernous pathways, anterior 1689

Intercostal artery 208f, 226, 638f, 641

catheter on 638f

coverage of 987

posterior 207

reimplantation 1053

Intercostal vein 274

posterior 275

superior 275

Intermuscular veins, paired 293

Internal carotid artery 205f, 367f, 378, 524, 525, 525f, 526, 526f, 527, 796f, 798f, 802f, 804f, 810f, 833, 838

left 758f, 795f, 803f, 804f

origin, left 1062f

stenosis 812f

Internal elastic

lamina 51

membrane 309

Internal iliac

arteriogram 1754

digital subtraction angiography 1752

system 1754

Internal iliac vein 59, 299, 300

termination of

left 301f

right 301f

Internal jugular vein 46, 268, 269f-271f, 304, 758f, 818, 822, 824f, 825f, 826, 879, 880, 1529, 1632, 1639f, 1689

punctures 269f

stenosis 879

Internal mammary 204

artery 203, 204, 239, 730f, 928, 1700

pathway 278

vein 272f, 274, 823, 1698

Internal obturator

artery 229, 264f, 265f

muscle 1753

Internal pudendal

angiography 1839

artery 227, 229, 229f, 1752, 1753, 1753f, 1756f, 1759f, 1764f, 1770f, 1834f

veins 1878

Internal spermatic

varicocele anatomy 1799f

vein 507, 1796, 1798f, 1799f, 1803f, 1807f, 1816

Internal sphincter 1749

International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry 912

International Normalized Ratio 354, 1146, 1242, 1282, 1637

International Prostate Symptom Score 1744, 1745, 1783-1785, 1791, 1816, 1819

International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection 951

International Society of Neurovascular Disease 820

International Working Group for Diabetic Foot 1382

Interosseous artery, posterior 244

Intersubcardinal anastomosis 283f

Intersupracardinal anastomosis 283f

Interventional Angiographic Procedures 589

Interventional

devices 649

therapy 1216

treatment 1609

Intestines, small 1188f

Intimomedial flap 401

Intimomedial tear 944, 952

Intra-abdominal injuries, severe 1108

Intra-arterial chemotherapy, regional 1299

Intra-arterial neoadjuvant chemotherapy, role of 1298

Intracardiac thrombus, right-sided 905

Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 351

Intracranial vasculitis, endovascular treatment of 1403

Intrahepatic collateral vessels, multiple 460f

Intrahepatic portal hypertension 1223

Intrahepatic portal pressure gradient 1227

Intrahepatic portal veins 1239

Intraluminal swirling blood flow 485

Intraluminal thrombus 1518

formation 1659

Intramural and subserosal leiomyoma, multiple 479f

Intramural hematoma 374, 403, 404f-406f, 944, 948f-950f, 952, 953, 966, 1037, 1101, 1114

management of 955f

Intramural injection, partial 625f

Intramural leiomyoma

large

enhancing 481f

hypointense 1854f

Intraorbital hemorrhage, spontaneous 1600

Intrarenal arterial occlusion 1334

Intratumoral embolization, complications of 863

Intrauterine contraceptive devices 1846

Intravascular contrast media 127, 128t

Intravascular interventions, angioscopy-guided 70

Intravascular ultrasonography

system 60

technique 1151

Intravascular ultrasound 44, 47, 1011, 1037

catheters 45

image 46

Intravenous tubing, secondary 783

Intrinsic disease 1149

Iodine

based contrast media 129

concentration, intravascular 552

Ionic carboxyl group 130

Ionic dimers 129, 130

Ionic fluids 764

Ionic monomers, classification of 130

Ioxaglate 129

Irinotecan 1274

Ischemia 434, 1314, 1851

abdominal 1675

acute 1413f

renal 1332

aggravation of 1503

cerebrovascular 792

critical 954

diffuse 1772

end-organ 1738

hepatic 1237

intestinal 453

prevents 1867

Ischemic events, periprocedural 789

Jejunal arteriogram 153f

Jejunal artery 1182

Jejunal branches 221, 222

Jejunal gist 1197f

Jetstream assisted atherectomy 1469, 1470

Jetstream rotational atherectomy device 681f

Joint

disease 1378

pain 1692

simulation task force 780

Jugular access, right internal 1638

Jugular dialysis catheter, placement of 1658

Jugular sheath 1165

Jugular vein

access 1147

anterior 269f, 272f

external 269, 269f, 270, 272f, 304f

left

external 1635

internal 269f, 273, 303f, 1635

right

external 268f, 269f, 272f, 1635, 1638

internal 268f, 269f, 273, 410f, 879f, 1635, 1875

route 1338

stenting of internal 825f

treatment of 880

unidirectional internal 820f

Jugular venogram, right internal 272f

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma 1579, 1582, 1583, 1586, 1586f, 1588-1590, 1611

Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon 1586, 1586f

Kawasaki disease 324, 325, 450, 1394

Keratinocyte 1382

Kerma-area product 86, 112

Ketamine 175

Kidney 65, 1108, 1114, 1816

disease

end-stage 1677

intrinsic 1327

ectopic bronchial 1823

injury, acute 1420

left 1340

perfusion 152

produces renin 1721

renal angiogram of right 760f

stones 1692

tissue metabolism 1314

Kininogen, high-molecular weight 346

Kinking 1059

Kink-resistant delivery system 1013

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog 1274

Kissing balloon technique 1325, 1442

Kissing carotids 380f

Kissing fashion 876

Kissing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 1448f

Kissing stent 888, 1455

placement 1448f

technique 1455

Kissing technique 680f

Kittycat catheter 708f

Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome 301f, 1559, 1565, 1569, 1579, 1605, 1606f

Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome 572, 575f, 1605

Knee

after blunt trauma to 1518f

deep veins of 296

joint

bilaterally level of 555f

level 292f

popliteal artery 1451f

Knickerbocker graft 984, 986f

Knickerbocker technique 984, 986f

Knife wounds 1517

Kolvenbach's series 1064

Kommerell diverticulum 1037

Korsett balloon catheter 656

Labbé stenosis, vein of 856

Lactic acidosis 589

Lacunar arteriovenous fistula 1839

Lamina propria, invasion of 1272

Laparoscopic left gonadal vein 1340

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy 1293

Laparoscopic splenorenal venous bypass 1340

Laparotomy incision, midline 1180

Laser angioplasty 73f

angioscopy-guided 70

Laser-assisted technique 1166

Laser atherectomy 1469f

Laser Doppler 522

Laser therapy 1574

Lasser protocol 138

LeFort fractures 833

Left adrenal vein 12, 280f, 1712

anatomy 1712f, 1713f

cannulation of 643f

variation of 281f

Left anterior oblique 233f

Left anterior oblique thoracic aortogram 974f

Left brachiocephalic vein 269f, 273, 276f, 1698

occlusion 1647f

Left common iliac artery 260f, 425, 749f, 773

aneurysm 749f

angiogram 749f

stent 338f

Left gastric artery 151f, 216f, 217, 218, 221f, 422, 424, 424f, 430, 639, 1125, 1195f, 1203, 1207

origin of 639f

Left hepatic

artery 151f, 216, 216f, 217, 218f, 220f, 225f, 424, 424f, 428-430, 1125, 1125f

anatomy of 429f

vein 279, 426, 1248, 1270

Left hypogastric artery 155f, 737f, 742f, 1764f

aneurysm 737f

Left subclavian artery 48f, 202, 203, 210f, 273f, 396, 407f, 578f, 644, 744f, 947, 974f, 1052

origin 947f

stenosis 664f

stent graft system 1066f

Left superficial femoral artery 68f

acute occlusion of 1411f

directional atherectomy of 69f

Left upper extremity 569f

dialysis access 1052

Leg

angiogram, right 1366f

angiography, left 260f

deep vein thrombosis, left 1531f

severe ischemia of 1461

swelling 301f

symptoms 1368

ulcers, postphlebitic 1535

Leiomyoma 470f, 480, 1843

autoinfarction of 474f, 475f

history of 479f

treatment of 1855

Leiomyomata 468, 473, 477

evaluation of 468

intramural 471

Leiomyosarcoma 478f, 480, 1857

Leriche's syndrome 445, 1455, 1835f

Lesion

abdominal 1404

acute 1394

atherosclerotic 378

bifurcation 1494

calcification, target 795

characteristics, several 1199

complex 313

coronary 1406

cutaneous 1598

extratruncular 1565

revascularization, target 659, 677

Less warm ischemia time 1114

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis 327

Leukocytosis 1176, 1261

Leukopenia 1273

Levofloxacin 1281, 1771

Leydig cell 1806

function 1812

Libido, decreased 1746

Licorice consumption, excessive 1312

Lidocaine 169, 1529

Ligaments 1115

Lightweight aprons

concerns of 115

discussion of 115

Limb

contralateral 697

ischemia 1207

chronic critical 1357

lesions 1405

occlusion, nonatherosclerotic causes of 1410t

salvage 1461

rates 1511

swelling, management of 1533

threatening ischemia 1456

Lingual artery 205

Lipomas, invasive 1607

Lipoprotein, low-density 1367

Liquid agents 1205, 1291, 1820

Liquid casting agents 762

Liquid embolic agents 759, 928, 1205, 1214, 1880

Liquid sclerosant 1542

Livedo reticularis 1400

Liver 65, 422, 1108, 1585

anatomy 1250

arterial anatomy of 214

biopsy, postpercutaneous 1198f

cirrhosis 754f

cirrhotic 3f

classification of 215f

disease 1265

chronic 1248

end stage 1231, 1362

function 1229

tests 1282, 1283

injury 154, 1127

lacerations of 735f

left lobes of 1250

organ injury scaling of 1122t

packing 1121

parenchyma 1121

regeneration 1247

remnant

functional 1283

future 1247, 1282

transplantation 1241, 1242

trauma 1121, 1127

volume, total 1247, 1283

Lobe hyperplasia, median 1751f

Lobes of liver, right 1250

Locoregional therapy 1269

Loeys-Dietz syndrome 946, 1038

Long multipurpose angled catheter 1178

Long segment occlusive disease 1486

Long thoracic

artery 239

vein 274

Loop snares 1728

Low brachial approach 607

Low femoral venous puncture 623f

Low flip angles 42

Low-molecular-weight heparins 179, 354, 903, 1146, 1530, 1637

Low osmolar iodinated contrast media 130

Low resistance arterial waveforms 497

Lower energy application 919

Lower extremity 286, 290, 569, 1576

anatomical variations of 258

arterial anatomy of 238, 249

arterial disease 556

arterial examination 519

arterial ischemia 191

arteries 250f

embryologic development of 257

arteriovenous malformation in 1594f, 1617f, 1618f

atherosclerotic

causes in 1410

disease, symptomatic 579

claudication 1394

disease 513

multilevel 1457

edema 1133

injuries 1520

ischemia 1000, 1435, 1442, 1448

nonatherosclerotic causes in 1410, 1411t

pulses

absence of 1381

presence of 1381

varices 329

vascular diseases 551

veins and valves 290f

venous reflux disease 1218

Lower lobe

kidney, right 761f

pulmonary artery

aneurysm, right 931f

right 1158f

Low-flow anomalies 1622

slow in 1580

treatment of 1618

Low-flow malformations 1567, 1596

Lumbar angiograms, right and left 763f

Lumbar artery 226, 234, 235f, 423, 641, 1119

into aneurysm sac 769f, 1094f

left 628f, 769f, 1094f

Lumbar spine 1108

Lumbar vein 281f

ascending 289f, 298f, 300

multiple bilateral 1151

right ascending 289f

Lumbar vertebral body 763f

Luminal diameter

minimal 800

stenosis, degree of 555

Luminal dissections 49

Luminal stenosis 364f

limitations of 364

Luminal thrombus 749f

Lumpectomy 1693

Lung 1591

base, left 735f

cancer 1296

carcinoma 1266

disease, chronic 914

malignancies 1299

shunt fraction 1278

Lupus anticoagulant 344

Lupus vasculitis 327

Lymph node 1038

regional 1273t

Lymphangioendothelioma 1589

Lymphangioma 1565

cavernous 1565

excision of 1574

Lymphatic bleeding 1565

Lymphatic infection 1565

Lymphatic leakage 1565

Lymphatic malformation 1560, 1565, 1569, 1579, 1582, 1598, 1599f, 1602, 1603, 1603f

extratruncular 1566f

treated with sclerotherapy 1621f

Lymphatic systems 1566

Lymphatic venous malformations 1579, 1598

Lymphatic vesicles 1605

Lymphedema 1565, 1573, 1605, 1606

management of primary 1573

stage of 1565

Lymphocele 1030

function associated antigen 1 351

Lynch reported 1160

Machleder's multidisciplinary approach 881

Macroembolization 918

Macrophage adhesion ligand 351

Maffucci syndrome 1569, 1579, 1605, 1607

Magellan catheter 772, 773, 775, 778

Magellan medical vascular catheter control system 771, 772f

Magellan robotic catheter systems 771, 775

Magellan system 771, 777, 778

Magnetic metallic implants 394

Magnetic resonance angiogram 1367

Magnetic resonance angiography 31, 32, 42, 963, 1020, 1090, 1316, 1363, 1415, 1835

technique 1590

Magnetic resonance imaging 1688

contrast media 132

Magnetic resonance venography 159, 426, 818, 822

Malaise 321

symptoms of 1394

Male fertility disorder 1812

Male genitalia, vascular abnormalities of 505

Male infertility 1796

causes of 1813

treatment of 1803

Male reproductive organs, noninvasive vascular imaging of 465

Male reproductive tract 505

Maletti valve technique 1550f

Maletti's technique 1549

Malformed veins 1604

Malignant disease 875

Malleolar artery

external 254

posterior medial 256

Mallory-Weiss tear 1193, 1195f

Malperfusion syndrome 954

Mammary arteriogram, left internal 752f

Mammary artery

external 239

left internal 1052

right internal 731f, 1071f

Mammary graft, left internal 1395f

Mammary venogram, right internal 272f

Mannitol 137

Manual compression 593

Marathon microcatheter 862

Marfan's syndrome 317, 374, 397, 564, 568, 946, 979, 987, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1309

Marginal artery 227f

Marginal vein 1564

of Servelle 1609

Mask 28

Massive blood loss 1116

Massive hemoptysis 924

management of 924

Massive pulmonary embolism 918f

Mastora obstructive score 913

Material decomposition 28

Material selection 1649

Maternal mortality, causes of 1880

Matrix metal proteinases 316, 1036

activation of 819

Matrix metalloproteinases 385

Maturation 1635

Maturing fistula 1659f

MAUDE database 1154, 1155t

May-Thurner syndrome 455, 536, 571, 572, 582, 823, 884, 1528, 1528f, 1871

Mechanical rotating element devices 44

Mechanical thrombectomy 1332

devices 711

Meckel's diverticulum 1209f

Medial plantar artery 255, 256, 1490, 1492, 1495f, 1509f

deep branch of 1495f

superficial branch of 1493f

Medial vessel wall degeneration, focal 1394

Mediastinal lesions, ectopic 1692

Mediastinal parathyroid adenoma, classical 1697t

Mediastinal widening 1040

Mediastinum 1598

Medical therapy 1043

Medications, plethora of 172

Medicine, practice of 82

Medtronic leading device 1046

Medtronic talent thoracic stent graft system 965

Medtronic third-generation device 1046

Medtronic valiant

captivia 701 701f

device 1046

thoracic stent graft 1048f

Medullary thyroid cancer 1688, 1703

treatment 1703

Mega vena cava 1152

Melanoma 1296, 1299

Melena, chronic 1209f

Membranous urethras 1752

Memory loss 1692

Menarche 1561

Meniere's disease 826

Meningeal artery, middle 865f

Meningioma, intraventricular 861

Meningohypophyseal trunk 862

Menometrorrhagia 1853f, 1855f, 1858f, 1860

Menorrhagia 470, 479f, 756f, 1859, 1860

Menses 1871

Menstrual cycle 466, 485

Menstrual irregularity 470

Mental status 914

Mercedes-Benz sign 401

Merit medical systems 144

Mesenchymal cells 1564

Mesenteric and celiac arteries, superior 218f

Mesenteric and portal veins, superior 1188f

Mesenteric angiogram 1177, 1178, 1405

normal superior 222f

superior 227f, 734f, 1093f

Mesenteric angiography 189, 1180

superior 150

Mesenteric arterial supply 1176

Mesenteric arteriogram, superior 218f

Mesenteric artery 1176, 1523

angiogram, superior 748f

branches of superior 222t, 1705f

cannulation of 1180, 1200

duplex 1177f

embolus 1177f

inferior 189, 223, 223f, 226f, 235, 424, 426, 528, 639, 734f, 1011, 1086f, 1093f, 1108, 1311f

origins of superior 188

revascularization of 1187

superior 48f, 141f, 152, 152f, 153f, 189, 216f-218f, 221, 222f, 226f, 280f, 422-424, 424f, 428-430, 438f, 439, 457f, 506, 528, 638, 742f, 748f, 978, 980f, 1006, 1011, 1053, 1100, 1108f, 1125, 1175, 1178, 1178f, 1179f, 1181f, 1182, 1277f, 1340f, 1341f, 1401f, 1707

Mesenteric atherosclerotic disease 1176

Mesenteric bovine vein 1668

Mesenteric cannulation 1180

Mesenteric carcinoid metastases 1209f

Mesenteric catheter, inferior 616f

Mesenteric duplex, use of 1176

Mesenteric embolism 1175

Mesenteric intervention 1175

Mesenteric ischemia 1175, 1176, 1186

causes of 1176

correction of 975

diagnosis of 1177

hallmark of 1175

mortality of 1175

nonocclusive 188, 1175

treatment of 1175

Mesenteric trauma 1125

Mesenteric vascular injuries 1126

Mesenteric vascular insufficiency

angiographic evaluation of 1177

evaluation of 1176

Mesenteric vein

superior 1248, 1341f, 1622f

thrombosis of superior 1179f

Mesenteric venous thrombosis 1175, 1176, 1186, 1189

Mesenteric vessels 1177, 1178, 1182

diseased 1175

origin of 1178

percutaneous intervention of 1187

Mesocaval shunt, surgical 1242

Messenger ribonucleic acid 1314

Meta-arterioles 311

Metabolic acidosis 1176, 1420

Metabolism, hepatic 1282

Metachronous development 944

Metal

artifacts 15, 1776

coils 1302

objects 15

Metallic coils 1867

Metallic implants 1042

Metallic stents 888

absorbable 666

Metastatic chemotherapy 1274t

Metastatic colon carcinoma 1254f

Metastatic colorectal carcinoma 752

Metastatic disease 740f, 1265, 1272

hepatic 1209f

regional 1265

Metastatic hepatic malignancies 1286

Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma 1295

Metastatic liver tumors 759

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma 753f, 763f, 1879f

Metastatic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy 289f

Metastatic uterine carcinoma 489f, 1880f

Metatarsal arteries

second dorsal 257

third dorsal 257

Metformin 589

Methamphetamines 946

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus 451

Methotrexate 490, 1886

treatment 1885

Methylergonovine 1867

Methylprednisolone 138

intravenous 138

sodium succinate 138

Metzenbaum scissors 1416

Michel classification 428

Michelson catheter 636

Microcatheter 643

removal of 846

technique 1276, 1281

Microcoils 1820

Microembolic signal 366

Microfibrillar bovine collagen 724

Microfoam form 1618

Microscopic polyangiitis 326, 1399

Microsphere particles 751

Microtrauma-associated sepsis 1486

Microvascular plug 722

Mid-abdominal

aorta 1846

region 1176

Midaortic syndrome 1308

Midazolam 169, 170, 172, 1283

Mid-iliac artery 1442

Midpopliteal artery 1426

Mid-thoracic aorta 209

Migration 1059

filter 1155, 1156f, 1160

proximal 696

Miniature transducers, multiple 919

Minimally invasive

technique 1422

therapies 1747

transurethral procedures, multiple 1746

Minimize bowel gas 1176

Minimize bowel gas interference 1363

Minnesota tube 1216

Minocycline 1633

MIST therapy 1389

Mitomycin 1302

Mitral regurgitation 404

Mobile army surgical hospital units 833

Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter 1134, 1134f

Modular bifurcated device, two-piece 1013

Modular multibranched device 1065

Mönckeberg's medial sclerosis 315

Monocytes 327

Mononeuritis multiplex 1400

Mononuclear leukocytes 327

Mood disorders 1687

Morphine 170, 173

Mortality

high risk of 1406

rate, short-term 913

Mothorax 1643

Motility, abnormal 1803

Motion 14

artefact 14f, 1204f

Moxifloxacin 1283

Moyamoya disease 377, 378, 379f

Moyamoya syndrome 378

Mucocutaneous telangiectasias 1591

Mucoid degeneration 952

Mucus-containing cells 319

Multichannel coils 553

Multi-energy reporting 117

Multifocal hemangiomas 1588

Multigland disease 1696

Multilayer low-porosity version 1015

Multilevel disease, face of 1499

Multisidehole

catheter 778

infusion 684

Multisystem trauma 1518

Multivessel disease, severe 802

Mural calcification 601

Mural injury, spectrum of 1518

Muscle 1567

cells

immature smooth 1598

smooth 314, 330, 334f, 1743

groups, multiple 1618

hypertrophy, smooth 483

mass 293, 1718

metabolism 1377

myosin

heavy chain, smooth 332

smooth 960

tone, smooth 1746

weakness 1687, 1692

α-actin, smooth 332

Muscular arteries 310

inferior 253

smaller 310

Muscular branches 226, 241, 254, 255

superior 253

Muscular veins 295

Muscular vessel vasculitides 323

Muscularis propria 1272

Musculoarticular branch 252

Musculoskeletal tissues 1565

Musculovenous pump 312

Mycobacteria 1394

Mycobacterium 451

Mycotic aneurysms 450, 1038

Myeloma, multiple 136, 141, 1214

Myeloperoxidase autoantibodies 326

Myocardial fibrosis 1315

Myocardial infarction 181, 344, 1175, 1400

acute 1375

history of 1413

Myocardial necrosis 901, 902, 913

Myointima 704

Myomectomy 1844, 1858, 1859

hysteroscopic 1870f

Myometrial arterial blood flow 1843

Myometrial echogenicity, heterogeneous 473

Myometrial scars 1885

Myometrium 1851, 1867, 1883

normal 1844

Myopia, high 1607

Myosin 1377

Nail gun injury 837f

Naloxone 170, 174

Narcotic anti-inflammatory drug 1621

Nasal congestion 1746

Nasogastric lavage 1200

Nasogastric tube placement 1192

National Cancer Institute 108

National Council on Radiological Protection 112

National Electrical Manufacturers Association 82

National Health Survey Budget 1535

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 1344

National Institutes of Health 1394

National Kidney Foundation 1327

National Trauma Data Bank 1098, 1517

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program 106

Nausea 175, 1273

N-butylcyanoacrylate 762, 763f, 768t, 844, 1102, 1183, 1574, 1616

Neck

angulation, proximal 1021

arterial anatomy of 199

configurations, multiple 1021

demonstrate heterogeneous 758f

exploration 832

hematoma 834

left 811f

injury, penetrating 837f

normal venous anatomy in 273f

proximal 1020

Necrosis, idiopathic medial 952

Necrotic fibroid tumor 1854

Necrotic leiomyoma tissue 1855

Necrotic leiomyomata 477

Necrotic lipid core, high-density 370

Necrotic submucosal fibroids 1853

Necrotizing granulomas 326

Needle insertion

aneurysm 1656

segment 1656

tract 1680

Neoendothelialization 1551

Neointimal hyperplasia 672, 674, 1402

development of 1328

Neoplasms 1195

benign 1583, 1843

Neoplastic invasion 64

Neovascularization 383

Nephrectomy 282, 1112, 1115

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 3, 552, 1020, 1317

Nephrolithiasis 1693

Nephropathy

contrast-induced 136, 1019, 1042, 1103

ischemic 1314

risk of contrast-induced 150

Nephrotic syndrome 1337

Nephrotoxic contrast 1089

Nephrotoxic medications 141

Nerve

compression 759

median 607

Neural toxicity 130

Neural vessels, occlusion of 1303

Neurodegenerative diseases 818

Neuroendocrine origin 1265

Neuroendocrine tumors 1266

pancreatic sampling for 1703

Neurofibromatosis 1308, 1449

Neurogenic bladder 1744

Neuroglycopenic symptoms 1704

Neuroleptics 175

Neurologic deficits, focal 843, 869

Neurological complication 805, 987, 1058

rate 983

Neurological deficit 864

Neurological disability, causes of 363

Neurological disease 914

Neurological injury 619

permanent 833

Neuropathy 1486

Neurophysiological monitoring 1053

Neuroprotection 1053

techniques 1045

Neurosurgery 898

Neutrophil extracellular traps 349, 350, 350f

Nickel-titanium

alloy 663, 672

exoskeleton 1011

Nidus 1560

Night pelvic varices 506f

Nitinol stent implantation, primary 1459

Nitinol Z-stent rings 1049

Nitric oxide 333, 345, 902, 1376

based agents 188

endothelial

derived 332

release of 344

production 137

sequestration 919

Nitroglycerin 169, 188, 189, 609, 1509, 1826

intra-arterial 1847

Nitrovasodilator, inorganic 189

Nodules, hypervascular 1769

Noise reduction software 103

Nonablative therapy 1536

Nonabsorbable suture 1650

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1265

Nonanaphylactoid reactions 134

Nonaneurysmal aortas 1109

Nonatherosclerotic occlusive disease 1308

Nonaxial proximal arteries 1521

Noncardiac vascular

diagnostic 92

interventional 92

Noncompliant balloons 657

Noncoronary side branches 1375

Nondihydropyridine 189

Nondiseased aorta 1071

Nonenhancing cystic malformations 1602

Nonexplosive fashion 145

Noninfectious aortitis 1038

Noninflammatory disease 377

Noninflammatory hemoptysis, causes of 924

Noninvasive arterial testing 1386

Noninvasive imaging 1176

Noninvasive plaque imaging 363

Noninvasive vascular

imaging 361

testing 513, 551, 1362

Non-narcotic anti-inflammatory drug 1621

Nonpeptide tyrosine derivative 184

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 179, 181, 184, 353

Nonstenotic carotid disease 365

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

agents 502

drugs 172, 174, 941, 1032, 1192

Nonsurgical therapy 1537

Nontarget embolization 729, 1214

risk of 10

Nontilt spiral shape 1145

Nontraumatic aortic diseases 400

Nontraumatic pathology 377

Nontunneled catheters 1631

Nonvascular applications 12

Norepinephrine 902

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial 790

Northern European Ancestry 1396

Nuclear

medicine 1199

scintigraphy 1199, 1208, 1209

Numbness 818

Numerous anastomoses 1797

Numerous glomus cells 1598

Numerous leiomyoma 480f

Numerous vacuoles, formation of 1806

Nutcracker phenomenon 1339

Nutcracker syndrome 280f, 432, 506, 823, 1308, 1339, 1872f, 1878

anterior 1341f

types of 1340f

Nutricia humeri 241

Nutrient artery 241

Nystagmus 1607

Obdurator artery 1752

Obesity 405

Obscuring perfusion 1776

Obstetric trauma 1881

Obstruction 1564

Obstructive coronary disease, absence of 948

Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 761f, 791, 913, 944, 1039, 1433

Obstructive sleep apnea 1312

Obstructive uropathy 1312

Obturator angiogram, left internal 1834f

Obturator artery 229, 229f, 252, 1121f, 1752, 1760f, 1833f, 1841f

aberrant 1754, 1764f

exterior 229

left aberrant 1120f

Obturator foramen 1120

Occasional nausea 1787

Occipital arteries 204, 205, 863

Occluded catheter, removal of 617

Occluded filter 810f

Occluded vein, recanalization of 1648

Occluded venous access sites 1648t

Occlusion 1237

balloon

catheters 1882

prophylactic placement of 1882f

balloon, second 759

catheter 1882

crossing devices 685

desired, permanent 723

Occlusive disease 553, 1486

categories of 1439

degree of 1486

multilevel 1437, 1456, 1457

single level of 1369

specific sites of 551

Occlusive femoropopliteal disease, treatment of 663

Occlusive lesion 1454

concurrent 1183

Occlusive mesenteric ischemia 1175

Occlusive plaque 789

Occupational dose limits 107t

Ocelot catheter 708f

Odansetron 170

Old silk road disease 1397

Oligospermia 1804

severe 1812

Oligoteratoasthenozoospermia 1805

Omental branches preserve viability 1105

Omeprazole 1771

Omniflush catheter 636

Oncologic surgery 898

Oncologic therapeutic applications 1295

Ondansetron 175

One-way valves, dysfunction of 1796

Onyx 762, 767, 768, 1574

liquid embolic

agent 844

system 766f

Oozing duodenal ulcer 1206f

Opacification, retrograde 1776

Opacify smaller venous structures 502

Open-heart surgery 57

Operative technique 1066

Ophthalmic artery 530

Opie monocusp valve 1550f

Opioids 170, 172

Optional filters 1135

Oral anticoagulant 903

direct 354

Oral aphthous ulcers 1397

Oral medication 138

Oral sores 1273

Orbital atherectomy 1467, 1467f, 1468

catheter 705f

devices 680, 1468

system 1467, 1468

Orbitectomy, left-sided 853

Organ injury, signs of 834

Organ prolapse 1844

Organ, intra-abdominal 154

Organ-specific venous sampling 1719

Orificial valve, competent 1823

Original disease 986

Ormond's disease 946

Orthogonal projections, multiple 1093

Orthopedic applications 576

Orthostatic hypotension 1746

severe 1342

Orthostatic tachycardia 1342

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome 729f, 937, 1591

Osteogenesis imperfecta 374

Osteolytic metastatic lesion 751f

Osteolytic thoracic spine 753f

Osteoporosis 1687

Ostium, distal side branch 1497

Outback LTD re-entry device 710f

Outflow vein diameter 1670

Ovarian abscess, postprocedural 1854f

Ovarian artery 225, 465, 1846, 1847, 1850, 1878

left 1885f

normal 468f

Ovarian dysfunction 480, 1855

Ovarian failure 1845, 1850

Ovarian function, normal 1855

Ovarian masses, diagnosis of 1719

Ovarian tumors 1718, 1719, 1721

Ovarian vein 283f, 503f, 1843

embolization complications 1875f

left 1872f

right 287, 503

venogram, left 1873f

Ovarian venogram, left 504f

Ovarian venous plexus 1875

Ovation prime boasts 1015

Overdilatation, risk of 1069

Overgrowth syndromes 1621

Owvs’ failure, pathophysiology of 1806

Oxaliplatin 1273, 1274

Oxycephaly 1600

Oxycodone 1281, 1282

Oxygen 171

administration 933

extraction 1377

species, reactive 1805

Pacemaker

induced stenosis 884

insertion 92

placement 405

Paclitaxel-coated balloon 662, 1467

Paget-Schroetter syndrome 574, 582

Pain 818

buttock 1303

chronic abdominal 1176, 1692

control 1615

ischemic rest 1360

localized 863

management 165

post-treatment 1538

sensation, superficial 1382

symptoms, ischemic 1419

Palliative embolization 1290, 1295

Palmar arch 245

deep 246, 248

superficial 245, 248

Palmar carpal

arch 246

rete 246

Palmar interosseous arteries 243

Palmar metacarpal arteries 245

Palmaz balloon expandable stent 879

Palmaz stent 1114

placement 1455

Palmaz XL balloon expandable stent 663f

Palpable arterial pulse 594

Pampiniform plexus 505, 1796, 1796f, 1797, 1818, 1823

Pancreas 214, 422, 1108

arterial supply of 221f

Pancreatic artery 220

Pancreatic cancer 1298

advanced 1298

Pancreatic endocrine tumors 1703, 1707

Pancreatic enzymes 459

Pancreatic injury 441f

Pancreatic neoplasms 1688

Pancreatic parenchyma 1704

Pancreatic tail insulinoma 1707f

Pancreatic tumors 1298

Pancreaticobiliary tract 1196

Pancreaticoduodenal angiography 1205f

Pancreaticoduodenal artery 215, 1182, 1205f

aneurysm 742f

branches of inferior 748f

inferior 221, 424, 429, 1202, 1705f, 1708

superior 429

Pancreatitis 1692

Panitumumab 1274

Papaverine 188, 1319

Para-aortic hematomas 624

Paradoxical emboli passing 557

Paradoxical embolization, complications of 939

Paramagnetic contrast media 132

Paraplegia 1529

permanent 975, 1053

Paraproteinemias 136

Parasitic disease 1223

Parasitized extrahepatic arteries 8f

Parathyroid

abnormalities 1692

adenoma 1700

hypervascular 752f

mediastinal 1701f

cells, seeding of 1696

disease 1312

glands 1692

hormone 1692, 1695f

production of 1692

lesion 1694

sampling 1700

surgery 1703t

venous anatomy 1697f

venous sampling 1692, 1696, 1699f, 1700

clinical factors 1692

Parathyroidectomy 738f

Parathyromatosis 1696

Paraumbilical veins 426

Parenchyma 1112, 1705, 1749

hepatic 1235f, 1247

Parenchymal branches 1772

Parenchymal lung disease 900

Parenchymal renal

arteries 1336f

disease 529

Parenchymal tract 1235

dilation of 1235f

Parenteral anticoagulant therapy 1529

Parenteral anticoagulation 901t

Parenteral nutrition 1631

total 1635

Paresthesia 136

Parkes-Weber syndrome 1559, 1569, 1579, 1606, 1607f, 1608f

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 352

Pathergy test 1399

Pauci-immune small vessel vasculitides 326

Peak diastolic velocity 533

Peak skin entrance dose 98, 112

Peak systolic velocity 466, 525, 526, 529, 1316, 1363

Pectoral artery 239

Pedal access 1511f

Pedal arch, deep 1491, 1493f

Pedal artery 1472, 1486, 1511

occlusive disease 1437

Pedal circulation, anterior 1492f

Pedal puncture, retrograde 1507

Pedal vessels, variation of 264

Pedal-plantar anastomosis 1491

Pedal-plantar loop 1491, 1497, 1503

technique 1486, 1504

PEDIS classification 1382

Pedunculated leiomyoma 470, 473f

Pedunculated subserosal leiomyoma 469f

Pelvic

arterial pseudoaneurysms 465

arteries, normal 468f, 469f

arteriograms 1836

arteriovenous malformation 1594f

bone, hypervascular 1299

conditions 465

diseases, evaluation of 1845

fractures 735f, 1115

hematoma 478

infection 480

inflammatory disease 481, 482

intra-arterial chemotherapy 1299, 1302, 1303

irradiation 1832, 1844

malignancies 1290, 1299

metastases, embolization of 1302

nonhepatic malignancies 1290

perfusion, isolated 1299

peritoneum 1119

sarcomas 1301, 1301f, 1303

structures, adjacent 483

surgery 1871

tissue, inflamed 482

trauma 1115, 1121, 1127, 1303

ultrasonography 1719

varicose veins, left 504f

varicosities 1809

vascular injuries 1098

vasculature 1846

venous plexus 1797

Pelvic angiogram 229f, 260f, 506f, 731f, 1836f, 1840f, 1841f, 1873f

with pigtail catheter 1848f

Pelvic congestion syndrome 465, 500, 500f, 501f, 1339, 1870, 1873f, 1874f, 1876f, 1877f

treatment 502f, 503f

and recurrence 504f

complications 506f

Pelvic hemorrhage 1118

active 1116

Pelvic organs 65

adjacent 493

Pelvic pain 468, 470, 1860

chronic 506f

midline 504f

Pelvic varices 503, 1870

right 506f

treatment of 503f

Pelvic veins 290, 1529, 1572, 1877

collateral 289f

deep 507

superficial 289f

Pelvic viscera 227

plexus 289f

Pelvis 1097, 1598

arterial anatomy of 212

deep veins of 296

noninvasive vascular imaging of 465

normal vascular anatomy of 422

traumas of 1097

Penetration, filter 1156

Penile angiogram

left 1837f

normal left 1836f

Penile arterial supply 1842

Penile artery 233, 1832

common 1833f

dorsal 1833f, 1834f, 1839f

normal dorsal 1838f

right dorsal 1834f

Penile blood supply 1833f

Penile pseudoaneurysm, post-traumatic 509f

Penile vascular anatomy 234

Penis

arterial supply of 233, 233f

normal vascular anatomy of 507

Penumbra aspiration pump 714f

Penumbra Indigo Thrombectomy Device 683f

Penumbra occlusion device 722, 732

Peptic ulcer

disease 1192

duodenal 1193f

Percutaneous access 1253, 1620

Percutaneous angioplasty 1405, 1427

Percutaneous angioscopy 57

Percutaneous arterial puncture 589

Percutaneous balloon angioplasty 49

Percutaneous biopsy 12

Percutaneous closure device 805

Percutaneous coronary intervention 179, 181, 181t, 183, 1406

Percutaneous embolization with ethanol 1615

Percutaneous endovascular

revascularization 1323

techniques, advances in 1175

therapy 1330, 1338, 1341, 1371

Percutaneous femoral

catheterization 250f

vein catheterization 156

Percutaneous filter retrieval 1156

Percutaneous inferior vena cava 905

Percutaneous intentional extraluminal recanalization 1472

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy 1179, 1419

Percutaneous renal artery angioplasty 1721

Percutaneous robotically-enhanced coronary intervention 778

Percutaneous stent placement 1269

Percutaneous therapy 486

Percutaneous thrombectomy 712

Percutaneous thrombogenic techniques 561

Percutaneous transcatheter embolization 1188

Percutaneous transluminal

angioplasty 92, 152, 330, 600, 649, 668, 669, 675f, 677, 678, 680, 824f, 825f, 887, 1024, 1320, 1381, 1433, 1439, 1440, 1455, 1496, 1510f, 1832

coronary angioplasty 92

Perfected technique 1776f

Perfusion 1382

Periadnexal fat 482

Periaortic edema 451

Periaortic gas 451

Periaortic hematoma 1041f

Pericardial patch 1669

Pericardial tamponade 1644f

Pericarditis 1400

Pericolorectal tissues 1272

Perigraft thickening 414

Perihepatic hematoma 440f, 441f, 443f

Perimalleolar ankle 1493

Perimedial dysplasia 318

Perinephric hematoma, small 445f

Periodic surveillance imaging 1043

Peripheral angioplasty 189

Peripheral arterial

aneurysm 1421, 559, 582

circulation 552

occlusive disease 551, 556, 1319

Peripheral arterial disease 19, 330, 662f, 1045, 1308, 1344, 1357, 1359f, 1360, 1367fc, 1372, 1375, 1378, 1381, 1411, 1832

chronicity 1360

classification 1360

disease location 1360

evaluation of 148

management of 330

medical treatment 1367

physical activity for patients with 1375

risk factors 1358

risk of 1359

symptoms of 1360

treatment of 662, 1365

Peripheral arteriography 149

Peripheral artery 37, 57, 59, 61f, 337

aneurysm, types of 1420

disease, angioscopy images of 60

evaluation of intravascular interventions of 65

Peripheral excimer laser angioplasty 1468

Peripheral nervous system 323

Peripheral neurologic disease 1744

Peripheral portal vein branch 1233

Peripheral upper extremity vasculitis 568

Peripheral vascular

disease 598, 665f, 666, 1355, 1381, 1475

treatment of 663

interventions 682, 1355

stenosis, treatment of 1468

system 713

Peripheral vasculature, atherectomy of 705

Peripheral veins 59

Peripheral venous

disease, angioscopy images of 64

lesions 891

Peripheral vessel 57, 58

thrombosis 1738

Peripherally inserted central

catheter 157, 1635, 1636t, 1655

venous catheter 1637

Periprocedural complications 1154

Perirenal hematoma 1328

Peritoneal lavage, diagnostic 1105

Peritoneal signs 1213

Peritonitis 1648

severe 469f

Periumbilical veins 1239

Periurethral glands 1748f

Perivenous iron deposits 819

Permanent filters 1141

Permanent paraparesis 975

Peroneal artery 254, 263f, 264, 1366f, 1486, 1490, 1503f

angiosome 1491, 1492f

bifurcation of 262f

stenoses in 1499f

Peroneal veins 293, 294

Persistent hematuria 1292f

Persistent hemorrhage, treatment of 497

Persistent hyperparathyroidism 1702t

Persistent hypoxia 1796

Persistent retroperitoneal anastomoses 1802

Persistent saphenous artery 259, 261f

Persistent sciatic artery 259, 260f

thrombosis of 1410

Persistent sciatic vein 301f

Personal radiation monitors 106

PESI and SPESI clinical models 914t

prognostic factors and weighting 914t

Petrosal branch 862

Petrosal sinus

anatomy 1689

inferior 1687, 1692

proximal 1691f

Petrous bone fracture 833

Petticoat technique 975, 984

Phaces syndrome 1585, 1589, 1590

Pharmacocavernosography 1835f

Pharmacologic drugs 127

Pharmacological therapy 1369, 1487

Pharyngeal artery, ascending 205, 811f, 863

Phentolamine 1837

Pheochromocytoma 136, 1309, 1312, 1703

Phlebectasia 268, 296f

Phlebectatic osteohypoplastic angiodysplasia 1569

Phlebectomy, powered 1537

Phlebitic lymphedema 312

Phlebitis 1632

Phlebography 1572

Phleboliths 1602

Phlegmasia alba dolens 329

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens 1157, 1526

Phoenix atherectomy

catheter 1469

system 706, 706f

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors 1832

Photoelectric absorption 83

Photons, number of 21

Photoplethysmography 519

Phrenic angiogram, right inferior 1296f

Phrenic artery 639

cannulation 644

inferior 225, 225f, 422, 641f, 928, 1296f

left 1195f, 1203

paired inferior 225

superior 639

Phrenic vein, inferior 281f

Phynox plate 1143

Piezoelectric crystal 522

Pigtail catheter 612f, 616, 616f, 627, 655, 935

facilitated 1735f

multimarker 1025, 1029f

technique 615f

Pigtail loop 918

Pinched-off syndrome 1638f, 1729

Pioneer plus 710

base unit 710f

Piperacillin 1253

Piton catheter 800

Pituitary adenoma 1689f

Pituitary gland 1688

normal 1688

Pituitary hormone 1812

Place index finger and middle finger 591f

Placenta accreta 492, 493f, 496, 1883

antepartum diagnosis of 496

Placenta increta 492, 493f, 1883

Placenta lacunae 495

Placenta percreta 494f, 1884f

Placenta previa 492, 495, 495f, 1883

balloon occlusion for 1882f

Placental abnormalities 492

Placental implantation abnormalities 496, 1843

Placental tissue 492

Plantar arch 256, 1523

branches of 256

Plantar artery

deep 257

lateral 255, 256, 1450f, 1490, 1507f

Plantar circulation 1494f

Plantar ischemic wounds 1493

Plantar loop technique 1507f

Plantar metatarsal arteries 256, 1490

Plantar vein, lateral 293f

Plantar-pedal loop 1493f

Plaque

causing severe stenosis 797f

neovascularization 383

risk assessment 385

ruptures 49

Plasma

lipoproteins 314

testosterone, circulating 1746

Plasmapheresis 1631

Plastic bag delivery system 144

Plastic surgery 574

Plastic syringe containing air 1822

Platelet 344, 345, 1282

activating factor 345

activation triggers 346

adhesion 346

derived growth factor 331

plug 593

Platinum

coils 728f

helical coil 728f

Plethysmographic techniques 514

Plethysmography 1572

Pneumatosis, presence of 453

Pneumothorax 891, 1642, 1643, 1648, 1659

Pocket infection 1646

Polidocanol 1218

sclerosant 1618

Poly l-lactide stent 666

Polyangiitis 326

nodosa 323, 450, 1329f, 1393, 1399, 1400, 1401f

active 325f

Polybutester 1650

Polycarbonates 764

Polycystic kidney disease 374

Polycystic ovary syndrome 1718

Polycythemia 1295

Polydipsia 1687

Polyester 965

Polyethylene 764

Polymer microspheres 1867

Polymer shells 133

Polymerization 764

risk of 1868

Polymerizing agents 1574

Polymorphonuclear cells 1400

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 327

Polymyalgia rheumatica 1397

Polyp, endometrial 479f, 1845

Polyposis syndrome, hereditary 1195

Polypropylene 764

Polysplenia syndromes 1152

Polytetrafluoroethylene 674, 678, 738, 965, 1012, 1013, 1231, 1519, 1542

expanded 697, 1047, 1656

Polyvinyl alcohol 722, 750, 751f, 1204, 1275, 1286, 1521, 1610, 1613f, 1763, 1847f, 1850f

applications of 750

embolization 1612f

particle 750f, 753f, 1102, 1291, 1850f

regular contour 472f

Popliteal access, retrograde 613

Popliteal aneurysmal disease 1420

epidemiology 1420

pathophysiology 1420

Popliteal artery 253, 253f, 259, 296, 516, 562, 564, 613, 613f, 674f, 690f, 1426, 1427, 1445, 1459

adventitial cystic disease of 1410

aneurysms of 559, 562, 1410, 1420, 1421, 1423f

aplastic branches of 263f

branches of 253

branching 262f

levels of 259

bypass, surgical femoral-to-above-knee 1463

cystic adventitial disease of 1428f

entrapment 1426f, 1427f

syndrome, diagnosis of 1426

high division of 261, 262f

left 61f, 1422f, 1423f, 1426f

occlusion 143f

bilateral 562f

proximal 561

right 1415f, 1428f

scoring balloon angioplasty 1452f

superficial 206, 1446, 1457

Popliteal cystic adventitial disease 559

Popliteal entrapment syndrome 1410, 1421, 1425

management of 1427

pathophysiology 1425

Popliteal fossa 253, 295, 1421, 1426

anatomy of 253

open 613f

Popliteal puncture techniques 1496

Popliteal vein 253f, 292f, 293, 294, 295f, 296, 296f, 1133

aneurysm 1561, 1564

duplication of 295f

right 296f

variants of 295f

Porcine gelatin 1618

Porcine small intestinal submucosa 1549

Port placement 1640

Portal hypertension 1216, 1220, 1223-1225, 1227, 1229, 1248, 1596, 1871

causes 1223

diagnosis 1223

isolated left-sided 1226

manifestations 1223

Portal hypertensive

colopathy 1226

gastropathy 1226

Portal vein 11, 145f, 423, 426, 453, 1121, 1232f, 1238, 1284, 1588

absence of 1596

access 1235

applications 10

bifurcation 1270

branch 1123

normal 1251f

confluence 423

embolism, complications of 1263

embolization 11, 1247, 1250f, 1282, 1283, 1286

contraindications 1283

indications 1283

postprocedural orders and care 1286

preprocedural evaluation 1283

procedure 1283

infusion 1247, 1258

left 1188f, 1248, 1251

main 158f, 1248

occlusion 1263

right 158f, 1248, 1251, 1257f, 1258f

anterior 1248

posterior 1248

thrombosis of 1223

to-hepatic-vein fistulae 1121

Portal venography 157

Portal venous

anatomy 1250, 1286

anatomic variants 1251

standard 1250

anomalies 1596

branches feeding gastrorenal shunts, classification of 1217f

pressure 1258

measurements 1227

system 1212, 1252f

Portcaths 1655

Portosplenic mesenteric thrombosis, endovascular management of 1186

Portosystemic shunt, intrahepatic 1238f

Portosystemic shunts 1225

Ports, placement of 1636

Port-wine stains 1564, 1596, 1601, 1605

Positive contrast media 129

Postangioplasty 49

Postcarotid artery stenting haemorrhage 810f

Postcoital pain 500

Postembolization syndrome 478, 1286, 1295, 1786, 1827, 1851

Postendovascular aortic

aneurysm 1086f

repair 1090f

repair 1086f, 1088f, 1089f

Postfilter removal venacavogram 1167

Postimplantation syndrome 1032

signs of 1032t

symptoms of 1032t

Postmenopausal woman 466, 1844

Postpartum bleeding 496, 499f

Post-thoracic endovascular aortic repair reinterventions 1060

Post-thrombolysis hematoma 1419f

Post-thrombotic recanalization 1549

Post-thrombotic syndrome 1133, 1135, 1525, 1527

production of 1543

severe 1526f

Postuterine artery embolization 475, 482f

Potassium 1805

chloride 490, 1886

injection of 1885f

deficiency 1312

Potential complications 1263, 1648

Potential intramural hematoma 394

Potential neurotoxicity 142

Potential tissue loss 556

Potts needle 650f

Power injectors 1099

Prasugrel 185, 187

dosing 187

monitoring 187

pharmacology 187

Preclose technique 597

with perclose device 598f

Prednisone 1610

Predominant artery 1494f

Pre-embolization angiogram 1302

Pregnancy 898, 1561

multiple 1871

rates 1818

test 1529

Prehepatic portal hypertension 1223

Prelysis balloon angioplasty 1335

Preperitoneal pelvic packing 1116

Pressure

extrinsic 1101

high venous 1796

intra-abdominal 535

intraluminal 1445

intravenous 1806

natriuresis 1313

Preuterine artery embolization evaluation 470

Princeps pollicis artery 242, 243

Problematic pain control 1402

Procedius vascular instructional system trainer 782

Procoagulant proteins 346, 347t

Profunda artery, superior 241

Profunda brachial artery 241

Profunda femoral artery 249

Profunda femoris 252

Proliferation, mesenchymal properties of 1565

Proliferative endothelial cell neoplasms 1579

Proline-hydroxyproline 346

Promethazine 170, 175

Prophylactic embolization 1206

Prophylactic indications 1147

Prophylactic treatment 589

Prophylaxis 1092

Propranolol 1610

Proprietary pincer retrieval system 1142f

Prostacyclin 174, 333, 345

endothelial production of 344

Prostaglandin 174, 1805

metabolism 1314

Prostate 1753, 1816

androgen deprivation, selective 1815

arterial supply of 234, 1750

artery 1756f

embolization 1743, 1791, 1791f

origin of 1759f

two independent 1757f, 1758f

carcinoma 1745, 1771

diseases 1805

musculostromal anatomy of 1749f

normal anatomy of 1748f

normal zonal anatomy of 1748f

specific antigen 1784, 1785, 1791

supply 1775

transurethral resection of 1771, 1790t

venous drainage systems 1815

volume 1770, 1783-1786, 1817

zones of 1747

Prostatectomy, open 1747

Prostatic anal trunk 1754

Prostatic arterial supply distribution 1754f

Prostatic artery 234f, 1761f, 1764f, 1767f, 1768f, 1770f, 1771

advent of 234

and arterioles, preglandular 1759f

embolization 1743, 1763, 1768, 1769, 1771, 1789f, 1790t, 1792

complications of 1788f

inferior 1753f

left 1770f

origins 1754

posterolateral 1753f

rare 1762f

right 1756f

single 1760f

Prostatic branch

lateral 1753, 1753f

medial 1753, 1753f

Prostatic hyperplasia, benign 1743, 1744, 1747, 1748f, 1754f, 1796, 1814, 1815f, 1817f, 1818f

Prostatic hypertrophy, benign 1814

Prostatic obstruction, benign 1783

Prostatic urethra 1748f, 1752

Prostatic venous plexus 1797, 1816

Prostatic vesical artery 1753

Prostatic vesical artery 1753f

Prostatitis 1744

chronic 1817

Prostatorectal trunk 1754

Prosthetic bypass 1372

Prosthetic graft 1109, 1372, 1666, 1670

Prosthetic interposition graft 1670

Prosthetic valve 1175, 1545

deployed 1551f

implant 1411

Prosthetic vein valve 1551f

Protease activity, imaging of 385

Protection devices, proximal 799

Protein

C deficiency 344

coagulation 346

S deficiency 344, 1332

Proteinase-3 autoantibodies 326

Proteinuria 327

Proteus syndrome 1569, 1579, 1605, 1607

complications of 1607

Proton pump inhibitors 1708

Provocative gastrointestinal angiography 1214

P-selectin glycoprotein-1 351

Pseudo vein sign 1204f

Pseudoaneurysm 373, 374, 457, 459, 477, 485, 619, 620, 738f, 1030, 1037, 1101, 1103, 1109, 1110f, 1112, 1113f, 1123, 1236, 1327-1329, 1403, 1405, 1406, 1473

ascending aortic 1067

cavity 1111f

development of 1196

formation 485

groin 1344

neck 620

post-oophorectomy 489f

postpartum 488f

sac 620

Pseudoinfiltrative fashion 1585

Pseudo-occlusion, catheter-induced 629f

Pseudorectal enhancement 1776

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1410

Psoas muscles 227

Pubic bone 1753

Pubic ramus, superior 1822

Pudenda externa superficialis 251

Pudendal angiogram

left internal 233f, 1836f

right internal 1834f, 1836f, 1838f, 1839f

Pudendal arteriogram, right internal 1834f

Pudendal arteriography 1832

Pudendal artery 1752, 1764f

accessory 1754

deep external 252

inferior 229

ipsilateral internal 466

stenosis 1832

superficial external 251

Pudendal vein, external 1797

Pudic artery, superficial external 251

Pulmonary aneurysm 930f, 932f

Pulmonary angiogram 747f, 767f, 939f

demonstrates mycotic pseudoaneurysm 932f

postembolization 729f, 735f

right 932f

Pulmonary angiography 936f

Pulmonary arterial

circulation 897

venous circulation 927

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation 937, 938f

multiple 939f

treatment of 924

Pulmonary artery 25f, 58, 276, 746f, 900f, 901f, 928, 958f, 1134, 1827

bifurcations 653

branch, right 1158f

injury, risk of 919

involvement with stenosis 1406

levels of 974f

medial degeneration 320f

pressure 918, 1406

pseudoaneurysm 1406

right 936f

stenosis 1406

Pulmonary catheter 1163

Pulmonary circulation 1738

Pulmonary disease 1378, 1744

chronic 914

Pulmonary edema 1323

Pulmonary emboli 1135

risk for 1671

symptomatic 1135

Pulmonary embolism 405, 407, 480, 571, 886, 891, 897, 917, 929, 961, 1133, 1155, 1157, 1159f, 1566, 1607, 1728

categories of 913

diagnosis of 393, 407

pharmacomechanical treatment of 912

registry

management strategy of 912

prognosis of 912

response teams 921

severity index 913, 914

surgical intervention of 921

thrombolysis of 924

treatment of 921

Pulmonary embolus 618, 1039

Pulmonary hemorrhage 919

Pulmonary hypertension 1146, 1394, 1404

Pulmonary infection 930f

Pulmonary interventions 924

Pulmonary lesions 1406

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy 49, 906

Pulmonary thrombus 921

Pulmonary vascular

resistance 902

system 897

Pulmonary vasodilation 902

Pulmonary vein 746f, 938f

Pulmonary venous circulation 927

Pulmonary vessels 321

Pulsatile arterial flow 591, 592f

Pulsatile bleeding 1517

Pulsatile blood flow 1093

Pulsatility 1656

Pulse

fluoroscopy 97f

oximetry 609

ipsilateral 605

rates and dose per pulse 102

repetition frequency 525f

synchronization of 41

volume recording 514, 1361, 1386, 1434, 1572

Pulseless disease 1393

Pulseless femoral artery 601

retrograde puncture of 601

Punctuate bleeding, multiple 1883

Puncture

axillary 606

below safe zone 603f

multiple 798

site

localization of 600

preparation of 600

selection of 598

technique, single 1151

Push technique 764

Pushable coils 729

selection of 732fc, 1869f

shape of 728f

Pyometra 1844, 1853

Pyomyoma 481, 483

Quality of life 1791

Radial and ulnar

arteries 247f, 539

veins 302

Radial artery 242, 243, 247, 248, 248f

branches of 242

catheterization 189

closure transradial band device 612f

early division of 248f

independent origin of 247

minor 247

occlusion of 244f

plethysmography and pulse oximetry, normal 611f

proximal 1661, 1676

puncture 609

superficial palmar branch of 248

to cephalic vein 1663f

with diffuse stenosis 1681f

Radial recurrent artery 241, 242

Radial streaks originating 1776

Radial-cephalic forearm 1660

Radialis indicis artery 242, 243

Radiation

badges 106

blankets 114

control program directors, conference of 82

dose reduction techniques 111t

induced opacities 89

injury 87, 1410

pads 114

protection

apparel 104

systems, suspended personal 112

risks 87

safety and protection systems 81

shielding pads 114f

skin injuries 88t

units 84, 87t

Radicular artery, great anterior 209f

Radicular veins 289f

Radiculomedullary artery 964f

Radiocephalic fistula 1663f

primary 539

Radiocephalic forearm, autogenous 1669

Radioembolization 1279, 1281

Radiofrequency

ablation 14, 1271, 1538

analysis 49

induced thermotherapy 1538

Radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy 1569

Radiopaque ethylcellulose-ethanol 1619

Radioprotective cabin 113, 114f

Radiosensitive organs 85

Ramus communicans 1491

Randomized clinical trial 677, 678, 1527

Rasmussen aneurysm 929

Raynaud's disease 522

Raynaud's phenomena 522

Raynaud's syndrome 522, 1411

Real-time patient dose management 108

Recent technological developments 112

Recoil and dissection, risk of 1182

Rectal artery 1755

middle 228, 1752, 1762f, 1766f

superior 424, 1753, 1753f

Rectal bleed 1787

Rectal carcinoma, five-year survival for 1273t

Recurrent aortic pseudoaneurysm, endovascular coiling of 1111f

Red blood cell 759, 1339

role of tagged 1199

Re-entry devices, selected 690t

Refractory ascites 1229

Refractory hypertension 739f, 1324f

endovascular treatment of 1342

Refractory hypotension 933

Regional pain 1787

Regorafenib 1274

Regulatory issues 82

Rehydration 1827

Relapsing polychondritis 1038

Renal abscess formation 1295

Renal aneurysms 1405

Renal angiogram

bilateral 451f

left 739f

right 729f

Renal angiography 149

Renal angiomyolipoma

embolization 778

large 12

Renal-aortic ratio 1316

Renal arterial

disease 1308, 1317

supply 1323

testing 528

Renal arteriography 1721

Renal arteriovenous

fistula 148f, 1336f

malformation 1335

Renal arteritides 1309

Renal artery 223, 223f, 225f, 423, 424, 446, 528, 554f, 639, 1063f, 1108, 1113, 1313, 1324, 1326, 1331, 1335, 1394, 1403, 1523

aneurysm 1308, 1328, 1331, 1405

causes of 1328, 1328t

classification of 1328t

incidental 1331f

bifurcation 1328

of main 739f

bilateral 48f, 1319f

branch stenosis 1316

dissection 1308, 1328, 1344

duplex 528

embolic occlusion 1333t

embolism 1333

embolization 1113, 1290

fibromuscular

disease 955f

dysplasia of 320f

indications for 1320

injury 1328

blunt 1111

large accessory 48f

left 429, 974f, 980, 1029f, 1111f, 1293f, 1294f, 1334f

lesions

angioplasty for 1322

atherosclerotic stenotic 1114

level of right 974f

lower 1021f

main 1111, 1330

multiple 1316, 1344

normal 224f, 1316

occlusion 1111, 1115, 1314

acute 1312

management of 1114

origin 447f, 528, 1026

right 1023f

originate 1329

ostial occlusive disease 1321

patency 151f

poststenotic dilation of 1311f

proximal 1291

right 1318f

right 223, 280f, 429, 431, 438f, 450f, 1316f, 1324f, 1331f, 1333, 1334f

stenosis 148f, 446, 449f, 739f, 1308, 1316f, 1317f

causes of 1308t

clinical features predictive of 1312t

diagnosis of 1721

duplex imaging of 1316t

evaluation of 1315

right 1324f

treatment 1319f

stent, placement of 1030

stenting 1325

medical treatment plus 1322

thrombosis, acute 1334f

Renal atrophy 1314

Renal bifurcation stenosis 1323, 1326f

Renal blood flow 137

Renal cell 1299

cancer 1337

large left 1294f

carcinoma 454f, 1290, 1292f

extension 49

Renal collecting system, right 1198f

Renal cortex 447

Renal denervation 1344

Renal disease 134

diet in 137

end-stage 903, 1320

intrinsic 1314

pre-existing 1214

Renal dysfunction 1030, 1314, 1744

Renal embolization 1291

balloon occlusion catheter for 1293f

Renal failure 1295

chronic 1043

Renal fascia 1333

Renal fenestration 1006

renal to 1006

Renal function

careful assessment of 1043

impaired 136

normal 1332

transient loss of 1327

Renal hypoperfusion 1314

Renal hypoplasia, segmental 1312

Renal impairment 147

Renal injury 440, 445f

diagnosis of 1111

embolization of 1112

staging classification, revised 1112t

treatment of 154

Renal insufficiency 136, 143, 152f, 1053, 1435, 1456

chronic 1400, 1414

pre-existing 1011

worsening of 1327

Renal ischemia

effects of 1315

left 974f

Renal mass, large left 1294f

Renal nephrogram, left 974f

Renal ostium 1319

Renal parenchymal disease 529

Renal replacement, permanent 1322

Renal revascularization 1323

method of 1320

Renal stent 781

extraction of 1737

placement 151f

Renal transplant 1337

Renal trauma 1111

diagnosis of 1098

Renal tumor

left 1294f

treatment of localized 1293

Renal vascular

injuries, treating 1115

interventions 1308

Renal vein 281f, 282f, 287f, 1150, 1231, 1318, 1722, 1820

anomalies, embryogenesis of 283f

central left 1217f

circumaortic 283, 284f, 431, 1823

confluence 1151

dorsal 282f, 283f

drain 1151

entrapment syndrome 432

left 280f, 282, 283, 283f, 423, 431, 1232f, 1339, 1799

level of 1150f

lower 1152

multiple bilateral 1152

renin sampling 1721

retroaortic left 283f, 284, 284f, 431, 431f, 1152

right 280f, 423, 431, 1220, 1826f

thrombosis 1336, 1811

causes of 1337t

Renal venogram, diagnostic left 1821

Renal venous

congestion 1339

hypertension 1339

Renin angiotensin

aldosterone system 1114, 1313, 1313f

system 1318

Renin dependent hypertension 1313

Renin secretion 1722

Renography 1318

Renoprotective therapy 1323

Renovascular disease, pre-existing 1315

Renovascular hypertension 1114, 1310, 1312, 1721

diagnosis of 1721

pathophysiology of 1313f

Reperfusion injury 1420

Reperfusion syndrome 191

Reperfusion therapy, primary 916

Reproductive function 465

Resectisol 137

Residual arterial lumen 375

Residual atheroma, removal of 72f

Residual fundal fibroid 1859f

Residual kidney function 1114

Residual plaque 49

Residual telangiectasia, surgery for 1609

Residual veins, treatment of 1540

Resilient graft material 1013

Respiratory

depression, risk of 1613

distress 835

maneuvers 1822

motion 14f

Restenosis 1328

inhibit 1467

mechanism of 332

pathology of 330

pathophysiology of 330

prevention of 334

Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 1417

Reticular veins 1540

Retinal pigmentary abnormalities 1607

Retrievable devices

permanent 1155t

potentially 1155t

Retrievable filters, removal of 1136

Retrieval hook 1164

Retrieval procedure 1167

Retrieving coils 1737

Retroaortic vein 284

Retrograde dissection 1059

Retrograde puncture, ipsilateral 1442

Retrograde-antegrade techniques, combined 1486

Retroperitoneal collaterals, location of typical 1798f

Retroperitoneal fibrosis 1449, 1811

Retroperitoneal hematoma 1134f, 1328, 1648

right 1419f

Retroperitoneal hemorrhage 1473

risk of 601, 602f

Retroperitoneal mass 1809

ligation 1797

Retroperitoneal veins 1822

Retroperitoneal venous system 282

Retroperitoneum 1116, 1121, 1126, 1598

Revascularization 1369

device 715

general principles of 1401

Reverse-tunnel technique 1640

Rhabdomyolysis 1613

Rheolytic embolectomy 918

Rheolytic thrombectomy 1334

systems, side effect of 935

Rheumatoid arteritis 327, 1038

Rheumatoid vasculitis 450

Rheumatologic disease 899

Rib resection 1425

Rifampin 1633

Right thigh, stab wound of 1522f

Ring artifact 15

Riolan's arch 1176

Roberts catheter 1837f, 1838f, 1847f

Robot-assisted prostatectomy 1100f

Robotic catheter manipulator 772f

Robotic system 772

advantages of 779

disadvantages of 779

usage of 778

Robotically steerable catheter systems 771

Rösch inferior mesenteric

artery 616

catheter 1163

Rösch-Uchida

liver access kit 1232f, 1233

needle 976f

Routine quality assurance 101

Ruda's meta-analysis 1694

Runoff status 1437

Rupture

aneurysms, method of treating 1016

spontaneous 1103

Rutherford classification 1413, 1414t, 1433t

Saccular aneurysm 1042, 1183

infrarenal 63f, 70f

Saccular aortic aneurysm 62

open repair of 67

Saccular arch aneurysm 1061f

Saccular hilar aneurysm, large 1331f

Sacral artery

lateral 231, 1752

medial 422

median 260f

middle 226

Sacral veins 289f

Sacrum sarcoma, right 1304f

Safari technique 689f, 1503

SafeFlo filter 1145

Safer insertion techniques 1642

Saline, high pressure 713

Salpingitis 1853

Salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral 1720, 1871

Sandwich technique 723, 764, 1062, 1064, 1102, 1164, 1165, 1204, 1205f, 1523, 1698

Santorini's plexus 1797, 1815

Saphenofemoral junction 291f, 1542

Saphenopopliteal junction 292f, 293, 293f

Saphenous branch 252

Saphenous vein 291, 319, 1112, 1537

dual greater 292f

graft 1202f

harvest, left greater 1416f

lesser 290, 291, 292f, 293f

long 292f, 1542

right and left 426

small 291f, 293, 1529

termination of lesser 292f

Sapheon venaseal 1542f

Sarcoma 1302, 1857

mimicking infantile hemangiomas 1587f

misdiagnosed 1857

Scalene muscle, anterior 882f

Scalenus medius muscles 202

Scapular artery

descending 204

dorsal 204

Scapular circumflex artery 240

Scarpa's fascia 619

Scheimpflug slit lamp camera 89

Sciatic vein 1564, 1572

right persistent 296f

Scimitar sign 1427

Scleroagents, high-risk accompany 1573

Scleroderma 1312

Sclerosant agent 1619, 1619f

direct injection of 1618

Sclerosant delivery 1822

Sclerosing agents 759

review of 1820

Sclerotherapy 1216, 1540, 1567, 1573, 1618, 1619, 1821

in low-flow anomalies 1613

procedure 1619f

technique 1622

ultrasound-guided 1574

Scrotal artery 1834f

Scrotal contact thermography 1797, 1809, 1810

Scrotal pain 1796

Scrotal thermography, normal 1811f

Scrotal vein 1816

Scrotal venous drainage 1797

Seafood allergy, history of 1149

Sealant-mediated devices 595

Seat belt

aorta 1108

syndrome 1108

Sedation 169, 169t, 170t

conscious 161, 1771

deep 166

equipment for 169

levels of 165, 166t

moderate 166

Sedatives 174

Segmental arteries

multiple 7f

proximal 1330

Segmental mobile thrombus 1072

Segmental pressure measurements 1362, 1572

Seldinger technique 589, 590f, 593, 1846

Selectin 349

characteristics of 351t

ligand function 351t

Selecting apron 118

Selective catheterization 636, 1324, 1325, 1708

equipment 635

technique 635

Selective embolization 1117

Semen

abnormalities 1803

parameters, abnormal 1805

quality 1812

Seminal vesicles 1753

Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination 1382

Sensitivity 87, 1011

Sensory loss 1380

Sensory neuropathy 1381

Sensory tests 1382

Sentinel bleeding 1530

Sentinel events, reviewable 109

Sentry bioconvertible filter 1141, 1143f

Separator catheter 714

Serological tests, diagnostic 1398

Serotonin 1805

Sertoli cells 1806

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor 1718-1720

Serum

blood urea nitrogen 1043

calcium 1703

levels 1692

cortisol, midnight 1688

free testosterone 1813

lactate dehydrogenase, elevation of 1333

testosterone concentration 1719

Servelle-Martorell syndrome 1569

Sex-hormone-binding globulin 1814

Sexual desire, lack of 1844

Sexual dysfunction 1744, 1747

Sexual function testing 1765

Sexual intercourse 1871

Sexual medicine expert 1832

Shaphenous vein, duplicated greater 292f

Shattered kidney 1113

Shear stress 386

Sheath-leader catheter system 773

Sheehan's syndrome 496

Shepherd's crook guiding catheter 1826f

Shepherd's hook 149, 1823, 1826

Shock 405, 913

cardiogenic 916

Shrimp allergy, history of 1149

Shrunken kidneys 1722

Sickle cell

anemia 134, 899

disease 136, 589

trait 136

Siegel classification 1803f

Siemens C-arm systems 12

Sigmoid sinus venous pouch 858

Silodicin 1746

Silver ions 1632

Silverhawk plaque excision system 704f

Simmons catheter 616f, 1178, 1218, 1713

Simon nitinol cava filter system 1149

Single-wall technique 590, 622

Sinotubular junction 199f

Sinus

anatomy 1690

cavernous 1689

coronary 276

intercavernous 1689

pericranii 1596, 1600, 1601f

Valsalva 199f

Sinusoid 295

Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome 1223, 1230, 1239

Sirolimus eluting stent 1462

Sjögren's syndrome 1411

Skeletal deformities, progressive 1607

Skeletal muscle 328

Skin 88, 759, 1604

atrophy 1687

changes 301f

deterioration 1680

flora 1637

injury 88, 89

lesions 1399

raised 1584

necrosis 1614

oxygen tension 1435

thinning, suspected 1657

Slabs of acrylic 110

Slice thickness 33

Slim sign 379f

Small bowel 1108, 1211

adenocarcinoma 1196f

hemorrhages 1212

Small branch vessels, multiple 1212

Small diameter vessels 321

Snare technique, modified 1163

Snare-over-loop guidewire 1164

technique 1163, 1165f

modified 1164

Snorkel technique 1060

Society for Vascular Nursing 1344

Society for Vascular Surgery 1382

classification 1360

practice guidelines 1000

Society of Interventional Radiology 165, 1145, 1743

practice guidelines 1146, 1147

Society of Thoracic Surgeons 1044

Society of Vascular Surgery Guidelines 797

Sodium 1805, 1820

morrhuate 1618

nitroprusside 188, 189

tetradecol sulfate 1219f

foam 1218f

tetradecyl sulfate 722, 758f, 1218, 1540, 1573, 1822

Soft tissue 160, 1567

density 1709f

hematoma 440f

hypertrophy 1605

mass 1582

inflammatory 451

neoplasm, pediatric 1579

thickening 1582

Soleal veins 295f

Solid organs, injuries of 720

Solitary prostatic artery 1754f, 1759f, 1760f

Somatic developmental anomalies, adjacent 1585

Somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring 1050

Sonographic technique 505, 564

Sonography, gray-scale 1581

Sotradecol 758f, 1540

Spasms 1656

Spastic diplegia 1610

Spectral broadening 524f

Spectral Doppler waveforms 468f

Spectral filtration 96

Spectranetics laser 705, 708

Sperm

count, deterioration of 1812

production facility 1806

quality, deterioration of 1812

Spermatic cord 1796, 1818

venous tension 1805

Spermatic veins 1806

external 1797

left internal 1798f, 1800f, 1824f

right internal 1818f, 1825f, 1826f

Spermatogenesis 1796

Spetzler-Martin grade 844

score 844t

Spetzler-Martin treatment strategy 844

Spherical embolic particles 752

Sphincter, intrinsic 1749

Spider vein 760

treatment 1539f

Spinal anesthesia 1818

Spinal artery 208, 208f, 1214

anterior 209, 400f, 964f

Spinal cord 208

injury 1146

ischemia 399, 1044, 1092

Spinal dysraphia 1585

Spinal perfusion pressure 1053

Spin-echo imaging 1605

Spiral support strut 1048

Splanchnic artery aneurysm 1188

Splanchnicectomy 1342

Spleen 225, 422, 1106f

lacerations of 735f

organ injury scaling of 1104t

Splenic aneurysms 461f, 1182

Splenic angiogram 221f, 764f, 1106f

Splenic arterial injection, selective 1706f

Splenic artery 217f, 218f, 220, 225f, 422-424, 424f, 429, 457, 1103, 1107f, 1108f, 1125, 1125f, 1182

aneurysm 457, 1185f

branch of 154f, 218

coil embolization 1188

embolization 1107f

fusiform aneurysm of proximal 1185f

infusion 1298

injection 1705

multiple aneurysms of 764f

pancreatic branches of 220

proximal 218f, 1107f, 1184f

segment of 460

with intramural thrombus, proximal 1185f

Splenic hilum 455f

Splenic injury 442f, 443f

conservative management of 1104

Splenic interventions 1107

Splenic laceration 1105

Splenic parenchymal laceration 725f

Splenic pseudoaneurysms 460

Splenic rupture 154f

Splenic trauma 1103

Splenic vein 287f, 423, 1231, 1232f, 1248

injection 1228f

thrombosis of 1223

setting of 1226

Splenorenal shunt 427f

Spondyloarthropathy 1394

Spring-back force 988

Stacking atherosclerotic aorta 147f

Stacking software program, value of 157f

Staff during fluoroscopically-guided procedures 111t

Stainless steel 1522

balloon 703

Stanford classification 947t

Stanford dissection 401f

management of 971f

Starclosese vascular closure system 597f

Stasis dermatitis 1542

Static branch obstruction 955

Static obstruction 411, 956, 959f

Static tissues 33

Steal syndrome 540, 1674, 1675

Steam vein sclerosis 1540, 1540f

generator 1540f

Steerable catheter 772f, 773f

Steno-occlusive disease 657

Stenosis 46, 1149, 1237, 1324, 1576, 1669, 1677

after angioplasty 1452f

eccentric 615

exists, severe 59

focal 1436, 1832

inflow segment 1671

juxta-anastomotic 1660, 1663f, 1664f

quantification, method of 373

recurrent 1439

types of 1670

visualization of 38f

Stenotic disease

specific sites of 551

traversing 614

Stenotic lesions 1494

treatment of 668

Stenotic outflow murmur 1656

Stent 672, 1099, 1344

absorbable 1683

coronary 1728

fracture 336, 1473

graft 696, 875, 890, 965, 1091, 1331, 1344, 1463, 1517, 1519

abdominal aortic 696

collapse 989

deployment 53

fabric of 1110f

induced intimal tears 395

large diameter 1677, 1680

placement of 980f, 1331, 1677

pro-form 984

selection 53

implantation 336

open-cell 792

patency duration 672

placement 1322, 1456

primary 1182, 1446, 1459

self-expanding 1550

suprarenal 1027

Stereotactic radiosurgery 856

Sterile saline solution 1823

Sterile technique 590

Sterility 90

Sternocleidomastoid

clavicular head of 1639f

muscle 269, 836, 1639

Sternum 1585

Steroid

injections, intratumoral 1610

oral administration of 138

resistant rejection 1223

Stiff exchange wires 1057

Stile trial 1418

Stochastic risks 90

Stomach 214, 422, 1192, 1203

arterial supply of 219f

proximal 225

ulcers 1692

Stomal varices 1219

Stomatitis 1397

Stork bite 1564

Strabismus 1607

Strata 1015

Streptococcus 451

Streptokinase 190, 1332, 1527

Stress 1192

String sign 374f, 804f

Stroke 187, 400, 789, 1404

cardioembolic 354

hemorrhagic 843, 916, 1335

ipsilateral 792

ischemic 354, 365, 375, 789

majority of 363

neurological signs of 960

risk 1051

secondary, risk of 792

Stromal cell lesion 1719

Stromal predominance 1791

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 179

Sturge-Weber syndrome 1559, 1564, 1569, 1605, 1606

Subarachnoid hematoma 1417

Subarachnoid hemorrhage 529, 847

development of 1691

Subcapsular hematoma 441f

Subcardinal vein 282, 283f

posterior 282

right 282, 283f

Subclavian aneurysm 520

Subclavian artery 201, 204, 209, 238, 567, 572f, 882f, 929f, 1052, 1423, 1424, 1523

aberrant right 201f, 1037, 1069

branches of 928

occlusion 567

origin, proximal 203

proximal 565

left 556f

right 200, 203f, 273

Subclavian carotid transposition 1052

Subclavian injuries 1519

Subclavian steal syndrome 565, 567f, 812, 813f

Subclavian valve and sinus 304f

Subclavian vein 269f, 274, 274f, 303, 304, 880, 881, 882f, 883, 1632, 1655

left 269f, 273, 1635

right 269f, 272f, 273, 882f, 1635

stenoses 1677

Subclavian venogram, bilateral 274f

Subclavian venous occlusion 304

right 304f

Subcostal artery 226

Subcutaneous emphysema 835

Subcutaneous fat 1604

Subcutaneous fondaparinux 933

Subcutaneous tissues 1303

thick 594f

thin 594f

Subdural hematoma 1417

Subendometrial cysts 473

Subinguinal mass ligation 1797

Subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy 1818

Subintimal arterial flossing 686f

Subintimal recanalization 1498

Subintimal technique 1444f

Submucosal fibroids 1855

Submucosal leiomyoma 481

Submucosal leiomyomata 469, 471, 473

Submucosal myomas 1854

Suboptimal cava filtration 1160

Subscapular artery 240

Substantial atherosclerotic disease 641

Substantial radiation dose level 108, 112

Subsupracardinal anastomosis 283f

Subtraction techniques 27

Suction embolectomy 916

Sugar-free psyllium fiber 783

Superficial femoral artery, incomplete 260f

Superficial veins

ectatic 296f

prominent adjacent 1584

Superior vena cava 156f, 269f, 274, 303f, 304, 875, 878, 1135, 1646, 1655, 1698

double 274, 276f

filter 1147

placement 1148f

left 274, 276, 276f

obstruction 274f

occlusion 278

syndrome 408, 410f, 875, 1678f

etiologies of 876t

management of 410

treatment of 876

Superior vena cavogram 879f, 1147

Supernumerary glands 1696

Superparamagnetic contrast media 132

Supra-aortic

arteries 1403

branches 947f

deployment 1061

lesions 1403

stenotic disease 1403

vessels 951

Supracardinal vein 283f

systems 282

Supraclavicular fossa 269

Supraduodenal artery supplies 215

Suprarenal artery, middle 422

Suprarenal cava filter placement 1147

Suprarenal filter 1150

Suprarenal vein, left inferior 283f

Suprarenal vena cava filter placement 158f

Suprasternal notch 269

Sural arteries 253

Sural nerve biopsy 325f

Surgery, abdominal 898, 1196

Surgical access, types of 1656

Surgical excision 1622

Suture

absorbable 1650

mediated devices 596

Swan-Ganz injury 933f

Swing segment, stenoses of 1665f

Sympathetic nerves 1342

Sympathoadrenal symptoms 1704

Symphysis pubis 1798f, 1799

Symptomatic leiomyomata 468

treatment of 468

Syncope 1342

Synechiae, large anteroposterior 300f

Synthetic graft closure 945

Syphilis 946, 1394

Syphilitic aortic aneurysms 408

Syphilitic vascular disease 317

Systematic ultrasound-guided access 1103

Systemic anticoagulation 878

Systemic disease 1248

absence of 1283

presence of 1283

Systemic hypertension 1721

Systemic hypotension 968

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 1032, 1384

Systemic lupus erythematosus 898, 1394, 1411

Systemic methotrexate 1885f

Systemic thrombolysis 904, 915, 916, 936

Systemic thrombolytic therapy 886, 934

Systemic vascular disease 1655

Systemic-systemic collateral system 234

Systolic toe pressure 1382

Tachypnea 912

Takayasu's arteritis 321, 403, 448, 520, 561, 563f, 568, 946, 1308, 1309, 1311f, 1393, 1394f, 1410, 1449

descending aorta 407f

Takayasu's disease 321

Tamponade 1867

Tamsulosin 1746

Tandem lesions 377, 792

Tantalum 844

Target vessel

cannulation 637

puncture of 590

revascularization 1466

Tarsal artery 1493f

lateral 256, 264f, 1494f

medial 257

and lateral 264f

Tazobactam 1253

Tears, multiple primary 944

Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin 759

Telangiectasia 937

hemorrhagic 939f

Telescoping sheath technique 1164, 1165

Telescoping steerable catheter sets 773

Temperature-sensitive imaging 372

Temporal artery, giant cell arteritis of 322f, 323f

Temporal lobe anterior to petrous bone, right 21f

Temporal resolution 22

Temporary bypass 1487

Temporary cava filtration 1158

Temporary embolization materials 723

Temporary occlusion desired 723

Terazocin 1746

Terminal helicine arteries 233

Tertiary branches 1396

Testes

mediastinum of 1797

normal vascular anatomy of 505

Testicle 1816

Testicular artery 225, 1818

Testicular atrophy 1812, 1818

Testicular carcinoma 289f

Testicular damage 1808

Testicular function 1803

Testicular manifestations 1804

Testicular pain 1796

Testicular parenchyma 505

Testicular varicocele 1796, 1805

Dubin-Amelar clinical classification of 1804t

Testicular veins 283f, 505

Testicular venous

circulation 1806

drainage system 1815

failure of 1796

drainage, anatomy of 1797f

Testosterone 1815

exposure, source of 1815

management 1813

Therapeutic abortion 1865

Therapeutic angiograms 1125

Therapeutic anticoagulation 1416, 1532

Therapeutic applications 49

Therapeutic embolization 720

Therapeutic modalities, primary 1372

Therapeutic shoes 1387

Therasphere 1277, 1279

Thermal laser angioplasty 73f

Thermal venous occlusion 1821

Thermotherapy

catheter, bipolar radiofrequency-induced 1539f

generator, celon radiofrequency-induced 1539f

Thigh, deep veins of 296

Thiocyanate 189

Thoracalis

lateralis 239

suprema 238

Thoracic abdominal aorta 989

Thoracic aneurysms, development of 433

Thoracic aorta 48f, 142, 143, 199, 394, 436, 700, 800, 951, 958f, 1050, 1071, 1083, 1108

ascending 59f

branches of 201

measurements 398t

normal 396f

postoperative 410

Thoracic aortic

aneurysm 397,1035

development of 316

distribution and epidemiology of 1035

pathogenesis of 1036

radiographic diagnosis of 1040

disease, management of 393

endografts 700

injury 1037

blunt 1066, 1109

occlusion 209, 210f

pseudoaneurysm 55f

repair 1083

segment 1108

transections, repair of 1067

trauma 49

Thoracic aortogram 744f

optimization technique 616

Thoracic applications 14

Thoracic artery 204

highest 238

lateral 239

superior 238

supreme 238

Thoracic axis 239

Thoracic branches, major 199

Thoracic disease 924

Thoracic duct

injury 1645

ligation 1645

Thoracic endograft components 1006

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair 413, 946, 950f, 955f, 953, 966, 989, 1035, 1043, 1051f, 1052f, 1054f, 1059f, 1061f, 1067, 1067f

complication of 413f, 1058

endoleak 1095

indications for 1045

related reinterventions 1060

staged 1063f

Thoracic injury, blunt deceleration 946, 987f

Thoracic intercostals carries 700

Thoracic outlet 571f-573f

syndrome 273f, 568, 569, 574, 1423

Thoracic pathway, lateral 278

Thoracic stent graft 1036, 1047t, 1546f

design 967

development of 1010

relay 967

Thoracic vascular diseases 393, 397

Thoracic vasculature 393

computed tomography imaging of 394

magnetic resonance imaging of 395

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms 316, 964f, 1006, 1035, 1037, 1039, 1040f, 1054f, 1063f, 1064f

Thoracoabdominal false lumen, large 980f

Thoracoabdominal incision, left 1109

Thoracoabdominal stent graft 980f

Thoracoacromial artery 239

Thoracoacromialis 239

Thoracodorsalis 240

Thoracotomy, emergent 1156

Thrombectomy 1180, 1337

devices 682

endovascular 1167

pharmacomechanical 1186

selected 685t

techniques 1671

Thrombin

inhibitor, direct 182

injection 1092

sponge 1092

Thromboangiitis obliterans 325, 1429

Thrombocytopenia 1273, 1584

heparin-induced 180, 344, 702, 899, 1416

severe 903, 1528

Thrombocytosis 352

Thromboembolectomy, surgical 628

Thromboemboli 451

Thromboembolic complications 627

Thromboembolic disease 567, 568, 582, 1308, 1332, 1525

pathophysiology 1525

Thromboembolic events 847

Thromboembolic occlusion 1308

Thromboembolism 551, 557

acute venous 912

risk of 1332

Thromboembolization 1473

Thrombolysis 886

absolute contraindications to 905t

devices 682

infusion system, ultrasound-assisted 684f

isolated 1531

pharmacomechanical 192f

Thrombolytic agents

pharmacological 1186

use of 192t

Thrombolytic drug 1529

administration 1528

Thrombolytic infusion 1459

times, shorter 1530

Thrombolytic therapy 188, 190, 879, 886, 887f, 913, 933, 1186, 1215, 1334, 1417f, 1457

directed 712

primary complication of 191

randomized trials of 1527t

Thrombophilia, inherited 898

Thrombophlebitis 1606, 1877

migrans 329

superficial 1538

Thromboplastin time, partial 179, 589, 1196, 1252, 1529

Thrombosis 46, 55, 312, 344, 349, 1671, 1677, 1738

acute 535f

venous 191, 569

cancer related 352

chronic venous 569

in situ 1405

pathophysiology of 343

Thrombotic disorders 352

Thrombotic occlusion 1333

removal of 881

Thrombotic occlusion, risk of 824

Thrombotic tendencies 134

Thromboxanes 174, 343

Thrombus 60, 704, 1149

anatomic distribution of 1527

eliminate residual 1531

formation 628f

from abdominal aorta 313f

imaging 382

infrainguinal 1529

management of 1161, 1162fc

remove 1671, 1672

trapped 1160

Thyrocervical artery originates 203

Thyrocervical trunk 203

anatomy of 203

Thyroglossal duct cysts 1602

Thyroid 1299, 1694

arteriogram, left inferior 727f

artery

inferior 203, 204, 727f

superior 205, 1700

disease 136, 1312

disorders 204

dysfunction 136

gland 1703

inferior 203, 204

plexus

branches 1699

veins 1699

scan 1687

vein 270

inferior 272f, 1698

middle 272f, 1698

superior 272f, 1698

venogram, frontal 1697f

venous

anatomy 271f

plexus 1696

Tibia, nutrient artery of 256

Tibial and dorsal pedal arteries, posterior 516f

Tibial angioplasty 1446

Tibial artery 259, 1445, 1472, 1486, 1504, 1520

branches of posterior 256

disease 1460

distal

anterior 263f

posterior 263f, 1366f

hypoplastic anterior 263f

left posterior 1415f

medial anterior 254

patent 1504

popliteal and anterior 682f

posterior 209, 255, 255f, 687f, 1486, 1490, 1499f, 1504f, 1508f, 1509f, 1511f

short anterior 1500f

Tibial chronic occlusion, posterior 686f

Tibial circulation, posterior 1491f

Tibial disease 1372

Tibial vein 295f

bypass, status post-posterior 1387f

ipsilateral 1529

posterior 293, 293f

Tibial vessel, target 1511

Tibioperoneal artery 1509f

Tibioperoneal atherectomy 778

Tibioperoneal trunk 254

Tibioperoneal trunk bifurcation 1502f

Ticagrelor 187

dosing and monitoring 187

pharmacology 187

Ticlopidine 185

Time-international normalized ratio 1196

TIPS stenosis, signs of 1237

Tirofiban 184

dosing and monitoring 184

Tissue 1384

atheromatous 66

directed pharmacologic ablation device 1343

disruption, target 705

edema, severe 1420

extravascular 32

factor 346

ischemia 1580, 1591

loss 1382

necrosis following sclerotherapy 1622f

plasminogen activator 190, 933, 1180

recombinant 1527

surrounding 1680

swelling 1591

transfer grafts 574

weighting factors 86t

Titanium connector 1682

Todd's paralysis 806

Toe

brachial index 1362, 1382

pressure 1361, 1434

ulcer, nonhealing right 1366f

Tolazoline 188

Tolerate medical therapy 1746

Topographical division 836

Torqueable guidewires 604

Tortuous

anatomy 650, 738

aortic anatomy 784

arcuate veins 1871

azygos vein 286f

descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 1041f

infrarenal necks, treatment of 1016

segments 614

vascular anatomy 736

Total hip

arthroplasty 898

replacements 1655

Toxic

metabolites, renal vein of 1805

nodule 1687

Tracheal injury 834f

Tracheobronchial

compression 397

tree 1039

Tracheostomy 832

Traditional catheters, manual usage of 771

Transabdominal duplex ultrasound 1151

technique 1151

Transaortic catheter 1850

Transarterial approach fails 1093

Transarterial chemoembolization 6, 151, 1271, 1272, 1276, 1281

Transarterial embolization 857, 1102, 1271

Transarterial interventional techniques 1290

Transarterial lung perfusion 1569

scintigraphy 1569

Transarterial procedures 1275

Transarterial radioembolization 10

Transarterial route and tumor embolization 862

Transarterial treatment 1272

Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus 677, 678, 680f, 1344, 1365, 1440

classification 1436

morphological classification of femoral-popliteal Lesions, modified 1441t

treatment of 679f

Transaxillary procedure, complicated 625f

Transcatheter arterial embolization 1299

Transcatheter descending venography 537

Transcatheter embolization 440, 720, 769, 1092, 1610, 1611, 1613f, 1616, 1618

clinical applications for 720t

considerations for 721t

technique of 1843

Transcatheter therapy 1818

Transcaval tunnel catheter 1658f

Transcervical vein 274

Transcollateral technique 1486, 1507

Transcranial Doppler 366, 790

and duplex scanning 529

Transcutaneous oximetry 1435

Transesophageal echocardiogram 400, 1071

Transesophageal echocardiography 952, 963

Transfemoral cardiac catheterization 625f

Transforming growth factor 334

Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization 6, 9f, 10f

Transhepatic catheter 1189

Transhepatic tract 1234

Transhepatic tunneled catheter 1658f

Transient ischemic attack 186, 187, 192, 363

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 10, 92, 148, 530f, 702, 1125, 1227, 1228f, 1231t, 1232, 1232f, 1234f, 1236, 1237, 1241, 1242, 1242f

dysfunction, sonographic signs of 1238t

infection 1237

placement 1229t

surveillance 1237

technique 1232

Translumbar aortogram 626f

Translumbar aortography 611, 613f

Transluminal angioplasty 826f

Transluminal extraction catheter 704

Transmetatarsal amputation

bone resection 1388f

flap

approximation 1388f

creation 1388f

healed 1389f

Transplant candidates 1658

Transplant cell injury 1261

Transplant renal

arteriogram 152f

artery 152, 152f

Transplant vein, acute thrombosis of 1338f

Transplantation programs 1631

Transradial wrist device 609

Transthoracic echocardiography 900

Transurethral resection 1747

Transurethral techniques 1769

Transvenous embolization 857

Trauma 438, 1146, 1410

blunt abdominal 154

laparotomy 1109

organ injury scale, surgery of 1103

penetrating 1103

signals 1572

Traumatic bleeding 143, 153

Traumatic dissection 986

Traumatic injury 1103, 1113

acute aortic 53

treatment of 1097

Traumatic pathology 374

Traumatic pseudoaneurysms 1114

Traumatic renal artery, treating 1114

Traumatic vascular injury, signs of 1517, 1517t

Traversing diseased aortoiliac segment 614

Trellis peripheral infusion system 713f

Trellis thrombectomy system 1179

Treovance 1016

Trigeminal neuralgia 857

Triglyceride 73

Trigonocephaly 1600

Triple-barrel dissection 956f

Trisacryl gelatin microspheres 1275, 1880

Trousseau sign 329

Truepath control unit 707f

Truncular lymphatic malformation 1567f

Truncular venous malformation 1562f

Truncular vessels, aneurysm of 1561

Tubal branch, medial 231

Tube gantry angulation, X-ray 103

Tube output control, X-ray 94

Tuberculous mediastinitis 408

Tubo-ovarian abscess 482, 1853

Tubular necrosis, acute 955

Tumor

arterial enhancement of 1280f

carcinoid 1688

embolization 863

contraindications for 863

extension 1811

gastrointestinal stromal 1195

hyperfunctioning adrenal 1295

hypervascular 1301f

incomplete infarction of 1860

infiltration, local 1611

invades 1272

muscularis propria 1272

submucosa 1272

malignant 1607, 1688

markers 1282

mucosal location of 1843

necrosis factor 314

neuroendovascular management of 843

related bleeding 1878

submucosal location of 1843

thrombus 1248

in portal vein 1266f

treating 720

Tumoral thrombosis 453

Tunica albuginea 1835

Tunica interna comprises 309

Tunnel dialysis catheter, reverse 1640f

Tunnel infection 1646

Tunneled device placement 1638

Tuohy-Borst adaptor 1325

Turbo-Elite laser 705

Turbohawk approaching lesion 681f

Turn-Back technique 639, 640f, 644

Turner's syndrome 404, 946, 1037, 1598

Tyrosine kinase receptors 332

Ulcer 903, 1361, 1434

atherosclerotic 400, 950f

duodenal 1205f

formation 1380

like projections 953

nonhealing 1382

Ulceration

ischemic 1512

prevention of 1380

secondary 89

superficial 1459

Ulnar and interosseous arteries 248f

Ulnar artery 243, 248

branches of 243

deep palmar branch of 248

Ulnar collateral artery

inferior 241

superior 241

Ulnar recurrent artery 241, 242

posterior 243

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide 381

Ultrasonic contrast media 132

Ultrasonographic lymphangiography 1572

Ultrasound imaging and duplex scanning 522

Ultrathin woven polyester, composed of 1016

Umbilical artery 228, 257

Umbilical vein

degenerates, left 274

recannalized 1234

Unfractionated heparin 178, 179, 1530

dosing and pharmacokinetics 178

monitoring 179

pharmacology 178

Unibody polytetrafluoroethylene 697

Unilobar disease 1269

United Kingdom Endovascular Aneurysm Repair 1 Trial 1001

United States Food and Drug Administration 678, 1137t

United States guided arterial access 800

University of Washington Criteria for Severity of Carotid Bifurcation Stenosis 526t

Upper extremity 563f

access 1823

complications 619

anatomical variations of 247

arterial

anatomy of 238

disease 564

arteries 239f

embryologic development of 246

atherosclerotic causes in 1410

collateral circulation of 249t

major superficial veins of 302

nonatherosclerotic causes in 1410

peripheral vein 1632

retrograde access 605

right 567f

vascular diseases 551

vein variants 303f

venography 155

venous thrombosis 539

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding 1192

after gastrectomy 1202f

from duodenal ulcer 730f

Upper limbs 143

Urea 1805

nitrogen 1283

Ureter 227

retrocaval 282, 284f, 432

Urethra 1749, 1791

preprostatic 1749

Urethral burning 1787

Urethral compression 1769

Urethral sphincter, external 1749

Urinary

albumin 1377

bladder cancer 1302

frequency 479f, 1787

incontinence 1342, 1844

retention, acute 1783, 1817

tract infection 478, 1744, 1771, 1786

frequent 1844

tract symptoms, lower 1743, 1744, 1747

Urination, frequent 1692

Urine

analysis 1746

sediment, benign 1230

Urogenital diaphragm 1749

Urokinase 190

receptor 345

Uroselectan, chemical structure of 127f

Uterine

acquired 1865

angiography, left 233f

arterial branches, dilated 726f

arteriography, selective 1847

atony 496

bilateral 301f

bleeding 468

cavity 1845

congenital 1863

gestation 1845

leiomyosarcomas 1857

malposition 1871

necrosis 480, 483

preservation 1867

pseudoaneurysms 1869

rupture 496

segment, lower 467f

serosa 1883

size 470

smooth muscle 1843

surface, subserosal leiomyoma to 469f

suspension 1871

treatment of 485

Uterine angiogram

left 756f, 1848f, 1856f

right 1853f

Uterine arteriogram

left 726f

selective left 756f

Uterine arteriovenous

fistula 1844, 1865f

malformation 465, 483, 484f, 485f, 487f, 1864f, 1865f

Uterine artery 229, 231, 466, 472f, 1853f, 1856f, 1878, 1885f

bilateral 1869

embolization 465, 468, 469f, 470, 471f, 472f, 479f-482f, 483, 496, 1848f, 1862

injection, right 1865f

left 756f, 1847f, 1848f, 1862f, 1865f

normal 467f

right 495f, 1853f, 1865f, 1882f

variation of 230

Uterine cervical

cancers 1304

carcinoma 1302

management of 1299

Uterine enlargement 482

asymmetric 473

Uterine fibroids 233f, 756f, 1843-1845

embolization 750, 778, 1743, 1843, 1844, 1844f, 1846f, 1848f, 1852f, 1854f, 1856f, 1859f, 1860, 1860f

etiology of 1843

symptomatic 1860

Uterine hemorrhage

acute 1881

postpartum 1880

Utero-ovarian

arterial connections 1855

blood supply, normal 232f

communicating branches 1855

communication 1845, 1847

Uterus 1885

arterial supply of 231, 231f

arteriovenous malformation of 1863

ischemic infarction of 1855

large multifibroid 1859f

Vagina, arterial blood supply of 466

Vaginal artery 1878

inferior 228

Vaginal bleeding 486, 1879f

Vaginal discharge, chronic 1853

Vaginal ultrasonography 1719

Vagus nerve 271f

Valsalva 1805, 1809

maneuver 501, 535, 1150, 1646, 1804, 1809, 1826

Valve

competent 1825

leaflet 199f

abnormality, types of 64

fibrosis, development of 1551

Valvular destruction 1804

secondary 1543

Valvular disease 1332

Valvular incompetence 1564

primary 1545

secondary 1549

Valvular lesion 1175

Valvular vegetations 1412

Variceal bleeding 1192

Varices 1225

Varicocele 505, 508f, 1796, 1804, 1805, 1808-1810, 1812, 1814

aberrantly supplied 1798

abnormal scrotal thermography in 1811f

acquired 506

effects of 1805

formation 1798

left-sided 1802, 1811, 1818

painful 1812

large 1812

recurrent 1814f

right-sided 1802, 1804

secondary 506, 1811

treatment of 507, 1805, 1818

venographic appearance of 1796f

Varicocelectomy, surgical 1818

Varicose veins 329, 759, 760, 1605

surgical treatment of 1537

Vascular access 92

needles 649

Vascular anatomy, analysis of 1217

Vascular anomaly 720, 1559, 1579, 1582t, 1605

classification of 1580t

congenital 1559

high flow 1581

types of 1559

Vascular applications 11

Vascular birthmarks 1579

Vascular catheters 654

Vascular closure devices 595

Vascular complications 1058

Vascular dilators 653

Vascular disease 393, 1386

atherosclerotic 1359

catheter-based therapies for 187

diagnosis of 57

foundation 1344

pathology of 309

pattern of 1437

systemic therapies for 178

therapy for 75

treating 1475

treatment of 668

Vascular embryogenesis 1561, 1564

Vascular embryology 1563t

Vascular endothelial growth factor 331, 1584

Vascular evaluation 1832

Vascular imaging, tenant of 44

Vascular inflammatory conditions 946

Vascular injury 835, 1101, 1121

biological response after 330

endovascular management of 1519

iatrogenic 1099

soft signs of 835

Vascular interventions 143, 1290

Vascular laboratory operations 541

Vascular lesions, congenital 1559t

Vascular lumina 1584

Vascular malformation 1557, 1559, 1579, 1580, 1582

combined 1560, 1565

number of 869

of head and neck 843

syndromes, nomenclature of mixed 1569t

Vascular occlusive disease, endovascular devices for 668

Vascular sheath 642

prevents 593

Vascular stents 662

Vascular surgery 513

training 1007

trauma, management of 1524

Vascular trauma

extremity 1517

management of 1517

Vascular tumor 1579, 1583, 1609

congenital 1580

management of 859

primary 1410

Vasculitic lesions 1405

Vasculitides 1393

large vessel 321

major 1393

Vasculitis 321, 373, 448, 1308, 1337

of peripheral nerve 328

Vasculo-Behçet disease 1403

Vasoactive agents 188

Vasoactive therapy 188

Vasoconstrictive agents, injection of 1199

Vasoconstrictors 188, 189

Vasodilator 188

therapy 188

Vasopressin 169, 189

infusion

initiate 1207

intra-arterial 1206, 1214

intra-arterial infusion of 189

Vasopressor therapy 933

Vasovagal reaction 134, 1344

Vedensky spiral 1549f

Vein 290, 1561, 1581, 1591, 1863

abnormal deep 1609

internal vertebral 289f

tibial 294

communicating 293

cremasteric 1816

dilated tortuous 1291

drain, smaller 1699

embryonic 1603

enlarged subcutaneous 1564

focal pulmonary 926

grafts, autogenous 1421

laceration 1111

large neck 1698, 1701

larger 1806

left

innominate 156f

subcardinal 282, 283f

major 641

of arm, anatomy of 302f

perforating 295

puncture hemostasis 598

rupture, flow-limiting intimal flap 891

segment of 1546, 1548, 1574

small unusual 1698

stripping 1536

treatment of recurrent 1540

Vein-vein anastomosis 1662, 1669

Vena cava

development of 275f

duplication 1152

filter 158f, 915, 1133, 1162fc

classification of 1135

placement of 158f, 1149fc

right superior 276

Venacavogram 1149, 1163

Venatech convertible filter 1143f

Venatech filter 289f

Venocuff application 1548f

Venogram

demonstrates occlusion 156f

left testicular 732f

normal ascending 294f

post-treatment control 1825

retrograde 1699

vepatic 1241f

Venography 1156

gravity-assisted 1801

hepatic 159

techniques in 635

Veno-occlusive disease, chronic symptoms of 886

Venoplasty, endovascular 1167

Venotomy, direct 45

Venous abnormalities 1605

Venous access 1149, 1629, 1648

retrograde 1220

Venous anatomy 268

normal superficial 1536

Venous aneurysms 574

Venous angioplasty, complications of 824

Venous bleeding 1101

Venous blood

drains 505

flow 1822

Venous catheter fragments, retrieval of 1728

Venous catheterization 622, 1705

Venous collateral pathways 304

Venous congestion 1126

Venous contamination 1608, 1776

Venous disease 508, 569, 574

Venous duplex scans 541

Venous exposure, surgical 1648

Venous foreign body retrieval 1728

Venous hypertension 1591, 1691

Venous injury 1118

stenting of 1119

Venous insufficiency 1535

treatment of superficial 1535

Venous interventions 54

Venous malformation 1560, 1564, 1569, 1579, 1582, 1596, 1602f, 1603f

diagnosis of 1571f

lesions 1597f

management of 1571f

Venous manifestation 1398f

Venous morphology 311

normal 309

Venous obstruction, role of 1543

Venous occlusion 453, 1821

Venous outflow

obstruction 1543

tract 1576

Venous pathology 328

Venous pathways, main 425

Venous perforation 1644

Venous pressure 1805

pathologically high 1806

Venous pseudoaneurysms 1167

Venous puncture 1529

Venous reflux 1805

superficial 1535

Venous sampling 1685, 1687, 1703

selective 1696, 1700

Venous steal, management of 1677f

Venous stenosis 574

Venous structure injury 1642

Venous system 1566, 1580

superficial 290

Venous testing 534

Venous thromboembolic

disease 1133

events 1565

Venous thromboembolism 55, 353, 405, 897, 1133

development of 344

management of 191

Venous thrombolytic therapy 188

Venous thrombosis 856, 1175, 1600

Venous thrombus 535

Venous ulcerations 1133

Venous valvular

competence, surgical restoration of 1548f

incompetence 1545

primary 1543

Venous valvuloplasty

angioscopy-guided 70

procedure 74f

Ventilation-perfusion scans 407

Ventilatory function 171

Ventral limb 283

Ventral preaortic limb 283

Ventral renal vein 283f

Ventricle aneurysm 1175

Ventricular dysfunction, right 912

Ventricular fibrillation, high risk of 130

Ventricular outflow tract obstruction, right 1644

Ventricular pacing, right 968

Venules 328

Verapamil 189

hydrochloride 1509

Vertebral angiogram, post-coiling 734f

Vertebral arterial injuries 832

Vertebral artery 202, 203, 203f, 527f, 833, 839f

atherosclerosis 526

hypoplastic right 374f

injury 833, 840

patency of 1062f

Vertebral pathway 278

Vertebral three-dimensional angiography 734f

Vertebral veins 272, 820, 821

Verumontanum 1748

Vesical artery 1755

superior 228, 234, 1752, 1759f, 1768f

Vesical inferior artery 1752

Vesicourethral sphincter 1749

Vesicular plexus 1816

Vesicular vein 1797, 1816

Vessel 1024

anatomy, variability of 1655

arterial stenosis 568

branches 635

caliber 1041

collapses 1656

communicating 1806, 1808, 1815

coronary 57

disease 422

small 1791

distal mesenteric 1177

high-flow 1582

large branch 422

left subclavian branch 1095

perforation 847, 856

severe cases of 847

recoil, prevention of 1464

segments, autogenous 1679

stenosis 1114

types of 1561, 1565

vasculitides, medium 1406

wall 422

Viatorr stent-graft 1235f

Virchow's triad 312, 329, 344, 344f

elements of 722

Visceral aortic branch, largest 221

Visceral arterial testing 528

Visceral arteriovenous malformations 937

Visceral artery 638

aneurysm 1182

distribution of 1182t

endovascular management of 1182

Visceral branch aneurysms 1182

Visceral hemangiomas 1584

Visceral organs 1214

Visceral vascular disease and intervention 1173

Visceral vessels, scallops for 1016

Visual impairment depending 1579

Vital branches 1057

Vital functions 1563

Vital structures, compression of 1579

Vitamin

E 1369

K antagonist 354fc, 903

Vitronectin 343

Volar branch, superficial 244

Volar carpal branch 242

Volar forearm 539

Volar interosseous artery 243

Volar metacarpal arteries 243

Vomiting 175, 1273, 1787

von Willebrand factor 343

Vulnerable lesions 384

Vulnerable plaque 372

Wagner grading system 1382

Walking efficiency 1377

Wall shear stress 332

Wallstents, placement of 1545f

Waltman loop 1849

Warfarin 903, 1146, 1529

discontinuation of 1146

therapy 1368

Warning transient ischemic attack 789

Water filled balloon 784f

Water-soluble glucose molecules 724

Weakness 818

Wegener granulomatosis 450

Weibel-Palade bodies 349, 350f

Weight loss, symptoms of 1394

Wet gangrene 1386

White blood

cell 1032, 1148

count 1213

magnetic resonance angiography techniques 33

techniques 32

Whole body blood pool scintigraphy 1569

Wholey and Amplatz wires 652f

Wholey hi-torque guidewire 652f

William's syndrome 1309, 1449

Wilms’ tumor 1606

Windsock sign 961f

Wire

baskets 1728

catheter after removal of 1182

Worsen esophageal varices 1216

Worsening hypercalcemia 1693

Wound

closure 1649

technique 1650

infection, groin 1030

vacuum-assisted closure application 1384f

Woven polyester 1011

graft material 1016

Wrist and hand, normal arterial anatomy of 610f

Wrist-brachial index 520

Wyburn-Mason syndrome 1569

Xenograft patch 1549

Xerostomia 175

X-ray interactions 82

and biological effects 82

Y graft, angiogram of 70f

Yttrium-90 radioembolization particles 756

Zenith device 1005

Zenith dissection endovascular system 967, 975

Zenith fenestrated stent graft 1016

Zenith graft 1016

Zenith pivot-branch device 1006

Zilver PTX primary patency 663

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 1707

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes