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Nursing Education & Quality Assurance in Nursing Colleges
Shyamala D Manivannan
SECTION I: EDUCATION AND NURSING EDUCATION
1:
Education
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF THE WORD ‘EDUCATION’
CONCEPT OF EDUCATION AND EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHERS
DEFINITIONS OF EDUCATION
NATURE OF EDUCATION
NEED FOR AIMS OF EDUCATION
SPECIAL FEATURES OF EDUCATION
Primary Aims of Education
The other broader aims of education
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT AIMS OF EDUCATION
2:
General Branches of Philosophy and Its Elements
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
Why Do We Learn Philosophy
SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Philosophy is a Critical Method of Approaching Experience
Metaphysics
Axiology
Esthetics
Epistemology
3:
Idealism
INTRODUCTION
Fundamental Principles of Idealism
IDEALISM AND AIMS OF EDUCATION
IDEALISM AND CURRICULUM
Idealism and Methods of Teaching
Idealism and Discipline
Idealism and Teacher
CONTRIBUTIONS OF IDEALISM TO EDUCATION
Strengths of Idealism
Weaknesses
4:
Naturalism
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPT OF ‘NATURALISM’
Metaphysics and Naturalism
Epistemology and Naturalism
NATURALISM IN EDUCATION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION
The Concept of Student
Naturalists’ Curriculum
Teaching Methodology
Concept of Discipline
AGENCIES OF EDUCATION
Strengths of Naturalistic Education
Weaknesses of Naturalistic Education
RESEARCH LINK
5:
Pragmatism
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF PRAGMATISM
Pragmatism and Educative Process
Educational Implications
Aims and Pragmatism
Pragmatism and Curriculum
Pragmatic Discipline
6:
Modern Philosophies of Education
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of Perennialism
Perennialists’ Curriculum
Curriculum
ESSENTIALISM
Essentialists Philosophy of Education
The Essentialists’ Curriculum
Essentialist Teachers
RECONSTRUCTIONISM
The Reconstructionist Curriculum
EXISTENTIALISM
Importance to Subjectivity
Salient Features of Existentialism
Existentialist Teacher and Student
7:
Nursing Image and Nursing Profession
INTRODUCTION
Nursing Image
Concepts of Profession
Use of Different Approaches to Determine Profession
Process Approach
Power Approach
Trait Approach
Pavalko's Eight Dimensions Profession are:
HALLMARKS OF THE PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE AND ENVIRONMENT
SECTION II: CURRICULUM ESSENTIALS
8:
The Curriculum
INTRODUCTION TO CURRICULUM
CONCEPTS RELATED TO CURRICULUM
Definitions of Curriculum
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT AS A PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM
Approaches of Curriculum Development Process
Reasons for Adopting Common National Curriculum
Different Thoughts and Opinions on Curriculum Construction
Curriculum is the Orbit of any Educational Program
Curriculum and Novice Nurses of Today
9:
Concepts Related to Curriculum Planning
TERMINOLOGIES USED AS BASE IN THE PROCESS OF CURRICULUM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
Ten Axioms of Curriculum Planning
Man Power Planning, Human Dimensions in Curriculum Planning
Curriculum at National Level
Curriculum at Institutional Level
The Major Stakeholders to be Included in Curriculum Planning (Young, 1998)
Curriculum Planning at Different Levels
10:
Conceptual Frame and Steps in Curriculum Development
Curriculum Development: Introduction
Stages of Curriculum Development
Role of Faculty Members in Curriculum Planning
Conceptual Frame for Steps in Curriculum Development
I. Establishment of the Purposes
II. Philosophy and Curriculum Planning
Goals
Objectives
III. Focusing Needs and Selection of Learning Experiences
Selection of Learning Experiences
IV. The Organization of Learning Experiences
Organization and Sequencing
Selecting a Teaching Strategy
Ordering or Construction of Knowledge
Grouping Learning Experiences Under Subject Headings
Placement
General Plan of the Curriculum
Correlation Chart
Organization of Clinical Experience
Teaching Systems
V. Implementation
VI. Evaluation and Feedback
11:
Curriculum Models
Assumptions of Curriculum Planning (Saylor and Alexander, 1966)
Peter Oliva's Ten General Axioms of Curriculum Development
Broader Classification of Curriculum Models
The Tyler Model
The First Part of this Model
Sources of Educational Goals in Tyler Model
Analysis of Contemporary Life
Four Democratic Goals of Tyler
In the Psychological Screen
Significance of the Psychological Screen as per Tyler
The Tyler Model
The Taba Model
Taba's Curriculum Designing Principles
Elements of Taba's Curriculum
Taba's model contains within it a number of innovative aspects:
Factors external to the model that may affect its internal components:
Taba's five steps sequence for accomplishing curriculum change
The Oliva Model
THE LEYTON SOTO MODEL
Eisner: Systemic-Aesthetic Model
Weinstein and Fantini: Humanistic Model
12:
Curriculum Evaluation
Evaluating the curriculum
Strengths
Weaknesses
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Four Parts of an Evaluation in General
Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Evaluation in Training
Nevo's 10 Major Issues in Curriculum Evaluation
Curriculum Evaluation is a Part of Quality Assurance to Assure Quality in Education
Monitoring and Assessment
Evidence for Assuring Quality
Curriculum Change
SECTION III: TEACHING AND LEARNING
13:
Teacher Qualities and Teacher
Good qualities of the nurse teacher
Teaching Principles
Efficiency in Aligning the three Major Concepts of Instruction
Characteristics of Teaching Models
Twelve Qualities of a Teacher as a Mentor
Committed to the work
Encourages and appreciates diversity
Interacts and communicates respect
Motivates students and co-workers
Brings a wide range of skills and talents to teaching
Demonstrates leadership in teaching
Encourages an open and trusting learning environment
Fosters critical thinking
Encourages creative work
Emphasizes teamwork
Seeks continually to improve teaching skills
Provides positive feedback
Teacher Development
Standards for Effective Teacher Educators
14:
Interdependence of Teaching and Learning
Elements in a student's relationship to a teacher
Respect to Teacher
Trust Your Teacher
teacher's responsibility to students
Know Your Student
Affection
Give Time
Teaching and learning
Teachers’ Beliefs
Beliefs About Learners
Beliefs About Learning
Teachers’ beliefs about themselves
Effective Teaching in Nursing
Key elements of learning and relationships with curriculum
Additional important elements in contemporary teaching
Significance of Reflection in Teaching
Technology in the Classroom
Phases of instruction
Planning
Implementing
Assessing
Teaching Models
Uses of Teaching Models
Types of Teaching Models
Traditional Teaching Models
Examples of instructional designs by different scholars
Backward Design
Three Stages of Backward Design
DICK and Carey Model
The Kemp Design Model
ASSURE Model
15:
Learning Theories
Classification of major learning theories
Behavioral Learning Theory
Assumptions
Basic principles of the process of classical conditioning
Important elements in understanding the classical conditioning process
Operant or instrumental conditioning theory
Cognitive Theory
Main issues studied and discussed by cognitive psychologists
Gestalt psychology
Law of Good Form or Pragnanz
Law of Figure (Ground Discrimination)
Law of Proximity
Law of Similarity
Law of Closure
Law of Continuity
Constructivism
Principles of Constructivist Theory
Thorndike's Laws of Learning
Principles of Thorndike's Laws of Learning
Social Learning Theory
Principles of Social Learning Theory
Perspectives upon learning theories
Deep and Surface Learning
16:
Adult as a Learner
17:
Learning Domains and Taxonomy of Education
Learning domains
Taxonomy of Education
Cognitive (Knowledge, ‘Head’)
Affective (Attitudes, ‘Heart’)
Psychomotor (Skills, ‘Hands’)
Revised Taxonomy
Knowledge Dimension
Cognitive Process Dimension
Knowledge Dimension of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy of Education
Uses of taxonomy of education
Writing Learning Objectives
ABCDs of Writing Objectives
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN OF LEARNING
Krathwohl's Taxonomy of Affective Domain
Psychomotor Domain of Learning
Other popular Psychomotor domain version by Dave (1975) and Harrow (1972)
Integrated Framework by Miller et al
Competence-Based Education (CBE)
Nature and Scope of CBE
Features of Competency-based Education
Advantages of Competency-based Education
Disadvantages of Competency-based Education
Outcome-based Education (OBE)
OBE Definition
Microteaching
History
Nature and Scope of Microteaching
Purposes of Microteaching Sessions
Definitions
Principles of Conducting Microteaching
Uses
Stages of Microteaching
SYLLABUS
Purposes
Three Major Purposes of a Syllabus
How Important the Syllabus is? Syllabus is the Backbone
Components of a Syllabus
Lesson Planning
Preparation to Write a Lesson Plan
Importance of Lesson Planning
Types of Lesson Plan
General Principles for Writing a Lesson Plan
Essential Components of a Lesson Plan
Guidelines to Teach the Planned Lesson
Introduction
Summary/Conclusion
Points to Remember for the Teacher
Assessment of Teaching
Portfolio to Assess the Teacher and Course
Peer Evaluation
Peer Observation Guidelines
Observation Instruments
Postobservation Conference Guidelines
Provide Honest, Constructive Feedback. Observable Characteristics of Effective Teachers
Process
18:
Learning to Care: Nursing and Clinical Teaching
Clinical teaching
Significance of the word ‘clinical’
Principles of Clinical Teaching
What is Clinical Teaching?
The Process of Clinical Teaching Includes Five Steps
Guidelines for Observing Students in Clinical Practice
Qualities of Effective Clinical Teacher
Knowledge
Clinical Competence
Skill in Clinical Teaching
Pressure on Clinical Educators
Clinical Teaching Models
Traditional Model
Advantages
Disadvantages
Preceptor Model
Strengths
Weaknesses
Partnership Model
How Should a Clinical Instructor Herself Conduct in the Clinical Area?
Clinical Learning
Types of Students’ Assignments
19:
Teaching Methods
Grouping various instructional methods
TEACHING METHODS UNDER DIFFERENT FAMILY NAMES
DISTINCT PHASES OF LEARNING
FIVE FIRST PRINCIPLES STATED IN THE MOST INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS
APPROACHES TO SELECT TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS AND STRATEGIES
SELECTING TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS
LECTURE METHOD
What is the Lecture Method?
During the Lecture
Interact with your students
Show Passion for the Subject
Project Your Voice
When Asking Questions, Do not be Afraid of Silence
Demonstrate Respect for, and Interest in, Student Ideas and Questions
After the Lecture
Rethink, Retool, Revise
Advantages of Lectures
Disadvantages of Lectures
DISCUSSION
Effective Discussion Techniques
Seating Arrangements
Stages of a Typical Classroom Discussion
Teacher's Role in Discussion
Students’ Roles in Discussion
Barriers to Good Discussion
Enhancing Participation
Advantages of Discussion Method
Disadvantages of Discussion Method
Demonstration
Phases of Demonstration
Explanation Phase
Demonstration Phase
Student Performance and Instructor Supervision Phases
Evaluation Phase
Advantages of Demonstration
Disadvantages of Demonstration
CLINICAL LABORATORY
Significance of Laboratory Method
Purposes
Ideal Methods of Teaching Laboratory
Advantages
Disadvantages
PROJECT METHOD
Popular Definitions of Project Method
Principles of Project Method
Types of Project
Elements of Project Method
General Steps in Project Method
Specific Steps Involved in Carrying Out a Project
Advantages of Project Method
Disadvantages of Project Method
WORKSHOP
Purposes of Workshop
Common Features of Workshop
Ideal Occasions for Workshop Method
Advantages of a Workshop
Preparation
Implementation
Steps in Conducting a Workshop
Tips to Keep the Audience into Your Track
Closing the Workshop
ROLE-PLAY
Steps for Effective Role-playing
Advantages
Disadvantages
PANEL DISCUSSION
Advantages
Disadvantages
Giving Structure to Panel Session
Preparing the Session
Implementation
CONFERENCE
Types of Conferences
Reasons for Organizing Conference
Find Your Target Audience
Care of Speakers
SYMPOSIUM
Features of Symposium
Advantages
Procedure on the Day of Symposium
SEMINAR
Types of Seminars
Mini Seminar
Major Seminar
National Seminar
International Seminar
Seminar Committee
Be an Effective Presenter
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Styles/Types of Programming
Linear Programming
Branching Programming
Mathetics Programming
QUESTIONING
Purposes of Teachers’ Classroom Questions
Guidelines for Questioning
20:
Audiovisual Aids
Learning Experience
Knowledge Gained Through Actual Experience (Empirical Research)
Knowledge Gained Through Vicarious Experience
Knowledge Gained Through Symbolic Experience
Importance of Instructional Aids
Types of Instructional Aids
Definitions of Audiovisual Aids
Visual aids
Advantages
Chalkboard
Uses of Chalkboard
Tips for Effective use of Chalkboard
The Advantages of Using Chalkboards in Teaching
Disadvantages or Limitations
Whiteboards
Advantages
Disadvantages
Display board
Flannel board
Uses of Flannel Board
Benefits
Advantages
Disadvantages
Flip Chart
Types of Flip Charts
Flip Charts are Used in
Advantages of Using a Flip Chart
Ten Tips for the Effective Use of a Flip Chart
CHARTS
Characteristics of Charts
Types of charts
Uses of Charts
Limitations of Charts
POSTERS
Characteristics of a Good Poster
Uses of Posters
Limitations of Posters
CARTOONS
FLASHCARDS
Characteristics of Flashcards
Uses of Flashcards
Limitations of Flashcards
GRAPHS
Characteristics of Graphs
Types of Graphs
Steps in Presenting Graphs, Maps, Diagrams
Uses of Graphs
Limitations of Graphs
MAPS
Meaning
Purpose or Uses of Maps
Limitations of Maps
Models
Advantages
Disadvantages
Print Media
Advantages
Limitations
Books
Audiotapes
Advantages
Disadvantages
RADIO
Advantages
Disadvantages
PROJECTED AIDS
Slide Projector
Advantages
Limitations
Film Strips
Advantages
Limitations
Overhead Projector (OHP)
Characteristics
Advantages
Limitations
Compact Disk (CD)
Advantages
Disadvantages
VIDEOTAPES
Advantages
Disadvantage
DVD (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disks)
Advantages
21:
Measurement and Evaluation
Meaning and definitions of evaluation
The Purposes of Educational Evaluation
Formative Evaluation
Uses of formative evaluation
Assessment
Types and Approaches to Assessment
Formative vs Summative Assessment
Informal vs Formal Assessment
Process vs Product Assessment
Divergent Assessments vs Convergent Assessment
Continuous vs Final Assessment
Continuous Assessment
Test
Objective Tests
Multiple Choice Item Construction
Myths Related to MCI
Time
Applying
Analyzing
Item Analysis
Item-Analysis-Procedure
Index of Discrimination
True or False Questions
Matching Items Questions
Subjective Tests
Essay Questions
Advantages
Limitations
Common Misconceptions
Evaluating Essay Questions
Short-answer Questions
22:
Guidance and Counseling
Definitions and meaning of guidance
Characteristics of Guidance
Need for the Guidance Service in Schools
Principles to Disseminate Guidance
Types of Guidance
Counseling
Types of Counseling
Phases of Counseling
Interview Stage/Phase
Working Stage/Phase
Termination Stage/Phase
Follow-up Phase
SECTION IV: QUALITY ASSURANCE
23:
Quality Concepts
Need for quality assurance
Origin and Meaning of Quality Assurance in Education
Meaning of Quality
Meaning of Quality—Juran and Crosby
Dimensions of Quality
Elaborate definitions of the terms used by Boyce et al
Quality Assurance and Related Terminologies
24:
Assuring Quality in Nursing Colleges
Need for quality assurance
Permission from Statutory Bodies—India
Quality Assurance Agencies—International perspectives
Standards for Accreditation—Common Areas of Concern
Types of Accreditation
National Qualifications Framework
Expectations on learners:
Elements Considered for Qualifications Framework
Levels
Credit Hours
25:
Mission, Vision, Goals and Student Learning Outcomes
Importance of a mission statement
Guidelines to Write a Mission Statement
Definitions of Mission Statement
Writing a Mission
Defining the Program's Vision Statement
Defining the Program's Values and Guiding Principles
Defining Program Goals
Writing Program Goals
Reviewing Your Program Goals
26:
Quality Assurance System in Nursing Education
Need for quality assurance in nursing education
Structure/Input
Main Tenets of Quality Assurance in Nursing Education
Various Sections of Quality Standards
Integrity
Student Learning Outcomes
Program Evaluation and Review Processes
Student Assessment
Quality of Teaching
Support for Improvements in Quality of Teaching
Qualifications and Experience of Teaching Staff
Quality and Adequacy of Facilities and Equipment
Resources for Learning
Financial Planning and Management
Relationships with the Community
Research
Student Guidance and Counseling
Outcome Evaluation
Measurements and Surveys
Outcome Evaluation in Clinical Area
INDEX
TOC
Index
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