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Differential Diagnosis in Spine Surgery
Alexander R Vaccaro, John D Koerner, Daniel H Kim
CHAPTER 1:
Lower Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
INTRODUCTION
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
WORKUP
Anatomy/Physical Exam
Visual Inspection and Assessment of Alignment and Motion
Neurologic Examination
Imaging Studies
Further Workup
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2:
Lower Back Pain in Adults
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ANATOMY
PHYSICAL EXAM
IMAGING STUDIES
FURTHER WORKUP
Osteoporosis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:
Arm Pain, Weakness and Numbness
INTRODUCTION
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ANATOMY/PHYSICAL EXAM
NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATIONS
Imaging Studies
X-Ray/Radiographs
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
Further Workup
Nerve Conduction Velocity and EMG Lab Testing
Genetic Testing
Lab Workup
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Cervical versus Shoulder/Periscapular Pain
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
WORKUP
Physical Exam
Palpation
Motor
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Sensation
Provocative Tests
Imaging Studies
FURTHER WORKUP
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Groin Pain
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Nerve Root Compression
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Peripheral Nerve Entrapment or Injury
Genitofemoral Nerve
Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Hip Pathology
Tendon Injuries
Athletic Pubalgia or “Sports Hernia”
Osteitis Pubis
Hernia
Other Conditions
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Visual Inspection of the Back, Abdomen and Groin
Palpation of the Back, Abdomen and Groin
Observation of Gait and Posture
Lumbar Range of Motion
Neurologic Examination (Motor, Sensory, Reflexes)
Hip Range of Motion/Log Roll
Heel Strike
External or Internal Rotatory Impingement
Testing of the Sacroiliac Joint
FABER Test
Gaenslen's Test
Iliac Gapping and Compression Testing
Single Leg Standing
Pubic Symphysis Examination
IMAGING STUDIES
X-Ray
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
FURTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Electromyelography
Anesthesia Injection
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:
Leg Pain/Weakness/Numbness
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PHYSICAL
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
VASCULAR
INFECTION
INFLAMMATORY
NEOPLASTIC
NEUROLOGIC
DEGENERATIVE
DEFICIENCY
AUTOIMMUNE
ANATOMIC
TRAUMA
TOXINS
ENDOCRINE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:
Bowel/Bladder Incontinence, Retention, and Saddle Anesthesia
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
EVALUATION
IMAGING
FURTHER WORKUP
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:
Neck Pain in Adults
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Whiplash
Cervical Degenerative Disk Disease
Cervical Radiculopathy and Radicular Pain
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Referred Pain
Red Flags
PHYSICAL EXAM
Visual Inspection + Subsequent Physical Testing
Normal Ranges of Cervical Motion
Additional Exam Maneuvers
Spurling Maneuver
Apley Maneuver
Romberg Test
Hoffman's Reflex/Sign
Clonus
Babinski Sign
Lhermitte's Sign
Straight Line Gait
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:
Headaches
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PHYSICAL EXAM AND WORKUP
TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
Gait Abnormalities
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Myopathies
Spine Related
Radiculopathy and Neuropathy
Central Nervous Dysfunction
WORKUP
Normal Gait Cycle
Physical Exam
IMAGING STUDIES
FURTHER WORKUP
CHAPTER 11:
Sacroiliac Joint Pain
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ANATOMY
PHYSICAL EXAM
IMAGING STUDIES: MRI AND CT IMAGES
FURTHER WORKUP
TREATMENT
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 12:
Differential Diagnosis: Hemiparesis
CHIEF COMPLAINT/HISTORY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
WORKUP
Types of Hemiparesis
IMAGING STUDIES
FURTHER WORKUP
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:
Progressive Diffuse Paresis in Adults
INTRODUCTION
INTRACRANIAL DISORDERS
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Intracranial Tumors
Moyamoya Disease
Chiari Malformations
Multi-Infarct Dementia
Spinal Cord Disorders
Transverse Myelitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Spinal Vascular Malformations
Spinal Cord Tumors
PERIPHERAL NERVE DISORDERS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Porphyric Polyneuropathy
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS
MUSCULAR DISORDERS
Inflammatory Myopathies
Muscular Dystrophies
Endocrine Myopathies
Metabolic Myopathies
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
MRI Cord Changes
INTRODUCTION
INFLAMMATORY CAUSES
NEOPLASTIC CAUSES
VASCULAR CAUSES
METABOLIC CAUSES
TRAUMATIC CAUSES
INDEX
TOC
Index
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