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Chapter-16 Chest Radiograph: Technical Aspects, Normal Findings and Extrapulmonary Structures

BOOK TITLE: Diagnostic Evaluation of the Respiratory System

Author
1. Allen Carolyn
2. Sorino Claudio
3. Khan Ali Nawaz
4. Irion Klaus L
5. Rajiah Prabhakar
6. Durr-e-Sabih
7. Radhakrishna Koteyar Shyamsunder
8. Al-Jahdali Hamdan
9. Suut Syahminan
10. Al-Ani Zeid
ISBN
9789386056009
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/13029_17
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2017
Pages
35
Author Affiliations
1. Rotorua Hospital, Rotorua, New Zealand, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
2. S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy; University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
3. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
4. Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool NHS Trust, The Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK
5. Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
6. Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
7. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
8. King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; McGill University, Montreal, Canada
9. Salford Royal Foundation NHS Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
10. North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
Chapter keywords
Chest radiograph, chest x-ray, CXR, lung, lung parenchyma, trachea, central airway, pleura, mediastinum, chest wall

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview of technical aspects, normal findings and extrapulmonary structures of chest radiograph. The chest X-ray (CXR) is the most common radiological examination undertaken. To obtain a good quality radiograph is vital to the interpretation. This chapter also covers the notes on technical aspects, normal lung and lung parenchyma, trachea and central airways, pleura, mediastinum and chest wall. For the purpose of interpretation, the lungs are divided into the upper, middle, and lower zones. The areas above the clavicles are often referred as apical zones. With this approach lung densities can be assessed and compared as increased or reduced density. The trachea should lie in the midline in a well-centered radiograph. It usually lies at fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) at expiration and T6 in inspiration. Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) is one of the causes of superior mediastinal mass. Ultrasound with Doppler studies is the imaging modality of choice when there is clinical suspicion of enlarged thyroid gland.

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