The objective of this chapter is to introduce the bronchial brushing and biopsy. Bronchial brushing is an endoscopic technique aimed at sampling superficial cells from a pathological lesion or, in diffuse disease, from the affected mucosa. The samples obtained are usually sent for cytological and microbiological examination. The main application of bronchial brushing in adults is the diagnosis of malignant lesions, whereas in children it is more often employed to sample material for cytological analysis of inflammation or for the assessment of infection (e.g. tuberculosis) or to obtain viable cells for ciliary studies. Endobronchial targeted biopsy is extremely useful in the evaluation of abnormal intrabronchial structures or masses. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB or TBLB) is one of the most important sampling procedures performed during flexible bronchoscopy, and is also known as bronchoscopiclung biopsy. The bronchial lavage is a procedure used to obtain cytology samples from the airways, usually as complementary tool to other diagnostic techniques.