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A Comprehensive Textbook of Community Health Nursing
Bijayalaskhmi Dash
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Community Health Nursing
INTRODUCTION
CHANGING CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Biomedical Concept
Ecological Concept
Psychosocial Concept
Holistic Concept
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
Physical Dimensions
MENTAL DIMENSIONS
Intellectual Dimension
Emotional Dimension
Social Dimension
Spiritual
POSITIVE HEALTH
Biologically
Psychologically
Socially
CONCEPT OF WELL-BEING
CONCEPT OF ILLNESS
THEORIES AND MODELS OF DISEASE CAUSATION
The Germ Theory
Theory of Epidemiological Triad
State of Health Equilibrium
Host Factors
Multifactorial Causation
Dever's Epidemiologic Model
THE HEALTH SICKNESS SPECTRUM
HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUUM
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
Prepathogenesis Phase
Pathogenesis Phase
Stage of Subclinical Disease
Stage of Clinical Disease
Stage of Disability
ICEBERG PHENOMENON OF DISEASE
THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Perceived Susceptibility to a Disease
Perceived Seriousness of a Disease
Perceived Seriousness of a Disease
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Characteristics of Health Indicators
Uses of Indicators of Health
TYPES OF HEALTH INDICATORS
Mortality Indicators
Crude Death Rate
Expectation of Life
Infant Mortality Rate
Child Mortality Rate
Maternal Mortality Rate
Disease Specific Death Rate
Morbidity Indicators
Incidence
Prevalence
Notification Rates
Some other ways also we can measure morbidity status like
Disability Rates
Nutritional Status Indicators
Health Care Delivery Indicators
Utilization Rates
Indicators of Social and Mental Health
Environmental Indicators
Socioeconomic Indicators
Health Policy Indicators
Indicators of Quality of Life
Other Indicators Series
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Biological Determinants Otherwise Known as Human Biology
Environment
Biological Environment
The Social Environment
Behavioral and Sociocultural
Socioeconomic Conditions
Health Services
Aging of the Population
Gender
HEALTH ECONOMICS
Concepts in Health Economics
Need for Health Economics
Importance of Health Economics
Major Tasks of Economics in Health (care )
Features of Health Economics
Areas of Health Economics
Factors Influencing Health Economics
Extensive Government Intervention
Intractable Uncertainty in Several Dimensions
Information Asymmetric
Barriers to Entry
Externalities and the Presence of a Third Party Agent
GENETICS AND HEALTH
EUGENICS
Definition
Goals
Aim
How Eugenic Measures Reducing Health Problem
Methods of Application of Eugenics
Role of Community Health Nurse
LEVEL OF PREVENTION
Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY
Definitions
Community as Collection of People
Community as Place
Community Social System
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY
Communities have Various Roles/Goals
Community is an Institution
Culture
Values
Hierarchy
Roles
Expectations
Behaviors
Community have Geographical Boundaries
Members
Social Role Valorization Provides Valued Roles for All Members of the Community
Communication
The Skills and Resources of the Community Provide for the Needs of its Members
NEEDS OF COMMUNITY
Community Leadership
Teams and Groups
Responsibilities
COMMUNITY HEALTH
Location
Concept of Community Health Nursing
Meaning
Definitions
Goals of Community Health Nursing
Scope of Community Health Nursing
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING APPROACHES
Nursing Process Approach
Nursing Theories Approaches
HOME VISIT
Definition
Aims of Home Visit
Objectives
Principles
Guidelines
Procedure of Home Visit
Advantages
Disadvantages
Bag Technique
Principles of Bag Technique
Preprocedural Responsibility
After Procedure
CURRENT STATUS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Trends Influencing Community Health Nursing
Principles of Community Health Nursing
Ethics Involved in Community Health Nursing
Nurses and People
Nurses and Practice
Nurses and Society
Nurse and Coworkers
Nurses and Profession
Application of Ethics to Community Health Nursing Practice
SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Major Social Issues
CHILD ABUSE
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
Right to Education
Right to Health
Right to Special Protection
Definition
Types of Child Abuse
Physical Abuse
Corporal Punishment
Emotional Abuse
Neglect
Child Sexual Abuse
Risk Factors for Child Abuse
Individual Risk Factors
Family Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors
Indicators of Child Abuse
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHILD ABUSE
Role of a Community Health Nurse
ELDERLY ABUSE
FEMALE FETICIDE
Causes of Female Feticides
Preventive Measures
Legal Initiatives
Other Measures
PROSTITUTION
Definition
Causes of Prostitution
Types of Prostitution
Street Prostitution
Escort or Out Call Prostitution
Brothel Workers
Massage Parlor Workers
Bar or Casino Workers
Theoretical Perspective
Functionalism
Symbolic Interactionism
Impact of Prostitution
Family Disorganization
Economic Problem
Health Hazards
Moral Degradation
Degradation of Women
Community Disorganization
Children Born to Prostitute
Prevention and Control of Prostitution
Preventive
Prohibitory
Prophylaxis
Legislation
The Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act, 1956 (‘ITPA’)
Section 5: Procuring, inducing or taking person for the sake of prostitution.
FOOD ADULTERATION
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Definition
Causes of Substance Abuse
Biological Causes
Psychological Causes
Social Causes
Commonly used Substances
Control of Substance Abuse
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
WOMEN ABUSE
Definition
Forms of Women Abuse
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Psychological/Emotional Abuse
Social Abuse
Stalking/Harassment
Legal Bullying
Economic Abuse
Spiritual Abuse
Prevention of Women Abuse
Domestic Violence Act
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Definition
Social Development
Educational Development
Economic Development
Implementing Income Generating Schemes
Programs and Schemes for Women Empowerment
Historical Development of Public Health in India
1920 –1960 Health Promotional Phase
Post Independence Era
1960-1980 Social Engineering Phase
Health for all Phase (1981-2000 AD)
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
Concept
Definition
The Purpose of Community Diagnosis
Assessing the Health Status of the Community
Objectives of Community Diagnosis
Content of Community Diagnosis
Hard Measurable Facts
Steps in Community Diagnosis
HEALTH FOR ALL
Definition
History and Evolution of HFA
Central Theme for HFA
Global Targets for HFA
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Societal Influences
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Concept of Primary Health Care
Definition
History of Primary Health Care
Concept of Primary Health Care
Definition
Characteristics of Primary Health Care
Elements of Primary Health Care
Principles of Primary Health Care
Equitable Distribution
Community Participation
Focus on Prevention
Intersectoral Coordination
Agriculture
Animal Husbandry
Housing
Water Supply
Sanitation
Public Works
Communication: (Education and Mass media)
Social and Women's Welfare
Panchayats
Cooperatives and Banks
Appropriate Technology
Primary Health Care Approach
Roles of Nurse in Primary Health Care
Nurse as a Direct Care Provider
Nurse as a Teacher and Educator
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
Definitions
STEPS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
COMMUNITY IDENTIFICATION (ASSESSMENT PHASE)
Definition
Benefits of Community Identification
Planning of Data Collection
Establishing Working Relationship
CATAGORIES OF INFORMATIONS REQUIRED
Geographical Characteristics
Population Characteristics
Size
Density
Composition
Vital Events
Vulnerable/High-Risk Groups
Social Structure
Social Stratification
Social Control System
Community Organization and Group Dynamics
Leadership Pattern
Lifestyle
Communication System
Social System
Sources of Information
APPROACH AND METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Listening Sessions and Community Forum
Observation Method
Interview
Physical Examination
Record Review Method
Conversation/Discussion Method
Questioning
Case Study
Other Methods
DATA COLLECTION
Data Analysis
Community Profile and Diagnosis
COMMUNITY HEALTH PLANNING (PLANNING PHASE)
Analysis of Health Problems
Establishing Priorities
Type of Health Problems
Extent of Problems (Who all in the community are affected?)
Severity of the Consequences of the Problems (How serious or significant are the consequences/outcome of this problem in this community?)
Salience: (How does the community perceives this problem?)
Modifiability of the Problems (Whether the problem can be resolved?)
Setting Goals and Objectives
Formulating Community Health Action Plans
Principles
Alternative Interventions
Planning with the Community
IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH (ACTION PHASE)
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ACTIONS AND FEEDBACK (EVALUATION PHASE)
Evaluation Process
CHAPTER 2:
Family Health Nursing
INTRODUCTION
Concept of Family
Definition
Characteristics of Family
A Mating Relationship
A Form of Marriage
A Common Habitation
A System of Nomenclature
An Economic Provision
System of Interaction and Communication
Nature of Family
Universality
Emotional Basis
Limited Size
Formative Influence
Nuclear Position
Responsibility of Member
Social Regulation
Permanent and Temporary
TYPES OF FAMILY
On the Basis of Organization or Family Structure
Nuclear Family
Extended/Joint Family
Three Generation Family
On the Basis of Authority
Patriarchal Family
Matriarchal Family
On the Basis of Residence
Patrilocal Family
Matrilocal Family
Neolocal Residence
Avunculocal Family
Matri-patrilocal Family
On the Basis of Descent
Patrilineal Family
Matrilineal Family
On the Basis of Marriage
Monogamous Family
Polygamous Family
On the Basis of Blood Relationship
Consanguine Family
Conjugal Family
Family Cycle
Stages of Family Life Cycle
First Phase
Second Phase
Third Phase
Fourth or Final Phase
Functions of the Family
Biological
Psychological
Sociocultural
Economic
Educational
Health Related Functions
Family as a Unit of Community Health and Nursing Service Due to the Following Regions
Family as a Unit of Service
Family is a Natural and Fundamental Unit of Society
Family as a Group
Health Problems of Family are Interlocking
Family Acts as a Central Point of Decision Making
Family is an Effective and Available Channel for Community Health Nursing Service
Characteristics of a Family as a Unit or Client
Family is a Product of Time and Place
The Family Develops its Own Life Style
The Family Operates as a Group
Family Accommodates to the Needs of the Individual
The Family Relates to the Community
Family has its Growth Cycle
THE DETERMINANTS OF FAMILY HEALTH
Environmental Factor
Physical Environment
The Biological Environment
The Social Environment
Family Factors
Ethnic and Geographic Factors, Migration, Racial Minorities
FAMILY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS TASKS
Health Tasks of the Family
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Types of Disability
Locomotor Disability
Hearing and Speech Disability
Hearing Disability
Definition of Hearing Impairment
Speech and Language Disability
Visual Disability (Visual Impairment and Blindness)
Definition of Blindness
Role of Community Health Nurse in Care of Handicaps
Coping with Disability/Handicaps
Personal Priorities/Objectives
Environmental Adjustments
Life Philosophy
CARE OF MENTALLY CHALLENGED
Mental Retardation
Definition of Mental Retardation
Prevention of Mental Retardation
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
CARE OF CHILDREN
Different Aspects of Child Health
Breastfeeding
Weaning
Immunization
Growth Monitoring
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
Role of Community Health Nurse in Care of Adolescents
Geriatric Care
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF GERIATRIC CARE
Nutrition
Recreation
Spirituality
Exercise
Sleeping
FAMILY HEALTH NURSING
Definition of Family Health
Definition of Family Health Care
Objectives of Family Health Care
Principles of Family Health Care
Advantages of Family Based Health Care
Aims of Family Health Service
SCOPE OF FAMILY HEALTH SERVICE
Maternal Child Health Services
Family Planning Services
Nutrition
Health Education
Geriatric Care
Care of Adolescence
FAMILY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
Purpose of Family Health Nursing Process
Others
Characteristics of Family Health Nursing Process
Assessment Phase
Types
Planning for Data Collection
Data Collection Method and Techniques
Observation
GUIDELINE FOR DATA COLLECTION
Analysis of Data
Health Deficit
Health Threats
Foreseeable Crisis Situation
Family Profile and Diagnosis
Activities of Nursing Diagnosis
Planning Phase
Analysis of Diagnosed Health Problems
PRIORITIES OF PROBLEM
SETTING OF GOAL
Objectives
Types
Factors Influencing Formulation of the Goal
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Approaches in Family Health Nursing Interventions
Barriers that may Interfere with Accomplishing Family Client Outcomes
Evaluation
Tools for Evaluation
FAMILY NURSING THEORY
Structure Function Theory
System Theory
Intractionist Theory
FAMILY SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES
DUVALL'S FAMILY DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY (MAJOR CONCEPTS)
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III (Families with Preschoolers)
Stage IV (Families with School Children, Oldest of 6–13 Years of Age)
Stage V Families with Teenagers (Oldest 13–20 years)
Stage VI Launching Center Families (Young Adult–Time )
Stage VII Middle Aged Families
Stage VIII (Aging Families)
Uses of Duvall's Family Developmental Theory
STEVENSON'S FAMILY DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY BY FRIEDMAN
Structural Components
Role Structure
Power Structure
Value Systems
Communication Patterns
Functional Components
Affective
Physical Needs
Socialization and Social Placement
The Health Care Function
Economic
Reproduction
Family Coping
Uses
AGUILERA AND MESSICK'S CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL
Major Concepts
Maturational Crises
Situational Crises
Realistic Perception of the Event
Adequate Situational Supports
Adequate Coping Mechanisms
Family Health Records
Definition of Record
Purposes of Records
Principles of Writing Health Records
Legal Guidelines for Recording
Criteria for Recording in Family Health Records
Types of Records
According to ‘Periodical’
According to ‘unit based records’:
According to ‘Subject Based’:
According to ‘Collection Place Based’
Cumulative or Continuing Individual Records
Family Records
Functions
Anecdotal Records
Disadvantages
Guide to Secure Information
Characteristics of Record and Reports
Filing of Records
Method of Recording
SOAP are:
Storage of Records
How to Maintain Records
How to Write Records
CHAPTER 3:
Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITIONS
Study
Distribution
Determinants
Health-related States or Events
Specified Populations
Application
Epidemiologic Process
Modern Epidemiology Deals with:
Aims of Epidemiology
Objectives of Epidemiology
Scope of Epidemiology
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TRENDS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
SIGNIFICANT MILE STONES IN THE HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Methods of Epidemiological Investigation
Examples of Observational Studies
Descriptive Methods
Purpose
Steps of Descriptive Epidemiology
Distribution by Time
Short term Fluctuation or Epidemic Trends
Periodic Fluctuations
Seasonal Trend
Long Term Fluctuation (Secular Trends)
Distribution by Place
Global Distribution
National Distribution
Regional Distribution
Local Distribution
Distribution by Person
Age
Sex
Occupation
Marriage
Residence
Sociocultural Milieu
Economic Background
Measurement of Disease
Comparing with Known Indices
Formulation of Hypothesis
ANALYTICAL STUDIES
Ecological or Corelational Study
Advantages
Disadvantages
Case-control Study
Steps of Case-control Study
Selection of Cases and Controls
Selection of Controls
Control Group Selection
Hospital Controls
Relatives
Matching
Measurement of Exposure
Analysis
Advantages of Case Control Study
Disadvantages
Cohort Study
Features of Cohort Studies are:
Prospective Cohort Studies
Retrospective Cohort Studies
Combination of Retrospective and Prospective Cohort Studies
Elements of a Cohort Study
Obtaining Data on Exposure
Selection of Comparison Groups
Internal Comparisons
External Comparisons
Comparison with General Population
Follow-up
Analysis
Incidence Rates of Outcome
Attributable Risk
Advantages
Disadvantages
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aims of Experimental Epidemiology
Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Study
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types of Experimental Studies
Animal Studies
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
Limitations
Human Experiments
Randomized Controlled Trails
Study Designs
Concurrent Parallel
Crossover Type of Study Designs
Nonrandomized Control Studies
Steps of Randomized Control Studies
Drawing a Protocol
Selecting a Reference and Experimental Populations
Reference or Target Population
Experimental or Study Population
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
To Study Historically the Rise and Fall of Disease in the Population
Diagnose the Health of the Community
Planning and Evaluation of Health Services
Estimate the Individual Risk from Group
Syndrome Identification
Complete the Clinical Picture of Chronic Diseases and Describe their Natural History
Search for Causes of Health and Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EMERGING AND REEMERGING DISEASES
Factors Contributing to Emerging and Reemerging Diseases
Agent
Host
Environment
EMERGING DISEASES
REEMERGING DISEASES
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
PRESENTATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA
Tables
One-variable Table
Two- and Three-variable Tables
Tables of Other Statistical Measures
Creating Class Intervalso
Charts
Types of Charts
Bar Charts
Simple Bar Diagram (Fig. 3.2)
Composite Bar Chart (Fig. 3.3)
Stacked Bar Charts (Fig. 3.4)
Percentage Bar Diagram (Fig. 3.5)
Pie Charts (Fig. 3.6)
Histograms (Fig. 3.7)
Frequency Polygons (Fig. 3.8)
Population Pyramid (Fig. 3.9)
Maps
APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
Health Care Delivery
Operations Research and Program Evaluation
Study of Risks to Individuals
Enlargement of the Clinical Picture of Disease
Prevention of Disease
PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
General Health Promotion
Specific Protection
Secondary Prevention
Early Diagnosis and Treatment
Disability Limitation
Tertiary Prevention
APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN HEALTH INFORMATICS
Introduction
Objectives
Requirements to be Satisfied by Health Information System
Components
Uses
SOURCES OF HEALTH INFORMATION
Census
Definition
Registration of Vital Events
Sample Registration System (SRS)
Notification of Diseases
Limitation
Hospital Records
Drawbacks
Disease Registers
Record Linkage
Epidemiological Surveillance
Other Health Services Records
Environmental Health Data
Health and Manpower Statistics
Population Surveys
Classification of Health Survey
Other Routine Statistics Related to Health
Nonquestionable Information
CHAPTER 4:
Information, Education and Communication
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT AND MEANING OF IEC
DEFINITION
AIMS OF IEC
INFORMATION
EDUCATION
APPROACHES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
MASS LEVEL APPROACH
Mass Media
Definition
Types
Radio
Films
Television
Computer/Internet
Health Exhibitions/Health Fairs
Posters
Magazines and Journals
Newspaper
Leaflets, Booklets and Pamphlets
Folk Media
Characteristics
Objectives
Advantages
COMMUNITY LEVEL APPROACH
GROUP LEVEL APPROACH
FAMILY LEVEL APPROACH
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL APPROACH
HEALTH EDUCATION CONCEPT
Definitions
Aims of Health Education
Steps of Health Education
Five Steps
Stages for Health Education
Contents of Health Education
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Interest
Participation
Comprehension
Reinforcement
Motivation
Learning by Doing
Known to Unknown
Good Human Relations
Leaders
Methods of Approaches in Health Education
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
PURPOSES/IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Principles of Communication
Barriers of Communication
BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION (BCC)
Definition
Behavior Change Communication Strategies
Implications of Behavior Change Communication
IEC PROGRAMME
Objectives of IEC Programmes
The Area of IEC Programme
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING AN IEC PROGRAMME ACTIVITY
Activity to be based on Needs Assessment
Predetermine Clear Goals
Goal
Assess the Influence of Underlying Social, Cultural, Environmental Condition
Proper Selection of Activities
Development of Appropriate Content of the Message
Participation of Target Group is Essential
Provision for Periodic Evaluation should be Made
The Essentials of IEC
Steps in Developing IEC Activities
IEC Messages
IEC STRATEGY
Planning a Strategy
Implementing a Strategy
Monitoring and Evaluation of Strategy
ROLE OF NURSE IN IEC
MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
Introduction
Objectives
VARIOUS SOURCES OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
Sources of Health Information
Census collection
Registration of Vital Events
Sample Registration System (SRS)
Notification of Diseases
Hospital Records
Disease Registers
Record Linkage
Epidemiological Surveillance
Other Health Services Records
Environmental Health Data
Health and Manpower Statistics
Population Surveys
Other Routine Statistics Related to Health
Nonquestionable Information
COMPONENTS OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
Demography and Vital Events
Population Statistics
Vital Statistics
Additional Definitions
Environmental Health Statistics
Health Status (Mortality, Morbidity, Disability and Quality of Life)
Health Resources
Characteristics of Health Information System
Understandable
Relevant
Complete
Available
Reliable
Concise
Timely
Cost-effective
Uses of Health Information System
RECORDS
Purpose of Recording
Principles of Documentation
CHAPTER 5:
Nutrition
CONCEPT OF NUTRITION
CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
Functions of Food
Physiological Functions of Food
Psychological Functions of Food
Social Functions of Food
Terminology
Dietetics
Nutrients
Classification of Nutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Type I and Type II Nutrients
PROTEINS
Functions of Protein
Body-building, Repair and Maintenance
Body Regulation
Hormones
Enzymes
Body Protection
Energy-yielding
Maintenance of Body Temperature
Formation of Antibodies
Food Sources
Protein Quality
Complete (First Class) Proteins
Partially Complete (Second Class) Proteins
Incomplete (Third Class) Proteins
Estimated Requirements
Effects of Deficiency
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
CARBOHYDRATES
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATE
Providing Energy and Regulating Blood Glucose
Sparing Protein and Preventing Ketosis
Flavors and Sweeteners
Synthesis of B-Complex
Provide Bulk to the Diets
Dietary Fiber
Source
Sugar
Fibers
Good Sources of Dietary Fiber Include
Recommended Daily Dietary Intakes
Deficiency
LIPIDS OR FATS
Types of Fat
Essential Fatty Acids
Food Sources
Functions of Fat
Recommended Daily Dietary Intakes
Deficiency and Excess Intake of Fat
Deficiency
Excess
MALNUTRITION
Etiology
Dietary Practices
Diseases
Poverty and Food Prices
Agricultural Productivity
Climate Change
Mental Health Problems
Improper Absorption
Alcoholismm
Food Prices and Food Distribution
Lack of Breastfeeding
Classification of Undernutrition
TYPES OF UNDERNUTRITION
Underweight
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Assessment of SAM Child
Gomez Classification
Waterlow Classification
CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC
Marasmus
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Kwashiorkor
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment of PEM or SAM Child
Organization of Management of SAM in Inpatient Services
Prognosis of PEM
Prevention of Malnutrition
CONCEPT OF FIRST 1000 DAYS
Measures to Improve Nutrition in 1000 Days
OBESITY
Classification of Obesity
Obesity
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment of Obesity
Complication of Obesity
Pickwickian Syndrome
Vitamins
Concept of Vitamin
Vitamin A
Chemistry
Food Sources
Animal Source
Plant Source
Functions of Vitamin A
Embryonic Development and Reproduction
Deficiency Diseases
Dark Adaptation
Vitamin D
Chemistry and Characteristic
Functions
Intestine
Kidney
Bone
Food Sources
Sunlight
Foods
Mushrooms
Fortified Food
Supplements
Daily Recommendations
Infants (Adequate Intake of Vitamin D)
Children
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Deficiency
Side Effects
Vitamin E
Chemistry and Characteristic
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Children
Adolescents and Adults
Deficiency
Vitamin K
Characteristics of Vitamin-K
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Infants
Deficiency
Vitamin B Complex
THIAMINE VITAMIN B1
Characteristics of Thiamine
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Pediatric
Adult
Deficiency of Thiamine
Prevention of Thiamine Deficiency
Treatment
RIBOFLAVIN OR VITAMIN B2
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Deficiency of Riboflavin
NIACIN OR NICOTINIC ACID
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Deficiency
PYRIDOXINE OR VITAMINE B6
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Deficiency
Neuropathic
FOLIC ACID GROUP
Functions
Food Sources
Deficiency
Laboratory Findings
CYANOCOBALAMIN OR VITAMIN B12
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Deficiency
ASCORBIC ACID OR VITAMIN C
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
MINERAL ELEMENTS
CALCIUM
Functions
Food Sources
Deficiency
PHOSPHORUS
Functions
Food Sources
Deficiency
MAGNESIUM
Functions
Food Sources
Effect of Imbalances
POTASSIUM
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowance
Deficiency
SODIUM
Functions
Food Sources
Complications of Low Sodium
IODINE
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Deficiency
IRON
Functions
Food Sources
Recommended Daily Allowances
Deficiency
FOOD GROUPS
CEREALS, ROOTS, AND TUBERS
Cereals and Cereals Products
Nutrient Content of Ragi, Maize and Jowar
Ragi
Maize or Corn
Jowar
Starchy Roots and Tubers
PULSES, NUTS AND OILSEEDS
MILK, MEAT AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Milk and its Products
Milk Products
Eggs, Meat, Fish and Chicken
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
FATS AND OILS, SUGAR AND JAGGERY
Energy-giving Food Groups
Body-building Foodstuffs
Body-protective and Regulatory Foodstuffs
BALANCED DIET
Definition
Meal Planning
Objectives of Meal Planning
Factors Affecting Meal Planning
Nutritional Adequacy
Economy
The Facilities and Help Available
Satiety Value
Personal Likes and Dislikes
Religion, Traditions and Customs
Variety
Schedules of Family Members
Family Size and Composition
Meal Times
Occasion
Meal Planning for Different Meals in a Day
Breakfast
Low-cost Menu
Middle-cost Menu
Western Menu/High Cost Menu
Lunch
Packed Lunch Menu (for School Children)
Packed Lunch Menu (for Adults)
Normal Lunch Menu (on Holidays)
Evening Tea
Normal Evening Tea Menu
Evening Tea Menu (for Special Occasions)
Dinner
Tips for Menu Planning
How to Plan a Diet
General Information
Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances
General Considerations
Menu
Breakfast
Lunch
Evening Tea
Dinner
FOOD ADULTERATION
Definition
Adulterant
Common Adulterants
Green Chilies, Green Peas and Other Vegetables
Mustard Seeds and Mustard Oil
Paneer, Khoya, Condensed Milk and Milk
Ice Cream
Black Pepper
Red Wine
Contaminants Use for Adulteration
Impact of Food Adulteration
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION (CAC)
Laws in India
The PFA Standards
PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT, 1954
Agmark Standard
Bureau of Indian Standards
Revised from Time to Time by ‘Central Committee for Food Standards’
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Introduction
Purposes of Nutritional Assessment
Methods of Nutritional Assessment
Direct Methods of Nutritional Assessment
Indirect Methods of Nutritional Assessment
DIRECT METHOD
Anthropometry
Anthropometry for Children
Height
Weight Measurement
Head Circumference
Chest Circumference
Midupper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Nutritional Indices in Adults
Waist Circumference
Hip Circumference
Interpretation of WHR (Waist and Hip Ratio)
Advantages of Anthropometry Method
Biochemical, Laboratory Methods
Advantages of Biochemical Method
Limitations of Biochemical Method
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
Steps of Clinical Assessment
Advantages
Limitations
DIETARY ASSESSMENT
Dietary Diversity
Food Inventory Method
Food Expenditure Pattern Method
Diet History
Weighment Method
Indirect Methods
Vital Statistics
Assessment of Socioeconomic Status
Ecological Variables
METHODS OF COOKING
MOIST HEAT METHODS
Boiling
Merits
Demerits
Stewing
Merits
Demerits
Steaming
Merits
Demerits
Pressure Cooking
Merits
Demerits
Poaching
Merits
Demerits
Blanching
Merits
Demerits
DRY HEAT METHODS
Roasting
Merits
Demerits
Grilling
Merits
Demerits
Toasting
Merits
Demerits
Baking
Merits
Demerits
Sauteing
Merits
Demerits
Frying
Merits
Demerits
COMBINATION OF COOKING METHODS
Braising
Microwave Cooking
Merits
Demerits
Solar Cooking
Merits
Demerits
FOOD PRESERVATION
Principles of Food Preservation
Methods of Food Preservation
Use of Low and High Temperatures
Use of Low Temperatures
Cellar Storage Temperatures (About 15 °C)
Refrigerator or Chilling Temperature (0 °C to 5 °C)
Freezing Temperature
Slow Freezing Process
Quick Freezing Process
Dehydro Freezing
Use of Heat or High Temperatures
Pasteurization
Heating up to a Temperature of About 100 °C
Heating above 100 °C (212 °F)
CANNING PROCEDURE
Cleaning
Blanching
Exhausting
NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY
Goals
Important Strategy
CHAPTER 6:
Environment and Health
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Definition
Environmental Health
Components of Environment
Physical Component
Biological Component
Sociocultural Component of Environment
WATER
Introduction
SAFE WHOLESOME WATER
Definition
Water Resources
Uses of Water
Domestic Purposes
Public Amenities
Industrial Purposes
Agricultural Purposes
Animal Husbandry
Mining
Thermoelectric Power
HARDNESS OF WATER
Types of Hardness
Temporary Hardness
Permanent Hardness
Effects of Hard Water
WATER POLLUTION
Classification and Sources
Physical Pollution
Chemical Pollution
Radioactive Pollution
Biological Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Causes
Industrial Waste
Mining Activities
Marine Dumping
Accidental Oil Leakage
Agriculture
WATER PURIFICATION
Purification on Small Scale
Household Treatment
Disinfection of Well
Disinfection in Large Scale
Storage
Filtration
Slow Sand Filtration
Slow Sand Filters
Process of Purification
Rapid Sand Filter
Treatment Process and Basic Design Principles
Mechanical Straining
Adsorption
Coagulation-flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Water Quality Standards
Acceptability Aspects
Turbid and Color
Taste, and Odor
Temperature
Total Dissolved Solids
pH value
Hardness
Microbial Aspects
INTRODUCTION
Changes in Air of Occupied Room
Comfort Zone
Indices of Thermal Comfort
Effective Temperature
Corrected Effective Temperature
AIR POLLUTION
Sources of Air Pollution
Automobiles
Agricultural Sources
Industries
Tobacco Smoke
Natural Sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Other Classifications of Pollutants
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Effects on Human Health
Effects on Soil
Effects on Plants
Effects on Monuments and Buildings
Other Effects of Air Pollution
Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
Monitoring
Prevention and Control
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Nurses’ Contribution in Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD LIGHTING
Measurement of Light
Natural Lighting
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION
Orientation
Removal of Obstructions
Windows
Interior of the Room
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Methods of Artificial Illumination
Filament Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Lighting Standards
Biologic Effects of Light
LAND AND ITS POLLUTION
Definition
Land Pollutants
Soil Erosion
Sources of Land Pollutants
Effects of Land Pollution
Prevention and Control of Land Pollution
Nurses’ Contribution in Prevention and Control of Land Pollution
NOISE AND ITS POLLUTION
Properties of Noise
Loudness
Frequency
Terminology
Sources of Noise Pollution
Effects of Noise Pollution
Other Effects
Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
Nurses’ Contribution in Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
Definitions
Types of Radiation
Sources of Radiation Pollution
Natural Sources
Manmade Sources
Effects of Radioactive Pollution
Prevention and Control of Radiation
Nurses’ Contribution in Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution
HOUSING
Goals of Housing
CRITERIA FOR HEALTHFUL HOUSING
Site
Setback
Floor
Walls
Roof
Rooms
Floor Area
Cubic Space
Windows
Lighting
Kitchen
Privy
Garbage and Refuse
Water Supply
Housing and Health
Standards with Respect to Overcrowding
Persons Per Room
Sex Separation
Indicators of Housing
House Site and Construction Assistance
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Effects of Accumulation of Solid Waste
Sources of Refuse
Storage
Collection
Methods of Disposal
Dumping
Controlled Tipping
Incineration
Composting
Manure Pits
Burial
Public Education
Economics and Finance
International Cooperation
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
Public Health Importance
Extent of the Problem in India
How Disease is Carried from Excreta
Methods of Excreta Disposal
Service-type Latrines (Conservancy System)
SEPTIC TANK
Design Features
Working of a Septic Tank
Operation and Maintenance
Aqua Privy
SULABH SHAUCHALAYA
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
Household Sanitary Fittings
House Drain
Public Sewer
Sewer Appurtenances
Social Aspects of Excreta Disposal in India
Surface Water Drainage in Urban Areas
SEWAGE
Health Aspects
Composition
Aim of Sewage Purification
Decomposition of organic matter
MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT
Primary Treatment
Screening
Grit Chamber
Primary Sedimentation
Secondary Treatment
Trickling Filter Method:
Activated Sludge Processing:
Secondary Sedimentation
Other Methods of Sewage Disposal
Sea Outfall
River Outfall
Land Treatment (Sewage Farming)
Oxidation pond
Oxidation ditches
THERMAL POLLUTION
Sources of Thermal Pollution
Effects of Thermal Pollution
Control of Thermal Pollution
ECOLOGY
Definitions
Meaning
Areas of Ecological Concern
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
ECOSYSTEM
Size
Components
Levels of Organization
Individual, Species, Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Food Chain and Food Web
Quaternary Consumers Eat Tertiary Consumers
Principles
Everything is Related to Everything Else
Everything Must Go Somewhere
Nature Knows Best
Preservation of Nature
Ecological Balance
Factors affecting Ecosystem
Population Explosion
Industrialization
Urbanization
Automobiles
Modern Agricultural Practices
Change in Economic Activity
Socio-political Factors
Cultural and Religious Factors
Deforestation
Radioactive Substances
Natural Calamities
Biodiversity
Definitions
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Arthropods of Medical Importance
Arthropods and Transmission of Disease
Principles of Arthropod Control
MOSQUITOES
Body Structure
Life Cycle
Other Facts About Mosquitoes
Methods of Controlling the Mosquitoes
Protection Against Mosquito Bites
Eradication of mosquitoes
LOUSE
Kinds of Louse
Structure and Life Style
Eggs
Larvae
Adult
Transmission of Disease
Modes of Transmission
Control of Louse
Protection Against Louse
Use of Insecticides for Killing the Lice
FLIES
Housefly
Body Structure
Life cycle
Other Facts About Flies
Transmission of Disease by Flies
Fly-borne Diseases
Methods to Control Flies
Environmental Control
Destruction of Flies
Preventive Measures:
SAND FLY
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Life cycle of a sand fly
Control measures
TSETSE FLY
FLEAS
Eggs
Larvae
Pupae
Adult flea
Kinds of Fleas
Transmission of Disease
Fleas and Plague
Methods of Control
BUGS
TICKS
MITES
Mite and scabies
Control
RODENTS
Types of Rodents
Transmission of Disease
Methods of Rodent Control
Community Health Nurse and Pest control
INSECTICIDES
CHAPTER 7:
Maternal and Child Health Care
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE
Burden of Mother and Child
Definition
Objectives
Goals and Strategy
Goals of Maternal Health
Strategies of Maternal Health Care
Targets of Maternal and Child Health Services
Recent Trends in MCH Care
Components of MCH Services
Services to the Mother
Services to the Children
PRECONCEPTIONAL CARE
ANTENATAL CARE
Objectives
Goals of Antenatal Care
Antenatal Care is to
Components of Antenatal Care
Antenatal Registration and Maintenance of Antenatal Card
Number and Timing of Visits
Early Timing of the First Visit/Registration
Importance of Early Registration
Antenatal Visit
Activities during the First Antenatal Care Visit
History Taking
Personal and Social History
Menstrual History
Obstetrical History
History of Present Complaints
Medical and Surgical History
Family History
Physical Examination
General Examination
Vital Signs
Blood Pressure
Pulse
Respiratory Rate
Temperature
Cardiovascular System
Height and Weight
Breast
Gastrointestinal Systems
Mouth
Intestine
Vaginal Discharge
Abdomen
Neurological System
Skin
Legs
Follow-up
Health Teaching During Pregnancy
Hygiene
Breast Care
Dental Care
Dressing
Travel
Sexual activity:
Exercises
Contraindications
Sleep
Hazards
Diet
Managing the Minor Disorders of Pregnancy
Nausea and Vomiting
Heartburn
Backache
Urinary Frequency
Varicosities
Constipation
Danger Signs of Pregnancy
Risk Approach in Maternal Care
Purpose
High-risk Pregnancy
Definition
Identification of High-risk in a Pregnant Woman
General Risk Scoring
Specific Risk Recognition
General Risk Factors
Specific Risk Factors
Risk Factors (Past Medical Surgical History)
NATAL CARE
Concept
Objectives
General Principles
Conditions for Referrals
POSTNATAL CARE
Concepts and Objectives
Immediate Care of a Newborn
Cleaning of the Airway
Maintenance of Body Temperature
Care of the Eyes
Care of the Umbilical Cord
APGAR Scoring
Care of the Skin
Physical Examination
Breastfeeding
Immediate Care of the Mother
Postnatal Visits and Care
Care of the Mother
Complications of the Postpartum Period
Puerperal Sepsis
Secondary Hemorrhage
Thrombophlebitis
Other Complications
Care of the Newborn During Each Postnatal Visit
TERM, SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE AND PRETERM, LARGE-FOR-DATE
Introduction
Definitions
Assessment of Gestation after Birth
Grouping the Baby into Preterm and Term (Physical)
Neurological Assessment
Muscle Tone
Joint Mobility
Automatic Reflexes
Fundus Examination
Small-for-date Babies
Malnourished small-for-date (IUGR)
Hypoplastic small-for-date (Symmetric IUGR)
Mixed small-for-date Babies
Common determinants of iugr
Large-for-Dates Babies
Causes
Skeletal Maturation
Types
Cerebral Gigantism
Post-term Babies (Gestational Age More Than 42 Weeks)
Management
Common Health Problems in Neonates
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hypothermia
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Neonatal Tetanus (NNT)
Birth Asphyxia
Infected Newborn
Oral Thrush
Sepsis
CHILD HEALTH
Different Aspects of Child Health
Breastfeeding
Weaning
Immunization
Growth Monitoring
Acute Respiratory Infections
Diarrhea
Worm Infestation
Malnutrition
NATIONAL POLICY FOR CHILDREN
Under-five Clinic
Goal
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESS (IMNCI)
CHAPTER 8:
Community Health Planning and Organization
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PLANNING
PLANNING OF A PROGRAM
Definition of a Program
Benefits of Program Planning
Health Program Planning
Health Needs and Demands
Resources
Objectives, Targets and Goals
PLANNING PROCESS
Preplanning
Government Interest
Legislation
Organization for Planning
Administrative Capacity
Planning
STEPS OF PROGRAM PLANNING
Analysis of the Health Situation
Establishment of Objectives and Goals
Assessment of Resources
Fixing Priorities
Write-up the Formulated Plan
Programming and Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
DEVELOPING AN EVALUATION PLAN
Clarifying Program Objectives and Goals
Developing Evaluation Questions
Developing Evaluation Methods
Setting-up a Timeline for Evaluation Activities
HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Important Reasons for the Management Concept
Management, Organization and Administration
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordination
Recruitment
General Steps of Evaluation Process
Determine What is to be Evaluated
Establishment of Standards and Criteria
Planning the Methodology
Gathering Information
Analysis of Results
Taking Action
Re-evaluation
ROLE OF A NURSE IN PROGRAM PLANNING AND EVALUATION
Assessing the Client's Needs
Establishing the Program
Establishing the Objectives
Selecting the Resources
Fixing Priorities
Selecting the Solution
Implementation
Evaluation
HEALTH PLANNING IN INDIA
THE NATIONAL HEALTH PLANS
First Five Year Plan (1951–56)
Aim
Priorities
The Health Outlay
Major Development
The Year 1951
The Year 1952
The Year 1953
The Year 1954
The Year 1955
Second Five Year Plan: (1956–61)
Aim
Priorities
The Health Outlay
The Major Developments
The Year 1956
The Year 1957
The Year 1958
The Year 1959
The Year 1960
Third Five Year Plan (1961–66)
Aim
Achievements
Plan Holiday: 1966–69: 1966 and 1968 (Famine Years)
Fourth Five Year Plan: 1969–73
Aim
Achievements
Fifth Five Year Plan 1974–79
Aim
Achievement
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980–85)
Aim
Achievements During 6th FYP
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985–90)
Aim
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992–97)
Aim
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997–2002)
Aim
Achievements During 9th FYP:
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002–2007)
Aim
New Initiatives in the Tenth Plan
Recommendations
Tax Force
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012)
Aim
Steering Committees
Task Force
Working Groups
12th Five Year Plan
Introduction
Objectives of Health System
12th Plan Strategy
Goals of 12th 5 Year Plan
Policy Prescription
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Prevention and Reduction of Underweight Children Under 3 years
Prevention and Reduction of Anaemia among Aged 15–49 Years
Raising Sex Ratio in the 0–6 Years Age Group from 914–935
Prevention and Reduction of Burden of Diseases
Reduction of households ’Out-of-pocket Expenditure from 71 to 50% of Total Health Care Expenditure
NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA AAYOG
NITI Aayog and Health Care Sector
Aims of NITI Aayog in Challenging Health Care
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Introduction
Evolution
National Health Policy (NHP), 1983
Primary Objectives
Factors Interfering with Progress Towards HFA
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, 2002
Introduction
Objectives
Approaches
Goals to be Achieved by 2000–2015
National Health Policy, 2002—Policy Prescription
Financial Resources
Equity
Delivery of National Health Programs
State Public Health Infrastructure
Extending Public Health Services
Role of the Local Self-Government Institutes
Education of Health Care Professionals
Need for a Specialist in Public Health and Family Medicine
Nursing Professional
Use of Generic Drugs and Vaccines
Urban Health
First Tier
Second Tier
Mental Health
IEC
School Health
Health Research
Role of the Private Sector
Role of the Civil Society
National Disease Surveillance Network
Health Statistics
Women's Health
Medical Ethics
Enforcement of Quality Standard for Food and Drugs
Regulation of Standards in Paramedical Discipline
Environmental and Occupational Health
Providing Medical Facilities to Users from Overseas
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, 2015
Summary of the Draft of the National Health Policy, 2015
Situation Analysis
Goal
Key Policy Principles
Objectives
Policy Directions
POPULATION DYNAMIC AND CONTROL
Introduction
Demography
Change in the Size of Population (Increase/Decrease)
Structure/Composition of Population (Age/Sex Distribution)
Geographical Distribution of Population (State/Territory)
Demographic Process
Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
Social Mobility
Migration
Demographic Cycle
First Stage (High Stationary)
Second Stage (Early Expanding)
Third Stage (Late Expanding)
Fourth Stage (Low Stationary)
Fifth Stage (Declining)
THEORIES OF POPULATION
Malthus’ Theory
Criticism
Neo-Malthusians Theory
Marx's Response to Malthus’ Theory
Theory of Demographic Transition
Criticism
FACTOR INFLUENCING POPULATION INCREASE
Decrease Death Rate
Control of Epidemics
Urbanisation of Population
More Medical Facilities
Spread of Education
Late Marriage
Control Over Famine
Balanced Diet
Decline in Social Evils
Change of Habits
Better Sanitation and Community Health Schemes
Improvement in Agriculture
Better Living Standards
High Birth Rate
Universal and Early Marriages
Poverty and Illiteracy
Preference of a Male Child
Climatic Factor
High Infant Mortality
Inadequate Supply of Family Welfare Services
Inadequate Recreational Facilities
Effect of Religion
Agricultural Occupation
Joint Family System
Dependency of Women
Illiteracy and Ignorance
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHY
Population Census
National Sample Survey
Registration of Vital Statistics
Statistical Survey
Demographic Studies
Records
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Tabulation
Charts
Interpretation of Data
Demographic Rates and Ratio
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Total Fertility Rate
General Fertility Rate
Net Reproduction Rate
Ratio
WORLD POPULATION TREND
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Growth Rate
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
Population
Age Sex Composition
Sex Ratio
Dependancy Ratio
Urbanizaion
Causes
Density of Population
Factors Affecting Density of Population
Family Size
Literacy and Education
Life Expectancy
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY, 2000
Objectives
Immediate Objectives
Medium-term Objective
Long-term Objective
Sociodemographic Goals
STRATEGIC THEMES
Decentralized Planning and Program Implementation
Convergence of Service Delivery at Village Levels
Empowering Women for Improved Health and Nutrition
Child Health and Survival
Meeting the Unmet Needs for Family Welfare Services
Under-Served Population Groups
Urban Slums
Tribal Communities, Hill Area Populations and Displaced and Migrant Populations
Adolescents
Diverse Health Care Providers
Collaboration with NGOs and Private Sector
Mainstreaming Indian Systems of Medicine
Contraceptive Technology and Research on Reproductive and Child Health
Providing Care for the Older Population
Information, Education, and Communication
LEGISLATION, PUBLIC SUPPORT AND NEW STRUCTURES
Legislation
Public Support
NEW STRUCTURES FOR NPP 2000
National Commission on Population
Aims
State Population Commission
Coordination Cell in the Planning Commission
Technology Mission in the Department of Family Welfare
Promotional and Motivational Measures
METHODS OF FAMILY SPACING
Definition
Objectives
Scope of Family Planning Services
ASPECTS/ADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING
Health Aspects
Women's Health
Health of Children
Economic Aspect
Social Aspect
Political Aspect
Small Family Norms
EFFECTS OF FAMILY SIZE
Basic Human Needs
Income, Saving and Resources
Quality and Quantity of Food
Fragmentation of Family Land
Education
Health
SOME TERMINOLOGY ABOUT FERTILITY
Contraception
Characteristics of Ideal Contraceptive
NATURAL METHOD
Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal Method)
Merit
Drawback
Safe Period/Calender Method
Merits
Drawback
Abstinence
Other Method of Periodic Abstinence
Basal Body Temperature
Cervical Mucus Method
Symptothermic Method
BARRIER METHOD
Types
Physical Barrier
Condom (Nirodh)
Diaphragm/Dutch Cap
Vaginal Sponge
Demerit
Chemical Barrier
Intrauterine Devices
First Generation IUDs (Loopes, Spiral and Coil)
Second Generation IUDs
Third Generation IUD
Mechanism of Action
Contraindication for IUD
Timing of Insertion
Advantages
Side Effects
Follow-up Care
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
Classification
Oral Pills
Merits
Demerits
Advantages
Disadvantages
MOA
Mode of Action of Oral Pills
Effectiveness
Merit
Demerit
Depot Formation
POSTCONCEPTIONAL METHOD
TERMINAL METHOD
Vassectomy
Types
Limitation
Merits
Complications
Post Operative Advice
Tubectomy
Guidelines for Sterilization
NATIONAL HEALTH COMMITTEE
Introduction
Bhore Committee
Guiding Principles
Observations Made by the Committee
Recommendations
Mudaliar Committee (1962)
Terms of Reference
Observations
Recommendations
Chadha Committee (1963)
Terms of Reference
Recommendations
Mukherjee Committee 1965
Recommendations
Jungalwalla Committee, 1967
Kartar Singh Committee
Recommendations
Shrivastav Committee, 1975
Recommendations
Bajaj Committee, 1986
Recommendations
Krishnean Committee, 1992
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES
World Health Organization (WHO)
Objectives
Organization Structure
The World Health Assembly
Functions of the Health Assembly
Executive Board
The Secretariat
Functions of the WHO
Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases
Development of Comprehensive Health Services
Family Health
Environmental Health
Health Statistics
Biomedical Research
Health Literature and Information
Cooperation with other Organization
The Work of WHO in Nursing
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN)
Objectives
Membership
The Governing Body
Activities
Function
Development of Strong National Nursing Associations
Education and Practice
Social and Economic Welfare of Nurses
BLUEPRINT FOR FUTURE ACTION
Credibility
Leadership
A Global Platform for Nursing Values
Privileged Access to Critical and Current Information
Influence and Advocacy
Consultancy Services
ICN International Forums and Topic Working Groups
Position Statements and Policy Papers
Advocacy
Recognition and Development
Development Cooperation Projects
Financial Benefits
UNICEF
Milestones of UNICEF
Objective
Functions
UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES (UNFPA)
Functions
Achievements in India
WORLD BANK
UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP)
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATIONS (FAO)
DANIDA
USAID
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO)
COLOMBO PLAN
COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN RELIEF EVERYWHERE (CARE)
UNESCO
FORD FOUNDATION
Current Issues, Initiatives, and Goals
Democratic and Accountable Government
Economic Fairness
Educational Opportunity and Scholarship
Freedom of Expression
Human Rights
Metropolitan Opportunity
Sexuality and Reproductive Health and Rights
Sustainable Development
INDIAN RED CROSS
THE KASTURBA SOCIETY MEMORIAL FUND
HIND KUSHT NIVARAN SANGH
Present Activities of Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh (Indian Leprosy Association)
THE FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION INDIA
THE INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL (INC)
ALL INDIA WOMEN'S CONFERENCE (AIWC)
Objectives
Legislative Reforms Initiated By AIWC
THE CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD
TELEMEDICINE
According to WHO
According to Willams
Americans Telemedicine Association Defines
Objectives
Areas of Telemedicine Applications
Applications
Evolution of Telemedicine in India
Growth of TM Applications
Services can be provided by Telemedicine
What Delivery Mechanisms Can Be Used?
Types of Telemedicine
Real Time (Synchronous)
Store and Forward Telemedicine
Categories of Services
Store-and-forward
Remote Monitoring
TELEMEDICINE IN DEFENSE
MEDISOFT TELEMEDICINE PVT LTD COMPANY
Objective
Goal
Telemedicine in India
Advantages of Telemedicine
Advantages for Patients
Reduce Hospitalization and Save Time of Health Care Provider
Provide Patient Satisfaction
Benefits for Doctors
Benefits for Government
Limitations of Telemedicine
Models of Tele Health
TELENURSING
Application
Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues
CHAPTER 9:
Health Care Delivery System in India
INTRODUCTION
Health Services Organization at Different Level
Central Level
STATE LEVEL
State Health Administration
Functions
DISTRICT LEVEL
LOCAL LEVEL
Panchayati Raj System
District Level—Zila Parishad
Block Level—Panchayat Samiti
Village Level—Panchayat
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN INDIA
HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
HEALTH PROBLEMS
Communicable Disease Problems
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Acute Respiratory Disease
Diarrhea
Leprosy
AIDS
Poliomyelitis
Filaria
Nutritional Problems
Malnutrition
Nutritional Anemia
Xerophthalmia
Iodine Deficiency Disorder IDDs
Environmental Sanitation Problems
Medical Care Problems
Population Problem
Health Care Services
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Public Health Sector
Hospitals/Health Centers
Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS)
Private Health Sector
Indigenous Systems of Medicine (AYUSH)
Voluntary Health Agencies
National Health Programmes
HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE RURAL AREAS
Primary Health Centers (PHC)
Maternal Child Health Including Family Planning
Family Welfare
Nutrition Services (coordinated with ICDS)
School Health
Capacity-building
Community Health Centers (CHCs)
Other Services
Health-promoting Schools
Adolescent Health Care
Outreach Services in Schools (Essential) and Community Camps
Diagnostic Services
Health Insurance Schemes
ROLE AND FUNCTION OF A HEALTH WORKER FEMALE
Maternal and Child Health
Family Planning
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Nutrition
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
Communicable Diseases
Vital Events
Recordkeeping
Treatment of Minor Ailments
Team Activities
House-to-House Surveys
Role of HWF as a Facilitator of ASHA
Male Health Worker
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)
Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee (VHSNC)
Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCHP)
Communicable Diseases
Noncommunicable Diseases
Environment Sanitation
Job Responsibilities of a Multipurpose Health Supervisor (Male)
Job Responsibilities of a Multipurpose Health Supervisor (Female)
Job Responsibilities of a Staff Nurse at Public Health Center
Outpatient Department
Injection Room
Dressing Room
Inpatient Ward
Labor Ward
Minor Operation Theater
Emergency Services
Administrative Issues
Time Framing
Night Duty
Registers and Records to be Maintained by the Staff Nurse
DISTRICT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE (DPHN)
Responsibilities as an Administrator
Supervisory Responsibilities
Educational Responsibilities
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Roles
Responsibilities
General
Administrative
Supervisory
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN URBAN AREA
URBAN HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CENTERS
District Hospitals
Urban Family Welfare Centers
Staffing Pattern of Urban Centers
Urban Revamping Scheme
Staffing Pattern of Health Posts
Speciality Hospitals
Teaching Hospitals
Super Speciality Hospitals or Institutes
HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME
Employees State Insurance Scheme
Central Government Health Scheme
Objective of the Scheme
Beneficiaries of Scheme
Facilities Under the Scheme
Coverage Under the Scheme
Family Planning Insurance Scheme
OTHER GOVERNMENT HEALTH SERVICES
Defence Medical Services
Railway Medical Services
National Urban Health Mission
PLANNING INSERVICE EDUCATION PROGRAM AND TEACHING
National League of Nursing of USA
Objectives
Identified Areas
Process of Planning of Inservice Education Program
Program Schedule
Guidelines for Writing the Proposal
Guidelines for Evaluation of Continuing Education Program as Ward Management for the Ward Sisters
REFERRAL SYSTEM
Importance
Selection of the Patient for Referral
First Group or Fatal Patients
Second Group or Serious Patients
Third Group or General Patients
Levels of Referral System
Interdisciplinary Referral System
Responsibilities of Nurses in Referral System
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF NURSING SERVICE
Objectives of Nursing Service Administration
In Relation to Patient Care
In Relation to Education
In Relation to Administration and Organization
In relation to research
In Relation to Performance Appraisal
Placement of Nurses in a Health Care Organization
At the Central and State Level
At the District Level
SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Introduction
Definition
Advantages of Allopathy
Disadvantages of Allopathy
THREE LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE IN ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE
COMPLIMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Definitions
Complimentary Therapy
Alternative Therapy
Basic Terms/Concepts
AYURVEDA
History
Concept and Basic Principles
Branches of Ayurveda
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment Procedures
Diet Treatment
Therapeutic Approach
YOGA
History
Principles
Functions
Benefits
Criticism
UNANI
History
Concept and Basic Principles
Diagnosis
Treatment
SIDDHA
History
Branches of Siddha
Concept and Basic Principles
Diagnosis
Treatment
Types of Treatment Procedures
Therapeutic Approach
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
SOWA-RIGPA
MACROBIOTIC DIET
Cooking Methods According to Various Seasons
Factors to be Considered
Complications
ORTHOMOLECULAR DIET
Focus
History
Treatment Modalities
Uses
Limitations
Complications
EUROPEAN PHYTOMEDICINES
Concepts
Practice
Duration of Treatment
Phytomedicine is Safe
Uses
TRADITIONAL CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE
History
Principles
Usage
Notes
Safety Issue
MANIPULATIVE BODY-BASED METHOD
ACUPRESSURE
Instruments Used for Acupressure
Uses
CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE
Evolution
Principles
Diagnosis
Clinical Application
Limitation
FELDENKRAIS METHOD
Evolution
Benefits
TAI CHI
Principles
Application
MASSAGE THERAPY
History
Types
Effects of Massage
Effects on Muscular System
Effects on CVs
Effects on Lymphatic System
Effects on Nervous System
Effects on Skin
Effects on Respiratory System
Effects on GI System
Effects on Urinary System
Effects on Skeletal System
Uses
Safety
Caution
MIND-BODY INTERVENTION
ART THERAPY (CREATIVE OR EXPRESSIVE ART THERAPY)
History
Principles
Uses
Complications
BIOFEEDBACK
History
Clinical Application
Limitation
MEDITATION
Clinical Application
Merits
Limitation
IMAGERY (VISUALIZATION)
Clinical Application
Limitation
MUSIC THERAPY
Action
Clinical Application
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Aim
Techniques
Methods
ENERGY THERAPIES
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
Clinical Application
Limitations
REIKI
Uses
Purpose
ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY
Role of a Nurse
Research
CHAPTER 10:
National Health Programme
INTRODUCTION
Programs for Communicable Diseases
Programs for Noncommunicable Diseases
National Nutritional Programmes
Programs Related to System Strengthening/Welfare
NATIONAL VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME
Introduction
Objective
Strategies for National Vector Control Programme
Major Activities
ANTIMALARIA PROGRAMME
History
National Antimalaria Programme
Milestone
Strategies under NMCP
Modified Plan of Operation (MPO)
Areas Having Annual Parasite Index (API) > 2
Areas Having Annual Parasite Index (API) < 2
Malaria Surveillance Includes
Passive Surveillance
Urban Malaria Scheme
Source Reduction
CHEMICALS AGAINST VECTOR MOSQUITO LARVAE
P. Falciparum Containment Programme
Revised Control Strategy
Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP)
Objectives of EMCP
Strategies
Components of EMCP
Antimalaria Drug Policy
Insecticide Policy
Remote Sensing in Vector Borne Disease Control
NATIONAL FILARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME
Magnitude of the Problem
Signs and Symptoms of Filariasis
Revised Strategy
KALA-AZAR CONTROL PROGRAM
Signs and Symptoms of Kala-azar
Diagnosis
Clinical
HIV and Kala-azar Coinfection
Treatment of Kala-azar
Control Strategy
CONTROL OF DENGUE/DHF
Dengue/DHF
Control Strategy
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
Sign and Symptoms of JE
Control Strategy
NATIONAL NUTRITION PROGRAMME
National Nutrition Policy
Short-term Measures
Long-term Measures
VITAMIN A PROPHYLAXIS PROGRAMME
Objectives
Control Measures
Treatment to Mother
Set Back of the Program
Precautions for Vitamin A Administration
Applied Nutrition Programme
Objectives
Activities of Applied Nutrition Programme
Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
Activities of Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
MID-DAY MEAL PROGRAMME
Aim of Mid-day School Meal
Principle of Mid-day School Meal
Mid-day Meal Scheme
Suggestions for Preparing Mid-day Meal
BALWADI NUTRITION PROGRAMME
ICDS PROGRAMME
Purpose for Initiation
Objectives of the ICDS Programme
ACTIVITIES OF PROGRAM
Supplementary Nutrition
Types of Supplementary Nutrition
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER CONTROL PROGRAMME
Achievements of NIDDCP
Pilot Project Against Micronutrient Deficiency
Recommendations and Future Plans
SPECIAL NUTRITION PROGRAMME
Objective
TAMIL NADU INTEGRATED NUTRITION PROGRAMME
Aim of the Program
Activities
EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION
Introduction
Scope of EPI
Objectives of EPI
Strategies of the EPI
PULSE POLIO IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME
Subnational Immunization
Mopping-Up
AFP Surveillance
Introduction of Hepatitis-B Vaccine
Introduction of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine
Introduction of Measles Vaccine Second Opportunity
Introduction of Pentavalent + vaccine (dpt + hep-b + hib)
Mission Indradhanush
Do's and Don'ts During Immunization Sessions
YAWS ERADICATION PROGRAM
Geographic Distribution with Incidence and Prevalence
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
Secondary Stage
Tertiary or Later Stage
Objectives
Control of Yaws
Treatment
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAMME
National Council on AIDS
Services of NACP
Objectives
Activities of National AIDS Control Programme Phase-II Targetted Interventions
Mass Education Campaigns
Increasing of Blood Banks
Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers
Surveillance of the HIV
Treatment and Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections
Society Model for the Program
Areas of Attention
NACP-III: 2007–2012
Goals and Objectives of NACP-III
Objectives
Guiding Principles
Strategies of NACP-III
Targeted Interventions
Condom Promotion
Safe Blood
Counseling and Testing
Prophylactic Treatments
Care, Support and Treatment
Collaborations
Mainstreaming
Surveillance
NACP IV
Objectives for NACP IV
Strategies
Key Concerns and Challenges for NACP-IV
POLIO ERADICATION PROGRAMME
Background
Strategies
Progress
Polio Eradication Progress in India
Steps Taken by the Government to Maintain Polio-free Status in India
FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES
Introduction
Aims of Family Planning
Objectives
Historical Development
Reproductive and Child Health Programme
Definition
The Main Objectives of the Program in its First Phase were
Components of RCH Programme
Components of Comprehensive RCH Care
Five Key Principles as the Basis of RCH Programme
Highlights of the Program
Categories
Interventions in All Districts
Interventions in Selected States/Disricts
Service Package: For Mothers
Essential Obstetric Care
Emergency Obstetric Care
24 Hours Delivery Services at PHCs/CHCs
RCH Camps
For Children
For Eligible Couples
Change in Man Power Structure
OTHER NEW SERVICES
Treatment of RTI/STI
Promotion Activities for Adolescents Health
RCH Program: Phase II
Essential Obstetric Care
Skilled Attendance at Birth
The Policy Decisions
New Initiatives
Obstetric Management Skills
Setting up of Blood Storage Centers (BSC) at FRUs
Janani Suraksha Yojana
Salient Features of the Janani Suraksha Yojana
Vandemataram Scheme
NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM)
Introduction
Definition
Major Goal for NRHM
For achieving this goal we have to:
Objective
Strategies of NRHM
Core Strategies
Supplementary Strategies
Plan of Action
Components of NRHM: Component (A)
Accredited Social Health Activists
Training
Component (B)
Strengthening Subcenters
Component (C)
Strengthening PHCs
Component (D)
Strengthening CHCS For First Referral Care
Component (E)
District Health Plan
Component (F)
Village Health Sanitation Committee (VHSC)
Role of Villages Sanitation Health Committee Activities
Component (G)
Strengthening Disease Control Programmes
Component (H)
Public-Private Partnership for Public Health Goals, Including Regulation of Private Sector
Component (I)
New Health Financing Mechanisms
Component (J)
Reorienting Health/Medical Education to Support Rural Health Issues
Roles and Responsibilities of ASHA
National Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
District Early Intervention Center (DEIC)
The Rationale for the RBSK Program
Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK)
Implementation Plan: Selection of Districts/CHCs/PHCs/Subcenters
Management Capacities
Community-based Services
Peer Educator
ANM and ASHAs
Adolescent Health Day
NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAMME (NLEP)
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence of Leprocy
Milestones of Leprosy Eradication
Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaigns
World Bank Supported National Leprosy Elimination Project
Project Phase II 2001 Onwards
Objectives
Activities
Early Detection of Leprosy Cases
Treatment
Multibacillary (MB) Leprosy
Paucibacillary (PB) Leprosy
Single Skin Lesion Paucibacillary Leprosy
Disability Prevention and Medical Rehabilitation Plan
Objectives of the Rehabilitation Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation
Focused Leprosy Elimination Plan (FLEP–2005)
NLEP: NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR 2006–2007
Objectives
Strategies
Officials/Staff Attached to District Leprosy Organization
ASHA Involvement
Research
Evaluation
Epidemiological Indicators
New Cases with Grade-II Disabilities (A New Indicator)
WHO Global Strategy (2006–2010)
Partners
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS
Incidence and Prevalence of Blindness
Evolution of the Program
The Objectives of the Program
Organizational Structure
Major Activities
Disease Control
Cataract
Refractive Errors
Corneal Blindness
Other Diseases
Achievements of NPCB
Looking Ahead or New Initiatives (Proposed) during 11th 5 Years Plan (2007–2012)
Pattern of Assistance During 11th 5 Years Plan (2007–2012)
Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP)
Magnitude of the Problem
Global Burden of Tuberculosis
The Beginning: National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Organization and Implementation of Tuberculosis Program
Evolution of TB Control in India
Revised National TB Control Programme
Objectives of RNTCP
Strategy
Core Elements of Phase I
Political and Administrative Commitment
Good Quality Diagnosis
Good Quality Drugs
Supervised Treatment to Ensure the Right Treatment, Given in the Right Way
Systematic Monitoring and Accountability
RNTCP Phase II (2006–2011)
Components of New Stop TB Strategy
Diagnosis of TB in RNTCP
Types of Drug-Resistant TB
Monoresistant
Poly-resistant
Multidrug-resistant
Extensively Drug-resistant
Program Activities
TB and HIV
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
TWENTY POINT PROGRAMME
Introduction
Goals
TPP-86: Scope and Coverage
TPP-86: The Twenty Points
TPP 86: Implementation
TPP-86: Reporting
Restructuring of Twenty Point Programme
TPP-2006
TPP-06: The Twenty Points
TPP-2006: Implementation and Performance Appraisal
MINIMUM NEEDS PROGRAMME
Introduction
Objectives
Elementary Education
Rural Health
Rural Water Supply and Rural Roads
Rural Electrification
Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums
Achievement
CHAPTER 11:
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases
INTRODUCTION
Types of Diseases
Communicable Diseases and Its Meaning
Classification of Communicable Diseases
Immunization
Immunity
Host Defenses
Specific Defenses
Types of Immunity
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Herd Immunity
Antigen
Antibody
Immunizing Agent
Live Attenuated Vaccine
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
Toxoid
Vaccine Preventable Disease
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
Definition of Cold Chain
Components of Cold Chain
Type of Cold Chain Equipment
Refrigerator
Walk in Cooler
Cold Box
Cold Packs
Vaccine Carrier
Vaccine Sensitivity
Importance of Cold Chain
COLD CHAIN ISSUES IN FIELD
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Smallpox
Introduction
Types
Clinical Manifestation
Transmission
Diagnosis
CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA)
Measles (Rubeola)
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Period of Communicability
Environmental Factors
Transmission
Incubation Period
Signs and Symptoms
Management of Measles
Prevention of Measles
Measles Vaccine
Measles and HIV
Passive Immunization
Treatment
Rubella (German Measles)
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Clinical Features
Complications
Prevention
Planning a Pregnancy
Limiting the Spread of Infection
Passive Immunization
Mumps
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Vaccine
Treatment
Complications of Mumps
Influenza
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Control and Prevention
Diphtheria
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Nasal Diphtheria
Laryngeal Diphtheria
Diagnosis
Management of Diphtheria
Prevention and Control
Diphtheria Immunization
Dpt Vaccination
Educational Measures
Whooping Cough (Pertusis)
Epidemiological Determinants
Environmental Factors
Control
Meningococcal Meningitis
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Prevention and Control
Coryza (Common Cold)
Clinical Features
Complications of Coryza
Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
Flu (Influenza)
Epidemiological Determinants
Sign and Symptoms
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Epidemiological Determinants
Clinical Manifestation
Treatment
Tuberculosis
Pathology
Epidemiological Determinants
Source of Infection
Risk of Infection
Host Factors
Social Factors
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary TB
Contact Tracing
Chemotherapy
Category IV (Dots–Plus) Treatment for MDR-TB
Poliomyelitis
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Possible Complication
Prevention
Mopping up
VIRAL HEPATITIS
Hepatitis – A
Epidemiological Determinants
Resistance
Period of Infectivity
Infective Material
Host Factors
Modes of Transmission
Incubation Period
Diagnosis
Prevention and Containment
Control of Susceptible Population
Immune Globulin
Hepatitis-B
Sign and Symptoms
Epidemiological Determinants
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Modes of Transmission
Prevention and Containment
Cholera
History of Cholera
Causes of Cholera
Epidemiological Determinants
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosing Cholera
Control of Cholera
Acute Diarrheal Diseases
Causes
Medical Care
Control of Diarrheal Diseases
Recommendations
Mothers and Other Caregivers Should
Health Care Workers Should
Countries Should
UNICEF, WHO and Other Partners will Support These Actions by
Typhoid Fever
Epidemiological Determinants
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control of Typhoid Fever
Three Types of Vaccines
Injectable Typhim-VI
Typhoral
OVERVIEW OF HELMINTHIC DISEASES
Amebiasis
Epidemiological Determinants
Pathology
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control
Treatment
Ascariasis
Epidemiological Determinants
Clinical Features of Ascariasis
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Treatment
Hookworm Infestation
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission and its Pathology
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Dracunculiasis
Epidemiological Determinants
Treatment of Cases
ARTHROPOD-BORNE INFECTIONS
Dengue Syndrome
Cause
Spread
Classical Dengue Fever
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
Treatment
Mosquito Control
Malaria
Epidemiological Determinants
Diagnosis
Treatment
Severe and Complicated Malaria
Rabies
Incubation Period
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Passive Immunization
Active Immunization
Plague
Epidemiological Determinants
Bubonic Plague
Septicemic Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Incubation Period
Management
Tetanus
Public Health Significance and Occurrence
Epidemiological Determinants.
Clinical Features
Environment
Mode of Transmission
Prevention
Combined Vaccine
Monovalent Vaccines
Passive Immunization
Active and Passive Immunization
Antibiotics
Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus
Leprosy
Classification and Types of Leprosy
Clinical Feature
Diagnosis of Leprosy: ‘The Three Cardinal Signs’
Epidemiological Determinants
Treatment
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Gonorrhea
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Symptoms
Diagnosis.
Complications
Syphilis
Modes of Transmission
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chlamydia Urethritis
Symptoms of Chlamydia
Complications of Infection
Diagnosis and Testing
Treatment
Chancroid
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Inguinal Bubo
Treatment
Molluscum-Contagiosum
Epidemiology
Treatment
Balanitis
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control of STDs
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Noncommunicable Disease
NCDs and Global Health
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary Heart Diseases
Risk Factors
Prevention of CHD
Hypertension
Classification of BP for Adults
Classification of Hypertension
Risk Factors
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Feature
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complication
Problem
Epidemiological Factors
Prevention of Rheumatic Heart Disease
Diabetes Mellitus
Classification
Problem Statement
India
Natural History
Environmental Risk Factors
Screening for Diabetes
Target Population
Prevention and Care
Anemias
Introduction
Anemia Caused by Blood Loss
Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production
Anemia Caused by Destruction of Red Blood Cells
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Diagnosis of Anemia
Obesity
Introduction
Prevalence
Psychosocial Factors
Body Weight
Skin Fold Thickness
Waist Circumference and Waist Hip Ratio (WHP)
Stroke: Cerebrovascular Accident
Definition
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiology
Signs and Symptom
Diagnosis
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Blindness
Types
Causes
In India
Accident and Its Control
Introduction
Definition
India
Types of Accident
Causes of Accident
Accidents in Children
Hospital
Provision of emergency care and role of Nurse
Cancer
Categories
Risk Factors
Infections
Diet
Radiation
Immunosuppressive Medicines
Obesity
Environmental Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
PARASITIC ZOONOSES
Taeniasis
Agent factors
Hosts of Infection
Clinical Ill Health
Human Cysticercosis
Control Measures
Hydatid Disease
Agent Factors
Host Factors
Treatment
Leishmaniasis
Agent factors
SURFACE INFECTION
Trachoma
DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Concept of Disease Control
Measure to Control Disease
Controlling the Reservoir
Early Diagnosis
Notification
Epidemiological Investigation
Isolation
Treatment
Quarantine
Interruption of Transmission
Protection of the Susceptible Host
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Chemoprophylaxis
Casual Prophylaxis
Clinical Prophylaxes
Nonspecific Measure
SURVEILLANCE
Eradication
Objectives
Types of Surveillance
National Surveillance Programme
CHAPTER 12:
Community Mental Health Nursing
COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
Introduction
Definition
Concept
BURDEN OF THE DISEASE
Globally
India
Scope of Community Mental Health Nursing
MENTAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN INDIA
Trends British Era
Mental Health Care in Independent India
Mental Health Care in Evolution India
Mental Health Care Services as on Today
MODELS OF COMMUNITY-BASED PSYCHIATRIC CARE
Patient Centered Health Care Homes
Collaborative Care and Care Management
Function of Care Manager
Case Management
Focus of Case Management
Activities of Case Management
NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Mental Health Care in Independent India
Background to NMHP
NMHP
Aim
Objectives
Strategies
Approaches
THRUST AREAS OF 10TH FIVE YEAR PLAN
11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN
District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)
Objectives
Modernization of State-run Mental Hospitals
Upgradation of Psychiatric Wings of Medical Colleges/General Hospitals
Manpower Development Scheme
Centers of Excellence (Scheme A)
Setting Up/Strengthening Pg Training Departments of Mental Health Specialties (Scheme B)
IEC Activities
Research
Human Resource Development
Legislation
Traditional Systems of Care for Mental Health
Challenges for Mental Health Care in India
Barrier
Lacunae
Popuation at Risk for Mentally Ill
Maturational Crisis
Adolescent
Marriage
Parenthood
Midlife
Retirement
Situational Crises
Poverty
Environmental Condition
Trauma
Level of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Role of Nurse
Secondary Prevention
Role of a Nurse
Tertiary Prevention
Role of a Nurse
Crisis Intervention
Definition
Characteristics of Crisis
Types of Crisis
Individual Crisis
Maturational Crisis
Situational Crisis (Unexpected Crisis)
Family Crisis
Maturational Crisis
Situational Crisis
Community Crisis
Maturational Crisis
Situational Crisis
Dispositional Crisis
Crisis of Anticipated Life Transition
Phases of Crisis
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
Crisis Reflecting Psychopathology
Psychiatric Emergencies
Setting for Crisis Intervention
Precipitating Factors
CRISIS INTERVENTION
Individual Crisis
Family Crisis
Denial
Anger, Hostility, Distrust
Grief and Depression
Hope
COMMUNITY CRISIS INTERVENTION
Disaster Situations
Heroic Phase
Honeymoon Phase (Bowenkamp, 2000)
Disillusionment Phase
Reconstruction Phase
Violence
Treatment of Violence Clients
PHASES OF CRISIS INTERVENTION BASED ON NURSING PROCESS
Phase 1 Assessment
Client's Feelings
Client's Perception of the Event
Client's Support Systems
Client's Coping Skills
Client's Potential for Self-Harm
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Planning
Goal
Intervention
Evaluation
CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL
General Support
Generic Approach
Individual Approach
RIGHTS OF MENTALLY ILL
COMMUNITY-BASED REHABILITATION
Purpose
CBR and People with Mental Illness
INCLUSION OF MENTAL HEALTH INTO CBR
Steps of Rehabilitation
Suggested Activities for Inclusion of People with Mental Illness to be Included in the Existing CBR Programmes
Promote Community Based Mental Health Services:
Work with Disability People's Organizations (DPOs)
Involve People with Mental Illness and Their Families in livelihood Programmes
Promote Community Mental Health Services:
Seek Out Alliances for Training and Mutual Support
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Abuse
Factor Affecting Substance Abuse
Psychological Factor
Social Factor
Easy Availability of Drug
Psychiatric Disorder due to Substance Abuse
Prevention of Substance Abuse
ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME
Symptom
Psychiatric Disorders
OPIOD DISORDER
CANNABIS USE DISORDER
COCCAINE USE DISORDER
LSD USE DISORDER
PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
Primary
Secondary
ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Attributes
CHAPTER 13:
Geriatric Care
INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT OF GERIATRIC CARE
Definition
SENIOR CITIZEN IN INDIA—AN INDIAN SCENARIO
REASONS FOR AGING POPULATION
Aims of Geriatric Nursing
Goals of Geriatric Nursing
THEORIES OF AGING
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Telomeric Theory
Endocrine Theory
Cross Link Theory
Free Radical Theory
Immunological Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
Rate-of-Living Theory
Somatic Mutation
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES
Types of Psychosocial Theories
Major Concepts
ROBERT PECK'S MATURE-LIFE THEORIES
Ego Differentiation vs. Work Role Preoccupation
Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation
Mature-Life Theories (The Activity Theory by Neugarten)
Mature-Life Theories (The General Theory of Disengagement)
Other Theories
Continuity Theory
Disengagement Theory
Social Exchange Theory
AGING MYTHS AND FACTS
Factors Which Influence Aging
Hereditary Factors
Environmental Factors
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Normal Changes in Aging
Appearance
Body Temperature
Pulse Rate
Respirations
Blood Pressure
Changes in Protective Function
Changes in the Senses
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Changes in Activity and Mobility
Changes in Sleep Pattern
Changes in Nutrition and Metabolism
Changes in Digestive and Elimination Functions
Endocrinal Functions
Changes in Nervous System
Reproductive Functions
Changes in Psychosocial
Sociological Changes
Spiritual Changes
Why to Pay Attention Towards Aging Population?
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE AGED
Problems Associated with Long-term Illness
Psychological Problems
Aging and Chronic Disease
Selected Disruptions of the Aging Process
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Cancer
Overweight and Obesity
Tobacco
Substance Abuse
HIV/AIDS
Mental Health
Injury and Violence
GERIATRIC CARE
General Principles of Geriatric Care
HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF GERIATRIC
Introduction
Assessment Levels
The Primary Level Assessment
Methods and Techniques of Assessment
The Assessment Performa/Instrument
Information by the Interview ( i.e. History Taking)
Information by Observation and Examination
Making Assessment and Planning Action
The Assessment at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels
Institutionalization
APPROACHES TO AGING
Medical Approach
Community Approach
Multidisciplinary Team Work
GERONTOLOGICAL NURSE
Functions of Gerontological Nurse
NURSES ROLE IN HEALTH CARE OF THE ELDERLY
Health Assessment
Arranging/Promoting Good Nutrition
Promoting Activity and Exercise
Preventive Care of Elderly
Providing Psychological Support
Health Teaching
OLD-AGE REHABILITATION
Older People Who May Benefit from Rehabilitation
Assessment
Management
Rehabilitation Process
Specialized Rehabilitation Programs for Older People
Psychosocial Issues
Ward Setting for Rehabilitation and the Older Person
Communication
Rehabilitation for Older People in Community Settings
Costs of Rehabilitation for Older People
SUCCESSFUL AGING
DIET AND FEEDING PATTERN
EXERCISES
Asanas
Surya Namaskara
Pavanamuktasana
Ardhamatsyendrasana
Bhujangasana
Savasana
Pranayama
Nadisodhana
Bhramari
Bhastrika
Kriyas
Kapalabhati
Neti
Trataka
Mudra
Khechari Mudra
Dharana and Dhyana
Swadhyaya
Ishvarapranidhana
WELFARE PROGRAMMES FOR THE OLD PEOPLES IN INDIA
Introduction
WELFARE PROGRAMMES FOR THE AGED
Old Age Homes
Day Care Centers for the Aged
Mobile Medicare Services for the Aged
Noninstitutional Services for the Aged
Pensionary Benefits and other Public Assistance
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS FOR THE WELFARE OF THE AGED
Help Age India
Age Care India
Government Schemes for the Aged
Five-Year Plan and the Aged People
THE NATIONAL POLICY ON OLDER PERSONS
CONCESSIONS AND FACILITIES FOR SENIOR CITIZENS BASED ON THE POLICY 1999
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Department of Telecommunications
Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Civil Aviation
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
MCD, DelhI
Miscellaneous
THE NATIONAL POLICY OF SENIOR CITIZENS 2011
Objectives
The Focus of the New Policy
AREAS OF INTERVENTION OF POLICY
Income Security in Old Age
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme
Public Distribution System
Income Tax
Microfinance
Health Care
Safety and Security
Housing
Productive Aging
Welfare
Multigenerational Bonding
Media
Implementation Mechanism
Establishment of National Council for Senior Citizens
Responsibility for Implementation
Role of Block Development Offices, Panchayat Raj Institutions and Tribal Councils/Gram Sabhas
Health Care Facilities
Legal Support
International Year of Older Person
National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE)
The Vision of the NPHCE
Objective of the Programme
Funding Pattern
Strategies to Achieve the Objectives of the NPHCE
ELDERLY ABUSE
Introduction
Definition
General Signs of Abuse
Physical Abuse
Emotional Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Neglect by Caregivers or Self-neglect
Financial Exploitation
Health Care Fraud and Abuse
RISK FACTORS FOR ELDER ABUSE
Risk Factors among Caregivers
Risk Factors from Elders
PREVENTING ELDER ABUSE AND NEGLECT
ROLE OF CAREGIVER TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE
What You can Do as a Concerned Friend or Family Member?
Protecting Yourself, as an Elder, against Elder Abuse
Reporting Elder Abuse
How to Report Elder Abuse?
Try to be Specific as You can in Your Description
Understand the Elder does have the Right to Refuse Services
Keep Your Eyes and Ears Open
Reporting Abuse in the Home and Self-neglect
Elder Abuse in the Home
Look for Common Risk Factors for Elder Abuse in the Home
Self-neglect
CHAPTER 14:
School Health Nursing
CONCEPT OF SCHOOL, SCHOOL HEALTH AND SCHOOL OF NURSING
School Health
School Health Services
Objectives of School Health Services
Goals of School Health Services
Need of School Health Service
Philosophy of School Health Services
COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES
Health Promotive and Protective Services
Wholesome School Environment
Maintenance of Hygiene
Personal Hygiene
Environmental Hygiene
Nutritional Services
Physical and Recreational Activities
Promotion of Mental Health
Health Education
Prevention of Common Communicable Diseases
Immunization
Therapeutic Services
Health Appraisal
Treatment and Follow-up
Care of the Handicapped
School Health Records
Legal Considerations of Student Health Records
Primary, Cumulative Health Records
Supplementary School Health Records
Health Education
Disaster Management
Natural Disasters
Earthquake
Cyclone
Flood
Tsunami
Hurricane
Drought
Man-Made Disasters
Deforestation
Gas Explosion
Technological Failure
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND ROLE OF STUDENTS
Aim
Objectives
Principles of Disaster Management
Role of Students in Disaster
Phases of Disaster Management and Role of Students
Before a Disaster (Pre-Disaster)
Preparedness
During a Disaster (Disaster Occurrence)
Health Care Community
Police and Ambulance Nonhealth Care Community
Saving Life
Student's Role
TRIAGE/Level of Disaster
Contents
Use of TRIAGE
After a Disaster (Post-Disaster)
Student's Role
General Awareness on Safety Tips
Cyclone: Safety Tips
Before the Cyclone
After the Cyclone
First Aid and Emergency Care
Aims of First Aid
Principles of First Aid
First Aider
Injuries
Common Sports Injuries
Chest Cramps (or ‘stitch’)
Muscle Cramps
Head Injuries
Spinal Injuries
First Aid
Dental Injuries
Ear Injuries
First Aid
Eye Injuries
First Aid
Epistaxis (Bleeding from Nose)
Causes
First Aid
Severe Bleeding from a Wound
Treatment
FOREIGN BODIES
Foreign Bodies in the Eye
Signs and Symptomps
Treatment
Foreign Bodies in the Ear
First Aid
Foreign Bodies in the Nose
First Aid on Bites and Stings
Animal Bite
First Aid
Insect Bites
Sign and symptoms
First Aid
Snake Bite
Symptoms of Poisonous Snake Bites
First Aid for Snake Bites
Burn and Scalds
Management
General Care for Burns
Precautions
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Management
FRACTURES, SPRAINS, STRAINS AND DISLOCATIONS
Types of Fracture
Complication of Fractures
Management
Aims
First Aid for Strains, Sprains, Confusions, Dislocations, or Uncomplicated Fractures
Treatment
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Shock
Causes for Shock
Other Things that Lead to Shock
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Management
Allergic Reaction
Anaphylactic
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Hives (Rash)/Itching
Treatment
Swelling
Treatment
Asthma
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Bee and Wasp Stings
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
Early Pregnancy and Childbirth
Mental Health
Violence
Alcohol and Drugs
Injuries
Malnutrition and Obesity
Exercise
Tobacco Use
PREVENTATIVE STRATEGY
Health Education
Parent Education
Counseling
Nutrition Counseling
STUDENT COUNSELING
DEFINITION AND MEANING OF COUNSELING
CONCEPT OF COUNSELING
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
NEED OF COUNSELING
COUNSELOR
Principal/Vice Principal/Tutor Incharge/ Nursing and Medical Superintendent
Counselor
Tututors
Parents
FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD COUNSELOR
Self Awareness and Understanding
Good Health
Sensitivity
Open Mindedness
Objectivity
Trust Worthiness
Approachability
Counseling Services
Purposes
Types of Counseling Services
Orientation Service
Appraisal Service
Developmental Counseling
Preventive Counseling
Facilitative Counseling
Crisis Counseling
Vocational and Placement Services
Personal and Social Services
Follow-up Services
The Counseling Process
Phases/Steps of Counseling Process
Establishing Relationship
Assessment
Setting Goals
Interventions
Termination and Follow-up
Techniques and Tools
Techniques/Methods
Interview
Observation
Record Review
Problem/Interest Checklist
Rating Scale
Sociometry
Examination and Investigation
The Tools
The Non-Standardized Tools
The Standardized Tools
Approaches for Counseling
Non-directive Approaches to Counseling
Directive Approach to the Counseling
Eclectic Approach
CHAPTER 15:
Occupational Health Nursing
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Occupational Health Nursing
Aims and Objectives of Occupational Health
Basic Principles for the Development of an Occupational Health Service
OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Diseases due to Physical Agents
Diseases Caused by Ionizing Radiation
Diseases due to Chemical Agents
Chronic Diseases of Locomotor System Related to the Way the Job is Performed
Chronic Diseases of Peripheral Nervous System Related to the Way the Job is Performed
Diseases due to Biological Agents
Diseases of Visual System Induced by Physical, Chemical or Biological Agents
Pneumoconiosis
SILICOSIS
Introduction
What is Silicosis?
Types of Silicosis
People Risk for Silicosis
Symptoms of Silicosis
How is Silicosis Treated?
Anthracosis
Asbestosis
Bagassosis
Pneumoconiosis Associated with Tuberculosis
Byssinosis
Farmer Lung
Occupational Dermatitis
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION OF WORKERS
MEASURES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Occupational Health Problems of Women
Reproductive Health Hazards
Need for Special Protection
Availability of Protection for Women in India
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Medical Measures
ENGINEERING MEASURES
Prevention of Work Place Violence
CHILD LABOR
Legislation for Child Labor in India
National Child Labor Project Scheme
Elimination of Child Labor in India– Coordination with ILO
International Labour Organisation( ILO)
ILO IN INDIA
Factory Act in India
Statutory Provision Act 1948 for Labor
Employee State Insurance (1948)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE
CHAPTER 16:
Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGY
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Functional Limitation
Chronic Illness
REHABILITATION
Definitions
Objective
Goals
Basic Aims
Prevent Further Impairment
Maintain Existing Abilities
Restore as many Functions as Possible
Philosophy
Issues in Rehabilitation
Quality of Life versus Quantity of Life
Care versus Cure
High Cost of Interdisciplinary Care versus Long-term Care
Ethical Issues
Respect for Autonomy
Beneficence
Justice
Ethical Dilemmas
Patient Selection and Resource Allocation
Ethical Issues in Teamwork
Ethical Issues in Goal Setting
Cornerstones of Rehabilitation
Types and Methods of Rehabilitation
Neurological Rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Drug Rehabilitation
Alcohol Rehabilitation
Physical Rehabilitation
Medical Rehabilitation
Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Vocational Rehabilitation
Vestibular Rehabilitation
Stroke Rehabilitation
Educational Rehabilitation
REHABILITATION TEAM AND THEIR ROLES
Types of Rehabilitation Team
Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Team
Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Team
Transdisciplinary Rehabilitation Team
Psychosocial Rehabilitation (PSR)
Definitions
Objectives
Principles
Issues
Potential Psychosocial Rehabilitation Issues
Methods
Psychosocial Therapy
Behavior Modification
Problem-oriented Medical Record (POMR)
Social Skills Training
Cognitive Therapy
Social Empowerment
Pragmatic Approaches
MODELS IN REHABILITATION
New Model for the Enabling-Disabling Process
Overview of the Enabling-Disabling Process
New IOM Model
Person
Environment
Disability
Transitional Factors
Environment
Theoretical Quantification and Mathematical Model of Disability
Patterns and Facilities for Continuing Rehabilitative Care
Ambulatory Care
Home Care
Home Health Aid Services
Home Maker Services
Institutional Resources
Foster Homes
SOCIAL IMPACT ON REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation Council of India
Objectives of Rehabilitation Council of India
Specific Role of the Rehabilitation Council of India
Rehabilitation Services in India
COMMUNITY-BASED REHABILITATION (CBR)
Principles of CBR
Inclusion
Participation
Empowerment of Local People
Equity
Raising Awareness
Primary Health Care and Rehabilitation
Role of a CHN in Rehabilitation
Home Care
Practitioner
Care Coordinator
Advocate
Educator
Consultant
Researcher
Functions of the Home Care Rehabilitation Nurse
Assessment
Data Analysis and Formulation of a Nursing Diagnosis
Establishment of Goals and Plan of Care
Implementation
Collaboration
Roles and Functions of the Nurse at Rehabilitation Center
Teacher
Caregiver
Collaborator
Client Advocate
CHAPTER 17:
International Health
ABOUT THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE (GBD) PROJECT
DIFFERENT INDICATORS TO MEASURE GLOBAL HEALTH
Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY)
Quality-adjusted Life Year (QALY)
Infant and Child Mortality
Morbidity
DEATHS ACROSS THE GLOBE: AN OVERVIEW
The Top 10 Causes of Their Deaths
RISK FACTORS FOR GLOBAL PROBLEMS
Globalization
Obesity
Physical Inactivity
Cholesterol
Disability
Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD)
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON NCDS 2014
Global Target 1
Global Target 2
Global Target 3
Global Target 4
Global Target 5
Global Target 6
Global Target 7
Global Target 8
Global Target 9
Key Messages of the Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014
GLOBAL HEALTH PRIORITIES
GLOBAL HEALTH CONDITIONS
Respiratory Infections
Diarrheal Diseases
Maternal Health
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Nutrition
Chronic Disease
TOP 20 GRAND CHALLENGES TO CONTROL NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Raise Public Awareness
Enhance Economic, Legal and Environmental Policies
Modify Risk Factors
Engage Business and Community
Mitigate Health Impacts of Poverty and Urbanization
Reorientate Health Systems
Life-saving Progress in Health through the Global Health Program
Initiatives Taken
Priorities Diseases and Conditions
Building Partnerships
Public-private Partnerships
THE GLOBAL FUND TO FIGHT AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS AND MALARIA (GFATM)
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)
International Health
The Role of NGOs
The Role of International Health NGOs in International Development
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Working in Global Health
International Organizations
International Health Regulations (IHR)
History of the IHR
The Purposes of the IHR
The International Health Regulations (1969)
Notification of Cases
The International Health Regulations (2005)
Aims of the IHR 2005
The Cause of IHR Revision
The Functions of the IHR (2005)
Key Obligations for States Parties
National IHR Focal Points and WHO IHR Contact Points
The National IHR Focal Point
Requirements for National Core Capacities Under the IHR (2005)
Recommended Measures
Public Health Emergency of International Concern
The Emergency Committee
The Members of the Emergency Committee
Selection Procedure
The Emergency Committee's Job Responsibilities
WHO's Responsibilities
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE
Introduction
Meaning and Definition
Importance
Bilateral Cooperation
Multilateral Cooperation
Regional Cooperation
Important Points to be Remembered for International Cooperation
National Policies and International Cooperation
INTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE
Federal Law
CDC's Role
State, Local, and Tribal Law
Who is in Charge?
Enforcement
Criteria for Requesting Federal Travel Restrictions for Public Health Purposes
Signals and Flags used in Quarantine Purpose
Quarantine Laws of Some Nation
Australia
Canada
Hong Kong
United Kingdom
United States
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN INDIA
Importance of International Trade
Risks in International Trade
Health Risk
MIGRATION
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Migration Statistics
Different Types of Migration Include
Premodern Migrations
Modern Migrations
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
IOM's Vision on Migration Health
IOM's Strategic Objectives on Migration Health
HEALTH TOURISM
Factors Responsible for Health Tourism
History of Health Tourism
Medical Tourism Process
Risks
Legal Issues
Ethical Issues
DESTINATIONS FOR MEDICAL TOURISM
Africa and the Middle East
Jordan
Israel
Iran
South Africa
Americas
Brazil
Canada
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Mexico
United States
Asia and the Pacific Islands
China
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Singapore
South Korea
Thailand
Europe
Armenia
Finland
France
Germany
Turkey
United Kingdom
India
International Conventions
ISOLATION
Forms of Isolation
Contact Isolation
Respiratory Isolation
Blood and Body Fluids Precautions
Reverse Isolation
Diseased Workers
Health Quarantine Regulation in India
For Entry into India
For Leaving India
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DAYS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
World Health Day (7 April)
World Tuberculosis Day
World Malaria Day (WMD)
World Immunization Week (April Last Week)
World Leprosy Day
World Cancer Day
World AIDS Day
World Thalassemia Day
World Environment Day
World Blood Donor Day (WBDD)
The National Nutrition Week
World Iodine Deficiency Day
World Arthritis Day
Anti-Obesity Day (AOD)
World Hemophilia Day
International Day of Persons with Disabilities
World Rabies Day
World Diabetes Day
International Day of Older Persons
World Heart Day
International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
CHAPTER 18:
Quality Assurance
CONCEPT OF QUALITY
Meaning of Quality
Definitions of Quality in Health Care Settings
CONCEPT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
Definition of Quality Assurance
HISTORY OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
Purpose of Quality Assurance
AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE
ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality Assurance Involves
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
METHOD OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
Concurrent Quality Assurance
The Retrospective Quality Assurance
TYPES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
External Quality Assurance
Internal Quality Assurance
PROCESS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
MODELS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT
American Nurses’ Association (ANA) Model
Donabedian Model
Wilson's Model
Quality Health Outcome Model
Joint Commission 10-Step Process Model
QUALITY ASSURANCE CYCLE
Planning for Quality Assurance
Setting Standards and Specifications
Communicating Guidelines and Standard
Monitoring Quality
Identifying Problems and Opportunities for Improvement
Defining the Problem
Choosing a Team
Analyzing and Studying the Problem to Identify the Root Cause
Developing Solutions and Actions for Quality Improvement
Implementing and Evaluating Quality Improvement Efforts
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME
Beneficiaries of Quality Assurance Programme
Functions of Quality Assurance Committee( QAC)
Steps are to be Followed on Quality Assurance Programme
Principles of Quality Assurance Programme
Indicators of Quality Assurance in Hospitals
Quality Evaluation System in Health Care
STEPS IN THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROCESS IN NURSING
CONSTRAINTS IN RENDERING QUALITY CARE
Inadequate resources
Maintenance
Medical supplies
Delay
Work culture
Attitudes of Patients and Public
EFFECTS OF POOR QUALITY OF CARE
Effects on Patients
Effects on Family
Effects on Society
Effects on Hospital
Effects on Staff
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED FOR EVALUATING NURSING CARE
Patient Care Centred Tools/ Methods
NURSING AUDIT
Introduction
Definition
Purpose
History of Nursing Audit
Concept of Nursing Audit
Debit System
Credit System
Objectives
Guideline for Nursing Audit
Internal Audit
External Audit
Methods of Nursing Audit
Audit Committee
Nursing Auditor
Internal Auditors
External Auditors
Audit Cycle
Advantages
Disadvantages
Hospital Accreditation System of India
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN NURSING EDUCATION
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY ASSURANCE
ROLE OF NURSE ADMINISTRATOR IN DEVELOPING QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
STANDARD
Nursing Standard
Purpose of Standard
Characteristics of Standards
Classification of Standard
Standard and Practice Developed by International Council of Nurses, 1949
Fundamental Duties
STANDARD BY THE INC
STANDARD BY THE SNC
Responsibilities of Workers Regarding Stan-dard Infection Control Precautions
Infection Control Measures
Standard Precautions
STAFFING RECRUITMENT AND PERFORMANCES APPRAISAL
Staffing Functions
Manpower Planning
Recruitment
Selection
Placement
Training
Development
Promotion
Transfer
Appraisal
Determination of Remuneration
RECRUITMENT
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
CRITERIA OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
Objectives of Performance Appraisal
Work- related objectives
Career development objectives
Objectives of communication
Administrative objectives
METHODS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
Traditional Methods
MODERN METHODS
Using the Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employees
Performance Appraisal Tools
Trait Rating Scales
Job Dimension Scales
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales
Checklists
Essays
Self appraisals
Performance appraisal process
Components of Performance Appraisal
Step 1. Clear Expectations
Step 2. Regular Feed Back
Step 3. Documented Progress
Step 4. Future Direction
Ethics of Appraisal
Performance Appraisal in Nursing Management
LEGAL STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
LEGAL ISSUES IN CHN
Duty
Breach
Causation
Damages
Roles and Functions of Nurse Manager in Legal Issues
JCAHO STANDARD OF NURSING PRACTICE
JCAHO Standard of Case Management
JCAHO Standards for Quality Improvement
JCAHO Standards for Client Education
JCAHO Standard for Medical Mistakes
JCAHO Standard for Nursing Practice
INDIAN PUBLIC HEALTH STANDARDS
THE DESIGN OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTER FOLLOWING IPHS GUIDELINES
PHC Building
Location
Area
Sign-age
Entrance with Barrier Free Access
Disaster Prevention Measures
Waiting Area
Outpatient Department
Wards 5.5 m x 3.5 m each
Operation Theater (Optional)
Labor Room (3.8 m × 4.2 m)
Minor OT/Dressing Room/Injection Room/ Emergency
Laboratory (3.8 m × 2.7 m)
General Store
Dispensing Cum Store Area: 3 m × 3 m
Essential
Other Amenities
Computer
Lecture Hall/Auditorium Desirable
THE DESIGN OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE FOLLOWING IPHS GUIDELINES
Physical Infrastructure
Residential Zone
Laundry
Patient Safety and Infection Control
Essential
SUB-CENTER STANDARD FOLLOWING IPHS GUIDELINES
Staff Recommended
Service Provided
The Major Areas for Health Services are,
Physical Infrastructure
STANDARD FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
STANDARD 1: Facilitating Access and Equity
The Community Nurse
STANDARD 2: Promoting Health
A. Health Promotion
B. Prevention and Health Protection
C. Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation
STANDARD 3: Building Individual and Community Capacity
The Community Nurse
STANDARD 4: Building Relationships
The Community Nurse
STANDARD 5: Demonstrating Professional Responsibility and Accountability
The Community Nurse
POLICIES
Definition
Types of Policy
Six Step Process to Analyze a Policy Issue
Reforming the Policy-making Process
Improving the Competence and Skills of Policy-making
Role of Nurses in Public Policy Issues
Nursing's Responsibility in Cost Containment
PROTOCOL
Definitions
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
Concept
Definition
Functions of Material Management
Areas of Material Management
ELEMENTS OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Demand Estimation
Procurement
Receipt and Inspection
Storage
Inventory Control
ABC Analysis
‘A’ items
‘B’ Items
‘C’ Items
Organization for Material Management
Conventional Approach
Problems Relating to Material Planning
Problems Relating to Design and Specification
Problems Relation to Obsolescence
Problems Relating to Procurement
EVALUATION OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
Forms of Evaluation
BUDGET AND BUDGETING
Concept of Budget
Definitions
Purposes
Features of Budget
Importance of Budget
Principle of Budget
Classification of Budget
Master and Functional Budget
Capital and Revenue Budget
Long-term and short-term budget
Fixed and Flexible Budgets
TYPES OF BUDGETING
PERFORMANCE BUDGETING
ZERO BASE BUDGETING
Benefits of Zero Base Budgeting
BUDGET PROCESS
Indian Method Quality
BUDGET STAGES OR BUDGET PROCESS
Formulation Stage
Review and Enactment Stage
Execution Stage
FUNCTION OF BUDGET IN NURSING
ROLE OF NURSE ADMINISTRATOR IN BUDGETING
LIMITATION OF BUDGETING
PUBLIC RELATION
Definitions
Need for Public Relations
Expansion of State Activities
Safeguard Against Public Criticism
Change in Public Policies
Role of a Salesman
Functions of Public Relations Department
Release of Departmental News
Explanations
Background Information
Persuasion
Direct Sale
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS
MEDIA OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN INDIA
The Ministry Performs its Functions of Publicity Through the Following Offices
Essential Conditions for Successful Public Relation
Role of Nurse in Developing Public Relations
JOB DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT NURSING PERSONNEL
Job Descriptions of the Director Nursing under the Hand FW Department
General Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional Responsibilities
Job Descriptions for Joint Director Nursing (Clinical Nursing and Public Health)
General Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
Job Descriptions for Joint Director Nursing, (Education)
General Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
Job Descriptions for Deputy Director Nursing (Clinical and Public Health )
Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
Job Descriptions for Deputy Director Nursing (Education)
General Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
Job Descriptions for Assistant Director Nursing (Clinical and Public Health )
Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
Job Descriptions for Assistant Director Nursing (Education)
Administrative Functions
Monitoring and Supervision
Financial
Human Resources
Functional
PRINCIPAL COLLEGE OF NURSING
Duties Task and Responsibilities
Financial
Administration
Educational
Acts as
Supervisory
Human Relation and Communication to the Higher Authority.
JOB DESCRIPTION OF VICE PRINCIPAL/ PROFESSOR
Overview
Educational Qualification
Duties Task and Responsibilities
Educational
Acts as
Supervisory
Interpersonal
JOB DESCRIPTION OF READERS/ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS
JOB DESCRIPTION OF LECTURERS/ ASSISTANT PROFESSORS
JOB DESCRIPTION PRINCIPAL SCHOOL OF NURSING
Administrative
Education
Discipline
VICE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL OF NURSING
Common Work Activities of Vice-Principals Include
JOB DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTORS/TUTORS
As a teacher
As a Supervisor
As a Guide and Counselor
An Incharge of Different Laboratories
NURSING SUPERINTENDENT GRADE-I EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Nursing Services
NURSING SUPERINTENDENT GRADE-II
Duties and Responsibilities
Patient Care and Ward/Unit Management
Educational Function
JOB RESPONSIBILITY OF WARD SISTER
Educational Qualification
Duties and Responsibilities of Ward Sister
Duties and Responsibility in Relation to Patient Care
Duties and Responsibilities Related to ward management and supervision
Duties and Responsibilities in Relation to Nursing Education
SENIOR STAFF-NURSE
Duties and Responsibilities
Direct Patient Care
Supervision and Administration
Educational Function
Responsibility Regarding Teaching of Students
STAFF-NURSE
Qualification
Duties and Responsibilities
INDEX
TOC
Index
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