Index

Principles and Practices of Thyroid Gland Disorders Subhash K Wangnoo, Jamal Ahmad, Mohammad A Siddiqui

CHAPTER 1:Anatomical and Functional Embryology and Histology of Thyroid Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND
- DESCENT OF THE THYROID GLAND
- THYROID EMBRYOLOGY: CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
- ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
  - C Cells
  - Ultimobranchial Body-derived Epithelial Cells
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2:Physiology of Thyroid Axis
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYLOGENY
- ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
- THYROID AXIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:Laboratory Evaluation of Thyroid Functions: Dilemmas and Pitfalls
- INTRODUCTION
- HORMONAL TEST
- OTHER TESTS
- CONCLUSION
  - Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 4:Relevance of Thyroid Autoantibodies in Patients with Thyroid Dysfunction and in General Population
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES
- HISTORICAL ASPECT
  - Hygiene Hypothesis
- THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES
- METHODS OF ESTIMATION
- PATHOGENESIS OF AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISORDER
- THYROID ANTIBODIES AND GRAVES’ DISEASE
- THYROID ANTIBODIES AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
- THYROID ANTIBODIES AND PREGNANCY
- THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
- POSTPARTAL THYROIDITIS
- THYROID ANTIBODIES IN GENERAL POPULATION
- THYROID ANTIBODIES AND OTHER DISEASES
- RELEVANCE OF THYROID ANTIBODIES: UNITED STATES PREVENTIVE SERVICES TASK FORCE GUIDELINES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:Manifestations of Thyroid Hormone Deficiency and Laboratory Evaluation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN6
- LABORATORY EVALUATION6
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:Hypothyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FINDINGS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Primary Hypothyroidism
  - Secondary and Tertiary (Central) Hypothyroidism
- EVALUATION
- SCREENING
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID DURING PREGNANCY
- OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- NEONATAL AND LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- SCREENING FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Congenital Hypothyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- FETAL THYROID DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION
- NEONATAL THYROID FUNCTION
- THYROID FUNCTION IN PRETERM INFANTS
- CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- ETIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- TREATMENT
- INTELLECTUAL OUTCOME
- LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS IN LONG TERM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Subclinical Hypothyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- WHEN TO EVALUATE FOR SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM?
- DECISION MAKING IN TREATMENT: EVIDENCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
  - Genetic Risk Factors
    - Human Leukocyte Antigens Associated Factors
    - Non-human Leukocyte Antigen Associated Factors
  - Nongenetic Risk Factors
- ASSOCIATION OF HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS WITH OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:Optimal Thyroid Replacement in Hypothyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOLOGY OF THYROID HORMONE PREPARATION
- THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Choice of Preparation
  - Initiation of Therapy
- THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- MONITORING THYROXINE THERAPY
- RESPONSE TO THYROXINE TREATMENT
- CONDITIONS WITH ALTERED THYROXINE REQUIREMENT2
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THYROXINE THRAPY
- TREATMENT FAILURE
  - Persistent High Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Concentrations
  - Hypothyroid Symptoms Despite Normal Thyroid Functions
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Graves’ Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
- DIAGNOSIS OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
- TREATMENT OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:Radioiodine Ablation in Graves’ Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RADIOIODINE
- INDICATIONS OF RADIOIODINE THERAPY
- PRETREATMENT WITH ANTITHYROID DRUGS
  - Calculation of Dose
  - Monitoring and Follow up
- OPHTHALMOPATHY AND RADIOIODINE THERAPY
- CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 14:Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS DURING PREGNANCY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- POINTERS TO DIAGNOSIS
- COURSE
- MANAGEMENT
  - Peripartal Management
  - Postnatal Management
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Pediatric Graves’ Disease
- INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:Juvenile Thyrotoxicosis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT (TABLE 2)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:Thyrotoxicosis without Hyperthyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Thyroiditis Group
  - Nonthyroiditis Group
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19:Subacute Thyroiditis
- INTRODUCTION
- CASE PRESENTATION
- BACKGROUND
- TYPES OF SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS OR DE QUERVAIN'S THYROIDITIS
- SILENT, PAINLESS, OR SUBACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 20:Toxic Nodular Goiter and Adenoma
- INTRODUCTION
- TOXIC NODULAR GOITER
- BLOOD INVESTIGATIONS
- IMAGING STUDIES
- INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
- TOXIC ADENOMA
- TREATMENT
- MALIGNANCY IN TOXIC ADENOMA OR MULTINODULAR GOITER
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 21:Simple or Nontoxic Goiter: Diffuse and Multinodular—Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Primary Factors
  - Secondary Factors
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 22:Approach to the Solitary Thyroid Nodule
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL APPROACH TO THYROID NODULES
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 23:Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- HOW COMMON ARE THYROID CANCERS?
- SHOULD WE SCREEN FOR THYROID CANCERS?
- INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMAS
- PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THYROID MALIGNANCY
  - Papillary Carcinoma
  - Follicular Carcinoma
- HOW DO THYROID CANCERS PRESENT?
- ROLE OF IMAGING IN EVALUATION OF SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
- ROLE OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
- IMPORTANT FACTORS PREDICTING THE OUTCOME, STAGING, AND RISK STRATIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMAS
  - Staging Systems and Risk of Recurrence
  - Risk of Recurrence Based on Staging and Histology
- OVERVIEW OF THE THERAPY FOR DIFFERENTIATED CANCERS
- LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH TREATED DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCERS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 24:Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- MANAGEMENT OF MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
- MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH REGIONAL AND DISTANT METASTASIS
  - Systemic Therapy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 25:Drugs Affecting Thyroid Function
- INTRODUCTION
- TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AND THYROID FUNCTION
- IMMUNE MODULATORS AFFECTING THYROID FUNCTION
- DRUGS AFFECTING THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
  - Drugs Affecting Thyroid Hormone Absorption
  - Drugs Altering Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
    - Estradiol
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 26:Amiodarone-induced Thyroid Dysfunction
- INTRODUCTION
- EFFECT OF AMIODARONE ON EUTHYROID PATIENTS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27:Resistance to Thyroid Hormones
- INTRODUCTION
- RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RESISTANCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28:Radioiodine in the Management of Benign Thyroid Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE OF RADIOIODINE THERAPY IN THYROID DISORDERS
- SPECIFIC INDICATIONS OF RADIOIODINE THERAPY IN BENIGN THYROID DISORDERS
- FACTORS INFLUENCING USE OF RADIOIODINE TREATMENT
- ANTITHYROID DRUG ADMINISTRATION
- CONTRAINDICATIONS TO RADIOIODINE THERAPY
- ADMINISTRATION OF RADIOIODINE
- FOLLOW-UP AFTER RADIOIODINE THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 29:Thyroid Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID STORM
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
- NEWER THERAPIES
- PROGNOSIS
  - Hypothyroid Coma (Myxedema Coma)
- ETIOLOGY AND PRECIPITATING FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY PARAMETERS
- TREATMENT
  - General Supportive Treatment
  - Thyroid Hormone Replacement
- HASHIMOTO'S ENCEPHALOPATHY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 30:Endocrine Disruptors and Thyroid Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS
- SOURCES OF EXPOSURE AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT
- ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- THYROID DISEASE
- EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE- DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON SPECIFIC STAGES OF THYROID SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
- EFFECTS OF THYROID ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT
- CARDIOVASCULAR RISK WITH THYROID DYSFUNCTION
- THYROID AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31:Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PHYSIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF SICK EUTHYROID SYNDROME
- DIAGNOSIS
- THERAPY
- PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes