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Pharmacology for Dental and Allied Health Sciences Padmaja Udaykumar

SECTION 1: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:Introduction, Sources of Drugs and Routes of Drug Administration
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- DEFINITIONS
- ESSENTIAL DRUGS
- SOURCES OF DRUGS
- ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
  - Enteral Route (Oral Ingestion)
    - Enteric Coated Tablets
  - Parenteral Route
    - Injections
    - Transmucosal
- TOPICAL
- SPECIAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
  - Drug Dosage Forms
CHAPTER 2:Pharmacokinetics
- ABSORPTION
  - First Pass Metabolism
- BIOAVAILABILITY
  - Factors Affecting Bioavailability
  - Bioequivalence
- DISTRIBUTION
  - Plasma Protein Binding
    - Clinical Significance of Plasma Protein Binding
  - Volume of Distribution (Vd)
- BIOTRANSFORMATION (METABOLISM)
  - Enzyme Induction
  - Enzyme Inhibition
- EXCRETION
- CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
  - Plasma Half-life and Steady State Concentration
- DRUG DOSAGE
CHAPTER 3:Pharmacodynamics
- MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION
- RECEPTOR
  - Receptor Families
  - Receptor Regulation
- DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
- FACTORS THAT MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
- SOME USEFUL EXAMPLES
CHAPTER 4:Adverse Drug Reactions, Drug Interactions and Drug Nomenclature
- ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- DRUG ALLERGY
- DRUG INTERACTIONS
- DRUG DEVELOPMENT
- DRUG NOMENCLATURE
- ORPHAN DRUGS
- P-DRUGS
SECTION 2: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
CHAPTER 5:Cholinergic System
- INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY
- AUTONOMIC INNERVATION
CHAPTER 6:Cholinergic Agonists
- CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
  - Actions of Acetylcholine
    - Muscarinic Actions
  - Nicotinic Actions
- ESTERS OF CHOLINE
- CHOLINOMIMETIC ALKALOIDS
- ANTICHOLINESTERASES
  - Irreversible Anticholinesterases
  - Organophosphorus Poisoning
CHAPTER 7:Anticholinergic Drugs
- ATROPINE SUBSTITUTES
CHAPTER 8:Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
- CLASSIFICATION
- PERIPHERALLY-ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
- CENTRALLY-ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Uses of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
- DIRECTLY-ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
- DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LOCAL MUSCLE SPASM
  - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants in Dentistry
CHAPTER 9:Adrenergic Agonists
- PHYSIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
- ADRENERGIC DRUGS (SYMPATHOMIMETICS)
- VASOPRESSORS
- NASAL DECONGESTANTS
- ALPHA 2 AGONISTS
- SELECTIVE β2 STIMULANTS
- ANORECTIC AGENTS (ANOREXIANTS)
CHAPTER 10:Adrenergic Antagonists and Treatment of Glaucoma
- ALPHA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
- BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
- ALPHA AND BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
- TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA
SECTION 3: DRUGS ACTINGON THE KIDNEY
CHAPTER 11:Diuretics and Antidiuretics
- DIURETICS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION
- CLASSIFICATION
- HIGH EFFICACY, HIGH CEILING OR LOOP DIURETICS
  - Other Actions
- THIAZIDES AND THIAZIDE-LIKE DIURETICS
- POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETICS
  - Uses of K+ Sparing Diuretics
- CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
- OSMOTIC DIURETICS
  - Newer Agents
  - Drug Interactions with Diuretics
- DIURETICS AND DENTISTRY
- ANTIDIURETICS
  - Vasopressin Analogs
SECTION 4: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS
CHAPTER 12:Cardiac Glycosides and Treatment of Cardiac Failure
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
- DRUGS USED IN CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
- CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
  - Pharmacological Actions
    - A. Cardiac Actions
    - B. Extracardiac Actions
  - Cardiac Failure and Dentistry
CHAPTER 13:Calcium Channel Blockers
- DIHYDROPYRIDINES CCBs
  - Other Dihydropyridines
  - Therapeutic Uses of CCBs
    - Drug Interactions
CHAPTER 14:Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLASS I DRUGS
- CLASS II DRUGS
- CLASS III DRUGS
- CLASS IV DRUGS
- OTHER ANTIARRHYTHMICS
  - Dental Implications
CHAPTER 15:Drugs Used in Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
- ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
- PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ANGINA
- DRUGS USED IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Immediate Treatment
  - Long-term Treatment
    - Risk Factor Management
CHAPTER 16:Antihypertensive Drugs
- CLASSIFICATION
- SYMPATHOLYTICS
CHAPTER 17:Plasma Expanders and Pharmacotherapy of Shock
- PLASMA EXPANDERS
- PHARMACOTHERAPY OF SHOCK
  - General Guidelines for the Treatment of Shock
SECTION 5: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
CHAPTER 18:General Anesthetics
- STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GENERAL ANESTHETICS
- CLASSIFICATION
- INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
- INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS
- PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION
  - Balanced Anesthesia
CHAPTER 19:Local Anesthetics
- ACTIONS
  - Systemic Actions
- INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS
  - Injectable (Table 19.2)
- USES AND TECHNIQUES OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
  - Dental Implications
CHAPTER 20:Sedative Hypnotics
- CLASSIFICATION
- BENZODIAZEPINES
  - Mechanism of Action
- BENZODIAZEPINE ANTAGONIST
- NEWER AGENTS
  - 1. Melatonin and Congeners
  - 2. ‘Z’ Hypnotics
- BARBITURATES
CHAPTER 21:Alcohols
- ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)
- METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL)
CHAPTER 22:Antiepileptics
- SEIZURE
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Mechanism of Action of Antiepileptics
- PHENYTOIN
  - Drug Interactions
- PHENOBARBITONE
- CARBAMAZEPINE
- ETHOSUXIMIDE
- VALPROIC ACID
- BENZODIAZEPINES
- NEWER ANTIEPILEPTICS (BOX 22.2)
- TREATMENT OF EPILEPSIES
  - Epilepsy and Dentistry
CHAPTER 23:Opioid Analgesics
- TYPES OF PAIN
  - Analgesic
  - Opioid Analgesics
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Endogenous Opioid Peptides
- MORPHINE
- MIXED AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS
- OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
CHAPTER 24:Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- CLASSIFICATION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- SALICYLATES
- PARA-AMINOPHENOL DERIVATIVES
  - Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
  - Actions
- PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVES
- PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES
- ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES
- PREFERENTIAL COX-2 INHIBITORS
- FENAMATES (ANTHRANILIC ACID DERIVATIVES)
- OXICAMS
- SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS
  - Dental Implications
CHAPTER 25:Drugs Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
  - Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs
  - Miscellaneous
    - Gold Salts
- PHARMACOTHERAPY OF GOUT
CHAPTER 26:Drugs Used in Psychiatric Disorders
- ANTIPSYCHOTICS
- ANTIPSYCHOTICS (NEUROLEPTICS)
  - Classification
- CHLORPROMAZINE
- ANTIANXIETY DRUGS (ANXIOLYTICS)
- ANTIDEPRESSANTS
- MOOD STABILIZERS
  - Other Mood Stabilizers
CHAPTER 27:Drugs Used in Parkinsonism
CHAPTER 28:Central Nervous System Stimulants
- RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
- PSYCHOMOTOR STIMULANTS
  - Methylxanthines
    - Actions
- NOOTROPICS
SECTION 6: AUTACOIDS
CHAPTER 29:Autacoids
- HISTAMINE
- ANTIHISTAMINES
- 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
- EICOSANOIDS
  - Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes
  - Prostanoid Receptors
    - Actions
    - Uses
- OTHER AUTACOIDS
SECTION 7: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DRUGS
CHAPTER 30:Drugs Acting on Respiratory System
- DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
- DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF COUGH
SECTION 8: DRUGS ACTING ON BLOOD
CHAPTER 31:Hematopoietic System
- HEMATINICS
- VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID
  - Hematopoietic Growth Factors
- DRUGS USED IN THE DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
  - Heparin and Heparinoids
  - Oral Anticoagulants
    - Drug Interactions
- THROMBOLYTICS (FIBRINOLYTICS)
  - Contraindications to Thrombolytic Therapy
- ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS
- ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
- COAGULANTS
  - Other Coagulants
    - Dentistry and Drugs Affecting Coagulation
- HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS
SECTION 9: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DRUGS
CHAPTER 32:Drugs Used in the Gastrointestinal Disorders
- DRUGS USED IN PEPTIC ULCER
  - Classification
- ANTACIDS
  - Systemic Antacids
  - Non-systemic Antacids
- H2 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
- PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
  - Anticholinergics
- ULCER PROTECTIVES
- PROKINETIC AGENTS
  - Metoclopramide
  - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- EMETICS AND ANTIEMETICS
- DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CONSTIPATION
- DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA
SECTION 10: CHEMOTHERAPY I
CHAPTER 33:General Considerations
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
CHAPTER 34:Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones
- SULFONAMIDES
  - Classification
- COTRIMOXAZOLE
- QUINOLONES
  - Nalidixic Acid
- FLUOROQUINOLONES
CHAPTER 35:Beta-lactam Antibiotics
- PENICILLINS
  - Classification
- NATURAL PENICILLINS
  - Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
- SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
  - Extended Spectrum Penicillins
    - Ampicillin
- ANTIPSEUDOMONAL PENICILLINS
  - Carboxypenicillins
  - Ureidopenicillins
- BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- CARBAPENEMS
- CARBACEPHEMS
- MONOBACTAMS
CHAPTER 36:Broad-spectrum Antibiotics and Aminoglycosides
- TETRACYCLINES
- TIGECYCLINE
- CHLORAMPHENICOL
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
  - Common Properties of Aminoglycosides
  - Precautions in Using Aminoglycosides
CHAPTER 37:Macrolides, Other Antibacterial Agents and Chemotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
- MACROLIDES
  - Erythromycin
- KETOLIDES
- OTHER ANTIBIOTICS
- OTHER ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
- NEWER AGENTS
- CHEMOTHERAPY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
SECTION 11: CHEMOTHERAPY II
CHAPTER 38:Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis and Leprosy
- ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
  - Drugs Used in Tuberculosis
- FIRST LINE DRUGS
- SECOND LINE DRUGS
  - Other Second-line Drugs
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
- LEPROSY
CHAPTER 39:Antifungal Drugs
- CLASSIFICATION
- ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS
- ANTIMETABOLITES
- AZOLES
  - Pneumocandins or Echinocandins
- OTHER TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
- NEWER DRUGS
CHAPTER 40:Antiviral Drugs
- CLASSIFICATION
- ANTI-HERPES VIRUS AGENTS
- ANTI-INFLUENZA VIRUS AGENTS
  - Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
  - Anti-hepatitis Agents
- OTHER ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
- ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
CHAPTER 41:Chemotherapy of Malaria
- CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
  - Chloroquine
- FOLATE ANTAGONISTS
  - Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
- ARTEMISININ AND DERIVATIVES
  - Dose
CHAPTER 42:Drugs Used in Amoebiasis, Pneumocystosis, Leishmaniasis Trypanosomiasis and Anthelmintics
- ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
- ANTHELMINTICS
CHAPTER 43:Cancer Chemotherapy
- PHASES OF CELL CYCLE
  - Common Adverse Effects of Anticancer Drugs
- ALKYLATING AGENTS
  - Platinum Analogs
- ANTIMETABOLITES
- NATURAL AND SEMISYNTHETIC PRODUCTS
- MISCELLANEOUS
  - Newer Drugs
- HORMONES IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
  - Hormone Antagonists
- OTHER AGENTS
  - General Principles in the Treatment of Cancers (Table 43.4)
SECTION 12: HORMONES
CHAPTER 44:Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES
  - GnRH Antagonists
- ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
CHAPTER 45:Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs
- THYROID HORMONES
- HYPERTHYROIDISM AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS
CHAPTER 46:Corticosteroids
- INTRODUCTION
  - Structure and Synthesis
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
  - Actions
    - Glucocorticoid Actions
- MINERALOCORTICOIDS
- INHIBITORS OF ADRENAL STEROIDS SYNTHESIS
  - Steroids and Dentistry
CHAPTER 47:Insulin and Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
- INSULIN
- ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS
- CLASSIFICATION
- INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES
- TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Status of Oral Antidiabetics
  - Diabetes Mellitus and Dentistry
- GLUCAGON
CHAPTER 48:Agents Affecting Bone Mineral Turnover
- CALCIUM
- PHOSPHORUS
  - Hypophosphatemia
  - Hyperphosphatemia
- VITAMIN D
- CALCITONIN
- DRUGS USED IN THE DISORDERS OF BONE
CHAPTER 49:Estrogens, Progestins, Hormonal Contraceptives, Androgens and Anabolic Steroids
- ESTROGENS
  - Estrogen Receptors
- SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERMS) AND ANTIESTROGENS
  - Estrogen Synthesis Inhibitors
- PROGESTINS
- ANTIPROGESTINS
- HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- DRUGS ACTING ON THE UTERUS
  - Uterine Stimulants (Ecbolics)
  - Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics)
- ANDROGENS
- ANABOLIC STEROIDS
- ANTIANDROGENS
- DRUGS USED IN MALE SEXUAL IMPOTENCE
  - Sildenafil (Viagra)
SECTION 13: MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
CHAPTER 50:Miscellaneous Drugs
- IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
- ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- CHELATING AGENTS
- VITAMINS
  - Fat-Soluble Vitamins
    - Vitamin A
  - Water-Soluble Vitamins
    - Thiamine (Vitamin B1, Aneurine)
SECTION 14: DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
CHAPTER 51:Dental Pharmacology
- DENTIFRICES
- OBTUNDENTS
- ANTISEPTICS
- MUMMIFYING AGENTS
- BLEACHING AGENTS
- STYPTICS
- MOUTHWASHES
  - Types of Mouthwashes
- ASTRINGENTS
  - Types of Astringents
- DISCLOSING AGENTS
- SIALOGOGUES
  - Antisialogogues
- ANTICARIES DRUGS
  - Topical Fluoride
  - Fluoride Toxicity
- DRUGS USED IN DENTAL PLAQUE
  - Antibacterial Agents
- DENTAL DESENSITIZING AGENTS
- MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL PRACTICE

INDEX

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Chapter Notes