Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Essentials of Practical Biochemistry
Prem Prakash Gupta, Neelu Gupta
CHAPTER 1:
Instructions to Students
CHAPTER 2:
Commonly Used Glassware, Apparatus and Equipment
WASHING AND DRYING OF GLASSWARE
SECTION I: QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS, LIPIDS AND NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 3:
Qualitative Tests for Carbohydrates
INTRODUCTION
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
DIFFERENT QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES (COLOR REACTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES)
Molisch’s Test
Fehling’s Test
Benedict’s Test
Barfoed’s Test
Seliwanoff’s Test
Iodine Test
Osazone Test
Bial’s Test
Mucic Acid Test
Picric Acid Test
Inversion Test for Sucrose
CHAPTER 4:
Qualitative Tests for Proteins and Amino Acids
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR PROTEINS (COLOR REACTIONS OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS)
Ninhydrin Test
Biuret Test
Xanthoproteic Test
Millon’s Test
Sakaguchi’s Test
Hopkins-Cole-Adam Test (Aldehyde Test for Tryptophan)
Lead Acetate Test (Lead Sulfide Test)
Precipitation Reactions of Proteins
Protein Precipitation by Strong Mineral Acids
Protein Precipitation by Heavy Metals
Protein Precipitation by Alkaloidal Reagents
Protein Precipitation by Organic Solvents
Heat Coagulation of Proteins
Protein Precipitation by Inorganic Salt Ammonium Sulfate
Protein Precipitation by Half Saturation with Ammonium Sulfate
Protein Precipitation by Full Saturation with Ammonium Sulfate
CHAPTER 5:
Test Exercise
CHAPTER 6:
Qualitative Tests for Lipids
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR LIPIDS
Fat Solubility Test
Emulsification Test
Grease Spot Test
Acrolein Test
Unsaturation Test
Test for Cholesterol
CHAPTER 7:
Qualitative Tests for Non-protein Nitrogenous Substances
INTRODUCTION
UREA
Tests for Urea
URIC ACID
Tests for Uric Acid
CREATININE
Tests for Creatinine
SECTION II: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINE
CHAPTER 8:
Urine Analysis (For Normal and Abnormal Constituents of Urine)
INTRODUCTION
Collection of Urine
Preservation of Urine
Physical Examination of Urine
Urine Volume
Urine Color
Urine Appearance/Turbidity
Urine pH
Specific Gravity of Urine
Determination of Specific Gravity of Urine
Temperature Correction of Observed Specific Gravity
Correction of Specific Gravity in Cases of Glycosuria and Proteinuria
Urine Odor/Smell
Sediment Formation/Deposits
Chemical Examination of Normal Urine
Qualitative Tests for Organic Constituents of Normal Urine
Tests for Urea
Tests for Uric Acid
Tests for Creatinine
Test for Ammonia
Test for Chlorides
Test for Inorganic Phosphate
Tests for Sulfates
Tests for Calcium
Test for Sugar (Glucose)
Tests for Protein (Albumin)
Tests for Ketone Bodies
Tests for Bile Salts
Tests for Bile Pigments
Test for Occult Blood
CHAPTER 9:
Test Exercise
CHAPTER 10:
Quantitative Estimation of Titrable Acidity of Urine (By Folin Method)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 11:
Estimation of Glucose in Urine (By Benedict’s Quantitative Method)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 12:
Quantitative Estimation of Creatinine in Urine (By Jaffe’s Method)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 13:
Quantitative Estimation of Urea in Urine (By Diacetyl Monoxime Method)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 14:
Quantitative Estimation of Total Protein in Urine (By Biuret Method)
INTRODUCTION
SECTION III: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BODY FLUIDS
CHAPTER 15:
Analysis of Saliva
INTRODUCTION
Composition of Saliva
Organic Constituents of Saliva
Inorganic Constituents of Saliva
Organic Constituents of Saliva
Inorganic Constituents of Saliva
Analysis of Saliva
CHAPTER 16:
Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
INTRODUCTION
ANALYSIS OF CSF
Physical Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Chemical Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
CHAPTER 17:
Semen Analysis
INTRODUCTION
SEMEN ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 18:
Milk Analysis
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MILK (FOR CASEIN, LACTALBUMIN, LACTOSE, FAT, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND CHLORIDE)
CHAPTER 19:
Gastric Juice Analysis (Gastric Function Test)
INTRODUCTION
Collection of Gastric Juice
Calculation of Basal Acid Output (BAO)
Calculation of MAO
Tubeless Gastric Analysis
SECTION IV: QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATIONS IN SERUM/PLASMA
CHAPTER 20:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Sodium, Potassium and Chloride
INTRODUCTION
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum Sodium
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum Potassium
Clinical Significance of Estimation of serum Chloride
Other Methods used for Estimation of Serum Electrolytes
CHAPTER 21:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Calcium
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 22:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Magnesium
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 23:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Phosphorus (Inorganic Phosphate)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 24:
Quantitative Estimation of Blood Glucose
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 25:
Quantitative Estimation of Total Protein, Albumin, Globulins and Fibrinogen in Serum/Plasma
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 26:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Creatinine and Determination of Renal Creatinine Clearance
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 27:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Uric Acid
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 28:
Quantitative Estimation of Blood Urea and BUN
INTRODUCTION
OTHER ENZYMATIC METHODS FOR BLOOD UREA ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 29:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Triglycerides
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 30:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Total Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 31:
Serum Lipid Profile
EXERCISE 31.1
INTRODUCTION
Serum Total Cholesterol
Estimation of serum total cholesterol
Serum Triglycerides (Serum TG)
Estimation of serum TG
VLDL-cholesterol
Estimation of serum VLDL-cholesterol
LDL-cholesterol
Estimation of serum LDL-cholesterol
HDL-cholesterol
Estimation of Serum HDL-cholesterol
Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol ratios
Serum total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio
Serum LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio
CHAPTER 32:
Quantitative Estimation of Serum Bilirubin (Direct, Indirect and Total Bilirubin)
INTRODUCTION
Heme Breakdown
CHAPTER 33:
Quantitative Estimation of Hemoglobin
INTRODUCTION
SECTION V: ESTIMATION OF SERUM DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES
CHAPTER 34:
Diagnostic Enzymology (Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis)
INTRODUCTION
Methods for Enzyme Assay
SOME COMMON SERUM DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES
Estimation and Clinical Significance of Some Serum Diagnostic Enzymes
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum LDH and α−HBDH Activity
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase/Creatine Kinase (CPK/CK)
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum CPK/CK Activity
Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT)
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum GOT/AST Activity
Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)
Clinical significance of estimation of Serum GPT/ALT
Serum α-amylase
Clinical Significance of Estimation of a-Serum Amylase Activity
Serum Lipase
Clinical significance of estimation of serum Lipase
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Clinical significance of estimation of serum ALP activity
Serum Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
Clinical significance of estimation of serum ACP activity
Serum Pseudocholinesterase
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase
Clinical significance of estimation of Red cell G6PD activity
Serumϒ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (G-GTP)
Clinical Significance of Estimation of Serum G-GTP/G-GT Activity
Clinical significance of estimation of serum leucine amino peptidase (LAP)
Clinical significance of estimation of Serum 5’-nucleotidase
Clinical significance of estimation of Serum aldolase
SECTION VI: ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS
CHAPTER 35:
Thyroid Function Tests
EXERCISE 35.1
INTRODUCTION
Thyroid function tests
Tests Based on Measurement of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine in Blood
Tests Based on Primary Function of Thyroid Gland (Iodine Uptake and Hormone Synthesis)
Tests Based on Metabolic Effects of Thyroid Hormones
Immunological Tests for Thyroid Function
Tests Based on Measurement of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine in Blood
Estimation of Serum T3 and T4 Concentration
Estimation of sreum TSH concentration
Estimation of serum protein bound iodine (PBI) concentration
Tests Based on Primary Function of Thyroid Gland (Iodine Uptake and Hormone Synthesis)
Radioactive iodine (I131) uptake [RAIU]
TRH stimulation test
TSH stimulation test
Tests Based on Metabolic Effects of Thyroid Hormones
Measurement of BMR
Serum Cholesterol Level
Serum Calcium Level
Immunological Tests for Thyroid Function
Disorders Associated With Hypo and Hypersecretion of Thyroid Hormones
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
CHAPTER 36:
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
EXERCISE 36.1
INTRODUCTION
Indications of Liver Function Tests
Liver Function Tests
Liver Function Tests Based on Formation and Excretion of Bile
Liver Function Tests Based on Metabolic Functions of Liver
Liver Function Tests Based on Conjugation and Detoxification Function of Liver
Liver Function Tests Based on Hepatic Damage (Estimation of Serum Diagnostic Enzymes Derived from Liver)
Liver Function Tests Based on Storage Function of Liver
Some Special Tests in Evaluation of Liver Disease
Selection of Liver Function Tests
LFTs Profile
Estimation of Serum Bilirubin Concentration
VD Bergh Reaction
Immediate or Direct Positive VD Bergh Reaction
Delayed or Indirect Positive VD Bergh Reaction
Biphasic Positive VD Bergh Reaction
Qualitative Examination of Bile Pigments, Bile Salts and Urobilinogen in Urine
Estimation of Concentration of Serum Proteins (Serum Albumin, Globulin, Total Protein) and Determination of Albumin/Globulin Ratio
Serum Enzyme Assay
Prothrombin Time
Thymol Turbidity Test
CHAPTER 37:
Kidney Function Tests (Renal Function Tests)
EXERCISE 37.1
INTRODUCTION
EXCRETORY ROLE OF KIDNEYS
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS
Tubular Function Tests
(I) Urine concentration and dilution tests
(II) Phenol sulfonephthalein (PSP) excretion test
Glomerular Function Tests
(I) Renal clearance tests
Para amino hippurate (PAH) test
Blood Biochemistry
Estimation of serum creatinine, blood urea and BUN
Estimation of Serum Uric Acid
Estimation of Serum Albumin
Estimation of Serum Electrolytes
Routine and Bacteriological Examination of Urine
Physical examination of urine
Chemical examination of urine
Microscopic examination of urine
Bacteriological examination of urine (urine culture)
CHAPTER 38:
Parathyroid Function Tests
EXERCISE 38.1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 39:
Cardiac Function Tests (Cardiac Risk Assessment Tests)
EXERCISE 39.1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 40:
Glucose Tolerance Test (Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus)
EXERCISE 40.1
INTRODUCTION
Procedure for Oral GTT
Clinical significance of ‘glucose tolerance test curves’ (GTT profiles according to WHO, 1985)
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IV Gtt)
Tests for Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
CHAPTER 41:
Pancreatic Function Tests
EXERCISE 41.1
INTRODUCTION
PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTS
Direct Pancreatic Function Tests
Secretin Stimulation Test
Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin Stimulation Test
Indirect Pancreatic Function Tests
Determination of Some Pancreatic Enzymes in Serum and Urine
Determination of Serum Amylase and Lipase after Hormonal Stimulation of Pancreas
Diagnostic Tests Based on Impaired Digestion
Measurement of Pancreatic Enzymes in Stool
Tubeless Pancreatic Function Tests
SECTION VII: TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 42:
Electrophoresis
CHAPTER 43:
Chromatography
CHAPTER 44:
Colorimetry
CHAPTER 45:
Blood Gas Analyzer (Blood Gas Profile in Acid-Base Imbalance)
ACID
BASE
Acidosis and Alkalosis
Acidosis (Acidemia)
Alkalosis (Alkalemia)
SECTION VIII: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 46:
Porphyria (Estimation of Porphobilinogen)
INTRODUCTION
HEPATIC PORPHYRIA
ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
CHAPTER 47:
Quantitative Estimation of Ascorbate (Vitamin C) in Plasma and Urine
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 48:
List of Reagents and Solutions
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINE
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS OF SALIVA
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR MILK ANALYSIS
REAGENTS REQUIRED FOR GASTRIC JUICE ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 49:
Normal Laboratory Values of Biochemical Parameters in Blood, CSF and Urine
CHAPTER 50:
Model Papers
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear