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Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
Navin C Nanda
Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
CONTRIBUTORS
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
SECTION 1:
Mitral Valve
CASE 1
MOVIES 1 TO 8
CASE 2
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 3
MOVIES 11 TO 17
CASE 4
GIANT LEFT ATRIUM
CASE A
CASE B
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 5
RHEUMATIC SEVERE MITRAL STENOSIS PERCUTANEOUS MITRAL BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY (PMBV)
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 6
MOVIES 25 TO 32
CASE 7
A MASS BY ANY OTHER NAME
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 8
MOVIES 35 TO 39
CASE 9
MOVIES 40 TO 42
CASE 10
EVALUATION OF MITRAL REGURGITATION
PREOPERATIVE ( 43. PRE-CABG)
DISCUSSION
COMMENTS
MOVIES 43 AND 44
CASE 11
MOVIES 45 AND 46
CASE 12
MOVIE 47
CASE 13
MOVIE 48
CASE 14
FLAIL ANTERIOR MITRAL VALVE LEAFLET
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 15
FLAIL POSTERIOR MITRAL VALVE LEAFLET
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 16
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 17
MOVIE 60
SECTION 2:
Aortic Valve, Aorta
CASE 18
MOVIE 61
CASE 19
MOVIES 62 TO 64
CASE 20
MOVIES 65 TO 67
CASE 21
MOVIES 68 AND 69
CASE 22
MOVIE 70
CASE 23
MOVIES 71 AND 72
CASE 24
MOVIES 73 TO 77
CASE 25
MOVIES 78 TO 81
CASE 26
MOVIE 82
CASE 27
MOVIES 83 TO 87
REFERENCE
CASE 28
MOVIES 88 TO 96
REFERENCES
CASE 29
SURGICAL FINDINGS
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 30
A PATIENT WITH SEVERE CHEST PAIN
DISCUSSION
NATURAL HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF IMH
REFERENCES
CASE 31
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGEND
REFERENCE
CASE 32
A PRESENT FROM NIGERIA
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 33
MOVIES 104 AND 105
CASE 34
MOVIES 106 TO 111
CASE 35
BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE, COARCTATION OF THE AORTA, DISSECTING ANEURYSM OF THE ASCENDING AORTA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 36
MOVIES 116A TO D
CASE 37
MOVIES 117 TO 119
SECTION 3:
Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valves, Pulmonary Hypertension
CASE 38
MOVIE 120
CASE 39
SEVERE SECONDARY TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 40
MOVIES 125 AND 126
CASE 41
MOVIES 127 TO 131
CASE 42*
MOVIES 132 AND 133A TO D
REFERENCE
CASE 43
MOVIES 134 AND 135
CASE 44
MOVIE 136
CASE 45
CASE 46
MOVIES 137 AND 138
REFERENCE
CASE 47
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 48
MOVIE 140
CASE 49
MOVIE 141
CASE 50
MOVIE 142
SECTION 4:
Prostheses, Rings and Clips
CASE 51
MOVIES 143 AND 144
CASE 52
A PROSTHETIC MITRAL VALVE CASE WITH FEVER AND LBBB
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 145 AND 146
REFERENCES
CASE 53
MOVIE 147
CASE 54
HISTORY
SUMMARY
MOVIES 148 AND 149
CASE 55
PROSTHETIC VALVE THROMBOSIS: A COMPLEX DISORDER THAT REQUIRES CAREFUL IMAGING
History
Comment
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 56
PROSTHETIC MITRAL VALVE OBSTRUCTION: REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-GUIDED DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 57
ACCELERATED BIOPROSTHETIC MITRAL VALVE DEGENERATION RESULTING IN SEVERE MITRAL STENOSIS
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 58
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 162 TO 166
CASE 59
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 60
MECHANICAL MITRAL VALVE DEHISCENCE, SEVERE PARAVALVULAR LEAK
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 61
TEE IN MITRAL VALVE REPAIR AND PERSISTENT MICROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Role of Echocardiography in Patient Care
Summary and Discussion Points
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 62
MOVIES 177 TO 180
CASE 63
MOVIES 181 TO 184
CASE 64
MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY RING DEHISCENCE
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 65
MOVIES 189 TO 195
REFERENCE
CASE 66
MOVIES 196 TO 199
CASE 67
MOVIES 200 TO 206
CASE 68
MOVIES 207 TO 210
CASE 69
MOVIE 211
CASE 70
MITRACLIP REPAIR IN DEGENERATIVE MITRAL VALVE DISEASE
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 71
MITRACLIP DETACHMENT
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 72
MOVIE 232
CASE 73
PREMATURE DEGENERATION OF BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 74
ROCKING VALVE
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 75
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 76
FAILED TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT (TAVR)
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 77
BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 78
MOVIES 257 AND 258
CASE 79
ABSTRACT
CASE PRESENTATION
Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in the Diagnosis of Aortico-left Atrial Fistula
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
SECTION 5:
Endocarditis
CASE 80
HEMODYNAMICS IN THE ICU
HEMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS FROM TEE
Calculations
DETAILS OF CALCULATIONS
DILEMMA IN POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
ANSWERS
POSTOPERATIVELY
CONCLUSION
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CARDIAC INDEX
SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE (SVR)
Correlation Between RA Pressure (CVP) and IVC Appearance
MOVIES 261 TO 263
CASE 81
TRANSESOPHAGEAL THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MITRAL VALVE ENDOCARDITIS
MOVIE LEGEND
REFERENCES
CASE 82
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS OF MITRAL VALVE
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 83
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS COMPLICATED WITH ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 84
MOVIES 274 TO 281
CASE 85
MULTIMODALITY IMAGING FOR A MITRAL VALVE MASS
MOVIES 282A AND B
REFERENCE
CASE 86
SEVERE CARDIAC COMPROMISE DUE TO SKIN INFECTION (PEDIATRIC PATIENT)
Hematological Findings
Urine Analysis
EKG (Fig. 86.2)
Echocardiogram
Final Diagnosis
MOVIES 283 TO 288
CASE 87
PAPILLARY MUSCLE RUPTURE VERSUS FUNGAL MASS
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 88
MOVIES 292 TO 294
CASE 89
MOVIES 295 TO 298
CASE 90
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 91*
MOVIES 312A TO D, 313, 314A AND B AND 315A TO H
SECTION 6:
Coronary Artery Disease
CASE 92
MOVIE 316
CASE 93
MOVIES 317A AND B
CASE 94
MOVIES 318 TO 320
CASE 95
MOVIES 321 AND 322
CASE 96
MOVIES 323 TO 325
CASE 97
MOVIES 326 TO 331
CASE 98
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 99
INFERIOR WALL PSEUDOANEURYSM FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory/Tests
Hospital Course
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 100
LV PSEUDOANEURYSM
Discussion
CASE 101
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 102
MOVIES 340 AND 341
CASE 103
POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION SEPTAL RUPTURE (POST MI VSD)
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 104
RUPTURE OF PAPILLARY MUSCLE FOLLOWING REPERFUSION
Introduction
Case Description
Comment
Conclusion
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 105
MOVIES 352 TO 354
CASE 106
MOVIES 355 TO 357
CASE 107
MOVIES 358 TO 360
CASE 108
MOVIES 361 AND 362
CASE 109
LARGE MASS COMPRESSING THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 110
MOVIES 365 AND 366
CASE 111
MOVIES 367 TO 369
SECTION 7:
Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle and Cardiomyopathy
CASE 112
SHORT OF BREATH
DISCUSSIONS: PULSUS ALTERNANS
Causes of Pulsus Alternans
Possible Mechanisms of Pulsus Alternans
CASE 113
MOVIES 370 TO 373
CASE 114
MOVIE 374
CASE 115
CASE 116
REFERENCE
CASE 117
MOVIES 375 TO 380
REFERENCE
CASE 118
MOVIES 381 TO 386
CASE 119
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 120
MOVIES 389 TO 391
CASE 121
MOVIES 392 TO 395
CASE 122
MOVIES 396A TO D
REFERENCE
CASE 123
MOVIES 397 TO 401
CASE 124
MOVIES 402 TO 406
CASE 125
MOVIE 407
CASE 126
ECHO GUIDED VERSUS ADAPTIVE CRT OPTIMIZATION
Introduction
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 408 TO 412
REFERENCES
CASE 127
MOVIES 413 AND 414
REFERENCE
CASE 128
MOVIES 415 TO 423
CASE 129
MOVIE 424
CASE 130
MOVIES 425 AND 426
CASE 131
MOVIES 427 AND 428
REFERENCES
CASE 132
CHEST PAIN AND SHORTNESS OF BREATH IN A PHYSICIAN
DEFINITION OF TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY
MAYO CLINIC DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA1
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY
TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY: DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 133
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 134
MOVIES 434 TO 437
REFERENCE
CASE 135
MOVIES 438 TO 440
CASE 136
NON-COMPACTION CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH LV THROMBUS
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 137
MOVIE 444
CASE 138
MOVIES 445 TO 447
CASE 139
MOVIES 448A AND B
CASE 140
MOVIES 449 AND 450
REFERENCE
CASE 141
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS (FIG. 141.13)
Nuclear Cardiology
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MOVIES 451 TO 461
REFERENCES
CASE 142
PATIENT HH PRESENTATION
INITIAL WORK-UP
OUTPATIENT COURSE
CARDIAC MRI (FIGS. 142.3A TO C AND 463)
CARDIAC SARCOID
CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS1,2
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT3
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 143
ECHO IN CARCINOID HEART DISEASE
Cardiac Pathology
Echo Findings
MOVIES 464 AND 465
CASE 144
MOVIES 466 TO 468
CASE 145
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
DISCUSSION
CASE 146
MOVIES 469 AND 470
CASE 147
MOVIES 471 AND 472
CASE 148
THICK HEART WITH FAST RHYTHM
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 149
MOVIES 476 TO 480
CASE 150
MOVIES 481 TO 489
REFERENCE
CASE 151
MOVIES 490 TO 498
REFERENCE
CASE 152
MOVIES 499 TO 501
CASE 153
MOVIE 502
SECTION 8:
Pericardial Disorders
CASE 154
MOVIE 503
CASE 155
MOVIE 504
CASE 156
MOVIES 505 AND 506
CASE 157
MOVIE 507
CASE 158
ECHO FREE SPACE MISDIAGNOSED AS PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 508 TO 510
REFERENCES
CASE 159
MOVIE 511
CASE 160
MOVIES 512 AND 513
CASE 161
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDIAL DISEASE
Clinical History
Transthoracic/Transesophageal Echocardiogram and Cardiac MRI Findings
Role of Imaging
SUMMARY
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 162
MOVIES 516A AND B
REFERENCES
CASE 163
RIGHT DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
Constrictive Pericarditis
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 164
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 165
MOVIES 530 TO 532
CASE 166
MOVIES 533 TO 535
CASE 167
MOVIES 536 AND 537
CASE 168
MOVIES 538 AND 539
CASE 169
MOVIES 540 TO 542
CASE 170
MOVIES 543 TO 546
CASE 171
MOVIES 547 TO 550
SECTION 9:
Tumors and Masses
CASE 172
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 173
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 174
MOVIES 559 TO 561
CASE 175
MOVIES 562 TO 569
CASE 176
MOVIES 570 TO 576
REFERENCES
CASE 177
HISTORY
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 178
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 179
MOVIES 582 TO 584
CASE 180
THROMBUS IN TRANSIT
MOVIE LEGEND
REFERENCES
CASE 181
LEFT RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN SINUS RHYTHM
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 586 AND 587
REFERENCES
CASE 182
AN UNCOMMON CASE OF LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE THROMBUS DURING DABIGATRAN THERAPY
Abstract
CASE REPORT
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGEND
REFERENCES
CASE 183
MOVIES 589 AND 590
CASE 184
MOVIE 591
CASE 185
RIGHT ATRIAL MYXOMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 186
HEMOPTYSIS DURING PREGNANCY
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 187
LEFT ATRIAL MYXOMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 188
LA MYXOMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 189
INCIDENTAL FINDING OF LEFT ATRIAL MASS
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 190
UNUSUAL ANATOMIC LOCATION OF A LEFT ATRIAL MYXOMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 191
EVALUATION OF LV MASS
COURSE IN HOSPITAL
TEE was then performed
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 614 TO 619
CASE 192
MITRAL VALVE FIBROELASTOMA (A “SEA ANEMONE” WITHIN THE HEART)
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 193
WHAT IS AROUND THE MITRAL VALVE?
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 194
PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMAS
Take Home Message
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 195
HISTORY
Echocardiographic Findings (Figs. 195.1 to 195.3A and B and 632 to 634A and B)
CT Angiogram (Figs. 195.4A and B)
Operative Report
Surgical Pathology Report
Cardiac Papillary Fibroelastoma
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 196
THYMOMA
MOVIES 635 AND 636
REFERENCE
CASE 197
LYMPHOMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 198
LEFT ATRIAL MASS
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 199
A DUCK IN THE HEART?
DISCUSSION
PATHOLOGY
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 200
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA WITH A DISTANT RIGHT VENTRICULAR METASTASIS AND WITHOUT VENA CAVA INFERIOR INVOLVEMENT
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 645 TO 649
REFERENCES
CASE 201
UNUSUAL CHEST PAIN
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
MOVIES 650 TO 660
CASE 202
A RARE CASE OF PEDUNCULATED LV HEMANGIOMA EVALUATED BY 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND COMPARED WITH MYXOMA
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 661A TO 666B
CASE 203
MULTIPLE INTRACARDIAC MASSES PRESENTED WITH COMPLETE HEART BLOCK
MOVIE LEGEND
CASE 204
MOVIES 668 AND 669
CASE 205
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 206
MOVIES 672 TO 674
CASE 207*
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 208
MOVIES 679 AND 680
CASE 209
MOVIE 681
SECTION 10:
Congenital Heart Disease
CASE 210
MOVIES 682 TO 684
CASE 211
MOVIES 685 TO 689
REFERENCE
CASE 212
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
MOVIES 690 TO 693
CASE 213
DISCUSSION
MOVIE 694
CASE 214
MOVIES 695 TO 699
CASE 215
MOVIES 700 TO 702
CASE 216
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCE
CASE 217
CALCULATIONS
DISCUSSION
EXCEPTIONAL FEATURES
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 218
MOVIES 709 TO 711
REFERENCES
CASE 219
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 220
MOVIES 713 TO 720
CASE 221
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 222
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY ARTERY FISTULA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 223
DISCUSSION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 224
DISCUSSION
Sonographer Tips
MOVIES 731 TO 735
REFERENCES
CASE 225
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 226
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 227
DISCRETE SUBAORTIC AND AORTIC STENOSIS
MOVIES 744 AND 745
REFERENCE
CASE 228
TRANSTHORACIC 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ASSESSMENT OF STENTED COARCTATION OF AORTA
MOVIES 746 AND 747
REFERENCES
CASE 229
ABSENT PULMONARY VALVE SYNDROME
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 230
MOVIES 751 AND 752
CASE 231
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCE
CASE 232
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 233
EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 234
YOUNG ADULT WITH CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 235
DYSPNEA AND A MASS IN THE HEART LEADING TO A DIAGNOSIS OF A RARE CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT
Case Description
Left Ventricular Noncompaction
KEY POINTS
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 236
MOVIES 768 TO 770
CASE 237
MOVIES 771 TO 777
CASE 238
TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES (D-TGA) WITH PREVIOUS MUSTARD/SENNING OPERATION
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCE
CASE 239
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 240
CONGENITALLY CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES (L-TGA), TRICUSPID VALVE REPLACEMENT
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 241
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCE
CASE 242
MOVIES 803 TO 806
REFERENCES
CASE 243
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 244
MOVIES 809 TO 811
CASE 245
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF A RARE CARDIAC ANOMALY
MOVIE LEGENDS
REFERENCES
CASE 246
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 247
LEFT SIDED SVC
MOVIES 820 TO 823
SECTION 11:
Miscellaneous
CASE 248
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 249
MOVIE 828
CASE 250
MOVIE 829
CASE 251
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 252
MOVIES 833 AND 834A TO C
CASE 253
MOVIES 835 TO 845
CASE 254
MOVIE 846
CASE 255
CURIOUS CASE OF THREE CONTINUOUS-WAVE DOPPLER ENVELOPES; THE TRIPHASIC VALVE SIGN
DISCUSSION
MOVIE 847
CASE 256
MOVIES 848 AND 849
CASE 257
MOVIE 850
CASE 258
CASE (FIGURES 258.1 AND 258.2)
CASE 259
MOVIES 851 TO 854
CASE 260
MOVIES 855 TO 857
CASE 261
MOVIE 858
CASE 262
MOVIES 859 TO 861
CASE 263
MOVIES 862 TO 868
CASE 264
MOVIES 869 TO 878
CASE 265
MOVIES 879 TO 885
CASE 266
MOVIES 886 TO 888
CASE 267
MOVIES 889 TO 891
CASE 268
MOVIES 892 TO 906
REFERENCES
CASE 269
MOVIES 907 TO 909
CASE 270
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CARDIAC CATH
ECHOCARDIOGRAM (REFER TO FIGS AND MOVIES)
PLATYPNEA ORTHODEOXIA
REVIEW OF THE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPLANATION OF THE MECHANISM
HAPPY ENDING
MOVIES 910 TO 917
CASE 271
PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
DISCUSSION REGARDING HIS LUNG DISEASE
MOVIES 918 TO 922
CASE 272
MOVIE 923
CASE 273
MOVIES 924 TO 931
CASE 274
MOVIES 932 AND 933
REFERENCES
CASE 275
MOVIE 934
CASE 276
MOVIES 935 TO 937
CASE 277
MOVIES 938 TO 941
CASE 278
MOVIES 942 AND 943
CASE 279
MOVIE LEGEND
CASE 280
CARDIAC MRI (FIGS. 280.1, 280.2 AND 949 TO 952)
MRI
CARDIAC MASSES OF LEFT VENTRICLE (TABLE 280.1)
FIBROMA
MOVIE LEGENDS
CASE 281
CASE
MOVIES 953 AND 954
REFERENCES
CASE 282
DISCUSSION
MOVIE 955
REFERENCE
INDEX
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