Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
EDITOR
Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Honoris Causa) FACC FAHA FISCU (D) FSGC FICA FACA FICP (Hon) FIAE FICMU (Hon) FACIP FCSC (S) FIACS FICC (Hon)
Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
President International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Editor-in-Chief Echocardiography: A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques
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Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
First Edition: 2017
9789386056948
_FM5Dedicated to
My late parents
Dr Balwant Rai Nanda and Mrs Maya Vati Nanda
My wife
Kanta Nanda MD
Our children
Nitin Nanda, Anita Nanda Wasan MD, and Anil Nanda MD
Their spouses Sanjeev Wasan MD and Seema Tailor Nanda, and
our grandchildren Vinay and Rajesh Wasan, and Nayna and Ria Nanda
CONTRIBUTORS
- Elsayed Abo-Salem MDAssistant Professor of Cardiovascular MedicineCenter for Comprehensive Cardiovascular CareSaint Louis University HospitalSaint Louis, Missouri, USA
- F Abtahi MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Ahmed Abuzaid MDCardiology FellowshipDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson University/Christiana Care Health SystemNewark, Delaware, USA
- LG Adarna MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Olayinka Afolabi-Brown MDEinstein Medical CenterDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Aashish Agarwal MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Kul Aggarwal MD MRCP (UK) FACCProfessor of Clinical Medicine Division of CardiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, USADirectorCardiac Catheterization Laboratory and ChiefCardiology SectionHarry S Truman Veterans’ HospitalColumbia, Missouri, USA
- Masood Ahmad MDEdward D and Sally M Futch Professor of CardiologyDirectorEchocardiography LaboratoryDivision of CardiologyThe University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- MI Ahmed MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Esmat Ahmed AH MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Ramazan Akdemir MDProfessorDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineSakarya University Training andResearch HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- Murat Aksoy MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineSakarya University Training and Research HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- N Alagic MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Mohsin Alam MDSenior CardiologistEchocardiography LaboratoryHeart and Vascular InstituteHenry Ford HospitalDetroit, Michigan, USA
- Zarina Alam MDSenior StaffDepartment of Internal MedicineHenry Ford HospitalDetroit, Michigan, USA
- OO Alli MDDivision of CardiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Aman M Amanullah MD PhD FACCFASE FASNC FAHASection ChiefNoninvasive CardiologyAlbert Einstein Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine (Clinical Track)Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Edgar Argulian MD MPH FACC FASEAssistant Professor of MedicineMount Sinai Heart NetworkIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York City, New York, USA
- José Antonio Arias-Godinez MDChief of the Laboratory of EchocardiographyNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- MJ Arisha MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Garima Arora MD MRCPInstructorCardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Nydia Avila-Vanzzini MDPhysician of the StaffLaboratory of Echocardiography andNon-Invasive HemodynamicsNational Institute of CardiologiaIgnacio ChavezMexico City, Mexico
- Mohamed Ayan MDResidentInternal Medicine DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Muhammad Soubhi Azzouz MDCardiology Fellowship Cardiovascular DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Sudarshan Balla MDAssistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of CardiologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Armin Barekatain MDCardiology FellowshipDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson University/Christiana Care Health SystemNewark, Delaware, USA
- K Barssoum MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Nishchayjit BasraFourth-Year Medical StudentKansas City University of Medicine and BiosciencesKansas City, Missouri, USA
- K Bhagatwala MBBSEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Robert WW Biederman MD FACCFAHA FSGC FASAProfessor of MedicineDirectorCardiovascular Magnetic Resonance ImagingTemple University School of Medicine Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering Carnegie Mellon University andAllegheny Health NetworkAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Francois Bourlon MDConsultant CardiologistCardiothoracic CentreMonaco City, Monaco
- Christian S Breburda MD PhD FACC FASE FESCClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine – PhoenixDirectorNoninvasive Cardiology and Imaging Maricopa Medical CenterPhoenix, Arizona, USA
- Craig Broberg MDAssociate ProfessorCardiovascular Medicine and Radiology Knight Cardiovascular InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, Oregon, USA
- S Bulur MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Luke Burchill MBBS PhDAssistant Professor of Cardiovascular MedicineKnight Cardiovascular InstituteOregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, USA
- J Burkhart MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Claudia C Cajas-Morales MDPhysician in Training of EchocardiographyNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Maurizio Campaniello MDCardiologistAssociate Medical DirectorChest Pain UnitCardiology EmergencyUniversity of BariBari, Italy
- Angel Lopez Candales MD FACC FASEProfessor of MedicineChiefCardiovascular MedicineDirectorCardiology Training Program University of Puerto Rico School of MedicineSan Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
- Alberto Barón Castañeda MDMedical Department DirectorClínica de MarlyBogotá, Colombia
- E Celiker MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Farooq A Chaudhry MD FACP FACCFASE FAHAProfessor of MedicineDirectorEchocardiography LaboratoriesAssociate DirectorMount Sinai Heart NetworkIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThe Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute andMarie-Josée and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular HealthNew York City, New York, USA
- JR Chahwala MBBSEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Soung Ick Cho MDFellowCardiovascular Disease Fellowship Echocardiography LaboratoryHeart and Vascular InstituteHenry Ford HospitalDetroit, Michigan, USA
- Rahul Choudhary MDSenior ResidentSawai Man Singh Medical CollegeJaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Jaehoon Chung MD FACCCardiologistEnglewood Hospital and Medical Center Englewood, New Jersey, USA
- Marco Matteo Ciccone MDProfessorCardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency andOrgan Transplantation (DETO)University of BariBari, Italy
- Ottavio Di Cillo MDCardiologistChest Pain UnitCardiology EmergencyUniversity of BariBari, Italy
- Yudy Miluska Roldan Concha MDChief of Cardiology DepartmentNational Hospital Hipolito Unanue Lima, Peru
- WA Crosland MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Michael J Cuttica MD MSAssistant Professor of Medicine(Pulmonary and Critical Care)Northwestern University Feinburg School of MedicineChicago, Illinois, USA
- Saadet Demirtaş MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologyAnkara Dişkapi Research and Training HospitalAnkara, Turkey
- Fiorella Devito MDCardiologistCardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of Bari School of MedicineBari, Italy
- Andre Dias MDEinstein Medical CenterDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- M Elguindy MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Ghazwan Elias MDMaricopa Medical CenterPhoenix, Arizona, USA
- A Elkaryoni MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- M Elsayed MBBChEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Sibel Catirli Enar MD FESC FASEAssociate Professor of CardiologyDepartment of CardiologyTurkiye Hospital andIstanbul Memorial HospitalIstanbul, Turkey
- MGA Escanuela MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Nilda Gladys Espinola-ZavaletaMD PhDPhysician and Researcher of the Staff Laboratory of Echocardiography and Noninvasive HemodynamicsNational Institute of Cardiology ‘Ignacio Chávez’Mexico City, Mexico
- Alfredo Sotomayor Estrada MDChief of Cardiovascular SurgeryNational Hospital Hipolito Unanue Lima, Peru
- José Carlos Armendáriz Ferrari MDChief of Echocardiography LabNational Hospital Hipolito UnanueLima, PeruProfessor of MedicineNational UniversityFederico VillarrealLima, Peru
- Francesco Fulvio Faletra MDDivision of CardiologyFondazione Cardiocentro TicinoLugano, Switzerland
- Jose Ricardo FP MDCardiology FellowAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Luba Frank MDAssociate Professor of Radiology Department of RadiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- Leon J Frazin MD FACCProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences SystemDirector of EchocardiographyJesse Brown VA Medical CenterChicago, Illinois, USA
- Juan Francisco Fritche-Salazar MDPhysician of the StaffNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Nicholas Furiasse MD MSClinical Instructor Cardiovascular DiseasesBluhm Cardiovascular InstituteNorthwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
- S Gaba MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Julius M Gardin MD MBAPast ChairDepartment of MedicineHackensack University Medical Center Hackensack, New Jersey, USAProfessor of MedicineRutgers New Jersey Medical School Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
- Naveen Garg MDFellowNoninvasive CardiologyBadshah Khan Government Hospital Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Dinesh Gautam MDSenior ResidentSawai Man Singh Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- GC Giove MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- G Gok MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Mark H Goldberger MD FACCColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, USA
- John D Groarke MD MScPhysician in Heart FailureBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts, USA
- Daniel W Groves MDCardiovascular Disease Fellow Department of Medicine Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusColorado, Arizona, USA
- EC Guler MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- JC Gulotta MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- N Gupta MBBSEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- T Guvenc MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Yuchi Han MD MMScAssistant ProfessorUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Robert Hartman MDClinical Assistant Professor Pediatric CardiologyDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart InstituteBrody School of Medicine at East Carolina UniversityGreenville, South Carolina, USA
- Mohammed Hasoon MDMaricopa Medical CenterPhoenix, Arizona, USA
- Stephen T Helmke RDCS MPHResearch EchocardiographerColumbia University Medical Center (CUMC)Clinical Cardiovascular Research Laboratory for the Elderly (CCRLE)Columbia University Medical CenterNew York City, New York, USA
- MC Hsiung MDDivision of CardiologyHeart CenterCheng-Hsin General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Rachel Hughes-Doichev MD FASEAssistant Professor of MedicineTemple University School of Medicine Medical DirectorDepartment of EchocardiographyAllegheny General HospitalWest Penn HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Dawn Hui MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of CardiologySt Louis University Medical School andCardiac SurgeonCenter for Comprehensive Cardiovascular CareSSM Health Saint Louis University HospitalSaint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Syed Hussain MDCardiology FellowAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Laura Iacuzio MDConsultant CardiologistCardiothoracic Centre Monaco City, Monaco
- Zeina Ibrahim MDAdvanced Imaging FellowNorthwestern Memorial HospitalNorthwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois, USA
- Tevfik Fikret Ilgenli MDProfessor of CardiologySelçuk University School of MedicineDepartment of Cardiology Konya, Turkey
- Omer Iqbal MD FACC FESCProfessorDepartment of Pathology and OphthalmologyLoyola University Health SystemMaywood, Illinois, USA
- AKM Monwarul Islam FCPS MD FACC FESC FRCPAssistant ProfessorDepartment of CardiologyJessore Medical CollegeJessore, Bangladesh
- Valentyna Ivanova MDCardiology FellowAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Chisato Izumi MD PhDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologyTenri HospitalNara, Japan
- Rajesh Janardhanan MD MRCP FACC FASEAssociate Professor of Medicine and Medical Imaging DirectorNoninvasive Cardiac ImagingDirector of EchocardiographyBanner – University Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Madeline Jankowski RDCSLead Cardiac Sonographer Echocardiography Accreditation LaboratoryNorthwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Kishan Jasti MDFormer Cardiology FellowAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Leng Jiang MD FACC FAHA FASEDirectorDepartment of Noninvasive Cardiology Baystate Medical CenterSpringfield, Massachusetts, USA Professor of MedicineTufts UniversityMedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Ajay Jindal MD (Medicine) FIAETestamurNational Board of Echocardiography (NBE)Raleigh, North Carolina, USADirectorSND HospitalRupnagar, Punjab, India
- M Joson MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Amjad Kabach MDResidentInternal Medicine DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- A Kalla MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- R Kalra MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Megan Y Kamath MDFellowCardiovascular DiseaseAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Kanwal K Kapur MDSenior Consultant andChief of Noninvasive Cardiology Indraprastha Apollo HospitalNew Delhi, India
- Jaroslaw D Kasprzak MD PhD FESC FACCProfessor of Medicine and Head Department of CardiologyMedical University of LodzLodz, Poland
- Pudussery Kattalan JJ MBBSEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Nurgül Keser MDProfessorDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineSakarya University Training andResearch HospitalSakarya, TurkeyProfessorDepartment of Cardiology Clinic Umraniye Training and Research HospitalIstanbul Health Sciences UniversityIstanbul, Turkey
- Amber D Khanna MDAssistant Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine and Pediatrics Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusColorado, Arizona, USA
- Harun Kiliç MDProfessorDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineSakarya University Training andResearch HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- B Klas BSTomTec CorporationMunich, Germany
- Ravi Komatireddy MDClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, California
- Smadar Kort MD FACC FASE FAHAImmediate Past GovernorAmerican College of CardiologyDownstate New YorkProfessor of Medicine and DirectorValve Center Ltd.Palmerston North, New ZealandDirectorNoninvasive Cardiac Imaging and EchocardiographyStony Brook UniversityStony Brook, New York, USA
- Nikoloz Koshkelashvili MDEinstein Medical CenterDepartment of Internal MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- K Kotti MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Arnav Kumar MDRsearch FellowCardiac ImagingCleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Raghuveer Kura MDClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of MedicineSt Louis University School of MedicineChief of MedicineMedical DirectorDivision of NephrologyPoplar Bluff Regional Medical CenterMedical Center, Fresenius Kidney CarePoplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
- Susan T Laing MD MSc CPEProfessor of Medicine and Director Department of Echocardiography University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonMemorial Hermann Texas Medical CenterHouston, Texas, USA
- Meggo-Quiroz LD MDDivision of CardiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Tao Yu Lee MDDirectorEchocardiographic LaboratoryKaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Assistant ProfessorNational Yang-Ming University School of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
- Marina Leitman MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologyAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterSackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Laura Anna Leo MDCardiac Imaging LaboratoryFondazione Cardiocentro TicinoLugano, Switzerland
- Shoa-Lin Lin MD FACC FESCDirectorCoronary Care UnitYuan's General HospitalKaohsiung, TaiwanProfessor of MedicineNational Defense Medical CollegeSaitama Prefecture, Japan
- Patricia Lozano-Rodriguez MDFellowDivision of CardiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- Kameswari Maganti MDAssociate ProfessorNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, Illinois, USA
- A Mahajan MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Tuan V Mai MDCardiology FellowKnight Cardiovascular InstituteOregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon, USA
- Maria Maiello MDCardiologistASL BrindisiCardiology EquipeBrindisi, Apulia, Italy
- Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder MDFACC FESC FRCP FSCAI FCSIProfessor of CardiologyPopular Medical CollegeEx-DirectorNational Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesDhaka, BangladeshSenior Visiting FellowCambridge UniversityCambridge, UKSecretary GeneralBangladesh Cardiac SocietyDhaka, Bangladesh
- Amgad N Makaryus MD FACC FACPFASE FSCCTAssociate ProfessorHofstra Northwell School of Medicine/ Northwell HealthChairmanDepartment of Cardiology NuHealthNassau University Medical Center Nassau County, New York, USA
- Judy R Mangion MD FASEAssociate DirectorNoninvasive Cardiac Laboratory Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts, USA
- C Bogdan Marcu MDDirectorAdvanced Cardiac Imaging and Imaging EducationDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart InstituteBrody School of Medicine at East Carolina UniversityGreenville, South Carolina, USA
- DC McGiffin MDCardiac SurgeonUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- WS McMahon MDDepartment of Pediatric CardiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Sheridan Meyers MDAssistant Professor of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineBluhm Cardiovascular InstituteChicago, Illinois, USA
- J Mishra MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Shreyas Modi MDAssociate Professor of Medicine Division of CardiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- A Mohamed MBBChEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- AH MohamedEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Mohamed Morsy MDAssociate Professor of Medicine Division of CardiologyThe University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- Romina Murzilli MDCardiac Imaging LaboratoryFondazione Cardiocentro TicinoLugano, Switzerland
- IA Mustafa MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Vidya Nadig MBBS MRCP FACCAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med)(Honoris Causa) FACC FAHA FISCU (D) FSGC FICA FACA FICP (Hon) FIAE FICMU (Hon) FACIP FCSC (S) FIACS FICC (Hon)Distinguished Professor ofMedicine and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USAPresidentInternational Society of Cardiovascular UltrasoundEditor-in-ChiefEchocardiography: A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques
- Aditi Naniwadekar MDFellowClinical Cardiac ElectrophysiologyMount Sinai Medical CenterMount Sinai, New York, USA
- Sirikarn Napan MDCardiovascular MRI FellowAllegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rajasekhar Nekkanti MDAssociate Professor of MedicineProgram Director of Cardiology FellowshipEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, East Carolina, USAProgram Director of Continuing Medical Education (Cardiovascular Series)Director of Echocardiography LaboratoriesDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart InstituteBrody School of Medicine at East Carolina UniversityGreenville, South Carolina, USA
- Ashley L Nickerson DOAdvanced Cardiovascular ImagingFellowUniversity of Kentucky and the Gill Heart InstituteLexington, Kentucky, USA
- Paul O’Malley MBA MSPStritch School of MedicineMaywood, Illinois, USA
- Ahmad S Omran MD FACC FESC FASEConsultant CardiologistHeadNoninvasive Cardiology LaboratoryKing Abdulaziz Cardiac Center Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaMinistry of National Guard-Health AffairsKingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Maria del Sol Ordaz MDPhysician in Training of EchocardiographyNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Boris Orlov MDCardiac SurgeonSackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityDepartment of Cardiac SurgerySheba Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- Ibrahim Osman MDCardiology FellowDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart InstituteBrody School of Medicine at East Carolina UniversityGreenville, South Carolina, USA
- Kemaloglu Ozkt MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Türker Pabuçcu MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologySakarya University Training and Research HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- Ramdas G Pai MD FRCP (Edin) FACCDirector of Cardiac Imaging andCardiology Fellowship ProgramUC Riverside School of MedicineSt Bernardine Medical CenterCalifornia, USAProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California Riverside andLoma Linda University School of MedicineCalifornia, USA
- Pasquale Palmiero MDAdjunct Professor of CardiologyASL BrindisiCardiology EquipeBrindisi, Apulia, Italy
- Jitendra Pandya MDCardiology FellowshipCardiovascular DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Jayant Patel MDMedical DirectorNon-Invasive Cardiology ServicesHackensack Meridian HealthHackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Rajiv Patel MDStaff CardiologistHackensack University Medical CenterHackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Eli Peleg MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologyAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterSackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- William M Pelton MDRadiologistPoplar Bluff Regional Medical Center Poplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
- Nelson Pizzano MD FACCHeadCardiovascular Health ProgramHospital Evangelico Montevideo, UruguayFormer NIH Research FellowHeart StationUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USAPast PresidentUruguayan Society of Cardiology Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sourabh Prabhakar MDCardiology FellowAllegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Jyothy J Puthumana MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, Illinois, USA
- Nishath Quader MDWashington University School of MedicineSt Louis, Missouri, USA
- Robert A Quaife MDProfessor of MedicineDepartments of Medicine andRadiologyDivisions of Cardiology andCardiothoracic ImagingUniversity of Colorado AnschutzMedical CampusColorado, Arizona, USA
- Supawat Ratanapo MDCardiology FellowMedical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Hanumanth K Reddy MD FACCClinical Adjunct Professor of MedicineSt Louis University Medical SchoolMedical DirectorCardiovascular Institute of Southern MissouriPoplar Bluff, Missouri, USAPresidentAmerican Association of Cardiologists of Indian OriginPoplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
- Vera H Rigolin MDProfessor of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineMedical DirectorEchocardiography Accreditation LaboratoryNorthwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Salomon Rivera-Peralta MDPhysician in Training of EchocardiographyNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Hugo Rodriguez-Zanella MDPhysician of the StaffNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Roberta Romito MDAssociate Medical DirectorChest Pain UnitCardiology EmergencyUniversity of BariBari, Italy
- Asad Ullah Roomi MD MRCP (UK)FRCP (Edin) Saudi Board Adult Cardiology NBE (USA)Consultant CardiologistPrince Sultan Cardiac CenterPrince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Angel Romero-Cardenas MDPhysician of the StaffNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Maria Eugenia Ruiz-Esparza MDPhysician of the StaffNational Institute of CardiologyMexico City, Mexico
- Hyde M Russell MDSurgical DirectorAdvanced Heart Failure andMechanical Circulatory SupportAttending SurgeonCardiac SurgeryNorthShore University Health SystemChicago, Illinois, USAClinical Professor of MedicinePritzker School of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois, USA
- Juliet Ryan BS RDCS FASELead Cardiology SonographerCardiac Graphics-Echo LabNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago, Illinois, USA
- Anurag Sahu MD FACCAssistant Professor and DirectorCardiac Intensive Care UnitEmory University Hospital Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Sherif Sakr MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
- Ernesto E Salcedo MDProfessor of MedicineDirector of EchocardiographyDepartment of Medicine Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado AnschutzMedical CampusColorado, Arizona, USA
- Mohsin Salih MD MSResidentInternal Medicine Department St Luke's HospitalChesterfield, Missouri, USA
- P Sankhyan MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Shelley Sarson BA RDCS FASECardiac SonographerNorthwestern UniversityNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago, Illinois, USA
- Alok Saurav MDCardiology Fellowship Cardiovascular DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Daniel R Schimmel MD MSDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, Illinois, USA
- Roxy Senior MD DM FRCP FESC FACCProfessor of Clinical Cardiology National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial CollegeLondon, UKConsultant Cardiologist andDirector of EchocardiographyRoyal Brompton HospitalLondon, UKConsultant Cardiologist andDirector of Cardiac ResearchNorthwick Park HospitalLondon, UK
- Arash Seratnahaei MDAdvanced Cardiovascular Imaging FellowUniversity of Kentucky and the Gill Heart InstituteLexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sabiye Sevinç MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologySakarya University Training and Research HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- Aijaz Shah MBBS MRCP (UK) FRCP (Edin)NBE (USA)Consultant Cardiologist DirectorCardiac ImagingPrince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Moneal Shah MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineCo-DirectorCardiovascular MRIAllegheny General HospitalTemple University School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Sangeeta B Shah MD FASE FACCAssociate ProfessorOchsner Clinical SchoolUniversity of QueenslandDirectorCardiovascular MRICo-DirectorAdult Congenital Heart DiseaseNew Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Sanjiv J Shah MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, Illinois, USA
- Gyanendra K Sharma MD FACC FASEProfessor of Medicine and RadiologyDirector Adult Echocardiography LaboratorySection of CardiologyMedical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugusta, Georgia, USA
- Rakesh K Sharma MD FACC FSCAI FSCCTInterventional CardiologistBay Care Medical Group CardiologyClearwater, FloridaAdjunct Clinical Professor of CardiologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesTampa, Florida, USA
- Saurabh Sharma MDFellow in CardiologyAlbert Einstein Medical CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Lubna Ibrahim Siddiqui MBBSInstructorMedical EducationPrince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Maninder Singh MD (Medicine)Fellow in Noninvasive CardiologyDayanand Medical College & Hospital Unit: Hero DMC Heart InstituteLudhiana, Punjab, India
- Ravinder Pal Singh MD (Medicine)Fellow in Noninvasive CardiologyDayanand Medical College & HospitalUnit: Hero DMC Heart InstituteLudhiana, Punjab, India
- Gaurav Singhal MDSenior ResidentSawai Man Singh Medical CollegeJaipur, Rajasthan, India
- I Singla MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Mara T Slawsky MD PhDDirectorHeart Failure ProgramProgram DirectorCardiovascular FellowshipBaystate Medical CenterSpringfield, Massachusetts, USA
- Aiman Smer MBBChCardiology FellowshipCardiovascular DepartmentCreighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Beverly Smulevitz BS RDCSResearch CoordinatorDepartment of EchocardiographyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas, USA
- Vincent L Sorrell MD FACC FASE FACPAnthony N DeMaria Chair of Cardiovascular ImagingDirector of Cardiovascular ImagingUniversity of Kentucky and the Gill Heart Institute Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Fabiola B Sozzi MD PhDConsultant CardiologistOspedale Maggiore Policlinico Instituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
- A Sungur MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Martin G St John Sutton MBBSProfessorUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- M Tageldin MBBChEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- A Taher MBBChEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Rohit Tandon MD (Medicine)Senior Consultant PhysicianDayanand Medical College & Hospital Unit: Hero DMC Heart InstituteLudhiana, Punjab, India
- Ersan Tatli MDProfessorDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineSakarya University Training andResearch HospitalSakarya, Turkey
- M Thind MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- MM Townsley MDDepartment of AnesthesiologyDivision of Critical Care and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Alma Tozaj MD RDCSCardiac SonographerEchocardiography Laboratory Heart and Vascular InstituteHenry Ford HospitalDetroit, Michigan, USA
- BC Tuck MDDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- NSN Turaga MBBSEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- B Uygur MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Inga Vaitenas RCS RCCSLead SonographerNorthwestern Memorial HospitalNorthwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois, USA
- Anastasia Vamvakidou MBBS MRCP (UK)Cardiology Specialty RegistrarNorthwick Park HospitalHarrow, UK
- Padmini Varadarajan MDProfessor of MedicineLoma Linda University Medical CenterLoma Linda, California, USA
- Archana Vasudevan MDResident PhysicianDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Virginia Michelis Vázquez MDFormer Assistant ProfessorNational Armed Forces Hospital and Medical CenterMontevideo, Uruguay
- Sridhar Venkatachalam MDSenior FellowDivision of CardiologyThe University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)Galveston, Texas, USA
- Zvi Vered MD FACC FESCCardiologist and ProfessorDepartment of CardiologyAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterSackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Mustafa Gökhan Vural MDCardiologistDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SakaryaSakarya, Turkey
- Ronald B Williams BA RT(R) (MR)Cardiovascular MRI Technologist Cardiac MRI CenterAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- June A Yamrozik RTCardiovascular MRI TechnologistCardiac MRI CenterAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Desiree M Younes MD FACCCardiologistPrinceton Healthcare System A New Jersey Non-profit CorporationRobert Wood Johnson University HospitalNew Jersey, USA
- B Yuzbas MDEchocardiography LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, USA
- Annapaola Zito MDCardiologistCardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency andOrgan TransplantationUniversity of Bari School of MedicineBari, Italy
Despite many path-breaking advances in cardiology, echocardiography remains the most cost-effective noninvasive technique in the assessment of various cardiac disease entities. It serves as a valuable tool in the armamentarium of a practicing cardiologist. Throughout the past several decades, various national and international conferences dealing with echocardiography and allied techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans have been held in different countries and many cities of USA. They have served as a forum for exchange of information and have provided updates on the current status and recent advances in echocardiography not only to the practicing echocardiographers and cardiologists, but also to the physicians of various other specialties, such as internists, general physicians, anesthesiologists, emergency room physicians, critical care specialists, and cardiac surgeons as well as technologists and other paramedical personnel. The International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound as well as the Echocardiography Laboratory of the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama in co-operation with other organizations have also been in the forefront in conducting these conferences. World Conferences on Echocardiography have been successfully organized practically every year for the past 22 years, and International Conferences on Echocardiography and Allied Techniques have been held at the annual meetings of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology for over three decades. The latter conferences have taken the format of brief interesting and instructive case presentations by a large number of faculties. These case presentations have proven very popular and it was felt by many of us that an effort should be made to publish some of these cases in a book format in both print and internet versions. With this in mind, invitations were sent to the faculty, who had presented cases previously at these meetings and to others to submit their cases for publication. This book, therefore, represents a compilation of more than 280 interesting and instructive cases submitted by several echocardiographers, cardiologists and other physicians from many different parts of the world. The book should prove useful to all physicians, ultrasound technologists and paramedical personnel, who already have some background in cardiac ultrasound, but are interested in learning its usefulness in day-to-day clinical practice.
The book is organized into 11 sections, all of which consist of case presentations. The pattern followed in many cases consists of a brief patient history and relevant clinical findings, echocardiographic images/movie clips, one or more multiple-choice questions with correct answers provided and a short relevant discussion. Pertinent references are also given in some cases. The first three sections of the book deal with the mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves as well as the aorta and pulmonary hypertension. The next two sections cover prosthetic valves, rings, plugs and clips, and infection and endocarditis respectively. These are followed by coronary artery disease, and left/right ventricles and cardiomyopathies. Pericardial disorders, tumors and masses, and congenital heart disease are dealt with next. The last section consists of miscellaneous cases plus a few cases which were submitted late and, hence, could not be accommodated in the relevant sections. Almost all cases predominantly deal with echocardiography with some showing comparisons with other techniques, mainly magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic scans. Only magnetic resonance images are shown in a couple of cases.
Navin C Nanda MD
Acknowledgments
I am most grateful to all the contributors who took time off from their busy schedule to send their interesting/instructive cases for publication in this book. I also need to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the current and past echocardiography fellows, researchers, residents and trainees, who helped me edit and, in many cases, labeled the images and movies sent by others as well as those from our Echo Laboratory and Dr Ming Chon Hsiung's Echo Laboratory in Taipei, Taiwan. They are Drs Mohamed Elsayed, Serkan Bulur, Ahmed Taher, Nermina Alagic, Lani Adarna, Emel, Ahmed Mohamed, Neelesh Gupta, Begum Uygur, Tugba Kemaloglu Oz, Jugal Chahwala, Kunal Bhagatwala, Turaga Naga, Pudussery Kattalan, Garima Arora, Burcu Gol, Mustafa Vural, Akhilesh Mahajan, Nurgul Keser, Pratayaksha Sankhyan, Rajat Kalra, Mustafa Ahmed, and Mathew Joson. I am also most appreciative of Dr Ming Hsuing's enormous and heartfelt co-operation in this endeavor. Mr Jitendar P Vij and his team at Jaypee Brothers, which include Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra, Nedup Denka Bhutia, Saima Rashid and Geetanjali Singh, deserve my deep gratitude for helping publish this book in a timely manner. I am particularly grateful to Mr Jitendar P Vij for his constant encouragement and full support in completing this project. Last but not least, it would not have been possible for me to undertake this work without the enormous support of my wife, Kanta Nanda, who also helped me with editing.
Abbreviations
- 99m Tc DPD : Technetium diphosphonopropanodicarboxylic acid
- 99m Tc PYP : Technetium pyrophosphate
- 2D : Two-dimensional
- 3D : Three-dimensional
- ABD : Abdomen
- ABG : Arterial blood gases
- ACEI : Angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitor
- ACLS : Advanced cardiovascular life support
- AF : Atrial fibrillation
- AICD : Automatic implantable cardioverter- defibrillator
- AML : Anterior mitral leaflet
- Anti CMV : Antibody against cytomegalovirus
- AO : Aorta/aortic
- AR : Aortic regurgitation
- ARB : Angiotensin receptor blocker
- AS : Aortic stenosis
- ASD : Atrial septal defect
- ATVL : Anterior tricuspid valve leaflet
- AV : Aortic valve
- AVR : Aortic valve replacement
- BNP : Brain natriuretic peptide
- BP : Blood pressure
- BSA : Body surface area
- BUN : Blood urea nitrogen
- C/W : Consistent with
- CA : Coronary artery
- CABG : Coronary artery bypass graft
- CAD : Coronary artery disease
- Cath : Catheterization
- CBC : Complete blood count
- CECT : Contrast enhanced computed tomography
- CK : Creatine kinase
- CKD : Chronic kidney disease
- CKMB : Serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme
- CMRI : Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
- CO : Cardiac output
- COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPK : Creatinine phosphokinase
- CPR : Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Cr : Creatinine
- CS : Coronary sinus
- CSA : Cross-sectional surface area
- CT : Computed tomography
- CTA : Clear to auscultation
- CTA : Computed tomography angiography
- CTn : Cardiac troponin
- CV : Cardiovascular
- CVE : Cerebrovascular embolism
- CVP : Central venous pressure
- CVS : Cardiovascular system
- CXR : Chest X-ray
- DA : Descending thoracic aorta
- DCM : Dilated cardiomyopathy
- DD : Diastolic dysfunction
- DM : Diabetes mellitus
- DP : Diastolic pressure
- DTGA : Dextro-transposition of the great arteries
- DTI : Doppler tissue imaging
- DVT : Deep venous thrombosis
- E : Eosinophil
- ECG/EKG : Electrocardiogram
- ED : Emergency department
- EF : Ejection fraction
- EOA : Effective orifice area
- ER : Emergency room
- ESR : Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- EV : Eustachian valve
- F/U : Follow up
- FAC : Fractional area change
- FHx : Family history
- HB : Hemoglobin
- HCM : Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- HCT : Hematocrit
- HF : Heart failure
- HR : Heart rate
- HTN : Hypertension
- HV : Hepatic vein
- Hx : History
- IAS : Inter-atrial septum
- ICD : Intracardiac defibrillator
- ICU : Intensive care unit
- INR : International normalized ratio
- IV : Intravenous
- IVC : Inferior vena cava
- IVRT : Isovolemic relaxation time
- IVS : Interventricular septum
- JVD : Jugular venous distension
- K : Potassium
- KFT : Kidney function test
- L : Left
- L : Liters
- L : Liver
- L : Lymphocyte
- L : Pacemaker lead
- LA : Left atrium
- LAD : Left anterior descending coronary artery
- LCX/CX : Left circumflex coronary artery
- LDL : Low density lipoprotein
- LFT : Liver function test
- Li : Liver
- LTGA : Levo-transposition of the great arteries
- LV : Left ventricle
- LVEF : Left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVH : Left ventricular hypertrophy
- LVO : Left ventricular outflow
- LVOT : Left ventricular outflow tract
- MAP : Mean arterial pressure
- MI : Myocardial infarction
- ML : Mitral valve leaflet
- MPI : Myocardial perfusion imaging
- MR : Mitral regurgitation
- MRI : Magnetic resonance imaging
- MS : Mitral stenosis
- MV : Mitral valve
- MVOA : Mitral valve orifice area
- MVP : Mitral valve prolapse
- N : Neutrophil
- Na : Sodium
- NICM : Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy
- NL : Normal
- NSR : Normal sinus rhythm
- NSTEMI : Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- NT-Pro BNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide
- NYHA : New York Heart Association
- O2 : Oxygen
- OA : Orifice area
- OM : Obtuse marginal coronary artery
- OR : Operating room
- PA : Pulmonary artery
- PASP : Pulmonary artery systolic pressure
- PDA : Patent ductus arteriosus
- PE : Pulmonary embolism
- PE : Physical examination
- PE : Pericardial effusion
- PEA : Pulseless electrical activity
- PFO : Patent foramen ovale
- PG : Pressure gradient
- PH : Pulmonary hypertension
- PHT : Pressure half time, Pulmonary hypertension
- PHTN : Pulmonary hypertension
- PISA : Proximal isovelocity surface area
- PL : Pleural effusion
- PLT : Platelet
- PMBV : Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty
- PML : Posterior mitral valve leaflet
- PP : Pulse pressure
- PR : Pulmonary regurgitation
- PS : Pulmonary stenosis
- Pts : Patients
- PTT : Partial thromboplastin time
- PV : Pulmonary valve
- R : Right
- RA : Right atrium
- RBS : Random blood sugar
- RCA : Right coronary artery
- RCM : Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- Reg Vol : Regurgitation (regurgitant) volume
- RHC : Right heart catheterization
- ROSC : Return of spontaneous circulation
- RRR : Regular rate and rhythm
- RV : Right ventricle
- RVE : Right ventricular enlargement
- RVH : Right ventricular hypertrophy
- RVO : Right ventricular outflow
- RVOT : Right ventricular outflow tract
- RVSF : Right ventricular systolic failure
- RVSP : Right ventricular systolic pressure
- S/P : Status post
- S1 : First heart sound
- S2 : Second heart sound
- S3 : Third heart sound
- SAM : Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve
- SAX : Short axis view
- SBP : Systolic blood pressure
- SC : Subclavian artery
- SHX : Social history
- SOB : Shortness of breath
- SPECT : Single photon emission computed tomography
- STE : Speckle tracking echocardiography
- STEMI : ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- STVL : Septal tricuspid valve leaflet
- SV : Stroke volume
- SVC : Superior vena cava
- SVG : Saphenous venous graft
- SVR : Systemic vascular resistance
- T : Temperature
- TAPSE : Tricuspid annulus planar systolic excursion
- TDI : Tissue Doppler imaging
- TEE : Transesophageal echocardiography
- TIA : Transient ischemic attack
- TLC : Total leucocyte count
- TGA : Transposition of the great arteries
- toF : Tetralogy of Fallot
- TPA : Tissue plasminogen activator
- TR : Tricuspid regurgitation
- Trop-T : Troponin T
- TTE : Transthoracic echocardiography
- TV : Tricuspid valve
- UTI : Urinary tract infection
- VC : Vena contracta
- VMAX : Maximum velocity
- V/Q : Ventilation/perfusion
- VS : Ventricular septum
- VSD : Ventricular septal defect
- VTI : Velocity time integral
- WBC : White blood cell
- WMA : Wall motion abnormality