Interesting Cases in Echocardiography Navin C Nanda
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Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
EDITOR Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med) (Honoris Causa) FACC FAHA FISCU (D) FSGC FICA FACA FICP (Hon) FIAE FICMU (Hon) FACIP FCSC (S) FIACS FICC (Hon) Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA President International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound Editor-in-Chief Echocardiography: A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques
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Interesting Cases in Echocardiography
First Edition: 2017
9789386056948
_FM5Dedicated to
My late parents
Dr Balwant Rai Nanda and Mrs Maya Vati Nanda
My wife
Kanta Nanda MD
Our children
Nitin Nanda, Anita Nanda Wasan MD, and Anil Nanda MD
Their spouses Sanjeev Wasan MD and Seema Tailor Nanda, and
our grandchildren Vinay and Rajesh Wasan, and Nayna and Ria Nanda
CONTRIBUTORS
  • Elsayed Abo-Salem MD
    Assistant Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine
    Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care
    Saint Louis University Hospital
    Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
  • F Abtahi MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Ahmed Abuzaid MD
    Cardiology Fellowship
    Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Sidney Kimmel Medical College
    Thomas Jefferson University/Christiana Care Health System
    Newark, Delaware, USA
  • LG Adarna MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Olayinka Afolabi-Brown MD
    Einstein Medical Center
    Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Aashish Agarwal MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Kul Aggarwal MD MRCP (UK) FACC
    Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Cardiology
    University of Missouri
    Columbia, Missouri, USA
    Director
    Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and Chief
    Cardiology Section
    Harry S Truman Veterans’ Hospital
    Columbia, Missouri, USA
  • Masood Ahmad MD
    Edward D and Sally M Futch Professor of Cardiology
    Director
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    Division of Cardiology
    The University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • MI Ahmed MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Esmat Ahmed AH MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Ramazan Akdemir MD
    Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    Sakarya University Training and
    Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • Murat Aksoy MD
    Assistant Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • N Alagic MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Mohsin Alam MD
    Senior Cardiologist
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    Heart and Vascular Institute
    Henry Ford Hospital
    Detroit, Michigan, USA
  • Zarina Alam MD
    Senior Staff
    Department of Internal Medicine
    Henry Ford Hospital
    Detroit, Michigan, USA
  • OO Alli MD
    Division of Cardiology
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Aman M Amanullah MD PhD FACC
    FASE FASNC FAHA
    Section Chief
    Noninvasive Cardiology
    Albert Einstein Medical Center
    Professor of Medicine (Clinical Track)
    Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Edgar Argulian MD MPH FACC FASE
    Assistant Professor of Medicine
    Mount Sinai Heart Network
    Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    New York City, New York, USA
  • José Antonio Arias-Godinez MD
    Chief of the Laboratory of Echocardiography
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • MJ Arisha MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Garima Arora MD MRCP
    Instructor
    Cardiovascular Medicine
    University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Nydia Avila-Vanzzini MD
    Physician of the Staff
    Laboratory of Echocardiography and
    Non-Invasive Hemodynamics
    National Institute of Cardiologia
    Ignacio Chavez
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Mohamed Ayan MD
    Resident
    Internal Medicine Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • Muhammad Soubhi Azzouz MD
    Cardiology Fellowship Cardiovascular Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • Sudarshan Balla MD
    Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Cardiology
    University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, USA
  • Armin Barekatain MD
    Cardiology Fellowship
    Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Sidney Kimmel Medical College
    Thomas Jefferson University/Christiana Care Health System
    Newark, Delaware, USA
  • K Barssoum MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Nishchayjit Basra
    Fourth-Year Medical Student
    Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences
    Kansas City, Missouri, USA
  • K Bhagatwala MBBS
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Robert WW Biederman MD FACC
    FAHA FSGC FASA
    Professor of Medicine
    Director
    Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Temple University School of Medicine Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering Carnegie Mellon University and
    Allegheny Health Network
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Francois Bourlon MD
    Consultant Cardiologist
    Cardiothoracic Centre
    Monaco City, Monaco
  • Christian S Breburda MD PhD FACC FASE FESC
    Clinical Professor of Medicine
    University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix
    Director
    Noninvasive Cardiology and Imaging Maricopa Medical Center
    Phoenix, Arizona, USA
  • Craig Broberg MD
    Associate Professor
    Cardiovascular Medicine and Radiology Knight Cardiovascular Institute
    Oregon Health and Science University
    Portland, Oregon, USA
  • S Bulur MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Luke Burchill MBBS PhD
    Assistant Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine
    Knight Cardiovascular Institute
    Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, USA
  • J Burkhart MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Claudia C Cajas-Morales MD
    Physician in Training of Echocardiography
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Maurizio Campaniello MD
    Cardiologist
    Associate Medical Director
    Chest Pain Unit
    Cardiology Emergency
    University of Bari
    Bari, Italy
  • Angel Lopez Candales MD FACC FASE
    Professor of Medicine
    Chief
    Cardiovascular Medicine
    Director
    Cardiology Training Program University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine
    San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
  • Alberto Barón Castañeda MD
    Medical Department Director
    Clínica de Marly
    Bogotá, Colombia
  • E Celiker MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Farooq A Chaudhry MD FACP FACC
    FASE FAHA
    Professor of Medicine
    Director
    Echocardiography Laboratories
    Associate Director
    Mount Sinai Heart Network
    Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and
    Marie-Josée and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health
    New York City, New York, USA
  • JR Chahwala MBBS
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Soung Ick Cho MD
    Fellow
    Cardiovascular Disease Fellowship Echocardiography Laboratory
    Heart and Vascular Institute
    Henry Ford Hospital
    Detroit, Michigan, USA
  • Rahul Choudhary MD
    Senior Resident
    Sawai Man Singh Medical College
    Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  • Jaehoon Chung MD FACC
    Cardiologist
    Englewood Hospital and Medical Center Englewood, New Jersey, USA
  • Marco Matteo Ciccone MD
    Professor
    Cardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency and
    Organ Transplantation (DETO)
    University of Bari
    Bari, Italy
  • Ottavio Di Cillo MD
    Cardiologist
    Chest Pain Unit
    Cardiology Emergency
    University of Bari
    Bari, Italy
  • Yudy Miluska Roldan Concha MD
    Chief of Cardiology Department
    National Hospital Hipolito Unanue Lima, Peru
  • WA Crosland MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Michael J Cuttica MD MS
    Assistant Professor of Medicine
    (Pulmonary and Critical Care)
    Northwestern University Feinburg School of Medicine
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Saadet Demirtaş MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Ankara Dişkapi Research and Training Hospital
    Ankara, Turkey
  • Fiorella Devito MD
    Cardiologist
    Cardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation
    University of Bari School of Medicine
    Bari, Italy
  • Andre Dias MD
    Einstein Medical Center
    Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
    Department of Medicine
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • M Elguindy MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Ghazwan Elias MD
    Maricopa Medical Center
    Phoenix, Arizona, USA
  • A Elkaryoni MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • M Elsayed MBBCh
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Sibel Catirli Enar MD FESC FASE
    Associate Professor of Cardiology
    Department of Cardiology
    Turkiye Hospital and
    Istanbul Memorial Hospital
    Istanbul, Turkey
  • MGA Escanuela MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Nilda Gladys Espinola-Zavaleta
    MD PhD
    Physician and Researcher of the Staff Laboratory of Echocardiography and Noninvasive Hemodynamics
    National Institute of Cardiology ‘Ignacio Chávez’
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Alfredo Sotomayor Estrada MD
    Chief of Cardiovascular Surgery
    National Hospital Hipolito Unanue Lima, Peru
  • José Carlos Armendáriz Ferrari MD
    Chief of Echocardiography Lab
    National Hospital Hipolito Unanue
    Lima, Peru
    Professor of Medicine
    National University
    Federico Villarreal
    Lima, Peru
  • Francesco Fulvio Faletra MD
    Division of Cardiology
    Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino
    Lugano, Switzerland
  • Jose Ricardo FP MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Luba Frank MD
    Associate Professor of Radiology Department of Radiology
    University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • Leon J Frazin MD FACC
    Professor of Clinical Medicine
    University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System
    Director of Echocardiography
    Jesse Brown VA Medical Center
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Juan Francisco Fritche-Salazar MD
    Physician of the Staff
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Nicholas Furiasse MD MS
    Clinical Instructor Cardiovascular Diseases
    Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • S Gaba MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Julius M Gardin MD MBA
    Past Chair
    Department of Medicine
    Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
    Professor of Medicine
    Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
  • Naveen Garg MD
    Fellow
    Noninvasive Cardiology
    Badshah Khan Government Hospital Faridabad, Haryana, India
  • Dinesh Gautam MD
    Senior Resident
    Sawai Man Singh Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  • GC Giove MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • G Gok MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Mark H Goldberger MD FACC
    Columbia University
    New York City, New York, USA
  • John D Groarke MD MSc
    Physician in Heart Failure
    Brigham and Women's Hospital
    Harvard Medical School
    Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • Daniel W Groves MD
    Cardiovascular Disease Fellow Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology
    University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
    Colorado, Arizona, USA
  • EC Guler MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • JC Gulotta MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • N Gupta MBBS
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • T Guvenc MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Yuchi Han MD MMSc
    Assistant Professor
    University of Pennsylvania
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Robert Hartman MD
    Clinical Assistant Professor Pediatric Cardiology
    Department of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart Institute
    Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University
    Greenville, South Carolina, USA
  • Mohammed Hasoon MD
    Maricopa Medical Center
    Phoenix, Arizona, USA
  • Stephen T Helmke RDCS MPH
    Research Echocardiographer
    Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC)
    Clinical Cardiovascular Research Laboratory for the Elderly (CCRLE)
    Columbia University Medical Center
    New York City, New York, USA
  • MC Hsiung MD
    Division of Cardiology
    Heart Center
    Cheng-Hsin General Hospital
    Taipei, Taiwan
  • Rachel Hughes-Doichev MD FASE
    Assistant Professor of Medicine
    Temple University School of Medicine Medical Director
    Department of Echocardiography
    Allegheny General Hospital
    West Penn Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Dawn Hui MD
    Assistant Professor of Surgery
    Department of Internal Medicine
    Division of Cardiology
    St Louis University Medical School and
    Cardiac Surgeon
    Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care
    SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital
    Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
  • Syed Hussain MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Laura Iacuzio MD
    Consultant Cardiologist
    Cardiothoracic Centre Monaco City, Monaco
  • Zeina Ibrahim MD
    Advanced Imaging Fellow
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital
    Northwestern University
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Tevfik Fikret Ilgenli MD
    Professor of Cardiology
    Selçuk University School of Medicine
    Department of Cardiology Konya, Turkey
  • Omer Iqbal MD FACC FESC
    Professor
    Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology
    Loyola University Health System
    Maywood, Illinois, USA
  • AKM Monwarul Islam FCPS MD FACC FESC FRCP
    Assistant Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Jessore Medical College
    Jessore, Bangladesh
  • Valentyna Ivanova MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Chisato Izumi MD PhD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Tenri Hospital
    Nara, Japan
  • Rajesh Janardhanan MD MRCP FACC FASE
    Associate Professor of Medicine and Medical Imaging Director
    Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
    Director of Echocardiography
    Banner – University Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
  • Madeline Jankowski RDCS
    Lead Cardiac Sonographer Echocardiography Accreditation Laboratory
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Kishan Jasti MD
    Former Cardiology Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Leng Jiang MD FACC FAHA FASE
    Director
    Department of Noninvasive Cardiology Baystate Medical Center
    Springfield, Massachusetts, USA Professor of Medicine
    Tufts University
    Medford, Massachusetts, USA
  • Ajay Jindal MD (Medicine) FIAE
    Testamur
    National Board of Echocardiography (NBE)
    Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
    Director
    SND Hospital
    Rupnagar, Punjab, India
  • M Joson MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Amjad Kabach MD
    Resident
    Internal Medicine Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • A Kalla MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • R Kalra MD
    Department of Medicine
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Megan Y Kamath MD
    Fellow
    Cardiovascular Disease
    Allegheny Health Network
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Kanwal K Kapur MD
    Senior Consultant and
    Chief of Noninvasive Cardiology Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
    New Delhi, India
  • Jaroslaw D Kasprzak MD PhD FESC FACC
    Professor of Medicine and Head Department of Cardiology
    Medical University of Lodz
    Lodz, Poland
  • Pudussery Kattalan JJ MBBS
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Nurgül Keser MD
    Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    Sakarya University Training and
    Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
    Professor
    Department of Cardiology Clinic Umraniye Training and Research Hospital
    Istanbul Health Sciences University
    Istanbul, Turkey
  • Amber D Khanna MD
    Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Cardiology
    University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
    Colorado, Arizona, USA
  • Harun Kiliç MD
    Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    Sakarya University Training and
    Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • B Klas BS
    TomTec Corporation
    Munich, Germany
  • Ravi Komatireddy MD
    Clinical Assistant Professor
    Department of Medicine
    University of California
    San Diego, California
  • Smadar Kort MD FACC FASE FAHA
    Immediate Past Governor
    American College of Cardiology
    Downstate New York
    Professor of Medicine and Director
    Valve Center Ltd.
    Palmerston North, New Zealand
    Director
    Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Echocardiography
    Stony Brook University
    Stony Brook, New York, USA
  • Nikoloz Koshkelashvili MD
    Einstein Medical Center
    Department of Internal Medicine
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • K Kotti MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Arnav Kumar MD
    Rsearch Fellow
    Cardiac Imaging
    Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • Raghuveer Kura MD
    Clinical Assistant Professor
    Department of Medicine
    St Louis University School of Medicine
    Chief of Medicine
    Medical Director
    Division of Nephrology
    Poplar Bluff Regional Medical Center
    Medical Center, Fresenius Kidney Care
    Poplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
  • Susan T Laing MD MSc CPE
    Professor of Medicine and Director Department of Echocardiography University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
    Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center
    Houston, Texas, USA
  • Meggo-Quiroz LD MD
    Division of Cardiology
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Tao Yu Lee MD
    Director
    Echocardiographic Laboratory
    Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Assistant Professor
    National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine
    Kaohsiung, Taiwan
  • Marina Leitman MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Assaf Harofeh Medical Center
    Sackler School of Medicine
    Tel Aviv University
    Tel Aviv, Israel
  • Laura Anna Leo MD
    Cardiac Imaging Laboratory
    Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino
    Lugano, Switzerland
  • Shoa-Lin Lin MD FACC FESC
    Director
    Coronary Care Unit
    Yuan's General Hospital
    Kaohsiung, Taiwan
    Professor of Medicine
    National Defense Medical College
    Saitama Prefecture, Japan
  • Patricia Lozano-Rodriguez MD
    Fellow
    Division of Cardiology
    University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • Kameswari Maganti MD
    Associate Professor
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • A Mahajan MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Tuan V Mai MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Knight Cardiovascular Institute
    Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon, USA
  • Maria Maiello MD
    Cardiologist
    ASL Brindisi
    Cardiology Equipe
    Brindisi, Apulia, Italy
  • Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder MD
    FACC FESC FRCP FSCAI FCSI
    Professor of Cardiology
    Popular Medical College
    Ex-Director
    National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
    Dhaka, Bangladesh
    Senior Visiting Fellow
    Cambridge University
    Cambridge, UK
    Secretary General
    Bangladesh Cardiac Society
    Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • Amgad N Makaryus MD FACC FACP
    FASE FSCCT
    Associate Professor
    Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine/ Northwell Health
    Chairman
    Department of Cardiology NuHealth
    Nassau University Medical Center Nassau County, New York, USA
  • Judy R Mangion MD FASE
    Associate Director
    Noninvasive Cardiac Laboratory Brigham and Women's Hospital
    Harvard Medical School
    Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • C Bogdan Marcu MD
    Director
    Advanced Cardiac Imaging and Imaging Education
    Department of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart Institute
    Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University
    Greenville, South Carolina, USA
  • DC McGiffin MD
    Cardiac Surgeon
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • WS McMahon MD
    Department of Pediatric Cardiology
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Sheridan Meyers MD
    Assistant Professor of Medicine
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • J Mishra MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Shreyas Modi MD
    Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology
    University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • A Mohamed MBBCh
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • AH Mohamed
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Mohamed Morsy MD
    Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology
    The University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • Romina Murzilli MD
    Cardiac Imaging Laboratory
    Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino
    Lugano, Switzerland
  • IA Mustafa MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Vidya Nadig MBBS MRCP FACC
    Assistant Professor
    University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, USA
  • Navin C Nanda MD DSc (Hon) DSc (Med)(Honoris Causa) FACC FAHA FISCU (D) FSGC FICA FACA FICP (Hon) FIAE FICMU (Hon) FACIP FCSC (S) FIACS FICC (Hon)
    Distinguished Professor of
    Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
    University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
    President
    International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
    Editor-in-Chief
    Echocardiography: A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques
  • Aditi Naniwadekar MD
    Fellow
    Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
    Mount Sinai Medical Center
    Mount Sinai, New York, USA
  • Sirikarn Napan MD
    Cardiovascular MRI Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Rajasekhar Nekkanti MD
    Associate Professor of Medicine
    Program Director of Cardiology Fellowship
    East Carolina University
    Greenville, East Carolina, USA
    Program Director of Continuing Medical Education (Cardiovascular Series)
    Director of Echocardiography Laboratories
    Department of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart Institute
    Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University
    Greenville, South Carolina, USA
  • Ashley L Nickerson DO
    Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging
    Fellow
    University of Kentucky and the Gill Heart Institute
    Lexington, Kentucky, USA
  • Paul O’Malley MBA MSP
    Stritch School of Medicine
    Maywood, Illinois, USA
  • Ahmad S Omran MD FACC FESC FASE
    Consultant Cardiologist
    Head
    Noninvasive Cardiology Laboratory
    King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs
    Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Maria del Sol Ordaz MD
    Physician in Training of Echocardiography
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Boris Orlov MD
    Cardiac Surgeon
    Sackler School of Medicine
    Tel Aviv University
    Department of Cardiac Surgery
    Sheba Medical Center
    Tel Aviv, Israel
  • Ibrahim Osman MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Department of Cardiovascular Sciences East Carolina Heart Institute
    Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University
    Greenville, South Carolina, USA
  • Kemaloglu Ozkt MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Türker Pabuçcu MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • Ramdas G Pai MD FRCP (Edin) FACC
    Director of Cardiac Imaging and
    Cardiology Fellowship Program
    UC Riverside School of Medicine
    St Bernardine Medical Center
    California, USA
    Professor of Medicine
    University of California Riverside and
    Loma Linda University School of Medicine
    California, USA
  • Pasquale Palmiero MD
    Adjunct Professor of Cardiology
    ASL Brindisi
    Cardiology Equipe
    Brindisi, Apulia, Italy
  • Jitendra Pandya MD
    Cardiology Fellowship
    Cardiovascular Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • Jayant Patel MD
    Medical Director
    Non-Invasive Cardiology Services
    Hackensack Meridian Health
    Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
  • Rajiv Patel MD
    Staff Cardiologist
    Hackensack University Medical Center
    Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
  • Eli Peleg MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Assaf Harofeh Medical Center
    Sackler School of Medicine
    Tel Aviv University
    Tel Aviv, Israel
  • William M Pelton MD
    Radiologist
    Poplar Bluff Regional Medical Center Poplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
  • Nelson Pizzano MD FACC
    Head
    Cardiovascular Health Program
    Hospital Evangelico Montevideo, Uruguay
    Former NIH Research Fellow
    Heart Station
    University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
    Past President
    Uruguayan Society of Cardiology Montevideo, Uruguay
  • Sourabh Prabhakar MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Jyothy J Puthumana MD
    Associate Professor of Medicine
    Division of Cardiology
    Department of Medicine
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Nishath Quader MD
    Washington University School of Medicine
    St Louis, Missouri, USA
  • Robert A Quaife MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Departments of Medicine and
    Radiology
    Divisions of Cardiology and
    Cardiothoracic Imaging
    University of Colorado Anschutz
    Medical Campus
    Colorado, Arizona, USA
  • Supawat Ratanapo MD
    Cardiology Fellow
    Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta, Georgia, USA
  • Hanumanth K Reddy MD FACC
    Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine
    St Louis University Medical School
    Medical Director
    Cardiovascular Institute of Southern Missouri
    Poplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
    President
    American Association of Cardiologists of Indian Origin
    Poplar Bluff, Missouri, USA
  • Vera H Rigolin MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Medical Director
    Echocardiography Accreditation Laboratory
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Salomon Rivera-Peralta MD
    Physician in Training of Echocardiography
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Hugo Rodriguez-Zanella MD
    Physician of the Staff
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Roberta Romito MD
    Associate Medical Director
    Chest Pain Unit
    Cardiology Emergency
    University of Bari
    Bari, Italy
  • Asad Ullah Roomi MD MRCP (UK)
    FRCP (Edin) Saudi Board Adult Cardiology NBE (USA)
    Consultant Cardiologist
    Prince Sultan Cardiac Center
    Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)
    Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Angel Romero-Cardenas MD
    Physician of the Staff
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Maria Eugenia Ruiz-Esparza MD
    Physician of the Staff
    National Institute of Cardiology
    Mexico City, Mexico
  • Hyde M Russell MD
    Surgical Director
    Advanced Heart Failure and
    Mechanical Circulatory Support
    Attending Surgeon
    Cardiac Surgery
    NorthShore University Health System
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
    Clinical Professor of Medicine
    Pritzker School of Medicine
    University of Chicago
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Juliet Ryan BS RDCS FASE
    Lead Cardiology Sonographer
    Cardiac Graphics-Echo Lab
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Anurag Sahu MD FACC
    Assistant Professor and Director
    Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
    Emory University Hospital Atlanta, Georgia, USA
  • Sherif Sakr MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mansoura University
    Mansoura, Egypt
  • Ernesto E Salcedo MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Director of Echocardiography
    Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology
    University of Colorado Anschutz
    Medical Campus
    Colorado, Arizona, USA
  • Mohsin Salih MD MS
    Resident
    Internal Medicine Department St Luke's Hospital
    Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
  • P Sankhyan MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Shelley Sarson BA RDCS FASE
    Cardiac Sonographer
    Northwestern University
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Alok Saurav MD
    Cardiology Fellowship Cardiovascular Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • Daniel R Schimmel MD MS
    Division of Cardiology
    Department of Medicine
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Roxy Senior MD DM FRCP FESC FACC
    Professor of Clinical Cardiology National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College
    London, UK
    Consultant Cardiologist and
    Director of Echocardiography
    Royal Brompton Hospital
    London, UK
    Consultant Cardiologist and
    Director of Cardiac Research
    Northwick Park Hospital
    London, UK
  • Arash Seratnahaei MD
    Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Fellow
    University of Kentucky and the Gill Heart Institute
    Lexington, Kentucky, USA
  • Sabiye Sevinç MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • Aijaz Shah MBBS MRCP (UK) FRCP (Edin)
    NBE (USA)
    Consultant Cardiologist Director
    Cardiac Imaging
    Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)
    Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Moneal Shah MD
    Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
    Co-Director
    Cardiovascular MRI
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Temple University School of Medicine
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Sangeeta B Shah MD FASE FACC
    Associate Professor
    Ochsner Clinical School
    University of Queensland
    Director
    Cardiovascular MRI
    Co-Director
    Adult Congenital Heart Disease
    New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
  • Sanjiv J Shah MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Division of Cardiology
    Department of Medicine
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Gyanendra K Sharma MD FACC FASE
    Professor of Medicine and Radiology
    Director Adult Echocardiography Laboratory
    Section of Cardiology
    Medical College of Georgia
    Augusta University
    Augusta, Georgia, USA
  • Rakesh K Sharma MD FACC FSCAI FSCCT
    Interventional Cardiologist
    Bay Care Medical Group Cardiology
    Clearwater, Florida
    Adjunct Clinical Professor of Cardiology
    University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
    Tampa, Florida, USA
  • Saurabh Sharma MD
    Fellow in Cardiology
    Albert Einstein Medical Center
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Lubna Ibrahim Siddiqui MBBS
    Instructor
    Medical Education
    Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC)
    Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Maninder Singh MD (Medicine)
    Fellow in Noninvasive Cardiology
    Dayanand Medical College & Hospital Unit: Hero DMC Heart Institute
    Ludhiana, Punjab, India
  • Ravinder Pal Singh MD (Medicine)
    Fellow in Noninvasive Cardiology
    Dayanand Medical College & Hospital
    Unit: Hero DMC Heart Institute
    Ludhiana, Punjab, India
  • Gaurav Singhal MD
    Senior Resident
    Sawai Man Singh Medical College
    Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  • I Singla MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Mara T Slawsky MD PhD
    Director
    Heart Failure Program
    Program Director
    Cardiovascular Fellowship
    Baystate Medical Center
    Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
  • Aiman Smer MBBCh
    Cardiology Fellowship
    Cardiovascular Department
    Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • Beverly Smulevitz BS RDCS
    Research Coordinator
    Department of Echocardiography
    University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
    Houston, Texas, USA
  • Vincent L Sorrell MD FACC FASE FACP
    Anthony N DeMaria Chair of Cardiovascular Imaging
    Director of Cardiovascular Imaging
    University of Kentucky and the Gill Heart Institute Lexington, Kentucky, USA
  • Fabiola B Sozzi MD PhD
    Consultant Cardiologist
    Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Instituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
    Milan, Italy
  • A Sungur MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Martin G St John Sutton MBBS
    Professor
    University of Pennsylvania
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • M Tageldin MBBCh
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • A Taher MBBCh
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Rohit Tandon MD (Medicine)
    Senior Consultant Physician
    Dayanand Medical College & Hospital Unit: Hero DMC Heart Institute
    Ludhiana, Punjab, India
  • Ersan Tatli MD
    Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    Sakarya University Training and
    Research Hospital
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • M Thind MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • MM Townsley MD
    Department of Anesthesiology
    Division of Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine
    University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Alma Tozaj MD RDCS
    Cardiac Sonographer
    Echocardiography Laboratory Heart and Vascular Institute
    Henry Ford Hospital
    Detroit, Michigan, USA
  • BC Tuck MD
    Department of Anesthesiology
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • NSN Turaga MBBS
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • B Uygur MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Inga Vaitenas RCS RCCS
    Lead Sonographer
    Northwestern Memorial Hospital
    Northwestern University
    Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • Anastasia Vamvakidou MBBS MRCP (UK)
    Cardiology Specialty Registrar
    Northwick Park Hospital
    Harrow, UK
  • Padmini Varadarajan MD
    Professor of Medicine
    Loma Linda University Medical Center
    Loma Linda, California, USA
  • Archana Vasudevan MD
    Resident Physician
    Department of Medicine
    University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, USA
  • Virginia Michelis Vázquez MD
    Former Assistant Professor
    National Armed Forces Hospital and Medical Center
    Montevideo, Uruguay
  • Sridhar Venkatachalam MD
    Senior Fellow
    Division of Cardiology
    The University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
    Galveston, Texas, USA
  • Zvi Vered MD FACC FESC
    Cardiologist and Professor
    Department of Cardiology
    Assaf Harofeh Medical Center
    Sackler School of Medicine
    Tel Aviv University
    Tel Aviv, Israel
  • Mustafa Gökhan Vural MD
    Cardiologist
    Department of Cardiology
    Faculty of Medicine
    University of Sakarya
    Sakarya, Turkey
  • Ronald B Williams BA RT(R) (MR)
    Cardiovascular MRI Technologist Cardiac MRI Center
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • June A Yamrozik RT
    Cardiovascular MRI Technologist
    Cardiac MRI Center
    Allegheny General Hospital
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Desiree M Younes MD FACC
    Cardiologist
    Princeton Healthcare System A New Jersey Non-profit Corporation
    Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
    New Jersey, USA
  • B Yuzbas MD
    Echocardiography Laboratory
    University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  • Annapaola Zito MD
    Cardiologist
    Cardiovascular Diseases Section Department of Emergency and
    Organ Transplantation
    University of Bari School of Medicine
    Bari, Italy
Preface
Despite many path-breaking advances in cardiology, echocardiography remains the most cost-effective noninvasive technique in the assessment of various cardiac disease entities. It serves as a valuable tool in the armamentarium of a practicing cardiologist. Throughout the past several decades, various national and international conferences dealing with echocardiography and allied techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans have been held in different countries and many cities of USA. They have served as a forum for exchange of information and have provided updates on the current status and recent advances in echocardiography not only to the practicing echocardiographers and cardiologists, but also to the physicians of various other specialties, such as internists, general physicians, anesthesiologists, emergency room physicians, critical care specialists, and cardiac surgeons as well as technologists and other paramedical personnel. The International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound as well as the Echocardiography Laboratory of the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama in co-operation with other organizations have also been in the forefront in conducting these conferences. World Conferences on Echocardiography have been successfully organized practically every year for the past 22 years, and International Conferences on Echocardiography and Allied Techniques have been held at the annual meetings of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology for over three decades. The latter conferences have taken the format of brief interesting and instructive case presentations by a large number of faculties. These case presentations have proven very popular and it was felt by many of us that an effort should be made to publish some of these cases in a book format in both print and internet versions. With this in mind, invitations were sent to the faculty, who had presented cases previously at these meetings and to others to submit their cases for publication. This book, therefore, represents a compilation of more than 280 interesting and instructive cases submitted by several echocardiographers, cardiologists and other physicians from many different parts of the world. The book should prove useful to all physicians, ultrasound technologists and paramedical personnel, who already have some background in cardiac ultrasound, but are interested in learning its usefulness in day-to-day clinical practice.
The book is organized into 11 sections, all of which consist of case presentations. The pattern followed in many cases consists of a brief patient history and relevant clinical findings, echocardiographic images/movie clips, one or more multiple-choice questions with correct answers provided and a short relevant discussion. Pertinent references are also given in some cases. The first three sections of the book deal with the mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves as well as the aorta and pulmonary hypertension. The next two sections cover prosthetic valves, rings, plugs and clips, and infection and endocarditis respectively. These are followed by coronary artery disease, and left/right ventricles and cardiomyopathies. Pericardial disorders, tumors and masses, and congenital heart disease are dealt with next. The last section consists of miscellaneous cases plus a few cases which were submitted late and, hence, could not be accommodated in the relevant sections. Almost all cases predominantly deal with echocardiography with some showing comparisons with other techniques, mainly magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic scans. Only magnetic resonance images are shown in a couple of cases.
Navin C Nanda MD
Acknowledgments
I am most grateful to all the contributors who took time off from their busy schedule to send their interesting/instructive cases for publication in this book. I also need to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the current and past echocardiography fellows, researchers, residents and trainees, who helped me edit and, in many cases, labeled the images and movies sent by others as well as those from our Echo Laboratory and Dr Ming Chon Hsiung's Echo Laboratory in Taipei, Taiwan. They are Drs Mohamed Elsayed, Serkan Bulur, Ahmed Taher, Nermina Alagic, Lani Adarna, Emel, Ahmed Mohamed, Neelesh Gupta, Begum Uygur, Tugba Kemaloglu Oz, Jugal Chahwala, Kunal Bhagatwala, Turaga Naga, Pudussery Kattalan, Garima Arora, Burcu Gol, Mustafa Vural, Akhilesh Mahajan, Nurgul Keser, Pratayaksha Sankhyan, Rajat Kalra, Mustafa Ahmed, and Mathew Joson. I am also most appreciative of Dr Ming Hsuing's enormous and heartfelt co-operation in this endeavor. Mr Jitendar P Vij and his team at Jaypee Brothers, which include Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra, Nedup Denka Bhutia, Saima Rashid and Geetanjali Singh, deserve my deep gratitude for helping publish this book in a timely manner. I am particularly grateful to Mr Jitendar P Vij for his constant encouragement and full support in completing this project. Last but not least, it would not have been possible for me to undertake this work without the enormous support of my wife, Kanta Nanda, who also helped me with editing.
Abbreviations
  • 99m Tc DPD : Technetium diphosphonopropanodicarboxylic acid
  • 99m Tc PYP : Technetium pyrophosphate
  • 2D : Two-dimensional
  • 3D : Three-dimensional
  • ABD : Abdomen
  • ABG : Arterial blood gases
  • ACEI : Angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitor
  • ACLS : Advanced cardiovascular life support
  • AF : Atrial fibrillation
  • AICD : Automatic implantable cardioverter- defibrillator
  • AML : Anterior mitral leaflet
  • Anti CMV : Antibody against cytomegalovirus
  • AO : Aorta/aortic
  • AR : Aortic regurgitation
  • ARB : Angiotensin receptor blocker
  • AS : Aortic stenosis
  • ASD : Atrial septal defect
  • ATVL : Anterior tricuspid valve leaflet
  • AV : Aortic valve
  • AVR : Aortic valve replacement
  • BNP : Brain natriuretic peptide
  • BP : Blood pressure
  • BSA : Body surface area
  • BUN : Blood urea nitrogen
  • C/W : Consistent with
  • CA : Coronary artery
  • CABG : Coronary artery bypass graft
  • CAD : Coronary artery disease
  • Cath : Catheterization
  • CBC : Complete blood count
  • CECT : Contrast enhanced computed tomography
  • CK : Creatine kinase
  • CKD : Chronic kidney disease
  • CKMB : Serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme
  • CMRI : Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
  • CO : Cardiac output
  • COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • CPK : Creatinine phosphokinase
  • CPR : Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  • Cr : Creatinine
  • CS : Coronary sinus
  • CSA : Cross-sectional surface area
  • CT : Computed tomography
  • CTA : Clear to auscultation
  • CTA : Computed tomography angiography
  • CTn : Cardiac troponin
  • CV : Cardiovascular
  • CVE : Cerebrovascular embolism
  • CVP : Central venous pressure
  • CVS : Cardiovascular system
  • CXR : Chest X-ray
  • DA : Descending thoracic aorta
  • DCM : Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • DD : Diastolic dysfunction
  • DM : Diabetes mellitus
  • DP : Diastolic pressure
  • DTGA : Dextro-transposition of the great arteries
  • DTI : Doppler tissue imaging
  • DVT : Deep venous thrombosis
  • E : Eosinophil
  • ECG/EKG : Electrocardiogram
  • ED : Emergency department
  • EF : Ejection fraction
  • EOA : Effective orifice area
  • ER : Emergency room
  • ESR : Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • EV : Eustachian valve
  • F/U : Follow up
  • FAC : Fractional area change
  • FHx : Family history
  • HB : Hemoglobin
  • HCM : Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • HCT : Hematocrit
  • HF : Heart failure
  • HR : Heart rate
  • HTN : Hypertension
  • HV : Hepatic vein
  • Hx : History
  • IAS : Inter-atrial septum
  • ICD : Intracardiac defibrillator
  • ICU : Intensive care unit
  • INR : International normalized ratio
  • IV : Intravenous
  • IVC : Inferior vena cava
  • IVRT : Isovolemic relaxation time
  • IVS : Interventricular septum
  • JVD : Jugular venous distension
  • K : Potassium
  • KFT : Kidney function test
  • L : Left
  • L : Liters
  • L : Liver
  • L : Lymphocyte
  • L : Pacemaker lead
  • LA : Left atrium
  • LAD : Left anterior descending coronary artery
  • LCX/CX : Left circumflex coronary artery
  • LDL : Low density lipoprotein
  • LFT : Liver function test
  • Li : Liver
  • LTGA : Levo-transposition of the great arteries
  • LV : Left ventricle
  • LVEF : Left ventricular ejection fraction
  • LVH : Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • LVO : Left ventricular outflow
  • LVOT : Left ventricular outflow tract
  • MAP : Mean arterial pressure
  • MI : Myocardial infarction
  • ML : Mitral valve leaflet
  • MPI : Myocardial perfusion imaging
  • MR : Mitral regurgitation
  • MRI : Magnetic resonance imaging
  • MS : Mitral stenosis
  • MV : Mitral valve
  • MVOA : Mitral valve orifice area
  • MVP : Mitral valve prolapse
  • N : Neutrophil
  • Na : Sodium
  • NICM : Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy
  • NL : Normal
  • NSR : Normal sinus rhythm
  • NSTEMI : Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
  • NT-Pro BNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide
  • NYHA : New York Heart Association
  • O2 : Oxygen
  • OA : Orifice area
  • OM : Obtuse marginal coronary artery
  • OR : Operating room
  • PA : Pulmonary artery
  • PASP : Pulmonary artery systolic pressure
  • PDA : Patent ductus arteriosus
  • PE : Pulmonary embolism
  • PE : Physical examination
  • PE : Pericardial effusion
  • PEA : Pulseless electrical activity
  • PFO : Patent foramen ovale
  • PG : Pressure gradient
  • PH : Pulmonary hypertension
  • PHT : Pressure half time, Pulmonary hypertension
  • PHTN : Pulmonary hypertension
  • PISA : Proximal isovelocity surface area
  • PL : Pleural effusion
  • PLT : Platelet
  • PMBV : Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty
  • PML : Posterior mitral valve leaflet
  • PP : Pulse pressure
  • PR : Pulmonary regurgitation
  • PS : Pulmonary stenosis
  • Pts : Patients
  • PTT : Partial thromboplastin time
  • PV : Pulmonary valve
  • R : Right
  • RA : Right atrium
  • RBS : Random blood sugar
  • RCA : Right coronary artery
  • RCM : Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Reg Vol : Regurgitation (regurgitant) volume
  • RHC : Right heart catheterization
  • ROSC : Return of spontaneous circulation
  • RRR : Regular rate and rhythm
  • RV : Right ventricle
  • RVE : Right ventricular enlargement
  • RVH : Right ventricular hypertrophy
  • RVO : Right ventricular outflow
  • RVOT : Right ventricular outflow tract
  • RVSF : Right ventricular systolic failure
  • RVSP : Right ventricular systolic pressure
  • S/P : Status post
  • S1 : First heart sound
  • S2 : Second heart sound
  • S3 : Third heart sound
  • SAM : Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve
  • SAX : Short axis view
  • SBP : Systolic blood pressure
  • SC : Subclavian artery
  • SHX : Social history
  • SOB : Shortness of breath
  • SPECT : Single photon emission computed tomography
  • STE : Speckle tracking echocardiography
  • STEMI : ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
  • STVL : Septal tricuspid valve leaflet
  • SV : Stroke volume
  • SVC : Superior vena cava
  • SVG : Saphenous venous graft
  • SVR : Systemic vascular resistance
  • T : Temperature
  • TAPSE : Tricuspid annulus planar systolic excursion
  • TDI : Tissue Doppler imaging
  • TEE : Transesophageal echocardiography
  • TIA : Transient ischemic attack
  • TLC : Total leucocyte count
  • TGA : Transposition of the great arteries
  • toF : Tetralogy of Fallot
  • TPA : Tissue plasminogen activator
  • TR : Tricuspid regurgitation
  • Trop-T : Troponin T
  • TTE : Transthoracic echocardiography
  • TV : Tricuspid valve
  • UTI : Urinary tract infection
  • VC : Vena contracta
  • VMAX : Maximum velocity
  • V/Q : Ventilation/perfusion
  • VS : Ventricular septum
  • VSD : Ventricular septal defect
  • VTI : Velocity time integral
  • WBC : White blood cell
  • WMA : Wall motion abnormality