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Handbook of Radiobiology
Thayalan Kuppusamy
CHAPTER 1:
Human Biology
RADIOBIOLOGY
HUMAN ANATOMY
Tissues
Tissue Growth
Organs
Systems
Body Regions
Life Maintenance
CELL
Cell Structure
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Function
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Cell Death
HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION
Ions
Elements
Molecules
Water
Protein
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
MOLECULAR FORCES AND BONDS
Strong Forces
Weak Forces
Coulomb Force
Charge-dipole Force
van der Waals Force
TUMOR BIOLOGY
Important Concepts
Growth Process
Growth Disorder Factors
Neoplasm
Mutation and Genes
Development of Cancer
Gene Mutation Hypothesis
Steps in Cancer Development
Cancer Staging
Basic Classification
TNM Classification
Other Classifications
CHAPTER 2:
Radiation Physics
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Important Aspects
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Isotopes
Electron Shells
Quantum Number
Ionization
Binding Energy
Excitation
Electron Volt
Neutrons
Properties of Neutrons
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Wave Characteristics
Particle Characteristics
Mass-energy Equivalence
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ionizing Radiation and Non-ionizing Radiation
Fluorescence
Inverse Square Law
RADIATION UNITS
Exposure (Roentgen)
Kerma
Absorbed Dose (Rad/Gray)
RADIATION INTERACTION WITH TISSUE
Attenuation
Linear Attenuation Coefficient
Mass Attenuation Coefficient
Energy Dependence
Half-value Thickness and Tenth Value Thickness
Attenuation Process
Importance of Interaction in Tissue
Differential Absorption
Atomic Number
Mass Density
Photon Energy
PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
Specific Ionization and Bragg Peak
Electron Interaction
Inelastic Collision
Elastic Collision
Proton Interaction
Neutron Interaction
Elastic Collision
Inelastic Collision
Neutron Capture
CHAPTER 3:
Interaction of Radiation with Cell
SEQUENCE OF RADIATION EVENTS
Physical Stage
Chemical Stage
Biological Stage
DIRECT AND INDIRECT ACTION
Direct Action
Indirect Action
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER
Ionization
Excitation
Free Radical Reaction
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIONS OF RADIATION
Indirect Action
Direct Action
IRRADIATION OF MACROMOLECULES
Main-chain Scission
Crosslinking
Point Lesion
Strand Break
DNA Strand Break Measurements
Mutation
Structural and Mitotic Mutations
Dominant and Recessive Mutation
EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH
Mitotic Inhibition
Law of BergoniƩ and Tribondeau
Effects on Cell Cycle
Giant Cell Formation
SYNCHRONOUS CELL CULTURES
RADIATION AND CHROMOSOME DAMAGE (FIGS 3.7A TO E)
Lethal Type Chromosome Aberrations
Dicentric
Ring
Lethal Type Chromatid Aberrations
Anaphase Bridge
Non-lethal Type Aberrations
Symmetric Translocation
Small Interstitial Deletion
BIODOSIMETRY
Chromosomal Aberration Analysis
CHAPTER 4:
Cell Survival Curves
RADIATION AND CELL DEATH
SURVIVAL FRACTION AND PLATING EFFICIENCY
SURVIVAL CURVE
Survival Curve Characteristics
Single Target-single Hit Theory
Multitarget Theory
Linear Quadratic Theory
Relevance of Survival Curves
Factors Influencing the Survival Curve
REPAIR OF RADIATION DAMAGE
Base Excision Repair
Nucleotide Excision Repair
DNA Double-strand Break Repair
Crosslink Repair
Mismatch Repair
Effects of Unrepaired Damage
MECHANISM OF CELL DEATH
Bystander Effect
Apoptotic Death
Mitotic Cell Death
Autophagic Death
CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE
Lethal Damage
Potentially Lethal Damage Repair
Sublethal Damage Repair
Non-lethal Damage
CHAPTER 5:
Modification of Cell Survival
MODIFYING AGENTS
OXYGEN EFFECT
Oxygen Concentration
Oxygen Effect in Tumors
Chronic Hypoxia
Acute Hypoxia
Impact of Oxygen Effect in Radiotherapy
ELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS
LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER
LET-RBE Relation
Importance of LET-RBE in Radiotherapy
CELL CYCLE STAGE
Causes of Variation in Radiation Sensitivity at Different Phases of Cell Cycle
RADIATION PROTECTORS
Radioprotectors in Radiotherapy
RADIATION SENSITIZERS
Sensitizers in Radiotherapy
HYPERTHERMIA
Thermal Enhancement Ratio
Heating Methods
Hyperthermia Equipment and Safety
Clinical Applications
CHAPTER 6:
Biological Effects of Radiation
RADIATION EFFECTS
Stochastic Effect
Deterministic Effect
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
Epidemiological Studies on Radiation-induced Cancer
Factors Affecting the Cancer Induction
Radiation Quality
Dose Rate and Fractionation
Latent Period, Age and Gender
BEIR V and BEIR VII Reports
Dose-response Models
Risk and Risk Models
Relative Risk
Absolute Risk
Multiplicative and Additive Model
Risk Estimate for Population
Radiation-induced Cancers
Leukemia
Thyroid Cancer
Breast Cancer
Lung Cancer
Bone Cancer
Skin Cancer
HERITABLE EFFECTS
Genetic Diseases
Mendelian
Multifactorial Diseases
Loss of Function and Gain of New Function
Epidemiological Studies
Genetic Risk
CHAPTER 7:
Normal Tissue Reactions of Radiation
DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS
RADIATION EFFECTS ON TISSUES: EARLY AND LATE
Early Effects on Normal Tissues
Late Effects on Normal Tissues
SKIN
Effects of Radiation on Skin
HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
Total Body Irradiation
Partial Body Irradiation
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Oral Mucosa
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and Large Intestine
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Testes
Ovary
EYE LENS
OTHER TISSUES
Lungs
Kidney
Liver
Bladder
Brain
Spinal Cord
Heart
ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME
Mean Lethal Dose
Syndrome Events
Systemic Involvement
Hematopoietic Syndrome
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
Neurovascular Syndrome
Management of Radiation Accidents
RADIATION EFFECTS ON EMBRYO AND FETUS
Preimplantation
Organogenesis
Fetal Period
Termination of Pregnancy
Diagnostic X-rays
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
CHAPTER 8:
Biological Basis of External Beam Radiotherapy
EVALUATION OF RADIOTHERAPY
EFFECT OF DOSE FRACTIONATION ON CELL SURVIVAL
EFFECT OF DOSE RATE ON CELL SURVIVAL
RATIONALE FOR FRACTIONATION IN RADIOTHERAPY
Repair
Reoxygenation
Repopulation
Redistribution
Overall Effects of 4 Rs
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES
FRACTIONATION STRATEGIES
Conventional Fractionation
Hyperfractionation
Accelerated Fractionation
Accelerated Hyperfractionation
Dynamic Fractionation
Hypofractionation
DOSE FRACTIONATION EFFECTS IN EXTERNAL BEAM TREATMENTS
Head and Neck Cancer with Radiotherapy
Head and Neck Cancer with Postsurgery Radiotherapy
Breast Cancer
CHAPTER 9:
Biological Basis of Brachytherapy
BRACHYTHERAPY
LDR AND HDR BRACHYTHERAPY
DOSE RATE EFFECT IN BRACHYTHERAPY
Inverse Dose Rate Effect
ROLE OF 4 RS IN BRACHYTHERAPY
Repair
Repopulation
Redistribution
Reoxygenation
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Conversion of LDR into HDR
Differential Repair Between Early and Late Normal Tissues
THERAPEUTIC RATIO IN BRACHYTHERAPY
PRACTICAL ISSUES IN RADIOTHERAPY
Volume Effects
Overall Treatment Time
Effect of Treatment Delay
Head and Neck Cancer
Breast Cancer
Cervix Cancer
Reirradiation
CHAPTER 10:
Time, Dose and Fractionation Models
ISOEFFECT MODELS
CUBE ROOT RULE
NOMINAL STANDARD DOSE
Limitations of NSD
CUMULATIVE RADIATION EFFECT
TIME-DOSE-FRACTIONATION MODEL
LINEAR QUADRATIC MODEL
LQ Model for Brachytherapy
Role of RBE in Brachytherapy
Conversion of LDR into HDR
LQ Model for Combined Radiotherapy
INFLUENCE OF RADIOBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
DOSE-FRACTIONATION EFFECTS IN GYNECOLOGICAL BRACHYTHERAPY
Equivalent Dose
Change of BED Over Distance and the Effect of Dose-fractionation
GAPS IN RADIATION TREATMENT
Gap Correction Procedure by Retaining Overall Treatment Time
Gap Correction Procedure by Delivering Extra Fractions Over an Extended Overall Treatment Time
Gap Correction for Incomplete Repair
CHAPTER 11:
Radiation Safety and Protection
EQUIVALENT DOSE AND EFFECTIVE DOSE
Equivalent Dose
Effective Dose (HT)
Committed Equivalent and Effective Dose
Collective Equivalent and Effective Dose
SOURCES OF RADIATION
Natural Radiation Source
Enhanced Natural Sources
Artificial Sources
PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
Radiation Dose Limits
Dose Limits to Pregnant Women
Dose Limits for Trainees
Methods of Radiation Control
Time
Distance
Shielding
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Regulatory Requirements
Design Certification
Type Approval/No Objection Certificate
Layout Approval and Registration
Inspection of Radiation Installations
Decommissioning of Radiation Installations
Certification of RSO
Certification of Service Engineers
Occupancy in the Room
Log Book
Records
Placard
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules-2004
Responsibility of the Employer (Rule 20)
Responsibility of the Licensee (Rule 21)
Responsibility of Radiological Safety Officer (Rule 22)
Responsibility of theWorker (Rule 23)
Health Surveillance of Workers (Rule 25)
PERSONNEL MONITORING
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Principle
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Card
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Cassette
Guidelines for Using TLD Badge
INDEX
TOC
Index
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