Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Echo
Atul Luthra
CHAPTER 1:
What is an Echo?
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND
PRINCIPLES OF DOPPLER
CHAPTER 2:
Conventional Echo
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHO
MOTION-MODE ECHO
CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER
PULSED WAVE DOPPLER
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ECHO
2D Echo
M-Mode Echo
CW Doppler
PW Doppler
CHAPTER 3:
Color Doppler Echo
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR DOPPLER
Technique
Advantages
Limitations
APPLICATIONS OF COLOR DOPPLER
Stenotic Lesions
Regurgitant Lesions
Intracardiac Shunts
CHAPTER 4:
Echo Windows
TRANSTHORACIC ECHO
STANDARD ECHO WINDOWS
Parasternal Long-Axis View (PLAX View) (Fig. 4.2)
Parasternal Short-Axis Views (PSAX Views) (Fig. 4.3)
Short Axis Levels (Fig. 4.3)
Pulmonary Artery (PA) Level (Fig. 4.4)
Aortic Valve (AV) Level (Fig. 4.5)
Mitral Valve (MV) Level (Fig. 4.6)
Papillary Muscle (PM) Level (Fig. 4.7)
Apical 4-Chamber View (A4CH View) (Fig. 4.8)
Apical 5-Chamber View (A5CH view) (Fig. 4.9)
Subcostal View
Suprasternal View
Right Parasternal View
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHO
Principle
Technique
Advantages
Disadvantages
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ECHO
Three-Dimensional Echo
Myocardial Contrast Echo
Tissue Doppler Imaging
CHAPTER 5:
Normal Views and Values
ECHO INTERPRETATION
SCANNING SEQUENCE
WHAT IS NORMAL?
NORMAL VARIANTS
Normal Structures
Normal Flow Patterns
Normal Findings in Elderly
NORMAL DIMENSIONS
Parasternal Long-Axis View (PLAX View)
M-Mode Scan PLAX View
Mitral Valve Level (Fig. 5.6)
Ventricular Level (Fig. 5.7)
Parasternal Short-Axis View (PSAX View)
Apical 4-Chamber View (A4CH View)
Apical 5-Chamber View (A5CH View)
NORMAL VALVES
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
CHAPTER 6:
Ventricular Dysfunction
LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
Normal Indices
Echo Features of LV Systolic Dysfunction
M-Mode LV Level
2D Echo A4CH View
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of LV Systolic Dysfunction
Causes of LV Systolic Dysfunction
Clinical Significance of LV Systolic Dysfunction
Acute Myocarditis
LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
Normal Diastole
Echo Features of LV Diastolic Dysfunction
M-Mode MV Level
2-D Echo PLAX View
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of LV Diastolic Dysfunction
Causes of LV Diastolic Dysfunction
Clinical Significance of LV Diastolic Dysfunction
RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
Normal Indices
Echo Features of RV Dysfunction
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of RV Dysfunction
Causes of RV Dysfunction
Clinical Significance of RV Dysfunction
CHAPTER 7:
Cardiomyopathies
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
Echo Features of DCMP
M-Mode and 2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Differential Diagnosis of DCMP
Severe MR with LV Dysfunction
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Causes of DCMP
Causes of Large LV in Adults
Causes of Large LV in Infants
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
Echo Features of RCMP
M-Mode and 2-D Echo
Differential Diagnosis of RCMP
Causes of RCMP
Causes of Small LV
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Echo Features of HOCM
M-Mode and 2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Differential Diagnosis of HOCM
Classification of HCMP
CHAPTER 8:
Coronary Artery Disease
INDICATIONS FOR ECHO IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
LV Posterior Wall (LVPW) Motion
Ventricular Septum (IVS) Motion
LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
ACUTE MITRAL REGURGITATION
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
LEFT VENTRICULAR ANEURYSM
VENTRICULAR MURAL THROMBUS
ACUTE PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES
SIMULATING CONDITIONS
STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Principle
Technique
Indications
Positive Test
Negative Test
Limitations
CHAPTER 9:
Systemic Hypertension
INDICATIONS FOR ECHO IN HYPERTENSION
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
Echo Features of LVH
Differential Diagnosis of LVH
Clinical Significance of LVH
CHAPTER 10:
Pulmonary Hypertension
DETECTION OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
M-Mode PV Level
2D Echo PLAX View
2D Echo PSAX View
2D Echo AP4CH View
Doppler Echo
ESTIMATION OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Doppler Calculations
Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension
Differential Diagnosis of PAH
Clinical Significance of PAH
CHAPTER 11:
Diseases of Aorta
DILATATION OF AORTA
ANEURYSM OF AORTA
COARCTATION OF AORTA
DISSECTION OF AORTA
Causes of Aortic Dissection
Echo Features of Marfan's Syndrome
CHAPTER 12:
Congenital Diseases
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Contrast Echo
Doppler Calculations
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
2D Echo
Doppler Echo
EISENMENGER REACTION
QUANTIFICATION OF SHUNT
CHAPTER 13:
Valvular Diseases
MITRAL STENOSIS
Echo Features of MS
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode AV Level
M-Mode MV Level
M-Mode LV Level
2-D Echo PSAX View
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of MS
Assessing Severity of MS
Criteria for Severe MS
Causes of Mitral Stenosis
Suitability for Valvotomy in MS
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
Echo Features of MVP
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode MV Level
2-D Echo A4CH View
Doppler Echo
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of MVP
Causes of MV Prolapse
FLAIL MITRAL LEAFLET
Echo Features of Flail Leaflet
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode MV Level
Doppler Echo
Differential Diagnosis of Flail Leaflet
Causes of Flail Mitral Leaflet
MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION
Echo Features of MAC
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode MV Level
Doppler Echo
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of MAC
Causes of Calcific Mitral Annulus
MITRAL REGURGITATION
Echo Features of MR
M-Mode LV Level
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode MV Level
M-Mode LV Dimensions
M-Mode AV Level
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of MR
Criteria for Severe MR
Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
TRICUSPID STENOSIS
Echo Features of TS
M-Mode and 2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Causes of Tricuspid Stenosis
Clinical Significance of TS
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
Echo Features of TR
2-D Echo AP4CH View
2-D Echo SC4CH View
2-D Echo PLAX View
2-D Echo PSAX View
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
Causes of Tricuspid Regurgitation
Primary Causes
Secondary Causes
EBSTEIN ANOMALY
Echo Features of Ebstein Anomaly
2-D Echo A4CH View
M-Mode MV Level
2-D Echo PSAX View
Doppler Echo
AORTIC STENOSIS
Causes of AS
Echo Features of AS
2-D Echo PLAX View
2-D Echo PSAX View
M-Mode AV Level
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of AS
Indications for Intervention in AS
AORTIC REGURGITATION
Causes of AR
Valvular AR
Aortic Root Dilatation
Acute AR
Echo Features of AR
M-Mode LV Level
2-D Echo PLAX View
M-Mode AV Level
M-Mode MV Level
M-Mode LV Dimensions
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Doppler Calculations
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of AR
Criteria for Severe AR
Indications for Intervention in AR
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Causes of PS
Valvular PS
Subvalvular PS
Supravalvular PS
Echo Features of PS
2-D Echo PSAX View
M-Mode PV Level
2-D Echo PLAX View
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
Assessing Severity of PS
PULMONARY REGURGITATION
Causes of PR
Primary Causes
Congenital Causes
Iatrogenic Causes
Secondary Cause
Echo Features of PR
2-D Echo PLAX View
2-D Echo PSAX View
M-Mode PV Level
Color Flow Mapping
Doppler Echo
CHAPTER 14:
Pericardial Diseases
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
Echo Features of Pericardial Effusion
Quantification of Pericardial Effusion
M-Mode Scan
2-D Echo
Causes of Pericardial Effusion
Assessing the Cause of Effusion
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Effusion
False Negative
False Positive
Differentiation from Thickened Pericardium
Differentiation from Pleural Effusion
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
Echo Features of Cardiac Tamponade
M-Mode Scan
2-D Echo
Doppler Echo
Echo and Pericardiocentesis
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Echo Features of Constrictive Pericarditis
M-Mode Scan
2-D Echo
USG Abdomen
Doppler Echo
Differentiation from Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
CHAPTER 15:
Endocardial Diseases
CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOCARDITIS
Infective
Noninfective
PREDISPOSING CARDIAC LESIONS
Common Lesions
Uncommon Lesions
INDICATIONS FOR SERIAL ECHOES
ECHO FEATURES OF ENDOCARDITIS
Detection
Site
Size
Shape
Echogenicity
Mobility
Differentiation from Other Masses
Role of Echo in Endocarditis
Duke Criteria for Endocarditis
Major Criteria
Minor Criteria
Detection of Local Complications
Evaluation of Response to Treatment
Timing of a Surgical Intervention
Indications for Transesophageal Echo
CHAPTER 16:
Intracardiac Masses
CARDIAC TUMORS
Classification of Tumors
Secondary Tumors (Majority)
Primary Tumors (Minority)
Echo Features of Tumors
Role of Echo in Tumors
LEFT ATRIAL MYXOMA
Clinical Features of LA Myxoma
Echo Features of LA Myxoma
Differentiation from Mitral Stenosis
Differentiation from LA Thrombus
Differentiation from Other Conditions
ATRIAL THROMBUS
Left Atrial Thrombus
Right Atrial Thrombus
Echo Features of Atrial Thrombus
VENTRICULAR THROMBUS
Echo Features of Ventricular Thrombus
Differentiation from Other Ventricular Masses
CHAPTER 17:
Thromboembolic Diseases
INDICATIONS FOR ECHO IN CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
Who Should HAVE an Echo?
Who Should HAVE a TEE?
Who Should NOT HAVE an Echo?
THROMBOEMBOLISM IN MITRAL STENOSIS
CHAPTER 18:
Systemic Diseases
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear