Index

Mastering the Techniques in Hysteroscopy Sushma Deshmukh, Osama Shawki, Luis Alonso Pacheco

SECTION 1: THE BEGINNING WITH HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 01:Introduction: Hysteroscopy and Its Philosophy
- KNOWING ABOUT HYSTEROSCOPY
- PHILOSOPHY OF UTERUS AND HYSTEROSCOPE
  - Uterus
- LET US BEGIN
  - With What and From Where to Start?
  - Know Your Hysteroscope
- KNOWING INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- WHAT FACILITIES WE SHOULD PROVIDE
- MASTERING THE TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 02:History and Evolution of Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- THE FOUNDATIONS OF ENDOSCOPY
- THE BEGINNING OF ENDOSCOPY
- THE FIRST HYSTEROSCOPY
  - The Progress of Hysteroscopy
  - The Early 20th Century
- THE ERA OF MODERN HYSTEROSCOPY
  - The Present
- FINAL WORDS
- REFERENCES
- OTHER SOURCES
SECTION 2: KNOWING THE UTERUS
CHAPTER 03:Anatomy, Embryology and Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY OF UTERUS AND TUBES
- CHANGES IN UTERUS WITH AGE AND PARITY
- POSITIONS OF THE UTERUS
- EMBRYOLOGY OF UTERUS AND TUBES
  - American Society for Reproductive Medicine
  - European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)/the European Society for Gynecological Endoscopy (ESGE) Classification
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 04:Physiology: The Uterus, Cervix and Practical Aspect
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN AXIS
- CERVICO-UTERINE CHANGES AT BIRTH, PUBERTY AND ADULT
- UTERINE ENDOMETRIAL HISTOLOGY
  - Myometrium
  - Endometrium
- RECEPTORS IN THE UTERUS
- UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
- CERVIX
  - Nabothian Cysts
- COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND AND UTERO-OVARIAN PHYSIOLOGY
- APPLIED ASPECTS
- CERVIX: APPLIED ASPECTS
  - Endometrial Factors
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 05:Histology and Hysteroscopic View of Normal Endometrium
- INTRODUCTION
- CYCLIC HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES
- ENDOMETRIAL DATING
- ATROPHIC ENDOMETRIUM
- HYSTEROSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF ENDOMETRIUM
  - Uterocervical Cavity Features
  - Endometrial Parameters (Table 2)
- TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF HYSTEROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM
- ATROPHIC (POSTMENOPAUSAL) ENDOMETRIUM
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 06:Abnormal Endometrium and Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- ABNORMAL ENDOMETRIUM
- ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
- ENDOMETRIAL POLYP
- WELL-DIFFERENTIATED ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
- EVALUATION OF ENDOMETRIUM
  - Imaging of Endometrium
  - Hysteroscopy
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 07:Effects of Drugs on the Uterus
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN HORMONE ACTION
- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
  - Combination or Contraceptive Pill
  - Progestins
- HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- ANDROGENS
- GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGS
- MISOPROSTOL
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 08:How to Date Endometrium through Hysteroscopy without the Need of Biopsy
- INTRODUCTION
- PLACE OF ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES: HYSTEROSCOPY
- ENDOMETRIUM THROUGH HYSTEROSCOPY
- COMMENTS
- REFERENCES
SECTION 3: IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTRAUTERINE DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 09:Hysterosalpingography for Intrauterine Diagnosis and Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- SCOPE OF HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
- TECHNIQUES
- PROCEDURE
- INTRAUTERINE DIAGNOSIS
  - Uterine Abnormalities
  - Acquired Abnormalities
- HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY AND HYSTEROSCOPY—DIAGNOSTIC FALLACIES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10:Imaging Modalities for Assessment of Uterine Abnormalities
- INTRODUCTION
- CONGENITAL UTERINE ABNORMALITIES
- ACQUIRED UTERINE ABNORMALITIES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11:Ultrasonography 2D, 3D and Sonohysterography in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Correlation with Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSVAGINAL SONOGRAPHY
- ROLE OF 3D ULTRASOUND AND 3D SALINE INFUSION SONOHYSTEROGRAPHY
- ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12:Beyond Ultrasound— Role of MRI in Uterine Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL UTERINE ANATOMY
- UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS
- INTRAUTERINE SYNECHIAE
- ADENOMYOSIS
  - Signs of Adenomyosis
    - Direct Sign
    - Indirect Sign
- CARCINOMA ENDOMETRIUM
  - False Positives/Negatives
- UTERINE ANOMALIES
- DISCUSSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 4: HYSTEROSCOPE AND ITS GADGETS
CHAPTER 13:Instrumentation in Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- INSTRUMENTATION
- HYSTEROSCOPES
- MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS
  - Scissors
  - Alligator Grasping Forceps
    - Spoon Biopsy Forceps
    - Punch Biopsy Forceps
- ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
- DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR FLUID MEDIUM IN HYSTEROSCOPY (FIGS. 14 and 15)
- OTHER GYNECOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION (FIG. 16)
- CHOICE OF INSTRUMENTATION
- MAINTENANCE AND STERILIZATION OF INSTRUMENTS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14:Optical Principles and Camera for Hysteroscope
- INTRODUCTION
- OPTICAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE HYSTEROSCOPE
- WHICH EQUIPMENT TO BUY?
CHAPTER 15:Distension Media and Fluid Management Machines
- INTRODUCTION
- GASEOUS MEDIA
- LIQUID MEDIA
- MECHANISMS OF SYSTEMIC ABSORPTION
  - Incidence
- MANAGING FLUID MEDIA
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16:Basics of Electrosurgery for Intrauterine Procedures: Monopolar and Bipolar
- BACKGROUND
- HISTORY
- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROSURGERY
  - Monopolar versus Bipolar
  - Cutting and Coagulation Current
    - Cutting Mode
    - Coagulation Mode
- HYSTEROSCOPY
  - Hysteroscopic Procedures
- MANAGING FLUID MEDIA IN ELECTROSURGERY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 17:Laser in Office Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- DIODE LASER
  - Laser Energy
  - Laser Semiconductors or Diode
- HYSTEROSCOPIC FINDINGS AND TECHNIQUE USED
  - Polyps
  - Myomas
- SEPTUM
  - Septoplasty Technique
    - Tolerance to Pain or Morbidity
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 18:How to Run Hi-Tech Hysteroscopy Unit
- INTRODUCTION
- OPERATING ROOM SETUP
- TECHNIQUE
- PATIENT SELECTION AND PREPARATION
- PATIENT POSITIONING
- CHOICE OF ANESTHESIA
- INSTRUMENTATION
- OPTICAL SYSTEM
- OFFICE HYSTEROSCOPY
- ADVANCED BIPOLAR VERSAPOINT (GYNECARE ETHICON) (FIG. 16)
- DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY (THE STANDARD TECHNIQUE)
  - Hysteroscopes
    - Indications
- OPERATIVE HYSTEROSCOPY
- DISTENTION MEDIA AND DELIVERY SYSTEM
  - Media Delivery Systems
- ENERGY SOURCES
- DATA RECORDING SYSTEM
  - Video Imaging
  - Image Documentation
- COMPLICATIONS
- UPDATING AND MAINTAINING
- REFERENCES
SECTION 5: HYSTEROSCOPY—START WITH BASICS
CHAPTER 19:Diagnostic Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- TYPES OF DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY
- INSTRUMENTATION
- TECHNIQUE
- PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY
- DIFFICULTIES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 6: OFFICE HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 20:Office Hysteroscopy: An Approach to Modern Gynecology
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  - Emergency Protocol
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 21:Ambulatory Hysteroscopy for All
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR AMBULATORY HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- INSTRUMENTATION
  - Accessory Apparatus
  - Distension Media
- AMBULATORY HYSTEROSCOPY ROOM (FIG. 18)
- PREPARATION AND POSITIONING OF THE PATIENT (INCLUDING CONSENT)
- TECHNIQUE OF AMBULATORY HYSTEROSCOPY
- ANESTHESIA AND AMBULATORY HYSTEROSCOPY
- AMBULATORY OPERATIVE HYSTEROSCOPY (SEE AND TREAT CLINICS)
- HYSTEROSCOPICally TARGETED BIOPSY (FIG. 24)
- SYNECHIAE AND SEPTAE (FIGS. 25 AND 26)
- REMOVAL OF FOREIGN BODIES (FIG. 27)
- POLYPECTOMY (FIG. 28)
- MYOMECTOMY (FIG. 29)
- COMPLICATIONS IN AMBULATORY HYSTEROSCOPY
  - Pain and Vasovagal Crisis
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 22:Hysteroscopy in Adolescents
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF THE UTERUS AND CERVIX IN ADOLESCENTS3
- PROCEDURE OF VAGINOSCOPIC METHOD OF HYSTEROSCOPY
- TECHNIQUE OF DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY
- DISCUSSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 23:Office Hysteroscopy in Climacteric Women
- INTRODUCTION
- ATROPHY
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 24:Hysteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- NABOTHIAN CYSTS
- CERVICAL POLYPS
- CERVICAL SYNECHIAE
- RARE LESIONS
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
  - Hysteroscopic Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ECTOPIC CERVICAL PREGNANCY
- PRECANCEROUS LESIONS
- CERVICAL ADENOCARCINOMA
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION 7: HYSTEROSCOPY AND CONGENITAL UTEROVAGINAL ANOMALIES
CHAPTER 25:Uterine Malformations— General Review
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL BEHAVIOR BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 26:Uterine Septum
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- INCIDENCE
- STRUCTURE
- CLASSIFICATION
- REPRODUCTIVE IMPACT OF SEPTATE UTERUS
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 27:Lateral Metroplasty
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
- CLASSIFICATION OF UTERINE ANOMALIES AND THE PLACE OF T-SHAPED UTERUS
- DIAGNOSIS OF T-SHAPED UTERUS
- MANAGEMENT OF T-SHAPED UTERUS—HYSTEROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION
  - Timing
  - Equipment
- DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY AND PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
  - Operative Steps
    - Principle
    - Hysteroscopic Scissors
- HYSTEROSCOPIC OUTPATIENT METROPLASTY TO EXPAND DYSMORPHIC UTERI TECHNIQUE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 28:Uncommon Malformations— A Rare Case of Robert's Uterus and Its Surgical Management
- INTRODUCTION
- CASE REVIEW AND OUR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- DISCUSSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 29:Role of Endoscopy in Vaginal Septum
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Transverse Vaginal Septum
  - Longitudinal Vaginal Septum
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Transverse Vaginal Septum
    - Clinical Examination
    - Evaluation
  - Longitudinal Vaginal Septum
- MANAGEMENT
  - Transverse Vaginal Septum
    - Technique
  - Longitudinal Vaginal Septum
    - Technique
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- COMPLICATIONS
- DISCUSSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 8: POLYPS, FIBROIDS AND HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 30:Hysteroscopy and Polyps
- INTRODUCTION
- POLYPS PREVALENCE, PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- ROLE OF TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACAVITORY POLYPS
- HYSTEROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS OF POLYPS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
  - Characteristics of Polyps on Hysteroscopy
- ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS AND INFERTILITY
- POLYPS AND ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
- HYSTEROSCOPY IN POLYPS: TECHNICAL DETAILS
- TAKE HOME MESSAGE
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 31:Dealing with Submucous Myoma
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- MYOMA CLASSIFICATION
- DIAGNOSIS OF SUBMUCOUS LEIOMYOMAS1
- PREPROCEDURAL PREPARATION: SUPPRESSIVE MEDICAL THERAPY BEFORE HYSTEROSCOPIC MYOMECTOMY
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVAL OF SUBMUCOUS MYOMAS
- LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF LARGE SUBMUCOUS MYOMAS
- FLUID OVERLOAD DURING HYSTEROSCOPY
- OTHER COMPLICATIONS
- SURGICAL OUTCOME
  - Menorrhagia
  - Fertility Outcome
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 32:Hysteroscopic Myomectomy—Impact of Size of Submucous Myoma and MyoSure
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSTIC/PRESURGICAL EVALUATION
- INDICATIONS FOR HYSTEROSCOPIC MYOMECTOMY
- TREATMENT
- OUTCOMES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 33:Management of Submucous Myomas with the Intrauterine Bigatti Shaver
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF THE EQUIPMENT
- RESULTS
  - Population
  - Complications
- DISCUSSION
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- DECLARATION OF INTEREST
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 34:Cold Loop Hysteroscopic Intracapsular Myomectomy: A Safe and Effective Myometrial Sparing Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE
- INSTRUMENTS
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT
- TECHNIQUE
- INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- POSTSURGICAL OUTCOME AND INTRACAVITARY ADHESIONS RATE— THE ROLE OF DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY FOLLOW-UP
- FEASIBILITY
- PREGNANCY OUTCOMES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 9: HYSTEROSCOPY IN ABNORMAL BLEEDING
CHAPTER 35:Hysteroscopy and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
- INTRODUCTION
- PALM-COEIN CLASSIFICATION FOR abnormal uterine bleeding
- DIAGNOSIS OF DUB
  - Role of Hysteroscopy
- MANAGEMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING
  - Hysteroscopic Endometrial Ablation
  - Technique
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 36:Hysteroscopy in Adenomyosis
- DEFINITION
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENDOMETRIUM
- PATHOGENESIS-PHYSIOPATHOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- FORMS OF PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 37:Hysteroscopy in Acute Uterine Bleeding
- INTRODUCTION
- SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
- MEDICAL TREATMENT IN ACUTE UTERINE BLEEDING
- ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  - Methodology
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 38:Transcervical Resection of the Endometrium with Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT SELECTION
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- SET-UP
- PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS
- INSTRUMENTATION
  - Loop Electrode
  - Roller Ball Electrode
- PROCEDURE
- COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP
- EVIDENCE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 39:Classification of Microhysteroscopic Images
- INTRODUCTION
- HYSTEROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
- CLASSIFICATION OF HYSTEROSCOPIC IMAGES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40:Endometrial Metaplasias
- INTRODUCTION
- EPITHELIAL METAPLASIAS
- STROMAL METAPLASIAS
- REFERENCES
SECTION 10: INTRAUTERINE ADHESIONS
CHAPTER 41:Uterine Synechiae
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL CORRELATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CLASSIFICATION
- MANAGEMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE PREVENTION OF RELAPSE
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 42:Innovative Alternatives in the Postoperative Management of Asherman Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVENTING THE RECURRENCE OF ADHESIONS
- RESTORING THE NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM
  - Hormonal Treatment
  - Stem Cells Therapy
- POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 11: HYSTEROSCOPY AND INFERTILITY
CHAPTER 43:Hysteroscopy and Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM AND WINDOW OF IMPLANTATION
- POLYPS
- FIBROIDS
- UTERINE SEPTUM
- INTRAUTERINE ADHESIONS
- PREVENTION
- TUBAL LIGATION
  - Introduction
  - Occlusion
- DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPY
- CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS
- HYSTEROSCOPIC PROXIMAL TUBAL CATHETERIZATION
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ADENOMYOSIS
  - Infertility
  - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
- CESAREAN SCAR
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 44:Hysteroscopy Guided Transuterine Cannulation for Treatment of Proximal Tubal Blocks Using an Innovative Technique
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 45:Hysteroscopic Embryo Transfer
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE FOR HYSTEROSCOPIC SUBENDOMETRIAL EMBRYO DELIVERY (KAMRAVA M7)
- TECHNIQUE OF HYSTEROSCOPIC EMBRYO DELIVERY (KAMRAVA M8)
- ADVANTAGES OF HYSTEROSCOPIC EMBRYO TRANSFER
- DISADVANTAGES
- REFERENCES
SECTION 12: INTRAUTERINE FOREIGN BODIES AND HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 46:Intrauterine Foreign Bodies Other than Cu-T and Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
- CHINESE INTRAUTERINE DEVICES OR STAINLESS STEEL RING INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
- PREGNANCY WITH INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
  - Personal Experience
- LAMINARIA
  - Personal Experience
- OSSEOUS METAPLASIA
- SUTURE MATERIAL
- UNKNOWN MATERIAL
  - Personal Experience
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 47:Hysteroscopic Retrieval of Lost Intrauterine Devices
- INTRODUCTION
- LEVELS OF LOST INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE
- METHODS OF RETRIEVAL OF LOST CU-T DEVICE
  - Blind
  - Under Vision
- INSTRUMENTATION
  - Extracting Equipment
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 13: HYSTEROSCOPY IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
CHAPTER 48:Hysteroscopic Management of Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT MODALITIES
- HYSTEROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT
- PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
- THE POTENTIAL OF HYSTEROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT
- FERTILITY AFTER CERVICAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 49:Diagnostic and Operative Hysteroscopy for Pelvic Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- HYSTEROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF COMMON CONDITIONS IMPLICATED IN PELVIC PAIN
- VAGINOSCOPY FOR CONDITIONS IMPLICATED IN PELVIC PAIN
  - Vaginal Endometriosis (Figs. 16 and 17)
  - Vaginoscopy in Children
    - Instrumentation and Surgical Technique
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 50:Hysteroscopic Guidance in Obstetric Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- FIRST TRIMESTER MISSED ABORTION AND EMBRYOSCOPY
- RETAINED PRODUCTS OF CONCEPTION
- CESAREAN SECTION SCAR OR ISTHMOCELE
- CESAREAN SECTION SCAR ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- OTHER USES OF HYSTEROSCOPY IN OBSTETRICS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 51:Uterine Scar after Cesarean Section: A Multimodal Evaluation and Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATION
- AN APPRAISAL ON VARIOUS MODALITIES TO EVALUATE THE POSTCESAREAN SCAR
- THE ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 52:Hysteroscopic Correction of Isthmocele
- INTRODUCTION
- REASON TO TREAT ISTHMOCELE
- RESULTS
- REPAIR OF ISTHMOCELE: ISTHMOPLASTY
- HYSTEROSCOPIC COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 14: HYSTEROSCOPY AND TUBAL STERILIZATION
CHAPTER 53:Scope of Hysteroscopy in Family Planning
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES OF FEMALE HYSTEROSCOPIC STERILIZATION
- HISTORICAL USE OF HYSTEROSCOPY IN FAMILY PLANNING
- CONFIRMATION OF OBSTRUCTION AFTER OCCLUSION TUBAL HYSTEROSCOPIC
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 54:Hysteroscopic Methods of Sterilization Nowadays: Essure Device
- DEVICE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT PRIOR TO PROCEDURE
- PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION
  - Materials
  - Placement Procedure
- TIPS FOR PLACEMENT OF THE ESSURE DEVICE
- CONFIRMATION TEST AFTER PLACEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS DURING THE PROCEDURE
- COMPLICATIONS AFTER THE PROCEDURE
- OUR EXPERIENCE WITH ESSURE DEVICE
- CURRENT STATUS OF ESSURE
- REMOVING ESSURE DEVICES
  - Hysteroscopic Removal
  - Laparoscopical Removal
- FEMALE HYSTEROSCOPIC STERILIZATION IN THE FUTURE
- VIDEO LEGENDS
SECTION 15: ENDOMETRIAL TB AND HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 55:Hysteroscopic Markers in Endometrial Tuberculosis and Chronic Endometritis
- HYSTEROSCOPIC MARKERS IN ENDOMETRIAL TUBERCULOSIS
- HYSTEROSCOPIC MARKERS FOR CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 56:Role of Hysteroscopy in Endometrial Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS (TABLE 1)
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF ORGANISMS NOT TRANSMITTED THROUGH SEXUAL ROUTE
- DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN ENDOMETRIAL INFECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 16: HYSTEROSCOPY AS A COMPLIMENTARY
CHAPTER 57:Hysteroscopy as a Complimentary to Laparoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
  - General Introduction—Hysteroscopy
    - Office Hysteroscopy without Anesthesia in an Ambulatory Setting
  - General Introduction—Laparoscopy
- HYSTEROSCOPY
  - Preoperative Considerations and Preparation
    - Office Hysteroscopy: Distention of the Cavity
    - Diagnostic and Operative Hysteroscopy: Indications
  - Treatment of Bleeding Symptoms or Intrauterine Pathology by Hysteroscopy
- LAPAROSCOPY
- HYSTEROSCOPIC TRAINING MODELS
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 58:Hysteroscopy as a Complimentary with Falloposcopy
- INTRODUCTION
- INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUE
- PROCEDURE
- INDICATIONS
- FINDINGS AND INTERVENTIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- LIMITATIONS
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 59:Hysteroscopic Embryoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNIQUE
- MATERIAL AND METHODS
  - Technique
- FINDINGS
- INDICATIONS FOR TRANSCERVICAL EMBRYOSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 17: ALL ABOUT DIFFICULTIES IN HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 60:Complications of Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF HYSTEROSCOPIC COMPLICATIONS
  - Immediate Complications
  - Late/Delayed Complications
- IMMEDIATE COMPLICATIONS
- VASOVAGAL SYNDROME
- GAS EMBOLISM
- MEDIA-RELATED COMPLICATION
- LATE/DELAYED COMPLICATION
  - Infection
  - Hematometra
    - Posthysteroscopy Myomectomy
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 61:Difficulties in Negotiating Hysteroscope to Reach Uterine Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL CERVICAL ORIFICE
- CERVICAL CANAL
- INTERNAL CERVICAL ORIFICE
- EXTERNAL CERVICAL ORIFICE
- CERVICAL CANAL
- INTERNAL CERVICAL ORIFICE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 18: ANESTHESIA IN HYSTEROSCOPY
CHAPTER 62:Nerve Supply to the Uterus and Methods of Anesthesia
- INTRODUCTION
- NERVE SUPPLY TO THE UTERUS
- METHODS OF ANESTHESIA
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 63:Precautions for Hysteroscopy from Anesthesiologist's Point of View and Management of Crisis
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- COMPLICATIONS OF OPERATIVE HYSTEROSCOPY
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 64:Pain Management for In-Office Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PAIN PHYSIOLOGY
- FACTORS AFFECTING PAIN
  - Patient Related Factors
  - Procedure/Technique Factors
- PAIN MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 19: HYSTEROSCOPE—AN EXPANDING SCOPE
CHAPTER 65:What is New in Hysteroscopy?
- INTRODUCTION
- OFFICE HYSTEROSCOPY
- NEW ENERGIES IN HYSTEROSCOPY
- HYSTEROSCOPIC MECHANICAL MORCELLATION
- HYSTEROSCOPIC TUBAL STERILIZATION
- ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION “WITHOUT” HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
SECTION 20: HYSTEROSCOPY, YOU AND OTHER ASPECTS
CHAPTER 66:Maintenance and Sterilization of Hysteroscopic Instruments
- INTRODUCTION
- MAINTENANCE OF HYSTEROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
- MAINTENANCE AFTER SURGERY
  - Sterilization
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 67:Controversies and Misleading Facts in Hysteroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS OF HYSTEROSCOPY2
- WHERE AND WHY CONTROVERSY?
  - Hysteroscopy in Infertility
    - Hysterosalpingography
    - Sonohysterography
- DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING
  - First-Generation Endometrial Ablation versus Other Methods for Treatment of Menorrhagia
    - Disadvantages
  - Second-generation Endometrial Ablation Techniques
- ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY AND ITS CONTROVERSIES IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
  - Outpatient Endometrial Biopsy
- DOES HYSTEROSCOPY DISSEMINATE ENDOMETRIAL CANCER CELLS?
- ARE DISSEMINATED CANCER CELLS VIABLE?
  - Hysteroscopic Tubal Cannulation versus Fallopian Tube Recanalization
  - Fallopian Tube Recanalization
- STUDIES AND DISCUSSIONS
- FEW STUDIES ON ABLATION TECHNIQUES
- STUDIES ON ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA AND HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
- MISLEADING FACTS IN HYSTEROSCOPY
- PITFALLS IN UTERINE CAVITY ASSESSMENT
- PITFALLS IN LESIONS IN ENDOMETRIAL CAVITY
- PITFALLS IN CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF UTERUS
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 68:Medicolegal Aspects of Hysteroscopy
- HYSTEROSCOPY
- CONSENT
- PROCEDURE
- COMPLICATIONS
- POSSIBILITY OF LITIGATION
SECTION 21: TIPS AND TRICKS
CHAPTER 69:Technical Tricks in Dealing with Hysteroscope
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPROCEDURE SETTING
- MINIATURIZED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE HYSTEROSCOPES
- OVAL PROFILE RIGID HYSTEROSCOPES
- SALINE SOLUTION AS A DISTENSION MEDIUM
- VAGINOSCOPY
- TRICKS FOR OVERPASSING CERVICAL STENOSIS
  - Cervical Dilatation
  - Cervical Stenosis
- DISTENSION MEDIA
- INTRAVASATION
- GUIDELINES TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS WHILE USING ELECTROSURGERY
- TIPS TO REDUCE COMPLICATIONS WHILE SEPTUM RESECTION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 70:Tips and Tricks to Revolutionize the Hidden Art of Intrauterine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- SET-UP AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
- ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes