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Surface and Radiological Anatomy with a Clinical Perspective
Roopa Kulkarni, Ashwini C Appaji
SECTION 1: SURFACE ANATOMY
1:
Surface Anatomy with a Clinical Perspective
Introduction
Anatomical Position of the Human Body
2:
Surface Anatomy of the Thorax
Bony and Soft tissue landmarks (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2)
Soft Tissue Landmarks (see Fig. 2.1)
Borders of the Heart (Fig. 2.3A)
Apex Beat (Fig. 2.4)
Orif ices of the Heart (Fig. 2.5)
Auscultatory Areas of the Heart (Fig. 2.6)
Surface Anatomy of the Lungs
Cervical Pleura (Fig. 2.7A)
Costal Pleura
Lungs (Fig. 2.8A)
Ascending Aorta (Fig. 2.10)
Arch of the Aorta (Fig. 2.10)
Descending Thoracic Aorta (Fig. 2.10)
Inominate Artery, Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian Artery
Internal Thoracic Artery (Fig. 2.12)
Right Brachiocephalic Vein (Fig. 2.13)
Left Brachiocephalic Vein (Fig. 2.13)
Superior Vena Cava (Fig. 2.14)
Esophagus (Fig. 2.15)
Trachea (Fig. 2.16B)
Thoracic Duct (Fig. 2.17)
Root of Lungs (Fig. 2.18)
Surface Anatomy of the Intercostal Spaces
3:
Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
Regions of the anterior abdominal wall (Fig. 3.3)
Inguinal Canal (Fig. 3.4)
Stomach (Fig. 3.5)
Duodenum (Fig. 3.8)
Ileocolic Orifice (Fig. 3.10)
Sigmoid Mesocolon (Fig. 3.14)
Liver (Fig. 3.15)
Pancreas (Fig. 3.17)
Spleen (Fig. 3.18)
Kidney (Fig. 3.19)
Suprarenal Gland
Ureters
Inferior Vena Cava (Fig. 3.21)
Portal Vein and Common Bile Duct (Fig. 3.22)
Pelvic Organs
4:
Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck
Head and Neck
Parotid Gland (Fig. 4.10A)
Parotid Duct (Fig. 4.10B)
Frontal Sinus (Fig. 4.11)
Maxillary Sinus (Fig. 4.12)
Facial Artery (Fig. 4.13)
Facial Vein (Fig. 4.13)
External Jugular Vein (Fig. 4.14)
Internal Jugular Vein (Fig. 4.14)
Common Carotid Artery (Fig. 4.15)
External Carotid Artery (Fig. 4.15)
Internal Carotid Artery (Fig. 4.15)
Middle Meningeal Artery (Fig. 4.16)
Trunk
Anterior Division
Posterior Division
Thyroid Gland (Fig. 4.17)
Isthmus
Lateral Lobe
Submandibular Gland (Fig. 4.18)
Suprameatal Triangle (Fig. 4.20)
Subclavian Vessels (Fig. 4.21)
Vocal Cords
Cranial nerves
Accessory Nerve (Fig. 4.22)
Vagus Nerve (Fig. 4.23)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Fig. 4.24)
Hypoglossal Nerve (Fig. 4.25)
Facial Nerve (Trunk of the Extracranial Part) (Fig. 4.26)
5:
Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb
Bony Landmarks (Figs. 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4)
Blood Vessels (Fig. 5.5)
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery (Fig. 5.5)
Radial Artery (Fig. 5.5)
Ulnar Artery (Fig. 5.5)
Superficial Palmar Arch (Fig. 5.6)
Deep Palmar Arch (Fig. 5.6)
Nerves of the Upper limb
Axillary Nerve (Fig. 5.7)
Median Nerve (Fig. 5.8)
Radial Nerve (Fig. 5.9)
Ulnar Nerve (Fig. 5.10)
Flexor Retinaculum (Fig. 5.11)
Extensor Retinaculum (Fig. 5.12)
Cephalic Vein (Fig. 5.13)
6:
Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Bony Land marks (Figs. 6.1a and b)
Femoral Artery (Fig. 6.4)
SECTION 2: RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
7:
Introduction
8:
Radiology Principle
Definition
RADIOGRAPHY
Properties of X-rays
RADIOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Radiographic Appearances of Various Tissues of the Body
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY (Fig. 8.5)
FLUOROSCOPY
Advantages
MAMMOGRAPHY (Fig. 8.6)
Disadvantages
POSITRON EMISSION MAMMOGRAPHY (PEM)
Arteriogram
Types of Arteriograms
ULTRASOUND (Figs. 8.7 and 8.8)
Advantages
Disadvantages
9:
Newer Imaging Techniques
TOMOGRAPHY (Figs. 9.1 and 9.2)
Indications
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)/COMPUTER AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CAT) (Figs. 9.2 and 9.3)
PRINCIPLE
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Computed Tomography (Fig. 9.5)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) OR NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) (Fig. 9.6)
Advantages
Disadvantages
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CT AND MRI
CONTRAST MRI
Disadvantages of Gadolinium
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY (MRA) (Fig. 9.9)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Limitations of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
10:
Radiology: Upper Limb
SHOULDER REGION (Fig. 10.2)
ELBOW (Fig. 10.3)
WRIST AND HAND (Fig. 10.4)
11:
Radiology: Lower Limb
HIP REGION (Fig. 11.1)
Age Changes
KNEE JOINT
Anteroposterior View (Fig. 11.3)
Developmental Changes
ANKLE JOINT (Figs. 11.5 and 11.6)
FOOT (Figs. 11.6 and 11.7)
Age Changes
12:
Radiology of Thorax
LUNG SHADOW (Fig. 12.1)
CARDIAC SHADOW (Figs. 12.1 and 12.3)
CARDIAC SIZE ESTIMATION (Figs. 12.4 and 12.5)
MEDIASTINAL SHADOW (Figs. 12.1 and 12.6)
SKELETAL SHADOW (SEE FIG. 12.1)
DIAPHRAGM SHADOW (SEE FIG. 12.3)
Oblique View
Right Anterior Oblique View (Fig. 12.9)
Left Anterior Oblique View (Fig. 12.10)
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHS OF THORACIC REGION
BRONCHOGRAPHY (Fig. 12.11)
Procedure
AORTOGRAM (Figs. 12.12 and 12.13)
CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY (Figs. 12.14 and 12.15)
13:
Radiology: Abdomen and Pelvis
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPH OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Barium Meal (Figs. 13.2A to C)
BARIUM MEAL FOLLOW THROUGH (Fig. 13.3)
BARIUM ENEMA (Fig. 13.4)
CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY (Fig. 13.6)
Preparing the Patient for the Procedure
PYELOGRAPHY
Procedure
What to See in Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary Bladder (KUB)
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY (Fig. 13.10)
14:
Radiology of Head and Neck
VIEWS
POSTEROANTERIOR VIEW (Fig. 14.1)
ANTEROPOSTERIOR VIEW
LATERAL VIEW (Figs. 14.2 and 14.3)
SUPERIOR VIEW
WATERS VIEW (Fig. 14.4)
RADIOLOGY OF NECK
CAROTID ANGIOGRAPHY (Figs. 14.6A and B)
SIALOGRAPHY (Fig. 14.7)
Procedure
Indications
Contra Indications
INDEX
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