Index

Clinical Pathology, Hematology and Blood Banking (For DMLT Students) Nanda Maheshwari

SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to Clinical Pathology
- TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY
  - Introduction to Pathology
- BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2:Cellular Pathology
- CELL STRUCTURE
- CELL ORGANELLES
- FUNCTIONS OF CELL
- CELL PATHOLOGY
- OVERVIEW OF CELL INJURY
- TYPES OF CELL DEATH
  - Apoptosis
    - Sequence of Events in Apoptosis
    - Morphologic Changes in Apoptosis
  - Necrosis
CHAPTER 3:Inflammation
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CHAPTER 4:Pathology Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- LEVELS OF LABORATORIES
- INFRASTRUCTURE
- SAFETY IN LABORATORIES
  - General Safety Measures
  - Levels of Biosafety Laboratories (BSL)
- BIOMEDICAL WASTE
CHAPTER 5:Tumor Markers
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF TUMOR MARKERS
- USES OF TUMOR MARKERS
- LIMITATIONS OF TUMOR MARKERS
- LIST OF TUMOR MARKERS
- TESTING OF TUMOR MARKERS
  - Chemiluminescent Magnetic Immunoassay (CMIA)
CHAPTER 6:Electrolytes
- DEFINITION
  - Description
  - Diagnostic Importance
- SERUM SODIUM
- SERUM POTASSIUM
- FLAME PHOTOMETER
- URINE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
  - Urine Sodium
    - Calculation
    - Normal Value
  - Urine Potassium
    - Calculation
    - Normal Value
- SERUM CHLORIDE
- URINE CHLORIDE
- SERUM PHOSPHORUS
- URINE INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
- SERUM CALCIUM
- URINE CALCIUM
CHAPTER 7:Body Fluid
- SEMINAL FLUID
- AMNIOTIC FLUID
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- SEROUS FLUID
- PLEURAL FLUID
  - Symptoms
  - Pleural Fluid Analysis
- SPECIFIC CONDITIONS AND TESTS
- PERITONEAL FLUID
- SYNOVIAL FLUID
  - Collection and Analysis
CHAPTER 8:Urine Analysis
- COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 9:Stool Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- MACROSOPIC EXAMINATION
- CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 10:Automation in Pathology Laboratory
- AUTOMATION OBJECTIVE
  - Care and Maintenance of Analyzers
  - Cleaning the Dispensing System
- ANALYZERS IN HEMATOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: HEMATOLOGY
CHAPTER 11:The Blood
- BLOOD
- BLOOD CELLS
- PLASMA
- FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
CHAPTER 12:Hemopoiesis
- INTRODUCTION
- ERYTHROPOIESIS
  - Requirements for Red Blood Cell Maturation
- LEUKOPOIESIS
- THROMBOPOIESIS
  - Platelet Structure
CHAPTER 13:Collection of Blood
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 14:Anticoagulants
- INTRODUCTION
  - Chemical Anticoagulant
  - Biological Anticoagulant—Heparine
CHAPTER 15:Total RBC Count
- INTRODUCTION
- RED CELL COUNT
CHAPTER 16:Total White Cell Count
- INTRODUCTION
  - Principle
- EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
CHAPTER 17:Differential Leukocyte Count
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPARATION OF BLOOD SMEAR
- STAINING OF BLOOD
- STAINING OF SMEAR
  - Leishman Stain
    - Composition
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 18:Absolute Eosinophil Count
- INTRODUCTION
- DIRECT METHOD
- EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
CHAPTER 19:Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE
- METHODS
  - Westergren Method
  - Wintrobe Method
- POSSIBLE ERRORS IN ESR
- IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS
CHAPTER 20:Packed Cell Volume
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
CHAPTER 21:Hemoglobin Estimation
- INTRODUCTION
- BLOOD SPECIMEN
- CHEMICAL METHOD
- CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
CHAPTER 22:Red Cell Indices
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 23:Special Red Cell Tests
- LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
- ROTARY BEAD METHOD
  - Principle
    - Procedure
    - Examination of Blood Film
- OSMOTIC FRAGILITY
- FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
CHAPTER 24:Reticulocyte Count
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE
- REQUIREMENT
  - Composition
- PROCEDURE
  - Calculation
- IMPORTANCE
CHAPTER 25:Sickle Cells Preparation
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
- SICKLE CELL TRAIT
CHAPTER 26:Morphology of Normal and Abnormal RBCs
- NORMAL MORPHOLOGY
CHAPTER 27:Preparation of Bone Marrow Smears
- INTRODUCTION
- SITE OF BIOPSY
- PREPARATION OF BONE MARROW FILM
  - Clinical Significance
CHAPTER 28:Blood Coagulation
- INTRODUCTION
- COAGULATION FACTORS
- MECHANISM OF COAGULATION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD CLOTTING
CHAPTER 29:Hemorrhagic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
  - Inherited Hemorrhagic Disorders
  - Acquired Hemorrhagic Disorders
- SCREENING TESTS OF HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 30:Hemophilia and Polycythemia
- HEMOPHILIA
  - Hemophilia A
  - Hemophilia B
- POLYCYTHEMIA
  - Relative Polycythemia
  - Absolute Polycythemia
    - Primary Polycythemia
    - Secondary Polycythemia
CHAPTER 31:Anemia
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Based upon Morphological Classification
  - Etiological Classification
- THALASSEMIA (COOLEY'S ANEMIA)
- SCHILLING TEST
CHAPTER 32:Leukemia
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Acute Leukemia
  - Chronic Leukemia
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Clinical Classification
    - Acute
    - Chronic
SECTION 3: BLOOD BANKING
CHAPTER 33:Historical Aspect
- DEFINITION
- HISTORY
CHAPTER 34:Organization and Operation of Blood Bank
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVES OF THE BLOOD BANK
- MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT
- ORGANIZATION OF A BLOOD BANK
CHAPTER 35:Immunohematology and Serum Immunoglobulin
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTIGENS
  - Red Cell Antigens
    - High Frequency Antigens (Public antigens)
    - Low Frequency Antigens (private antigens)
- ANTIBODIES
- GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
  - Clinical Significance of Immunoglobulins
CHAPTER 36:ABO Blood Group System
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM
- PRODUCTION OF A, B, AND H ANTIGENS
  - Importance of Blood Grouping
- SUBGROUPS
  - Determination of Subgroups
    - Other A Subgroups
  - Importance of Subgroups
CHAPTER 37:Rhesus Blood Group System
- INTRODUCTION
- RHESUS FACTOR
- RHESUS SYSTEM INHERITANCE
  - Rh Variant Du
CHAPTER 38:Other Blood Group System
- INTRODUCTION
- OTHER TYPES OF GROUPING
  - High Frequency Antigens (Public Antigens)
  - Low Frequency Antigens (Private Antigens)
- BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
CHAPTER 39:Preparation and Preservation of Antisera
- ANTISERA
  - Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibody
- HYBRIDOMAS
CHAPTER 40:Technique of Blood Grouping and Crossmatching
- ABO BLOOD GROUPING
- RH BLOOD TYPING
  - Principle
  - Procedure
    - Slide Method
    - Tube Method
- CROSSMATCHING
CHAPTER 41:Coombs’ Test
- INTRODUCTION
- DIRECT COOMBS’ TEST
- INDIRECT COOMBS’ TEST
- DETERMINATION OF DU
- ANTIBODY TITRATION
CHAPTER 42:Blood Transfusion Technique
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTICOAGULANT
- DONOR SELECTION
- BLOOD COLLECTION (PHLEBOTOMY)
- INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BLOOD DONORS
  - Storage of Blood
  - Changes in Blood after Storage
CHAPTER 43:Transfusion Reactions
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
  - Those which Result Immediately
  - Delayed Transfusion Reactions
CHAPTER 44:Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - During Pregnancy
  - After Birth
- SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
- ABO INCOMPATIBILITY HDN
CHAPTER 45:Exchange Transfusion
- DEFINITION
- SELECTION OF BLOOD FOR EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
- TYPES OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
- EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES
- RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
- CONVALESCENCE
CHAPTER 46:Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- VIRUSES
- BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION
  - Syphilis
- PARASITIC INFECTION
CHAPTER 47:Blood Component Transfusion
- INTRODUCTION
- WHOLE BLOOD
CHAPTER 48:Recent Advances in Blood Banking
- STEM CELLS
- ARTIFICIAL BLOOD
  - Volume Expanders
  - Oxygen Therapeutics
- NEED FOR MOLECULAR TYPING
  - Disadvantages of Serology
  - Molecular Typing
- COMMON TERMS USED IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes