Hypertension: A Case-based Approach Elizabeth W Edwards, Donald J DiPette
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX
Page numbers followed by, b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen 103, 253
computed tomography of 339f
Acetaminophen 343, 363
Acne 303
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 184
Action Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure Trial 15, 19, 191, 239, 241
Acute coronary syndrome 18, 360
Acute stroke
management of 205
types of 203
Adolescent hypertension 305
management 305
Adrenal vein sampling 339, 340t
African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension 220
Alanine transaminase 47
Albumin 7, 32
Albuminuria 237
Alcohol 304
decrease excessive consumption of 17
excessive 29
intake, moderation of 244
withdrawal 363
Aldosterone 34
excess 323
renin ratio 339, 346
secretagogues 109
synthase inhibitors 320
Aldosteronism, primary 338, 342, 346
Alkalosis, metabolic 303
Alpha-adrenergic sensitivity 261
Alpha-blockers 49–51, 54, 327, 329, 343
Alpha-methyldopa 98
Ambulatory blood pressure 10, 13
monitoring 8f, 67, 104, 272, 273, 276, 317, 318f, 320, 364
report 276f
American Academy of Family Physician 193, 309
American College of Cardiology 16, 21, 48, 84, 89, 185, 188, 193
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 280
American College of Physicians 193, 309
American Diabetes Association 15, 21, 243
American Heart Association 16, 21, 48, 77, 185, 193, 288
Calculators of Cardiovascular Risk 186
Scientific Statement 111
American Society of Hypertension 90, 193
Amiloride 125, 126, 128f
Amlodipine 49, 141, 306, 344, 356
Amphetamine 107
Analyzing renal proximal tubular cells 116
Aneurysm
abdominal aortic 7, 317
subarachnoid 204, 205
Angina 353
Angioedema 51, 221
Angiogenesis inhibitors 322
Angioplasty 229
percutaneous transluminal 227, 349
Angiotensin-aldosterone system 182
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 26, 99, 209, 235, 244, 282, 305, 317, 357
inhibitors 6, 48, 50–52, 88–90, 194, 220, 221, 227, 282, 306, 310, 318, 350
Angiotensinogen, hepatic production of 350
Angiotensin-receptor
blocker 48, 50–52, 88–90, 108, 194, 209, 221, 227, 235, 244, 282, 318, 357
neprilysin inhibitors 194
Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Blood Pressure Lowering Arm 180
Ankle brachial index 31, 38, 101
Antihypertensive 6, 121
and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial 49, 88, 245
class 50
drug 231
therapy 11, 320
treatment, initiation of 9
medications 306t
therapy 210, 239
Antipsychotics 363
Anxiety 342
disorders 364
relief of 275
treatment of 275
Aortic coarctation 101, 108
Aortic dissection 207, 354
Apnea hypopnea index 253
Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes Trial 239, 240
Arachidonic acid 123f, 128f
derived natriuretic eicosanoid 121
Arrhythmias, cardiac 181
Arterial stiffness 39
Arteriosclerosis 41
Arteriovenous malformation 204
rupture of 205
Aspartate
aminotransferase 27
transaminase 47
Aspirin, adult-strength 359
Ataxia 303
Atenolol 282
Atherosclerosis 184f
asymptomatic 188
intracranial 41
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 15, 61, 185
primary prevention of 185
risk factors 244
secondary prevention of 186
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis 341, 342, 349
angiographic appearance of 349f
Atrial contraction 35
Atrial dilatation 188
Atrial fibrillation 50
Australian National Preventive Health Agency 70
Autoimmune tissue diseases 285
Autonomic dysfunction 42, 43
Autonomic nervous system 261
dysfunction 31
Autopsy report 164
Autoregulation, role of 220
B
Baroreceptor stimulation 320
Bartter syndrome, hypotensive 124
Basal ganglia 42f, 204
levels of 42f
Benazepril plus
amlodipine 246
low-dose hydrochlorothiazide 246
Beta-adrenergic sensitivity 261
Beta-blockers 26, 48, 50, 51, 104, 221, 244, 306, 327, 329, 343
atenolol 181
bisoprolol 54
plus angiotensin-converting enzyme 6
plus nondihydropyridine 6
Bicarbonate, serum 338, 339
Bisoprolol 194
Blood
alcohol 358
brain barrier 210
chemistry values 139t
cholesterol 165
flow, effects of 37f
glucose 358
fasting 31, 61, 218
intensive control of 19
laboratory values of 5
pressure 4, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20, 29t, 38, 43, 45, 46, 58, 83, 98, 105, 112f, 152, 165, 191, 193, 210, 216, 217, 225, 235, 239t, 244, 253, 259f, 262f, 271, 272, 281, 285, 317, 320, 338, 341, 345, 353, 354
assessment 142, 144
automated office 13, 67, 69, 275
automated oscillometric 242
characteristics 116
control 28, 110, 238, 261, 263, 264, 287
diastolic 58, 63, 154, 179, 179f, 180f, 210, 211, 254, 262, 272, 291, 293, 330, 354
elevated 17, 357, 359, 362
goal 155, 231, 243
indices 179
intensive control of 19
levels 294t, 298t, 318f, 326f, 328f
lowers 282, 347
machine, automated 4
management 58, 206, 207, 207t, 208t, 210t, 242
measurement, ambulatory method of 263
monitoring 276
nonautomated office 13
out-of-office 10t
response 6, 207
salt sensitivity of 98, 110, 114, 118, 122f–124f, 126f, 128f
self-monitored 68, 69
standard 20
support 345
systolic 11, 18, 19, 21, 46, 54, 58, 63, 69, 93, 155, 179, 179f, 180f, 186, 208, 210, 222, 262, 27, 291, 293, 327
targets 9
treatment of 6, 9, 13, 14, 16–18, 20
values 105f, 139, 163
variation 7, 84
very high 176
sugar 29
tests 31
urea nitrogen 27, 47, 139, 177, 358
vessel 331
damage 31
obstruction 358
Blurry vision 359
Body mass index 4, 7, 11, 45, 46, 60, 83, 99, 152, 218, 253, 280, 291, 338, 355
Bowel sounds 253
Bradycardia 221, 354
fetal 282
Brain 28, 113, 207, 252
type natriuretic peptide 87
Breath
acute shortness of 323
shortness of 293, 359
sleep-disordered 254
Bronchoconstriction 356
Bronchospasm 354
Bronchospastic disease 51
Bruit, abdominal 303
Buffalo hump 303
C
Café-au-lait spots 303
Caffeine 304
Calcineurin inhibitors 322, 342
Calcium 27
channel
antagonist 108
blockers 6, 26, 48, 50–52, 88–90, 93, 104, 209, 220, 221, 244, 306, 310, 318, 323, 343, 344
laboratory values of 5
serum 338
Canadian Hypertension Education Program 13, 21, 48
Captopril 356
Carbohydrate metabolism 100
Carbon dioxide, laboratory values of 5
Cardiac death, sudden 178
Cardiac myocytes, hypertrophy of 182
Cardio-ankle vascular index 39
Cardiorespiratory fitness 165
Cardiovascular disease 7, 9, 18, 29t, 175, 178, 184, 192, 193, 217, 274
clinical 14
indicators 7
subclinical 14
Cardiovascular risk 179
factor 18, 218
Cardiovascular system 188
Carotid artery 37, 40f, 71
left 40f
ultrasound 40f
Carotid baroreflex activation therapy 331
Carotid intimal thickness 187
Carotid pulses 60
Carotid ultrasonography 31
Carvedilol 109, 194
Catecholamine 342, 363
excess 355
exogenous 119
levels of 343
normal ranges 102
production 344
Caudate 204
Cellular ischemia produces oxidative stress 228
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 279
Central nervous system 119
Cerebral
artery stroke 203f
blood flow 361
ischemic events 348
structures, deeper 204
Cerebrovascular disease 11, 178, 193
Chemotherapy 322
Chicken pox 103
Chloride 27
laboratory values of 5
Chlorthalidone 9, 108, 141, 306
lowers ambulatory systolic blood pressure 50
Cholesterol 27t, 114
Chromaffin cells 363
Chronic inflammatory connective tissue diseases 184
Chronic kidney disease 6, 11, 14, 29, 50, 54, 90, 117, 153, 192, 216, 217, 219, 221, 221t, 222, 304, 317, 320, 323, 342, 350
epidemiology collaboration 31
Chronotropisms 109
Circadian rhythm, neuroanatomy of 260f
Clonidine 104, 109, 110, 141, 221, 282, 353, 356, 357
withdrawal 363
Coarctation of aorta 302, 303, 342
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 168
Coenzyme Q supplements 236
Cognitive function test 31
Complete blood count 27t, 31, 46, 47, 284, 310, 326
Comprehensive metabolic panel 47
Computed axial tomography 226
Computerized tomography 101, 303, 341, 358
angiogram 341
Concomitant alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade 109
Connective tissue diseases 285
Continuous positive airway pressure 54, 252
Contraceptives
hormonal 322
oral 107, 342
Copper-wire arterioles 39
Corona radiata 204
Coronary artery 184f
bypass graft 317
calcium 70
disease 7, 178, 181, 359
history of 337
interventions 178
risk development 70
Coronary care unit 360
Corticosteroids 286
Cough 293
C-peptide 100, 118
Creatinine 27, 61, 177, 355
laboratory values of 5
Current blood pressure goal guidelines 21
review of 21
Cushing's disease 101, 302
Cushing's syndrome 108, 303, 342, 350
Cushingoid facies 350
Cyanide 282
Cyclooxygenase-2 107
Cyclosporine 107
Cystatin C 31
Cytochrome p450 122
Cytokines, release of 228
D
Dahls rat 124
strain 118
Data Safety Monitoring Board 18
Death
certificate 164
rates, age-adjusted hypertension-related 93f
registry 164
Dementia 18
De-phosphorylate 125
Depression 3, 31, 51
assessment 31
Device-based therapy 320, 331
Dexmethylphenidate 107
Dextroamphetamine 107
Diabetes 9, 11, 29, 43, 61, 217, 235, 286, 302
history of 337
mellitus 3, 6, 7, 50, 61, 184, 186, 191, 225, 235, 236, 285, 288, 304, 342
diet-controlled 242
gestational 283
risk factor of 29
Diaphoresis 303, 362
Diastolic dysfunction 36f, 190
marker of 35
Diastolic transmitral valve flow velocity 34
Diet 31, 77
pills 107
Dietary salt restriction 119
Dietary sodium 163
intake 328
Dietary supplements 342
Dihydropyridine 50, 109, 220, 318
amlodipine 108
calcium channel blocker 48, 246
long acting 344
Diltiazem 221
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 303
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 286
Distress 26
Diuretic 51, 104, 210, 221
therapy 246
Dizziness 344, 353, 359
Dopamine 102
excretion, measurement of 101
β-hydroxylase 330
Doppler echocardiogram 34
Double-blind-randomized crossover trial 329
Doxazosin 49, 54, 344, 346
Drowsiness, severe 104
Drug dosage 163
Dyslipidemia 11, 100, 184, 304
metabolic 103
risk factor of 29
Dyspnea 337, 354
E
Ecchymoses 350
Echocardiogram 310
Echocardiography 188
Eclampsia 280, 281, 284, 286
Edema 103, 105, 146, 344, 354
pulmonary 281, 285, 286
Eicosatrienoic acids 128f
Eighth Joint National Committee 21, 153, 191
Electrocardiogram 28f, 46, 84, 100
Electrocardiography 7, 31, 34, 216, 338, 355
Electrolyte 104, 358
abnormalities 282
reabsorption 122f
Electronic health record system 59
Encephalopathy, hypertensive 358, 359
End-organ damage
evaluation of 30
signs of 304
Endothelial dysfunction 182, 183, 286
Endothelial inflammation 237
Endothelin 330
antagonists 320
receptor antagonists 330
Endothelium
dependent relaxation 210
vascular 113
Energy 62
drinks 304
Enzyme 122
Epigastric bruit 337, 341
Epinephrine 102, 363
measurement of 101
Epithelial sodium channel 92, 125
Erectile dysfunction 146
Erythropoietin 107, 342
compounds, exogenous 322
Esmolol 354
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 7, 31, 219, 319
laboratory values of 5
European Atherosclerosis Society 10
European Society of Cardiology 10, 181, 361
European Society of Hypertension 10, 21, 48, 181, 361
Evidence quality grading system 157
Exercise 304
F
Familial pheochromocytoma syndrome 345
Fasting glucose, elevated 302
Fatal flaw 161
lack of 161
Fatigue 344
Femoral pulses 303
Fenoldopam 355
Fetal
antiandrogen effects 282
lung development, accelerate 286
Fibroblasts 182
Fibromuscular dysplasia 227, 231, 302, 341, 342, 347
angiographic appearance of 348f
Fibrosis, myocardial 182
Finger stick blood sugar 27
First-line screening test 348
Flank bruits 303
Flank mass 303
Flash pulmonary edema 227, 231
Fluid
attenuated inversion recovery 41
electrolyte balance 329
overload 323
Focal neurologic deficit 293, 354
Food and Drug Administration 119, 305, 331
Formal glucose tolerance test 118
Framingham risk score 18
Frank-Starling mechanism 33
Furosemide 353
G
Ganglia, extra-adrenal 342
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 337
Gaussian distribution 25
Genital examination 61
Genitalia, ambiguous 303
Gensalt study, large 117
Glaucoma 355
Global cardiovascular risk, estimation of 183
Global Standardized Hypertension Treatment Project 52
Globus pallidus 204
Glomerular filtration rate 11, 14, 29, 50, 61, 101, 216, 230, 240
Glomerulonephritis 302
Glucocorticoid therapy 322
Glucose 20, 27, 104
hyperfiltration of 237
laboratory values of 5
Glucosuria 31
Glycated hemoglobin, laboratory values of 5
Glycoprotein, transmembrane 113
Gout 51
H
Head, examination of 103
Headache 341, 344, 353, 354, 356, 359
classic triad of 342
pounding 362
Health information technology 60
Heart 28, 207
attack 19, 165
block 51, 356
disease 6, 18, 50, 302
coronary 11, 63, 65t, 153, 263
ischemic 29, 32, 178, 195
mortality 86
symptomatic hypertensive 181
failure 7, 11, 18, 28, 29, 43, 178, 190, 217, 243, 282, 354
accelerated 227
with preserved ejection fraction 175, 190, 194
with reduced ejection fraction 175, 194
rate 4, 45, 60, 338, 360
Heart Failure Society of America 193
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study 187, 239, 242
Hematocrit 27, 47, 355
Hematuria 355
Hemodynamics 320
Hemoglobin 27, 47, 355
glycosylated 47, 59, 61, 84
Hemolysis 284, 285
Hemorrhage 205
intracerebral 358
intracranial 205
retinal 39
subarachnoid 348
Hepatic function tests oxygenation saturation 358
Herald HELLP syndrome 285
High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 103
Hirsutism 110
Hispanic ethnic groups 84
Home blood pressure 10, 13, 279
measurements 272t
monitoring 9, 272, 276
Hormone
adrenocorticotropic 261, 339
replacement therapy 158
Human immunodeficiency syndrome 184
Hydatidiform mole 285
Hydralazine 110, 210, 282, 286, 287, 346, 354, 356, 357
Hydrochlorothiazide 3, 52, 92, 99, 210, 225, 242, 287, 306
Hydronephrosis 303
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid 119, 123f
Hyperaldosteronism 109, 347
biochemical 109
primary 7, 101, 108, 109
Hypercholesterolemia 29
Hyperfiltration 61
Hyperkalemia 51, 221
Hyperlipidemia 3, 246, 302
Hyperplasia
benign prostatic 50
congenital adrenal 302, 303
Hypertension 3, 9, 10, 10t, 13t, 17, 30, 39, 41, 54, 74, 83, 84, 86, 92, 106, 114, 173, 175, 178, 178t, 181–183, 183f, 187, 188, 190, 202, 204, 211, 212, 216, 236, 237, 252, 254, 255, 265, 279, 280, 284, 286, 291, 292, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 318f, 320b, 322, 323b, 324f, 326f, 328f, 329, 337, 341, 355
acute 287t
causes of 303
childhood 305
chronic 280–282, 284, 285, 287, 287t
confers greater risk of coronary disease 28
control 142, 342
cure 225
denervation for 332
development of 87
diagnosis of 84, 272t, 310
disease burden of 86
drug resistant 263
evidence regarding 153
gestational 280, 281, 283, 287
glomerular 61
guideline 68
hard-to-control 281
impact management of 307
in pregnancy 281t, 282t
lesser degree of control of 283
long-standing 216
malignant 38
management of 83, 88, 89t, 152, 175, 219, 235, 244b
current guidelines of 3
mild diastolic 283
negative family history of 341
new-onset 231, 341
optimal treatment trial 239, 240
paroxysmal 362
positive family history of 293
preexisting 283
prevalence, racial-ethnic breakdown of 85t
prevention 327
trials of 63
refractoriness of 116
renovascular 227, 232, 324
resistant 317t, 341
secondary causes of 102t, 323b
severe 9, 282, 285
stop 62, 117, 235, 244, 275
subsequent pharmacologic treatment of 45
symptomatic 304
systolic 52, 181, 212, 221, 246
transient 281
treatment of 186, 303, 327
true resistant 108
uncontrolled 142, 286
white-coat 181, 271–274, 292, 362, 364
Hypertensive crisis, types of 354, 354t
Hypertensive emergency 354
symptoms of 293
treatment 354t
Hypertensive pregnancy disorders 279
diagnosis of 279
outcomes of 279
treatment of 279
Hypertensive renal disease, development of 110
Hypertensive salt 114
resistant 115f
sensitive 115f
Hypertensive target organ damage 25
Hypertensive urgency 354
oral treatment of 357
treatment 356t
Hyperthyroidism 50, 342, 363
Hypertrophy 189f
left ventricular 6, 34, 46, 84, 100, 177, 187, 281, 283, 356
myocardial 183f
vascular 188
Hyperuricemia 246
Hyperventilation 363
Hypoglycemia 363
neonatal 282
Hypokalemia 18, 26, 221, 246, 303, 347
spontaneous 341
Hyponatremia 51, 221
Hypotension 18, 282
orthostatic 43
postural 356
Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis 261
Hypoxia 252
placental 284
I
Iliofemoral arteriovenous shunt, percutaneous creation of 332
In vitro fertilization 280
Incidentaloma, adrenal 342
Injury, mechanism of 30, 32, 37, 41
Insulin resistance 291, 302, 328
Intensive glucose 20
International Normalized Ratio 357
International Society of Hypertension 5, 21, 48, 193
Intima media thickness 38, 70
Intra-arterial volume 228
Intracranial aneurysms 348
Intracranial dissections 348
Intracranial pressure 355, 361
Intraglomerular pressure 30
Intrauterine growth restriction 282
Irbesartan 108
Ischemia 205
coronary 355
interstitial 30
Isradipine 306
J
J-curve phenomenon 119
Joint National Committee 5, 12, 88, 89, 218, 353
Jugular venous distention 253
K
Keith-Wagener-Barker classification 38, 39
Kidney 28, 207
disease 6, 18, 29, 243
end-stage 216
function 231
loss of 225
reduced 216
impairment, chronic 230
injury, acute 18
Korotkoff sounds 143
L
Labetalol 282, 286, 287, 354, 356, 357
Lactate dehydrogenase 27
Lacunar infarction 42f
MRI brain of 42f
Laplace's law 33
Large vessel disease 235
Laser therapy 355
Lean body mass 67
Leg
cramps 337
edema 360
swelling 359
Leiomyomatosis, hereditary 345
Levodopa 343
Lipid profile 31, 328
Lipoprotein
cholesterol
high-density 61
low high-density 302
low-density 61
high-density 5, 47, 63, 100, 152, 177, 218
low-density 29, 47, 100, 177
Lisinopril 49, 225, 306
Liver
disease 51
enzymes, elevated 284, 285
function tests 281
Loop of Henle 119, 121, 122f–124f
Losartan 108, 141, 306
intervention for endpoint 220, 245
Low-plasma renin activity 26
Low-platelet count 284, 285
Low-renin hypertension, development of 118
Low-serum testosterone levels 184
Low-sodium salt replacements 141
Lungs 60
examination of 103
M
Macrosomia 284
Magnesium 282
Magnetic resonance 341
angiography 101, 226, 327, 348
imaging 36, 202, 358
Mandibular advancement device 262
demonstration of 265f
Mass
adrenal 341
left ventricular 34, 182
Mean arterial pressure 358
Medical nutritional therapy 283
Medicine
evidence-based 152, 210
maternal fetal 283, 284
Medulla, adrenal 342
Melatonin synthesis 260
Mental status 293
Mesangial cells 30
Metabolic syndrome 6, 7, 29, 63, 302
risk factor of 29
Meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy 364
Metanephrines 303, 342, 363
Metastatic disease 346
Metformin 225
Methamphetamine 107
Methyldopa 51, 282, 287, 355
Methylphenidate 107
Metoprolol 109, 141, 306, 344
succinate 194
Microalbuminuria 61, 69, 184, 187
presence of 187
Microvascular dysfunction 182, 183
Migraines 50
Mineralocorticoid receptor 126f
antagonism 92, 327
Mini mental state examination 41
Minoxidil 110
Mitral valve
blood flow 36f
prolapse syndrome 363
Modafinil 107
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 343, 363
Monotherapy 6, 88
Montreal cognitive assessment 41
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 343, 345
Multiple randomized trials 195
Murmurs, cardiac 26
Muscle
mass 31
sympathetic nerve activity 256
weakness, proximal 350
Myocardial infarction 18, 175, 178, 239, 243, 302, 354, 356
nonfatal 242
study 273
Myocardial ischemia, acute 355
Myocardium 33
Myofibroblasts 182
N
Nasal congestion 344
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 156
National High Blood Pressure Education Program 280
National Initiative for Clinical Evidence 89
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 8, 21, 48
Natriuretic peptides 320
agonists of 329
Natriuretic system 112
stimulation of 112
Nausea 359, 362
Neck 253
examination of 103
Nephropathy
hypertensive 281
ischemic 325
progression of 238
Neuroblastoma 303
Neurofibromatosis 303
Neurohumoral factors 320
Neurological disorders 43
Neuropathy
autonomic 363
maternal 282
New York Heart Association 194
Nicardipine 208, 344, 354
Nifedipine 282, 287, 356
Nitric oxide 119
donors 121
synthase
inhibitors 121
stimulation of 109
Nitroglycerin 355
Nitroprusside 282
Nitrous oxide 183
Non-American College of Cardiology 186
Nondihydropyridines 50
Noninvasive reliable tests 226
Nonpharmacologic methods 16
Nonpharmacologic therapy 304
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4, 322, 333, 342
Norepinephrine 102, 363
measurement of 101
Normetanephrine 363
Nucleus, suprachiasmatic 260, 260f
Nutrition 59
counseling 235
O
Obesity 11, 29, 103, 217, 286, 323
central 350
childhood 305
risk factor of 29
truncal 303
Obstructive sleep apnea 103, 252, 320, 323
Office blood pressure
classification of 10t
over time 55f
readings 139t
Opsoclonus 303
Optimizing blood pressure control 141
Organ injury, mechanism of 30
Orthostasis 344
Osteoarthritis 3
Osteoporosis 50
Oxygen saturation 253
P
P wave 100
Pain
abdominal 359
chest 60, 293, 337, 353, 354
Pallor 362
Palpitations 60, 293, 337, 341, 342, 344, 359, 362
Panic attack 362
Panic disorder 363, 364
Papilledema 39, 359
Paraganglioma 342, 343t–345t
extra-adrenal 345
head and neck 345
location 345
syndrome 345
hereditary 345
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation 353
Peak systolic velocity 226
Pediatric blood pressure parameters 293
Peripheral arterial
disease 7, 29
systems 25
Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation 360
Peripheral vascular disease 178, 225
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 121
Phenoxybenzamine 343, 344, 363
alpha-adrenoceptor blocker 362
Phentolamine 355
Phenylalkylamine 109, 322
verapamil 108
Pheochromocytoma 101, 108, 302, 303, 341, 342, 343t–345t, 362, 363
adrenal 345
primary 345
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors 361
Photopsia 284
Pineal gland 260
Placental growth factor 284
Plasma 341, 343, 363
aldosterone 28, 339
concentration 26
baseline 102
metanephrines 303, 339
natriuretic peptides 119
normetanephrines 339
postclonidine 102
renin activity 28, 102, 327, 339
Platelet 27
count 358
Plus candesartan 242
Podocytes 30
Polycystic kidney disease 302
Polycystic ovary syndrome 280
Positive pressure ventilation 253
Post-acute coronary syndrome 195
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 359
Potassium 7, 27, 31, 355
channel opener 110
intake 244
laboratory values of 5
low 7
serum 328, 338, 339
Prazosin 110, 344, 346, 356
Preeclampsia 280, 281, 287
history of 285
maternal 286
risk factors for 285b
severe 285t
Premature cardiovascular disease, family history of 11, 184
Presyncope 342
Primary hypertension 25, 218, 293
Propanolol 306
Prostaglandins 286
Proteasome degradation, membrane for 126
Protein 27, 32
kinase
C alpha 126
expression 128f
Proteinuria 29, 31, 32, 187, 221, 280, 283
presence of 187
Pulse
oximetry 4, 45
wave velocity 39, 320
P-value 63
Q
Q waves 218
R
Randomized controlled trials 153, 157, 229, 324
Rapid intrathoracic pressure swings 252
Rapid-eye-movement 255
sleep 265
Red blood cells 225
dysmorphic 30
Reflex tachycardia 356
Renal angiotensin 121
Renal arterial lesions, cardiovascular outcomes in 324
Renal artery 318f
Doppler ultrasound of 226
fibromuscular dysplasia 303
lesions 229
stenosis 101, 108, 225, 226, 302, 303, 355
bilateral 356
Renal atherosclerotic lesions trial, cardiovascular outcomes in 230, 349
Renal blood flow 228
Renal cell cancer syndrome 345
Renal denervation 110, 320
Renal disease 9, 31, 284, 285
chronic 110
end stage 86, 222, 229
Renal Doppler 341
Renal dysfunction 328
early 242
Renal failure 28, 228, 355
acute 354
chronic 302
Renal impairment 285, 355
Renal injury 283
Renal insufficiency 355
cohort, chronic 219, 221
Renal outer medullary potassium channel 121
Renal parenchymal scarring 302
Renal protection 6
Renal size 230
Renal theory 112
Renal tubular disease 302
Renal vascular stenosis 231t
Renin-aldosterone axis 320
normal ranges 102
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
pathway 246
system
blockade 53, 210
inhibitors, use of 6
suppression of 330
system 6, 49, 51, 88, 203, 325
Renovascular disease 320, 322, 323, 347
Reserpine 51, 210
Resistive index 226
Respiratory disturbance index 255
Respiratory rate 4, 45, 253, 360
Retinal damage 31
Retinal vasculature 38
Retinopathy 100, 281, 283
hypertensive 12, 17, 355
Ritalin 322
S
Salt
intake 119
reabsorption, mechanisms of 122f, 124f
restriction 304
sensitivity 112f, 117
Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 33
Scheie classification 38, 39
Sclerosis, arteriolar 39
Scotomata 284
Secondary hypertension 25, 101, 103, 218, 281, 293, 338, 339t, 341, 341t
causes of 302t
common causes of 342t
initial evaluation for 341t
presence of 26
Seizure 293, 359
Selective serotonin inhibitors 343
Serum creatinine 139, 140, 285, 338, 339
over time, measurement of 31
Seventh Joint National Committee 21
Severe grade 3 retinopathy plus papilledema 39
Shoulder dystocia 284
Silver-wire arterioles 39
Skeleton triple therapy 104
Skin-fold thickness 254
Sleep
and circadian hemodynamic rhythms 259
apnea 342
heart health study 254
study 341
wake cycle 260
Sodium 27, 63
balance, second stage of 115
intake
excessive 320, 322
reduced 235
laboratory values of 5
low 7, 164
nitroprusside 355
reabsorption 121
restriction 65
role of 219
serum 31
Sokolow-lyon criteria 34
Solitary kidney stenosis, high-grade 230
Soluble epoxide hydrolase 128f
Spironolactone 282
addition of 109
antiandrogenic side effects of 109
Spot urine chemistry 140
Steroids 342
anabolic 322
Stool guaiac test 61
Stress 321
oxidative 30
Stroke 18, 19, 28, 29, 31,41, 65, 153, 165, 202, 243, 302, 354
acute
hemorrhagic 204, 207, 208t
ischemic 203, 206, 207t
fatal 86
hemorrhagic 178, 205f, 206
high-risk of 213
history of 337
ischemic 206
lacunar 204
nonfatal 242
prevention
primary 209
secondary 209, 210t
types of 205t
Sweating 341, 342
Sympathetic nervous system 330
role of 220
tissue 342
Syncope 342
risk of 356
Systemic disease 284
Systolic blood pressure intervention trial 14, 16, 17, 222, 242
T
Tachycardia 303, 355, 356
Tamm-Horsfall protein 113, 123f
Target organ damage 7, 9, 100, 213, 218, 354
T-cells, proliferation of 113
Terazosin 344, 346
Thalamus 42f, 204
Thiazide 53, 282
diuretic 50, 51, 90, 108, 235, 306
doses of 13
Thiocyanate toxicity 282
Thrombocytopenia 281, 285
neonatal 282
Thrombolysis 206, 207
Thrombophilias 285
Thyroid 60
disease 350
stimulating hormone 47, 341
Tilt table test 31
Tissue
Doppler 36f
plasminogen activator 203
Total cholesterol 27, 29, 61, 177, 218
laboratory values of 5
Total peripheral resistance 112f, 182
Transcatheter renal denervation 331
Transient ischemic attack 7, 178, 205, 210t
Transmitral valve flow velocity, early 35
Transtheoretical model 78
Tremor, essential 50
Tricyclic antidepressants 343
Triglycerides 27, 61, 218
Trophoblastic disease 285
Troponin, cardiac 360
Tubular cells 30
Tumor
manipulation 345
necrosis factor alpha 121
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor 343, 344
U
Umbilical artery
catheterization, history of 302
flow 282
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 238, 239
United States Department of Agriculture 77
United States Preventive Services Task Force 271
Urea nitrogen, laboratory values of 5
Uric acid 27
serum 328
Urinary sediment 31
Urine
albumin 61
catecholamines 303
cortisol 341
creatinine 61
examination of 32
metanephrine 363
levels 341
microalbumin 47, 140
potassium 140
sodium 140
tests 343
Uteroplacental flow 282
V
Vascular disease 6, 239
Vascular dysfunction 286
Vascular endothelial growth factor 284, 322, 342
Vascular lesions, progression of 228
Vasoactive intestinal peptide 330
Vasoconstriction 286
Vasodilatation 344
Vasodilator beta blocker 121
Ventricular dysfunction 182
Verapamil 104, 109, 221, 282, 354
Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies 210
Visceral fat 29
Vital signs 4, 45t, 338
Vitoria sleep cohort 254
Vomiting 293
W
Weight
gain 320
loss 65
effects of 63
White blood cell 225
count 27
Wilms tumor 303
Wisconsin Sleep Study Cohort 254
World Health Assembly 138
World Health Organization 138, 143
World Hypertension League 142, 143
Worrisome signs 293
X
X-ray, chest 31, 34, 100, 358
×
Chapter Notes

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