Recent Advances in Diabetes Rajeev Chawla
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Acarbose 52
Adenosine
triphosphatase 68
triphosphate-sensitive potassium 16
Adipose tissues 80
adipocytes of 25
Advanced glycation end products 2, 93, 96
Albiglutide 58
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 57
Alzheimer's disease 3
American Diabetes Association 111
Amyloid precursor protein-amyloid β protein 1
Antidiabetic drugs of next decade 56
Anti-inflammatory protein 118
Artificial pancreas 104
systems 108
Atherosclerosis 85
Automated bihormonal closed-loop control system 130f
Azoospermia 32
B
Bacteria 77
Bacteroides ovatus 83
Basic helix-loop-helix 14
Bifidobacteria 77, 80, 82
Bifidobacterium bifidum 85
Bihormonal systems 130
Bionic pancreas 108, 128, 129
Biotin-streptavidin chemistry 116
Blocking glucagon fibrillation 132
Blood glucose
concentrations 121
levels 110
self-monitoring of 50, 51
siphoning 63
Blood pressure, systolic 47
Body mass index 23, 47
Bone mineral density 31
Braak stages 2
C
Cadmium telluride 121
Canagliflozin 69, 70
Cardiovascular
disease 29, 94, 99
mortality 63
safety 72
Catecholamines 8
Cerebral microvascular disease 3
Cholesterol 47
Choline acetyltransferase 2
Classical islet encapsulation strategies 115
Closed-loop system 108f, 131
evolution of 107
Clostridium difficile infection 86
Continuous glucose monitoring systems 128
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 106
pumps 128
Coptis chinensis 85
Coronary artery disease 30, 99
C-reactive protein 24
D
Dapagliflozin 69, 70
Deafness 14
Defronzo's ominous octet 10
Deoxyribonucleic acid 77
Diabetes 61, 63, 64
and Ramadan, epidemiology of 48
antirazor 8
cardiomyopathy in 98
cardiovascular risk in 92
complications of 48, 61
continuum 99f
dirty dozen of 7, 8
genomics of 12
in Ramadan, management of 51f
insipidus 14
macrovascular complications of 93
mellitus 14, 17, 83, 91
neonatal 12, 15
permanent neonatal 14
Ramadan fasting for patients with 47
regimens, anti-type 2 85
transient neonatal 14
type 1 1, 9, 12, 23, 48, 79f, 83, 104, 114, 128
type 2 8, 12, 22, 25, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 48, 56, 58, 65, 76, 79f, 80, 83, 84, 91
type 3 1
microvascular complications of 93
monogenic 12
neonatal 13
prevention of 56
programs 76
therapies, evolution of 57f
treatment of 48
types of 13, 48
Diabetic
complications 96
kidney disease 94
nephropathy 94
neuropathy 95
peripheral neuropathy 95
retinopathy 84, 93
Diacylglycerol 60
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 7
Diethyl hexyl phthalate 7
Diethylstilbestrol 7
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 49, 57
inhibitors 52
Dopamine 8
Dysglycemia 128
E
Empagliflozin 69
Endocannabinoid system, modulation of 83
Endocrine disruptor chemicals 7
Endothelial injury 95
Endotoxemia
low grade 80
metabolic 80
Enteroendocrine cells 82
Enteropathy 14
Erectile dysfunction 28
Escherichia coli 77
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 69
Estradiol, role of 25
Euglycemia 128, 129
F
Fanconi-Bickel syndrome 14, 15
Fasting
metabolic implications of 47
plasma glucose 70
Fatty acids, short-chain 77
Fecal microbiota transplantation 86
Flash glucose monitoring system 106
Fluoresein isothiocyante-glycochitosan binding 118f
Freestyle libre pro system 106
Fusobacterium 85
G
Galactose 64
binding protein 120
Genetic testing 12
Gliclazide 53
Glomerular filtration rate 65, 99
Glucagon 131
fibrillation 132
like peptide 49, 51, 56, 57, 60, 80, 82
Glucokinase activators 59, 60
Gluconeogenesis 64
Glucose 64, 120
6-phosphatase enzyme 64
binding protein 121f
nanoscale protein engineering of 121
dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor 60
fasting 35
filtration 66f
handling of 64
homeostasis 63
insulin dynamics 109
metabolism 80
oxidase 120
reabsorption 64, 66f
renal reabsorption of 64
sensing 120, 121
stimulated insulin secretion, modulation of 60f
transporters 64, 68
Glucosuria 64
Glycemic control 34, 50
Glycogenolysis, hepatic 65
Gut microbes, role of 78f
Gut microbiome 77, 83
Gut microbiota 76, 80, 82
fermentation 82
H
Hematocrit 31
Hemoglobin, glycosylated 58, 60, 70
Hormone, gonadotropin releasing 23
Human embryonic stem cells 112
Human gastrointestinal tract 76
Human insulin inhalation powder 59
Human retinal endothelial cell 97
Hyperglycemia 2, 63, 64, 66, 66f, 93f, 111
chronic 3, 91, 128
promotes 97
risk of 48
Hypertension 84
Hypertrophy, left ventricular 99
Hypoglycemia 49, 63, 106, 107, 111, 129, 132
medications associated with low risk for 52
reduce 61
risk of 4850
Hypogonadism 9, 28
hypogonadotropic 22, 25, 30, 38
possible consequences of 28
I
Infertility 32
Inflammation, low grade 97
Inflammatory mediators, role of 27
Insulin 2, 35, 53
injectable 59
intranasal 5
long-acting 54
mixed 54
nanoformulations of 119
newer analogs of 104
pump, subcutaneous 107
receptor substrate-1 34
receptor-β 34
regimens 53
requirements, reduce 10
resistance 33, 80, 93f
rates of 76
role of 26
short-acting 54
timings of 54
Ipragliflozin 69, 70
Islet cell transplantation 111, 114
Islet encapsulation, potential of 117
Islets of Langerhans 114
K
Ketoacidosis 111
Kidneys 63
stones 84
Kisspeptin 27
role of 27
Klebsiella 84
Kupffer cells 80
L
Lactobacilli 77, 82
Lactobacillus
acidophilus 85
casei 78
johnsonii 85
rhamnosus 78
Leptin, role of 27
Lipopolysaccharide 79
activity of 80
Lipoproteins
cholesterol 47
high density 47
low density 94
Lispro u200 59
Lower limb amputation, risk of 73
M
Macrovascular disease 98
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation experience with
maturity onset diabetes of young 18
with neonatal diabetes 15
Maturity onset diabetes of young 17, 19
subtypes of 17t
Metabolic syndrome 22, 23, 35, 56
Metformin 49, 52, 70
Microbiota 84
Mitogen activated protein kinases 93
Multilayered nanoencapsulation incorporating α-1-antitrypsin 119f
Myeloid differentiation factor 79
Myocardial infarction 37
N
Nanoencapsulation 116, 119
Nanomedicine 114
Nanosecond fluorescence lifetime photonics 121
Nanotechnology 114
in diabetes management, role of 114
National Health Service 57
Near infrared light 121
Neuroendocrine system 63
Nonenzymatic glucose receptor molecules 120
Noninvasive islet cell imaging 124
Nonpeptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist 61
O
Obesity 23, 25, 28, 32, 33, 80
Obesogens 7
Occam's law 10
Oligosaccharides 79
Oligospermia 32
Optic atrophy 14
Oral antidiabetic drugs 57
Oral semaglutide 58
effects of 58
Oxalobacter formigenes 84
Oxidative stress 3, 97
P
Pancreas 111
Pancreatic islet cell 111
Pegylated lispro 59
Peripheral vascular disease 95
Permanent neonatal diabetes, glycemic levels of 16t
Phenylboronic acid 120
Phenylethylbenzamide 59
Phlorizin 67
Phosphoinositide-3 93
Pioglitazone 52
Plasma
concentrations 66
inflammatory cytokines 82
Polycationic glycol chitosan 118
Polyendocrinopathy, immunodysregulation 14
Postprandial plasma glucose 70
Probiotics, characteristics of 78
Proendotoxinemic potentials 81
Prostacyclin synthase 97
Prostate specific antigen 32
Protective cell-coating architectures 116
Proteins
kinase C 93
multiple functional 117f
Prototype fiberoptic glucose 122
Proximal convoluted tubule 68
Q
Quantum dots 123
R
Ramadan
education and awareness in diabetes 49
medications adjustment during month of 51
structured education 49
Renal gluconeogenesis 65
Renal glucose
handling 64
reabsorption 64
inhibition of 67
Renal toxicity 84
Renin-angiotensin system 9
Ribonucleic acid 77
S
Semaglutide 58
subcutaneous 58
Sexual dysfunction, symptoms of 29
Single hormone systems 129
Smart insulin 123
pump 106, 107f
Smooth muscle cell 93
Sodium-glucose
cotransporter 51, 53, 63, 64, 68, 68t, 69t, 70t
transport 68f
Spermatogenesis 32
Spermatozoa per ejaculate 32
Staphylococcus
aureus 84
epidermidis 84
Steatosis, hepatic 82
Sulfonylurea 16, 51, 53, 70
administration of 16t
treatment 15
T
Testosterone 9, 3132
low 23, 33
replacement
safety issues of 38
therapy 33
subnormal 30
therapy 35, 38
Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia 14
Thiazolidinediones 7, 57, 70
Total testosterone concentrations 22
Treacherous thirteen 10
Tumor necrosis factor 81
Two-hour postdawn meal 50
U
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 91
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 69
Uslet cell transplantation 114
V
Vasa vasorum, neovascularization of 98
Vascular endothelial growth factor 98
Veterans affairs diabetes trial 91
W
Wolcott-Rallison syndrome 14
Z
Zonula occludens 79
×
Chapter Notes

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fm1Recent Advances in DIABETES
fm2
fm3Recent Advances in DIABETES
Editor Rajeev Chawla MD FRSSDI FACP FRCP FACE Senior Consultant and Director North Delhi Diabetes Centre New Delhi, India Foreword Ashok K Das
fm4
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Recent Advances in Diabetes / Rajeev Chawla
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fm5Dedicated to
My parents
It is their blessings which have made this book possible
My wife, Dr Rachna Chawla
Her unconditional love, endless patience, and moral support gave me strength and My children, Dr Astha, Dr Siddhant Trehan, and Aastik
Their encouragement, understanding, and forgiveness for having stolen precious time which was due to them.fm6
fm7Contributors
Editor
Contributing Authors
fm9Foreword
It gives me immense pleasure to write this forward for one of the best compendium on recent advances in diabetes edited by Dr Rajeev Chawla, one of the most astute clinician and researcher in Diabetes of our times; he is also the President-elect of the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India.
Diabetes and its complications remain one of the most contemporary challenge globally and national. Not only the ravages of diabetes are relentless, but also the advances in the prevention, care and path breaking research in this disease.
This compendium of recent advances in diabetes, by Dr Chawla has really captured, in 12 chapters, the important epoch making advances in diabetes in the current times. I must mention that the contributors of the chapter are “who is who” in the field of diabetes in India and abroad. The topics covered are very appropriate.
One finds latest advances in classification of diabetes, the new concept on dirty dozen and “treacherous thirteen” of diabetes. The study of genomics in diabetes opens a newer vista for clinicians and researchers. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type II diabetes is really a contemporary challenge with huge treatment avenues and this has been covered extensively. The chapter on Ramadan fasting for persons with diabetes gives very important clinical practical tips. The newer and upcoming antidiabetic drugs and siphoning blood glucose are novel therapies that find place of pride in this book. Gut microbiata and type 2 diabetes and the micro and macrovascular complications are very well covered. Technological advances including nano-technology and bionic pancreas are extremely important, clinically useful chapters. These really empower our physicians.
What is most important is the style of writing, easy reading and extensive references in this book. All the chapters are extremely well covered and are great clinical and academic feast for the readers. It is a great addition by Indian authors to a large problem we confront in India and this book fills in a great gap in the knowledge and will be very helpful.
I recommend this book for clinicians, academicians, researchers and for all the postgraduate students in Medicine, Diabetology and Endocrinology.
Ashok K Das MD PhD DNB FAMS FICP FACP FRCP
Professor and Head of Endocrinology and Professor of Medicine
Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences
Pondicherry
Former Professor and Head of Endocrinology and Medicine
Dean of JIPMER, Pondicherry
Past National President of RSSDI and API
Member, Physicians Research Foundationfm10
fm11Preface
The rising prevalence of diabetes is a grave cause of concern for the whole medical fraternity globally. From being the 15th in the global list of causes of death in 1990, diabetes jumped to the 9th position in 2010. In South Asia, diabetes is ranked as the 10th most important cause of death. India currently represents 49% of the global diabetes burden with an estimated 72 million cases in 2017 as per the International Diabetes Federation, and projected doubling of these figures to 134 million by 2025.
The increasing prevalence of diabetes inherently translates into a large pool of people with micro- and macrovascular complications of this sinister epidemic, putting an enormous burden on the family, society, and the health care providers involved in the management of the disease due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with it.
My book, “Recent Advances in Diabetes,” is a humble effort on my part to update the busy internists and primary physicians who because of their busy practices cannot find enough time to update themselves with the current concepts and advances as well as the future trends in this field.
This book offers a crisp and balanced overview of the pathophysiology as well as management of diabetes to not only the beginners but also for the established clinicians having a thirst for research and detail. Every attempt has been made to highlight the clinically relevant points that serve as a quick referral guide on the topic concerned.
Rajeev Chawlafm12
fm13Acknowledgments
I am indebted to Dr Shalini Jaggi for reviewing all the chapters and the final manuscript with extreme enthusiasm, passion, and commitment. She has not only contributed by giving her extremely valuable inputs but also did not shirk to make certain changes even at the last moment to make this book a very comprehensive one. She has been always a positive critic of mine, helping me improvise on my writings. But for her help, this book of mine would not have seen the light of the day.
I express my gratitude to all my co-authors and contributors who have gone all the way to write for this book in spite of their very busy schedules. It spells their utmost commitment to bring out a state-of-art update book.
It gives me extreme pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr Neeraj Choudhary, Senior Editor, from Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., who not only prompted me to write this book but also served as catalyst throughout the project. But for his pursuance, it would not have been possible to write this book with my busy schedule. He and his team members—Gladden Saveio, Neha Bhatia, and Manoj Kumar, provided me the editorial support and helped me shape my writings into a concrete book. Dr Neeraj Choudhary has put enormous efforts not only in researching all the references but also in drafting this manuscript meticulously. His commitment and dedication to this endeavor is praiseworthy.
I shall be failing in my duty if I don't acknowledge the contribution made by my daughter, Dr Aastha Chawla, and my son-in-law, Dr Siddhant Trehan, for having contributed to not only the text of this book but also in the execution of the final manuscript. But for their encouragement, my long cherished desire of writing this book would not have been a reality. I thank my son Aastik Chawla from the core of my heart who helped me in procuring many important images from literature as well as drawing the others in simple format all through the writing of this book.
I shall be failing in my duty if I donot thank the publishers and the entire publication team for putting their tireless efforts to make this project possible.
Last but no the least, I am equally grateful to all my patients who have provided me insights into diabetes and helped me master the practical tips in day-to-day management.fm14