Concise Handbook of Infectious Diseases MI Sahadulla
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, t refer to table
A
Abacavir 145
Abscess 68
cerebral 77
subcutaneous 48
Acinetobacter baumannii 161
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 142, 187
Acquired toxoplasma gondii infection 235
Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans 88
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 53, 70
Adenosine deaminase assay 80
Aedes aegypti 22, 23, 24
African Burkitt's lymphoma 141
Akinetic mutism 241
Alcoholic liver disease 131
Alzheimer's disease 68
Amantadine 115
Amebiasis 99, 100, 152
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 270
American Heart Association 88
Amino penicillins 171
Aminoglycoside 172, 176, 177
Amodiaquine 19
Amoxicillin 32, 61, 75, 171
Ampicillin 43, 171, 202, 212
plus
cefotaxime 42
gentamicin 42
Anaplasmosis 34
Anemia 15
Anidulafungin 147, 193
Animal bites 55, 55t
Anthrax vaccine 250, 266, 271
Antibiotic prophylaxis 56
Antimicrobial susceptibility test 41
Anti-rabies vaccine 250
Antiretroviral drugs 145t
Antiviral drugs 115t
Arenaviruses 35
Artemisinin 19
combination therapy 18
Arthralgia 31
severe 81
Arthritis 105
acute infectious 105
septic 77
Aspergillosis 147
Aspiration pneumonia 182
Aspirin 23
Atazanavir 145
Atovaquone 21
Autism 267
Avian flu 118
Avian influenza 118
Azithromycin 75, 87, 92
B
Babesia microti 33
Babesiosis 33
Bacillus anthracis 49
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 196
infection 78
Bacillus cereus food poisoning 90
Bacteria 55
Bacterial
infections, severe 45
meningitis, community-acquired 42t
pneumonia, postinfluenza 67
skin infections, acute 48
Bacteriuria, asymptomatic 101, 212t
Bacteroides fragilis 172
Basilar skull fracture 43
Beta lactamase inhibitors 171
Biliary tract infections 182
Bird flu 118
Blastomyces dermatitidis 149
Blastomycosis 149
Blood borne viruses 10
Bloodstream infection 50, 88, 159, 162
central line associated 159, 162
culture-related central line-associated 162
healthcare-associated 162
Bone
acute infection of 105
infections 86, 105
Bordetella pertussis 73
Borrelia burgdorferi 31
Borrelia miyamotoi disease 34
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 242
Brain abscess, bacterial 46t
Breastfeeding 226
Bronchiectasis 46
Bronchoalveolar lavage 80, 147
Brucellosis 10, 15
Bruton tyrosine kinase 197
Burkholderia pseudomallei 49, 108
C
Calcineurin pathway inhibitors 183
Campylobacter 91
infection 92
jejuni 92
Candida albicans 146
Candida fungemia 193
Capnocytophaga canimorsus 56
Capreomycin 82
Carbapenems 102, 168, 171
Carcinoma
hepatocellular 132
nasopharyngeal 141
Cardiobacterium hominis 88
Caspofungin 147, 148, 193
Cefazolin 50, 202
Cefotaxime 44
Ceftriaxone 42, 44
Cefuroxime 32
axetil 50
Celiac disease 90
Cell vaccines 266t
Cellulitis 48
pathogens 49t
Central nervous system 39, 77, 148, 241
Cephalexin 212
Cephalosporins 171
Cephalothin 50
Cepharadin 50
Cerebral disturbance 241
Cerebrospinal fluid 32, 39, 136, 147
Chemoprophylaxis 117
Chickenpox infections 138
Chikungunya 10, 20
fever 25
virus 23, 24
Chills 102
Chlamydia 208
pneumoniae 76
trachomatis 105
Chlamydolphia
pneumonia 67, 71
psittaci 73
Chloramphenicol 172
Chloroquine 21
Cholera 97
infection 97
vaccine 97, 250, 251
Ciprofloxacin 64
Clarithromycin 87, 92
Clavulanic acid 171
Clindamycin 75, 106, 202
Clostridium
botulinum 94
difficile 91, 92, 185, 191
colitis 182
infection 91, 92, 94t, 161
Coccidioides immitis 185
Coccidioidomycosis 151
Coccidiomycosis 194
Colistin 177t
Complete blood count 127
Conjugate vaccines, meningococcal 264
Conjunctivitis 31
Coronaviruses 119
Cough 58
Coxiella burnetii Q fever 73
C-reactive protein 105, 107
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease 241, 242
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 36
Cryptococcal meningitis, treatment of 194
Cryptococcosis 149
Cryptococcus
infection 144
neoformans 182, 185, 194
Cryptosporidiosis 100, 154
Cryptosporidium 154, 185
infection 99
parvum 152, 154
Cycloserine 82
Cystic fibrosis 68, 72, 86
Cystitis 101, 102, 212t
Cytomegalovirus 134136, 144, 180, 182184, 186, 216
D
Dalbavancin 173
Daptomycin 173, 175
Darunavir 145
Deep soft tissue, acute infection of 105
Dengue 10, 20, 26, 35, 37, 38
fever 25
hemorrhagic fever 22
shock syndrome 22
viruses 22
Dental sepsis 46
Deoxyribonucleic acid 183
Diabetes mellitus-associated osteomyelitis, management of 108
Diarrhea 90, 91t, 92, 95
Didanosine 145
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine 258
Directly observed therapy 80
Down's syndrome 216
Doxycycline 21, 32, 75
Dysuria 102
E
Ebola 35
virus infection 38
Echinocandins 193
Efavirenz 145
Ehrlichiosis 34
Eikenella corrodens 88
Empiric therapy 41
Empyema 46, 77
Encephalitis virus 28
Endemic fungi 182
Endocarditis 46, 77
End-stage renal disease 272
Entamoeba histolytica 100, 152
Enterobacteriaceae 71
Enterobius vermicularis 154
Enterocytozoon bieneusi 195
Enteroviruses 8
Enzyme
immunoassay 93, 99, 153
linked immunosorbent assay units 126
Episcleritis 31
Epstein-barr virus 72, 141, 182, 183
Erysipelas 48
Erythema
migrans 32
multiforme 9
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 105, 107
Erythromycin 92
Escherichia coli 95, 95t, 102, 244
Ethambutol 87, 213
Ethionamide 82
Etravirine 145
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 37
Extrapyramidal dysfunction 241
F
Fasciitis, necrotizing 48, 51
Fatal familial insomnia 242
Febrile neutropenia 41
Fecal microbiota transplantation 93
Fever 6, 48, 92, 102
acute onset 5
enteric 10
hemorrhagic 36, 37
illnesses 6
relapsing 32
rheumatic 58
scarlet 9
typhoid 37, 38
viral hemorrhagic 35
Filoviruses 37
Fluconazole 210
Flumadine 115
Fluoroquinolones 64
Food poisoning 50
Fosamprenavir 145
Fosfomycin 103, 176, 177, 212
Francisella tularensis 49
Fungal
hyphae 148f
infections 146, 192
Fungi 55
Fusobacterium necrophorum 57
G
Galactomannan 192
antigen immunoassay 147
Ganciclovir 188
Gastrointestinal tract 88, 90, 149, 182, 187
Genital herpes 136
Giardia
infection 99
lamblia 91, 152, 154
Giardiasis 154
signs of 100
symptoms of 100
Glycopeptides 175
vanco teichoplanin 173
Glycylcycline 174
Gonococcal infections 207
Graft versus host disease 184, 196, 272
Gram stain 68
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 181
Guillain-Barré syndrome 27, 92, 101, 105
H
H1N1 swine flu virus 113
H3N2 virus 114
Haemophilus influenzae 40, 59, 71, 105, 126, 196, 197, 249, 255, 259
Hanta fever 36
Hantavirus 35, 36, 73
cardiopulmonary syndrome 36
Heart disease
arteriosclerotic 96
congenital 88
rheumatic 57
Helicobacter pylori 98
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 135, 180
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical 77
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 5, 22, 141
Hemorrhage 37
febrile viral illnesses 35
intracavitary 77
Hepatic involvement 53
Hepatitis 81
A vaccine 262
B 222
immune globulin 125
vaccine 126t, 257
virus 182, 186, 222, 224
C 222
virus 182, 183, 186, 222, 227
E virus 133
viruses 186
Hepatosplenic candidiasis 146
Herpes
labialis 136
simplex virus 136, 181183, 186, 230
virus infection 186
Histoplasma capsulatum 150, 185
Histoplasmosis 150, 194
Hodgkin's disease 141
Hospital-acquired
infections 158, 159
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 105
pneumonia 159, 166
Human
bites 55, 56
coronaviruses 119
flu viruses 114
granulocytic anaplasmosis 34
herpesvirus 182, 183
immunodeficiency virus 72142
metapneumovirus 110, 189
microbiome, biofilms 244
microsporidia 195
monocytic ehrlichiosis 34
papillomavirus 247, 250, 271
vaccines 263
rabies vaccine 266
Hydrophila 49
Hypoalbuminemia 77
Hyponatremia 77
Hypotension 53
I
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 5, 144
Infection 84
acute 142
bacterial 191
catheter associated 182
chronic 182t
congenital 135, 215
cutaneous 86
gastrointestinal 90
healthcare-associated 158
pulmonary 85, 86
types of 185, 186
Infectious Diseases Society of America 108
Inflammatory bowel disease 90, 191
Influenza 109, 230
immunization 270
vaccine 251, 260, 270
live attenuated influenza vaccines 248
viruses 110
Invasive pneumococcal diseases 40
Isavuconazonium 148, 194
Isoniazid 213
Itraconazole 148
J
Japanese encephalitis 26, 28, 250
vaccine 251
virus 26, 28
vaccine 271
John Cunningham virus 183
Joint
acute infection of 105
infections 105
K
Kala-azar 155
Kawasaki syndrome 9
Keratitis 31
Kidney transplants 180
Kingella kingae 88
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases 171
L
Lactate dehydrogenase 150
Lady Windermere syndrome 87
Lamivudine 145
Lassa fever 35, 37, 38
Latent tuberculosis infection 144
Legionella 191
bacteria 73
pneumophila 72
Legionellosis 73
Legionnaire's disease 73, 90
Leiomyosarcoma 141
Leishmaniasis 155
Leptospirosis 10, 14
Leukemia 267
Leukocyte esterase 102
Leukopenia 15, 81
Lipoglycopeptides 173
Lipopeptides 173
Listeria 191
monocytogenes 44, 186, 200, 204
Listeriosis 204
Live-attenuated virus vaccine 271
Liver 53
enzyme 81
Lumbar puncture 39
Lumefantrine 19
Lung 53
abscess 46, 77
Lyme disease 31, 32t
Lymphadenitis 84, 85
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis 141
M
Macrolide 75
Malaria 10, 17, 37, 38
chemoprophylaxis 21t
congenital 238
parasites 18
severe 19
signs 17
symptoms 17
uncomplicated 19
Marburg virus 38
Marinum 49, 86
Mastoiditis 46, 57
Maternal
cytomegalovirus infection 220
infection, primary 220
toxo infection 237t
Measles 37, 38, 109
containing vaccine 110
mumps, and rubella 110
Mefloquine 19
Meglumine antimonide 156
Meningitis 10, 39, 77
bacterial 39, 41, 43t
lymphocytic 31
tuberculous 80
Meningococcemia 9
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 171
Metronidazole 208
Micafungin 193
Microbiome 244
Microbiota 244
Microsporidia 185, 195
Middle east respiratory syndrome 119
Mite borne 12
Mollaret's meningitis 136
Monovalent measles 249
Morexella catarrhalis 67
Mosquito-borne diseases 17
Mucormycosis 148
Multidrug resistant organisms 166
Myalgia 31
Myco avium complex 144
Mycobacterial infections, nontuberculous 84
Mycobacterium
avium 87, 143
complex 84, 87, 185
fortuitum group 86
haemophilum 85
kansasii 84, 85, 87
lentiflavum 85
tuberculosis 144
complex 78
infection 78
ulcerans 86
Mycoplasma pneumonia 67, 71
Myoclonus 241
N
Nasal endoscopic sinus aspiration 148f
Nasopharyngeal swab 66
Nausea 102
Neisseria
gonorrheae 105, 207
meningitidis 270
Neonatal
bacillus calmette-guérin immunization 83
infections 215
toxoplasma infections 237
Neuralgia, post-herpetic 137, 138
Nevirapine 145
Nitrofurantoin 103, 212
Nocardia 186, 191
Non-polio viruses 8
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 23
Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, treatment of 85t
Non-typhoidal salmonella 12
Norovirus 91, 99, 185
Norwalk-like virus 99
Nosocomial infection 158, 167
Nucleic acid amplification testing 80
O
Ofloxacin 64
Optic neuritis 31, 81
Oral
doxycycline 16
flora 182, 185
hairy leukoplakia 141
Organ failure 37
Oseltamivir 116
Osteomyelitis 77, 86, 105
Otitis
externa 64
media 57, 86
P
Pain, abdominal 92
Parasitic infections 99, 152, 194, 215t, 235
Paratyphoid 11
Parvo B19 7
congenital infections 229
Pasteurella multocida 49
Pediatric
autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders 57, 59
pneumonia 74, 75t
Pelvic inflammatory diseases 211, 212t
Penicillin 43, 170
G 202
semi-synthetic 171
Pericarditis 77
Perinatal infections 215
Peritonitis 182
Pertussis 10, 65, 66, 259
Pharyngitis, acute 57
Piperacillin 171
Plasmodium
falciparum 33
vivax 17
Pneumatocele 77
Pneumococcal polysaccharide 144, 249
vaccine 252
Pneumocystis
carinii 72
infection 186
jirovecii 72, 144, 176, 182, 185
pneumonia 194
Pneumonia 72, 74t, 76, 159, 182, 185
childhood 77
community-acquired 6567, 151
healthcare-associated 74
necrotizing 77
ventilator-associated 159, 166, 169
Pneumothorax 77
Polio vaccines 257, 267
Polymerase chain reaction 16, 153, 209
Pontiac fever 73
Posaconazole 148
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute 57
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative
disease 184, 189
syndrome 141
Prostatitis 101, 103
Prosthetic joint infections 108
Protease inhibitors 145
Proton pump inhibitors 93, 96
Pseudomonas 168
aeruginosa 44, 71, 72, 106, 162, 171, 185
Pyelonephritis 101103
Pyogranulomatous disease, asystemic 149
Pyrazinamide 213
Q
Quinolones 51, 92, 172
R
Rabies
active immunization 265
vaccine 252, 271
Rash 81
Renal syndrome 36
Reptile bites 56
Respiratory
syncytial virus 121, 183
system, infections of 65
Retroviral syndrome, acute 142
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays 120
Rheumatic fever 170
development of 57
Rhinorrhea 58
Rhinovirus 67, 109
Ribavirin 37
Rickettsia 55
Rifabutin 81, 87
Rifampin 81, 87, 213
Rifamycin 87, 177, 177t
Rifapentine 81
Rilpivirine 145
Rimantadine 115
Rocky mountain spotted fever 9, 30
Rotavirus 91, 247
vaccine 255
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 233
Rubella 109
syndrome, congenital 110, 227, 229t
S
Salmonella 91, 96
enterica 11, 96
enteritidis 12
Saquinavir 145
Scalded skin syndrome 50
Scrub typhus 12, 13f
Seasonal influenza vaccine 269
Sepsis 39, 77
bacterial 39
treatment of 40
Septic shock, treatment of 40
Septicemia 77
Shiga toxin-producing 95
Shigella 91, 96
Shock, septic 41
Sickle cell 72
Sinusitis 46
Skin 53
abscess lesions 7
infections 7, 48, 159
rashes 6
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 162
Soft tissue infection 7, 48, 159
Solid organ transplant 180, 196
Spirochetes 55
Sporothrix schenckii 151
Sporotrichosis 151
St. Louis encephalitis virus 28
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 9
Staphylococcus aureus 7, 44, 50, 8890, 105, 107, 162, 175, 185, 204
infections 50
Staphylococcus epidermidis 45
Stem cells 180
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 176, 185
Steven-Johnson syndrome 9
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 9, 53t, 59
Streptococcus
agalactiae 200
pneumoniae 39, 40, 67, 68, 105, 197, 198, 270
pyogenes 57
viridans 88
Streptomycin 213
Strongyloides stercoralis 181, 182, 195
Sulfamethoxazole 103, 104, 177t
Sulfisoxazole 212
Surgical site infections 159, 165, 182, 185
Swine flu 114
Syphilis 206
Systemic lupus erythematous 5
T
Tazobactam 171
Tetanus 269
toxoid 126 249
Tetracycline 172
Thrombocytopenia 15, 53
Ticarcillin 171
Tick-borne diseases 30
Tigecycline 176
monotherapy 168
Tipranavir 145
Toxic shock syndrome 5052, 90
Toxoplasma 186
gondii 182
infection 156
Toxoplasmosis 144, 156, 195, 235
treatment of 236
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies 241
Transplacental infections 215
Trichomonas vaginalis 207
Trimethoprim 103, 104
Tuberculin skin test 79, 83
Tuberculosis 78, 83, 182, 212, 213
childhood 83
congenital 214
disease 212
pulmonary 83
Typhoid 10, 11, 250
immunization 263
vaccination 268
Typhus 10
mite borne 9
U
Urinary tract infection 101, 104, 159, 182, 183, 185, 210
bacterial 186
catheter associated 159, 163
Uveitis 31, 81
V
Vaccine
meningococcal 251
pneumococcal 260, 268
Vaccinia virus vaccine 271
Vaginosis, bacterial 209
Vancomycin 50, 75, 88, 168, 171, 202
resistant enterococci 167
taper 94
Varicella 138, 249, 255
infection 138
syndrome, congenital 232
vaccine 140, 262
zoster virus 7, 137, 181, 182, 186, 196, 232
infection 139t, 232
Ventricular catheters 43
Vertebral osteomyelitis, management of 107
Vesicourethral reflux 103
Vibrio 91
cholerae 97
infection 97
vulnificus 49, 51
Viral
congenital infections, bacterial 200
gastroenteritis 99
infections 109, 187
Viruses 55
hepatotrophic 122
Visceral leishmaniasis 155
Vulvovaginal candidiasis 210
W
West nile virus 28
fever 28
X
X-linked agammaglobulinemia 197
Y
Yellow fever 26, 35, 27, 250
vaccine 252, 268, 271
virus 26, 27
Yersinia 91
enterocolitica 97
infection 97
pseudotuberculosis 97
Z
Zanamivir 116, 117
Zidovudine 145
regimen 223t
Ziehl-Neelsen staining 80
Zika virus 20, 26
infection, congenital 234
Zygomycosis 148
×
Chapter Notes

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An Overview1

 
VALUES AND ROLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPECIALTY
Many common infections can be dealt with by Family Practitioners, Medical Internists, Pediatricians and General Practitioners or by other subspecialty-trained doctors. Not each patient with an infectious illness has to be seen by an infectious disease (ID) specialist.
Infectious disease remains, however, among the leading causes of death worldwide for three reasons: (1) Emergence of new infectious diseases; (2) Re-emergence of old infectious diseases in new presentation; and (3) Persistence of intractable infectious illnesses, i.e. continuation of a pathophysiologic effect after the cause is removed and lingering management difficulties such as septic shock, meningitis, encephalitis, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) disorders, etc. Therefore, there is a growing need for ID expertise to diagnose, manage and prevent further transmission of these infections in hospital and community settings.
Infectious disease is the subspecialty of adult medicine and pediatrics, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of transmissible diseases of all types, in all organs and in all ages. Infectious disease specialists complement and strengthen therapeutic outcomes by providing the best care with proven benefits to the most ill patients in ICU settings, including those who have underlying malignancy and/or immunocompromised disorders. The contents and topics in the book have been selected from leading infectious diseases journals and reputed international professional societies. This book is concise and summarizes diagnostic and therapeutic information, with key practical points for quick and high-quality reference.
The aim is to provide standardized care for management, with particular emphasis on preventive and curative medical aspects. To achieve these objectives, ID specialists with their specialized knowledge of all kinds of infections—including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites—play a critical role in treating common and emerging new IDs in our clinical practices. Along with their specialized knowledge comes a particular insight 2into the use of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects. In special clinical situations, adjuvant immunotherapies including evolving monoclonal antibodies are chosen to control invasive diseases. Infectious disease specialists also have additional training in microbiology, immunology, epidemiology and infection control aspects, which are evolving constantly.
Recent focus is on improving cost effectiveness while increasing the quality of care. Infectious disease specialists oversee infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs and play a pivotal role in helping hospitals succeed in this new environment. Based on evidence-based medical (EBM) knowledge, it is imperative to improve treatment outcomes while reducing costs by avoiding unnecessary and, even harmful, therapeutic interventions. It is important to balance risks versus benefits in specific clinical situations, with the ultimate aim of improving patient outcomes.
 
Specialized Skills and Experiences
Infectious disease physicians, typically, have worked in academic medical centers with clinical and research training after achieving a Masters Degree in General Medicine and/or Pediatrics. Also have a varied number of clinical trainings leading to Fellowship or DM-ID qualifications. Many have passed a tough certification examination conducted by the accredited board on infectious diseases both in India and/or abroad.
 
What is the Role of an Infectious Disease Specialist in KIMS*?
  • Treat full range of acute, recurrent and chronic infections including: Sepsis/Meningitis/Encephalitis/Pneumonia/Bone and Joints infections/ undifferentiated febrile illnesses that include tick-, mites- and mosquito-borne illnesses and widespread human zoonotic diseases/childhood Kawasaki disease/invasive parasitic and fungal diseases/antibiotic-resistant infections and other exotic onset diseases.
  • Provides assistance in the selection of antibiotics, antivirals or other forms of therapy.
  • Uses experience in caring for children with complicated infections including transplant and cancer patients.
  • Infectious disease division activities are an important resource for the many adult and pediatric subspecialists at KIMS, as well as for primary care physicians.
  • Provides support for hospital infection control and quality of care improvement initiatives, including antibiotic stewardship and CMEs programs.
  • Communicates closely with the hospital microbiologists (Clinical Microbiologists) and infection control (IC) nursing staff on case management issues to formulate appropriate therapeutic planning and clinical follow-ups.
3On a consult request, the ID specialist will review medical data (EMR) including radiographic and laboratory reports. Additional laboratory studies are often necessary and may include ordering appropriate cultures of biological body fluids, special serology and immunologic testing. Targeted molecular diagnostic studies (i.e. PCR) will be decided on clinical suspicion for unusual or uncommon diseases. These assays are done within the KIMS lab facility and/or through outsourcing to reference laboratories at the national and international levels.
Molecular diagnostics in the field of ID is the future, with a constant stream of new tests and new data. Molecular tests, with rapid turnaround times, for specific pathogens that can be done at the site of care make great sense for efficient care. Although enthusiasm for this new and more complex technology is great, there are also concerns about cost, the lack of sensitivity data, the inability to identify all pathogens and the difficulty in distinguishing from contaminants without quantitation.
 
When do you Need an Infectious Disease Specialist?
  • Patients who present with an acute onset of undifferentiated febrile illnesses with a protracted clinical course despite initial therapeutic managements or when an infection is potentially serious.
  • Provides special insight into tests that will be helpful in diagnosing and preventing recurrent infections.
  • Assists with selecting targeted antibiotic(s) based on microbiologic test results.
 
How Infectious Disease Specialists work with Other Physicians?
  • Evaluates and assists initial case management until patient stabilized.
  • May continue to follow the case in outpatient department (OPD) after hospital discharge to review test results and to be sure that infection has been eliminated
  • Infectious disease specialists may sometimes serve as primary care physicians for an emergency consult.
 
Apart from Clinical Care Responsibilities, the Hospital Infectious Disease Division Commits to:
  • Expediting and coordinating with laboratory services, sorting out appropriate management strategies for clinically challenging cases.
  • Emphasizing Antimicrobial-Stewardship theme and limiting emergence of antimicrobial resistance in our clinical settings.
  • Incarnating the hospital ICC team's activities; the other core members of the team include clinical microbiologist (professional with an interest and experience in antimicrobial therapeutics), a healthcare epidemiologist and/or IC nursing staff, clinical pharmacist and an information systems specialist.
  • Laying emphasis on the role of the clinical microbiologist and clinical pharmacist working as a team and being; proactive with combination of knowledge, and attitude for better clinical outcomes.4
A hospital ID specialist's directed administrative role is the pivot for better patient care. A few important ID-related activities are:
  • Communicate closely with healthcare workers (HCW) across the board, with the administrative hierarchy and prepare measures, policies/procedures for early disease detection. Formulate measures for effective prevention, and control of healthcare-associated infection, including the procedures to be followed in the event of an outbreak situation.
  • Undertake, outline and updates a series of IDs management guidelines of clinical importance.
  • Direct antimicrobial-management program and stewardship undertakings and adopt: a friendly approach to people to minimize drug-resistant organisms' prevalence in hospital environments.
  • Emphasize appropriate use of newer anti-infective and antibacterial agents and also new uses for older antimicrobial agents. Work diligently on this.
  • Coordinate with fetal and neonatology unit on maternal-newborn (NB) infection and, on diagnosis and prevention aspects.
  • Ensure and direct Hospital Infection Control Committee (ICC) teams work and activities.
  • Undertake and update a series of IDs management guidelines.
  • Upkeep and sustain immunization coverage for adolescents adult, geriatric and pediatric age groups.
With this in mind, this handbook has been written in a 'teaching style', focusing on the diagnostic and therapeutic guidance that is essential in day-to-day clinical practice. The contents of the book should be of interest to medical students, clinical trainees and every medical specialists, including clinical microbiologists and pharmacists. The authors will greatly appreciate feedback from readers at idinfo@kimsglobal.com. These valuable inputs will be included in future editions of the handbook.