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Mannan’s Regional Dissection and Surface Anatomy
Md Ali Noor
SECTION 1: REGIONAL DISSECTION
1:
Introduction to Regional Dissection
ADVICE TO THE DISSECTORS
STEPS OF DISSECTION
Skin
Fascia
Muscles
Shape or Form of the Muscles
Deep Vessels and Nerves
Lymph Nodes
Synovial Sheaths and Bursa
Bursa
Synovial Sheaths (Mucous sheaths)
Ligaments
Tendons
2:
Head, Neck and Face
SCALP
TEMPORAL REGION (TEMPLE)
Skin Incisions (for the scalp and temporal region)
LAYERS OF THE SCALP
Functional Significance of Different Layers of the Scalp
MUSCLES OF THE SCALP
LAYERS OF THE TEMPORAL REGION
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE SCALP AND TEMPORAL REGION
In Front of the Ear
Sensory Nerves (from medial to lateral)
Motor Nerve
Behind the Ear
Sensory Nerve (from lateral to medial)
Motor Nerve
ARTERY SUPPLY OF THE SCALP AND TEMPORAL REGION
In Front of the Ear
Branches
Behind the Ear
Branches
Branches
Arteries
Nerves
VEINS OF THE SCALP AND TEMPORAL REGION
Superficial Veins
Deep Veins
Emissary Veins
Sites of the Emissary Veins
Peculiarities
Function
Applied Anatomy
Diploic Veins
MUSCLES OF THE EYEBALL
Involuntary Muscles (Table 2.2)
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
VESSELS AND NERVES OF THE FACE
Functional Significance of Sensory Supply of the Face
Facial Nerve (Extracranial Part)
Branches
Facial Artery (in the Face)
Course
Relation
Branches (in the Face)
Transverse Facial Artery
Facial Vein (Anterior Facial Vein)
Formation
Course and Relation
Tributaries
Communication
Surgical Importance
Buccal Pad of Fat
Definition and Situation
Function
Parotid Duct (Stensen's Duct)
FACIAL MUSCLES
Important Facial Muscles
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator
Buccopharyngeal Fascia
Risorius
Structures Lying over the Masseter
Nerve Supply of the Face on Developmental Background
PAROTID GLAND
Definition and Situation
Parts
Surfaces
Extension
Structures within the Parotid Gland
Nerves
Arteries
Veins
Applied anatomy
Histological Structure of the Parotid Gland
Development of the Parotid Gland
BOUNDARY
SKIN INCISIONS
Superficial Fascia
PLATYSMA
Structures Lying between the Platysma and Fascia Colli (Figs 2.13 and 2.14)
Deep Cervical Fascia (Fascia Colli)
A. Superficial (Investing) Lamina
B. Pretracheal Lamina
C. Prevertebral Lamina
Surgical Importance of the Fascia Colli
Carotid Sheath
Formation
Relation
Subdivisions of the Anterior Triangle (Fig. 2.15)
MUSCULAR TRIANGLE
Boundaries
Contents of the Triangle
THYROID GLAND
Definition and Situation
Average Weight
Parts
Relation of the Surfaces and Borders (Fig. 2.16)
Artery Supply
Venous Drainage
LARYNX OR VOICE BOX
Definition and Situation
CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX
CAROTID TRIANGLE
Boundaries of the Triangle
Contents of the Triangle (Fig. 2.18)
Ansa Cervicalis (Hypoglossi)
Definition and Formation
Common Carotid Artery
Peculiarities of the Common Carotid Artery
Carotid Sinus
External Carotid Artery
Superior Thyroid Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery (in the Neck)
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Occipital Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Relation of the Cervical Part
Internal Jugular Vein
Vagus Nerve (10th Cranial)
Course and Relation of the Vagus Nerve (in the Neck)
Branches of the Vagus Nerve
Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Accessory Nerve (11th Cranial)
Hypoglossal Nerve (12th cranial)
Branches
Nervus Descendens Hypoglossi (Upper Root of the Ansa Cervicalis)
Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
DIGASTRIC TRIANGLE
Boundaries of the Triangle
Contents of the Triangle
Submandibular Gland
Submandibular Duct (Wharton's Duct)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9th Cranial)
Branches
Phayngeal Plexus
SUBMENTAL TRIANGLE
Boundary
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Hyoglossus
Sternocleidomastoid
Structures Lying Deep to the Sternocleidomastoid
Structures Lying Superficial to the Sternocleidomastoid
Constrictors of the Pharynx
Structures Passing between the Constrictors of the Pharynx
BOUNDARIES
SKIN INCISIONS
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
OCCIPITAL TRIANGLE
Boundaries
Contents
SUPRACLAVICULAR TRIANGLE
Boundaries
Contents
Splenius Capitis
Levator Scapulae
Scalenus Anterior
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Posterior
SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE
Skin Incision
Skin
Deep Fascia
Boundaries of the Triangle
Contents of the Triangle
Branches
Third Part of the Vertebral Artery
Suboccipital Plexus of Veins
Trapezius
Splenius Capitis
Semispinalis Capitis
Longissimus Capitis
Suboccipital Muscles (Fig. 2.27)
Lymphatic Drainage of the Head, Neck and Face
Jugular Trunk
ARTICULATION OF THE HEAD, NECK AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN
CRANIAL NERVES
CERVICAL PLEXUS
3:
Superior Extremity
SKIN INCISIONS
Distribution of the Clavipectoral Fascia
Clavipectoral fascia is pierced by :
Cephalic vein
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Subclavius
SKIN INCISIONS
QUADRANGULAR SPACE
Boundaries
Contents (Fig. 3.3)
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
Axillary (Circumflex Humeral) Nerve
TRIANGULAR SPACE
Boundaries
Contents
Circumflex Scapular Vessels
Teres major
Teres minor
SKIN INCISION (FIG. 3.4)
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Axillary Fascia
Boundaries of the Axilla
Contents (Fig. 3.5)
Anterior Wall
Medial Wall
Posterior Wall
Lateral Wall
Relations of the 1st part
Relations of the 2nd Part
Relations of the 3rd Part
Branches of the Axillary Artery
Brachial Plexus
Relation of the Brachial Plexus
APPLIED ANATOMY
Brachial Plexus Injury
Subscapularis
Folds of the Axilla
Axillary Lymph Nodes
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Brachial Fascia (Deep fascia of the arm)
Brachial artery
Course
Relations
Branches (Fig. 3.7)
Peculiarities of the Brachial Artery
Brachial Veins
Median Nerve (in the arm)
Musculocutaneous Nerve (in the arm)
Ulnar nerve (in the arm)
Biceps Brachii (biceps)
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Venous Drainage of the Upper Limbs in Short
Clinical Significance of the Superficial Veins
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Radial Nerve (in the Axilla and Arm)
Branches of the Radial Nerve
Applied Anatomy (Injury to the Radial Nerve)
Causes
Arteria Profunda Brachii
Triceps
Articularis Cubiti (Subanconeus)
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Bicipital Aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosus)
Boundaries of the Cubital Fossa
Contents
Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and superficial fascia
Antebrachial Fascia (Deep fascia of the forearm)
Superficial Group of Anterior Antebrachial Muscles
Deep Group of Anterior Antebrachial Muscles
Radial Artery
Course
Relations
Branches (in the forearm)
Ulnar artery
Course
Relations
Branches:
Radial Nerve (in the forearm)
Course and Relation
Ulnar Nerve (in the forearm)
Course and Relation
Branches (in the forearm)
Median Nerve (in the Forearm)
Course and Relation
Branches (in the Forearm)
Anterior Interosseous Artery
Branches
Posterior Interosseous Artery
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Antebrachial Fascia (Deep fascia of the forearm)
Superficial Group of the Posterior Antebrachial Muscles
Deep Group of the Posterior Antebrachial Muscles
Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Posterior Interosseous artery
Anastomosis Around the Elbow Joint (Fig. 3.16)
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial fascia
Palmaris Brevis
Palmar Aponeurosis
Fascial Compartments of the Palm
Superficial Palmar Arch
Branches
Median Nerve (in the Palm)
Ulnar Nerve (in the Palm)
Lumbricals
Positions and Modes of Insertion of the Flexor Tendons
Fibrous Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons
Synovial Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons
Synovial Sheaths for the Digits
Thenar Muscles (Muscles of the Thenar Eminence)
Hypothenar Muscles (Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence)
Flexor Retinaculum
APPLIED ANATOMY
Ape-thumb Deformity
Radial Artery (in the Palm)
Deep Palmar Arch
Branches
Palmar Interosseous Muscles
Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligaments
MUSCLES OF THE HAND
Remember
SKIN INCISION
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Anatomical Snuff-box
Boundaries
Radial Artery (in the Wrist)
Branches (in the Wrist)
Dorsal Interosseous Muscles
Extensor Retinaculum
Formation and Relation
Attachment
Relation
Compartments
Synovial Sheaths of the Extensor Tendons
Spaces of the Hand with their Surgical Importance
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
A. Lymph nodes
B. Lymphatic Vessels (Fig. 3.23)
SKIN INCISION
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Triangle of Auscultation
Boundaries
Importance
Rhomboideus Major
Rhomboideus Minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Suprascapular Nerve
Deep Branch of the Transverse Cervical Artery
Anastomosis Around the Scapula
JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB
Muscles having “Double” Nerve supply
4:
Inferior Extremity
SKIN INCISIONS
Superficial fascia
Saphenous Opening
Fascia Lata
Special Feature
Distribution of the Fascia Lata
Surgical Importance of the Fascia Lata
Boundaris of the Femoral Triangle
Contents (Fig. 4.1)
Femoral Sheath
Compartments and their Contents
Femoral Canal
Femoral Ring
Femoral Hernia?
Femoral Artery
Branches (in the femoral triangle)
Deep external Pudendal Artery
Arteria Profunda Femoris
Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
Perforating Arteries
Femoral Vein
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Articularis Genu
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LOWER LIMB
SUPERFICIAL LYMPH NODES
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node
Upper Group
Lower Group
DEEP LYMPH NODES
LYMPH VESSELS OR LYMPHATICS
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia (fascia lata)
Subsartorial Plexus
Subsartorial Canal
Femoral Artery
Saphenous Nerve
Nerve to the Vastus Medialis
Adductor Magnus
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin—To be reflected laterally
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia (gluteal fascia)
Gluteus Maximus
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF GLUTEAL MUSCLES
STRUCTURES LIE DEEP TO THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS (FIG. 4.4)
Superior Gluteal Artery
Inferior Gluteal Artery
Branches
Internal Pudendal Artery
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Sciatic Nerve
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Pudendal Nerve
Nerve to the Obturator Internus and Gemellus Superior
Nerve to the Quadratus Femoris and Gemellus Inferior
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Piriformis
Gemellus Superior
Gemellus Inferior
Obturator Internus
Quadratus Femoris
Obturator Externus
Hamstring Muscles and Adductor Magnus
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Sacrospinous Ligament
SKIN INCISIONS
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Perforating arteries
Cruciate Anastomosis
Hamstring Muscles
Gracilis
Adductor Brevis
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia (popliteal fascia) (Fig. 4.8)
Boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa
Tibial Nerve (medial popliteal)
Common Peroneal (lateral popliteal) Nerve
Popliteal Vein
Popliteal Artery
Genicular (Articular) Branch of the Obturator Nerve
Popliteus
Lymph Nodes in the Popliteal Fossa
Relation of the popliteal vein and the tibial (medial popliteal) nerve with the popliteal artery—
Structures that are met from the skin deep to the knee joint at about the middle of the popliteal fossa—
Anastomosis Around the Knee Joint
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia of the Leg (fascia cruris)
Superior Extensor Retinaculum
ANTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Peroneus Tertius
Anterior Tibial Artery
Deep Peroneal Nerve (Anterior Tibial)
Superficial Peroneal Nerve (Musculocutaneous)
LATERAL CRURAL MUSCLES
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Relation of the Tendons, Vessels and Nerve in Front of the Ankle Joint (from Medial to the Lateral Side)
Relation of the Deep Peroneal (Anterior tibial) Nerve with the Anterior Tibial Artery
Anastomosis Around the Ankle Joint
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia (fascia cruris)
Superficial Group of the Posterior Crural Muscles
Tendocalcaneus (tendoAchilles)
Deep Group of the Posterior Crural Muscles
Posterior Tibial Artery
Peroneal Artery
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
The structures lying deep to the flexor retinaculum (laciniate ligament)
Flexor Retinaculum
Function of the Retinaculum
Synovial Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Mode of Insertion of the Extensor Tendons of the Lesser Four Toes
Dorsal Artery of the Foot (Arteria Dorsalis Pedis)
Deep peroneal Nerve (in the Dorsum of the Foot)
Dorsal Interosseous Muscles
Synovial Sheaths of the Extensor Tendons
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Plantar Aponeurosis
MUSCLES OF THE 1ST LAYER
Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Medial Plantar Artery
Lateral Plantar Artery
Medial and Lateral Plantar Veins
Medial Plantar Nerve
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Is there any peculiarity in the nerve supply of the 2nd and 3rd lumbrical muscles?
MUSCLES AND TENDONS OF THE 2ND LAYER
Flexor Digitorum Accessories
Lumbricals
Tendon of the Flexor Hallucis Longus
Tendon of the Flexor Digitorum Longus
Fibrous Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons
Synovial Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons
MUSCLES OF THE 3RD LAYER
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor Hallucis
Plantar Arch
The 1st Plantar Metatarsal Artery
Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments
MUSCLES AND TENDONS OF THE 4TH LAYER
Interosseous Muscles
Tendon of the Peroneus Longus
Tendon of the Tibialis Posterior
Long Plantar Ligament
Spring Ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular ligament)
Arches of the Foot
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch
Difference in the Infants and Adults
Abnormalities of the Foot
LUMBRICALS
Movement Involved in the Inferior Extremity
Nerve Supply of the Muscles of the Inferior Extremity in Collective form: (Fig. 4.20)
Muscles having “double” Nerve Supply
Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
Deep Veins of the Lower Limb
Machanism of the Venous Pump
5:
Abdomen
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia of the Abdominal Wall
RECTUS SHEATH FORMATION
Parts and Composition of the Rectus Sheath
Contents of the Rectus Sheath
Clinical Importance of Rectus Sheath
Rectus abdominis
Tendinous Intersections
Pyramidalis
Superior Epigastric Artery
Inferior Epigastric Artery
Linea Alba
UMBILICUS
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Supeficial Fascia
SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
Crura of the Ring
DEEP INGUINAL RING
INGUINAL CANAL
Boundaries of the Canal
Contents of the Canal
SPERMATIC CORD
Composition of the Spermatic Cord
Coverings of the Spermatic Cord (from without inwards) (Fig. 5.8)
Cremaster
Cremasteric Fascia
Inguinal Ligament (Poupart's ligament)
Structures Lying Deep to the Inguinal Ligament (Fig. 5.10)
Lacunar Ligament (Pectineal part of the inguinal ligament)
Reflected Part of the Inguinal Ligament
Pectineal Ligament (Ligament of Cooper)
Transversalis Fascia
Distribution of the Fascia
Internal Spermatic Fascia
External Spermatic Fascia
Inguinal Triangle (Triangle of Hesselbach)
HERNIA
Varieties of the Inguinal Hernia
Coverings of the oblique inguinal hernia (from within outwards)
Coverings of the direct inguinal hernia (from within outwards)
SKIN INCISIONS (FOR THE WHOLE REGION)
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Obliqus Externus Abdominis
Obliquus Internus Abdominis
Transversus Abdominis
Lumbar Triangle (Petit's Triangle)
Boundaries
Surgical Importance
KIDNEY
Upper Pole of Right Kidney
Upper Pole of Left Kidney
Coronal Section of Kidney
Blood Supply of kidney
Skin Incisions
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Thoracolumbar Fascia (Lumbar or Lumbodorsal Fascia)
Sacrospinalis (Erector Spinae)
Quadratus Lumborum
Subcostal Artery
Subcostal Vein
Subcostal Nerve
Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve
Renal Fascia
PERINEUM—POSITION AND SHAPE
Deep Boundaries (Fig. 5.17)
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Anococcygeal Body
Deep Fascia
ISCHIORECTAL FOSSA
Contents of the Fossa
Surgical Importance of the Ischiorectal Fossa
Pudendal Canal (Alcock's canal)
Contents
Pudendal Nerve
Perineal Nerve
Dorsal Nerve of the Penis
Sphincter Ani Externus
Sphincter Ani Internus
Pelvic Diaphragm
URINARY BLADDER
SKIN INCISIONS
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Superficial Perineal Pouch or Space
Compartments
Contents of the Pouch
Surgical Importance of the Superficial Perineal Pouch
Perineal Body (Central Tendinous Point of the Perineum)
SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL MUSCLES
Ischiocavernosus (Erector Penis)
Bulbospongiosus (Ejaculator Urinae)
Transversus Perinei Superficialis
Radix (Root) of the Penis
Deep Fascia of the Urogenital Triangle
PERINEAL MEMBRANE
The Perineal Membrane is Pierced by (in Male)
Deep Perineal Pouch or Space (in Male)
Contents
DEEP PERINEAL MUSCLES
1. Sphincter Urethra
2. Transversus Perinei Profundus
Urogenital Diaphragm
Superior Fascia of the Urogenital Diaphragm
SKIN OF THIS REGION
Mons Pubis
Labia Majora
Gynecological Perineum
Labia Minora
Skin Incisions
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Superficial Perineal Pouch or Space (in Female)
Each half Contains
Ischiocavernosus (Erector Clitoridis) and Transversus Perinei Superficialis
Bulbospongiosus (Sphincter Vagina)
Perineal Body (in Female)
Bulbs of the Vestibule
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)
CLITORIS
Vestibule
Vaginal Orifice (Introitus)
External Urethral Orifice
VAGINA
PERINEAL MEMBRANE (IN FEMALE)
Deep Perineal Pouch (in Female)
Contents of the Pouch
UTERUS
SCROTUM
TESTES
EPIDIDYMIS
Spermatic Cord
PENIS
Artery Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
MALE URETHRA
FEMALE URETHRA
DUODENUM, JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
PANCREAS
Exocrine Part of Pancreatic Ducts
Endocrine Parts
Arterial Supply
Anatomical Position
SPLEEN
LARGE INTESTINE
Appendix Vermiform
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
LIVER
Artery Supply
Anatomical Portion
STOMACH
Artery Supply of Stomach (Fig. 5.38)
Anatomical Position of Stomach (Figs 5.39 to 5.41)
6:
Thorax
SHAPE OF THE THORAX
BOUNDARIES OF THE THORAX
APERTURES OF THE THORAX
Thoracic Inlet
Structures Passing through the Thoracic Inlet
Thoracic Outlet
Structures Passing through Thoracic Outlet
ANTERIOR WALL (FIG. 6.2)
LATERAL WALL
POSTERIOR WALL
DISSECTION OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACE
Boundary of the Typical Intercostal Space
Contents—
Muscles of the Thorax
Intercostal Spaces
Typical Intercostal Space
INTERCOSTAL NERVES
Typical Intercostal Nerves
Branches
The 1st Intercostal Nerve
The 2nd Intercostal Nerve
Lower Five Intercostal Nerves (7th to 11th)
INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
Anterior Intercostal Arteries
Branches (from each posterior intercostal artery)
POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS
ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES
ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS
Internal Thoracic (Mammary) Artery
Internal Thoracic (Mammary) Vein
TRANSVERSUS THORACIC
Sternocostalis
Subcostalis
Intercostalis Intimus
LEVATORES COSTORUM
SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall
Boundaries
Division
Contents of the Posterior Mediastinum
NORMAL ANATOMY
Size and Shape
Situation
Extent
Relation
Nipple
Areola
Structure of the Breast (Fig. 6.5)
Artery Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve supply
Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast
MALE BREAST
Articulation of the Thorax
Movements of the Ribs
7:
Neurovascular and Lymphatic System
ASCENDING AORTA
Bony Level
HEART
Branches
CORONARY ARTERY
Branches of Right Coronary Artery
Supplied
Left Coronary Artery
Branches of Left Coronary Artery
Supplies
ARCH OF THE AORTA
Level
Branches
Common Carotid
External Carotid Artery
Arteries of Head and Neck
Internal Carotid Artery
Subclavian Artery (Fig. 7.7)
Branches
Axillary artery
Branches
Brachial Artery
Branches
Profunda Brachii
Radial Artery
Branches
Ulnar Artery
Branches
Superficial palmar arch
Branch
Deep Palmar Arch
Branches
Descending Thoracic Aorta
Branches
Abdominal Aorta
Branches (Fig. 7.8)
Celiac Trunk
Branches
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Branches
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Branches
Common iliac Artery
Internal iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Femoral Artery
Branches (Fig. 7.9)
Popliteal Artery
Branches
Anterior Tibial Artery (front of the leg)
Branches
Arteria Dorsalis Pedis
Branches
Posterior Tibial Artery
Branches
DIAPHRAGM
What is diaphragm
Muscles of Diaphragm
CARDIAC VEINS
VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMBS (VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE UPPER LIMB)
Superficial Vein of the Upper Limbs
Cephalic Vein
Basilic vein
Median Cubital Vein
Median Antebrachial Vein
Accessory Cephalic Vein
Deep Veins of the Upper Limbs
VEINS OF THE HEAD, FACE AND NECK (VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE HEAD, FACE AND NECK)
External Veins of Head and Face (Fig. 7.13)
Veins of the Neck (Fig. 7.13)
Cranial and Intracranial Veins (Fig. 7.14)
Diploic Veins
Meningeal Veins
External Cerebral Veins
Internal Cerebral Veins (right and left)
Cerebellar Veins
Veins of the Brainstem
Features of the Veins of the Brainstem
Cranial Dural Venous Sinuses
Definitions
Applied anatomy
The Superior Petrosal Sinuses
The Inferior Petrosal Sinuses
The Sphenoparietal Sinuses
The Intercavernous Sinus
The Basilar Plexus
THE VEINS OF THE THORAX (FIG. 7.15)
Brachiocephalic Vein
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall
Anterior Intercostal Vein
Posterior intercostal vein
Azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins
Azygous vein
Hemiazygous Vein
Accessory hemiazygous vein
Superior Vena Cava
Bronchial Veins
Veins of the Vertebral Column
VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS (VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY)
Superficial Veins
Great saphenous vein
Thoracoepigastric Vein
Small Saphenous Vein
Deep Veins of the Lower Limb
Perforating Veins
Mechanism of the Venous Pump
VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS (VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE ABDOMEN)
Common Iliac Vein
External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein
Inferior Vena Cava
Portal Vein
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE HEAD AND NECK (FIG. 7.18)
Jugular trunk
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb (Fig. 7.19)
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limb
Superficial lymph nodes
Deep lymph nodes
Thoracic Duct
Course
Variations
Tributaries
The Right Lymphatic Duct
Tributaries
Cisterna Chyli
Lumbar Trunk
Formed by
Intestinal Trunk
CRANIAL NERVE
Background of Nomenclature of the Cranial and Spinal Nerve Cranial Nerve
Spinal Nerve
Cranial Autonomic Ganglion
Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Ganglion
Branches
Cilliary Ganglion
Branches
Submandibular Ganglion
Branches
Otic Ganglion
Branches
Nerve plexuses
Branches
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM OF THE BODY
Cranial Part of the Sympathetic System
The Internal Carotid Plexus
Cervical Part of the Sympathetic System
Thoracic Part of the Sympathetic System
Branches
Lumbar Part of the Sympathetic System
Continuation
Pelvic Part of the Sympathetic System
Continuation
VASCULAR BRANCHES
Segmental Sympathetic Supply
BRAIN
Cerebral Hemispheres
Basal Nuclei Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus (Fig. 7.47)
White Matter of Cerebral Hemisphere
Spinal cord (Figs 7.55 to 7.58)
Length and Extension
Blood Supply and Applied Anatomy Applied
Anatomical Position
SECTION 2: SURFACE ANATOMY
8:
Introduction to the Surface Anatomy
DEFINITION AND CONCEPT
9:
Surface Anatomy of the Thorax
HEART
Apex of the Heart
Nipple
Right Border of the Heart
Left Border of the Heart
Lower Border of the Heart
Upper Border of the Heart (upper limits of the atria)
Pulmonary Orifice
Pulmonary Trunk
Aortic Orifice
Ascending Aorta
Mitral Orifice (Left Atrioventricular or Bicuspid Orifice)
Tricuspid orifice (Right Atrioventricular Orifice)
Position of the Valves
Superficial Cardiac Dullness
MEDIAN PLAN
STERNAL ANGLE
XIPHISTERNAL JUNCTION
Apex of the Lung
Apex of the Lung (by a Point)
Anterior Border of the Right Lung
Anterior Border of the Left Lung
Posterior Border of the Right or Left Lung
Inferior Border of the Right or Left Lung
Oblique Fissure (Right or Left)
Horizontal Fissure (Only on the Right Side)
Root of the Lung (Right or Left)
Apex of the Lung (from Behind by a Point)
Costomediastinal Line of Pleural Reflection (Anterior Border of the Pleura)
Costodiaphragmatic Line of Pleural Reflection (Lower Border of the Pleura)
Cervical Pleura (Dome of Cupola of the Pleura)
Summit of the Cervical Pleura (by a Point)
Mid axillary Line
Scapular Line
Trachea
Bifurcation of Trachea (by a Point)
Right Principal Bronchus
Left Principal Bronchus
Arch of the Aorta
Descending Thoracic Aorta
Brachiocephalic (Innominate) Artery
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Right Common Carotid Artery
Right subclavian Artery
Internal thoracic (Mammary) Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Esophagus
Thoracic Duct
Tip of the Coracoid Process
10:
Surface Anatomy of the NecK
THYROID GLAND
Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland (by a Point)
CAROTID ARTERY
External Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
JUGULAR VEIN
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
FACIAL ARTERY (IN THE NECK)
NERVES IN THE NECK
Phrenic Nerve (in the Neck)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Accessory Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
Carotid Tubercle (By the Point)
Bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery (by Point)
11:
Surface Anatomy of the Face
ARTERY AND VIEW
Facial Artery (in the Face)
Facial Vein (Anterior Facial)
Root of the Facial Nerve
PAROTID GLAND
PAROTID DUCT
Opening of the Parotid Duct (by a Point)
PALATINE TONSIL
Frontal Air-sinus
Maxillary Air-sinus
SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH (BY A POINT)
CONDYLAR PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE
12:
Surface Anatomy of the Head
ANATOMICAL POINTS
Middle Meningeal Artery
Superior Sugittal Sinus
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid Sinus
CENTRAL SULCUS
LATERAL SULCUS
MOTOR AREA
SENSORY AREA
13:
Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
ANATOMICAL POINTS
Umbilicus
Linea Alba
Linea Semilunaris
Linea Semicircularis (Arcuate Line)
Lateral Planes (Right and Left)
Transpyloric Plane
Transtubercular Plane
Subcostal Plane
Highest Point of the Iliac Crest
Central Point
Deep Inguinal Ring (by a Point)
Superficial Inguinal Ring (by a Point)
Inguinal Canal
Inferior Epigastric Artery
STOMACH
DUODENUM
PANCREAS
SPLEEN
LIVER
FUNDUS OF THE GALLBLADDER (BY A POINT)
BILE DUCT
PORTAL VEIN
CECUM
ILEOCOLIC ORIFIC AND VALVE
Ileocolic Orifice (by a Point)
Ileocolic Valve
MC BURNEY'S POINT
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
COLON
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
KIDNEY
Kidney (From the Back)
Kidney (From the Front)
How to Find the Spines of the 3rd Lumbar and 11th Thoracic Vertebrae?
Hilum of the Kidney (by a Point)
URETER
Ureter (From the Back)
Ureter (From the Front)
Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Trunk (Celiac Axis)
Left gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Hepatic Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Bifurcation of the Abdominal Aorta (by a Point)
Common Iliac and External iliac Arteries
Commencement of the Inferior Vena Cava (by a Point)
Inferior Vena Cava
Root of the Mesentery
14:
Surface Anatomy of the Superior Extremity
ARTERIES
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Bifurcation of the Brachial Artery (by a Point)
Radial Artery
Radial Artery (In the Wrist)
Ulnar Artery
ANATOMICAL SNUFF BOX
ARCHES
Superficial Palmar Arch
Deep Palmar Arch
NERVES
Axillary (Circumflex Humeral) Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Radial Nerve (In the Arms)
Radial Nerve (In the Forearm)
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Posterior Interosseous Nerve
15:
Surface Anatomy of the Inferior Extremity
KEY FEATURES
Adductor Tubercle (by a Point)
Importance of the Adductor Tubercle
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Peroneal Artery
Arteria Dorsalis Pedis
Medial Plantar Artery
Lateral Plantar Artery
Plantar Arch
Femoral Nerve (in the Femoral Traingle)
Sciatic Nerve
Tibial Nerve
Common Peroneal Nerve
Deep Peroneal (Anterior Tibial) Nerve
Superficial Peroneal (Musculocutaneous) Nerve
Sural Nerve
Superior Gluteal Artery (1st Point of Exit)
Inferior Gluteal Artery (its Point of Exit)
Great (Long) Saphenous Vein
Small (Short) Saphenous Vein
Saphenous Opening
Flexor Retinaculum (Laciniate Ligament)
Superior Extensor Retinaculum
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum (Y-shaped Ligament)
Inguinal Ligament
Pubic Tubercle
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Head of the Fibula
Neck of the Fibula
Sustenticulum Tali
Tuberosity of the Navicular
Tubercle of the 5th Metatarsal
Peroneal Tubercle
Greater Trochanter
Tubercle of the Iliac Crest
Ischial Tuberosity
Tip of the Lateral Malleolus
Plantar Arch
Surface Anatomy of the Muscles
MUSCLES REQUIRED FOR SURFACE MARKING
16:
Surface Anatomy of Small Bones
CARPAL BONES
TARSAL BONES
METACARPAL AND METATARSAL BONES
Metacarpal Bones
Metatarsal Bones
PHALANGES
Points of Identification of the Different Rows of the Phalanges are given below
Proximal Rows
Middle Rows
Distal Rows
PATELLA
Its Anatomical Position
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1:
Relations
RELATIVE POSITION OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
Around the Roots of the Lungs
APPENDIX 2:
Levels
SOME OF THE IMPORTANT BONY LEVELS
APPENDIX 3:
Dimensions
EXPRESSED BY INCHES IN COLLECTIVE FORMS
½ inch
¾ inch
1 inch
1¼ inches
1½ inches
2 inches
2½ inches
3 inches
3½ inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
7 inches
8 inches
10 inches
18 inches
APPENDIX 4:
Length
LENGTH OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
LENGTH IN FEET
APPENDIX 5:
Weights
APPENDIX 6:
Capacities
APPENDIX 7:
Units of Measurement
Glossary
X-Y-Z
INDEX
TOC
Index
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