Ophthalmology Clinics for Postgraduates Namrata Sharma, Atul Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Maharana
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table
A
Aberrant regeneration 360
Acanthamoeba 90, 91, 93, 93f
cysts of 99
growth of 99
keratitis 90, 95
species, cysts of 99
trophozoites 99
Accommodative esotropia, classification of 391t
Acetazolamide 306
Acetylcholine receptor antibody 405
test 22
Acute angle closure attack, management of 182
Acute spastic entropion, management of 63
Adenocarcinoma, primary 47
Adenoid cystic carcinoma 4, 44, 45f, 47, 50, 50t, 51
Adnexa 338
Adnexal diseases 18
Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy 276
Afferent papillary defect 246
Age-related eye disease 281, 282
study 281
Age-related macular degeneration 182, 208, 214, 272, 275, 279, 282, 347
classification of 281t
clinical classification of 280t
Aicardi syndrome 322
Alcohol intake 230
Allergic conjunctivitis, signs of 107
Allergic reactions 52
Allergy 75
Allograft rejection 138
episodes of 137
Alport's syndrome 423, 428
Amblyopia 52, 82, 88, 164, 166, 320, 421
management of 67, 166
treatment 393
Amelanotic melanoma 305
Aminoaciduria 422
Amniotic membrane
graft 104, 152
transplantation 150
Amorphous corneal dystrophy, posterior 123
Amphotericin 102
Amsler grid testing 226
Amsler-Krumeich classification 110t, 116
Amyloidosis 211
primary 205
Anemia 237, 240
Aneurysm 357, 375
Angioid streaks 277
Angiomatous proliferation 276
Angioneurotic edema 107
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 149
Angle anatomy, distortion of 198
Angle closure glaucoma
classification of 182t, 184
management of 182t
primary 178, 181, 182
signs of 209
Angle closure, mechanisms of 183
Angle recession glaucoma, treatment of 198
Anisometropic amblyopia 164
Ankyrin repeat proteins 283
Anophthalmia 18
Anophthalmos 164
Anterior chamber paracentesis 97, 100
Anterior segment optical coherence tomography 131, 137, 165, 182, 334
Anti VEGF injections, role of 235
Antiangiogenic drugs 194
Antibiotics 408
Antibody against lingo1 383
Antifungal agents 101
Antifungal drugs, penetration of 103
Antiglaucoma drugs 178, 194
Anti-glaucoma medications, timing of 174
Anti-inflammatory drugs 194
Antioxidant supplementation 281
Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies 43
Antiviral agents 77
Apex of orbit 39
Aphakic keratopathy 130
Aponeurotic 22
ptosis 23
Aqueous misdirection 184
Aquired keratoglobus 144
Areflexia 422
Arruga intracapsular forceps 449, 449f
Arruga needle holder 445f
Arsenic exposure 10
Arteriovenous malformations 85
Artery forceps 442
Aspiration cannula 448f
Aspiration of hyphema 448
Aspirin 307
role of 242
Assorted retinal diseases 195
Asteroid hyalosis 211
Astigmatism, type of 420
Astrocytic hamartoma 411
Asymmetric orbital size 9
Asymmetric palpebral fissure 9
Atopy-bronchial asthma 107
Atresia of external auditory meatus 86
Atrophy of
fundus 247
orbits 245
Attack of hydrops 145
Atypical mycobacteria 90
Atypical optic neuritis 381, 381t
Autoantibody 226
Autofluorescence 347
Autosomal dominant transmission 346
Avellino corneal dystrophy, signs of 119
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 158
B
Baclofen 407
Bacterial corneal ulcers, treatment of 101
Bacterial keratitis, management of 100
Bacterial ulcer 91
Bagolini striated glasses 359, 388
Band shaped keratopathy 125
Bandage contact lens 103, 132, 152
Band-shaped keratopathy 148, 333
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 247
Bared circumciliary vessels 177
Barkan's membrane 189
Barraquer needle holder 444, 444f
Barron's artificial anterior chamber 453
Basal cell carcinoma 9, 12, 13, 69
Basal hole diameter 254
Basal laminar deposits 284
Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome 247
Beam radiation therapy, external 50
Beaten-bronze 347
Bell's palsy, treatment for 77
Bell's phenomenon 4, 18, 61, 73
loss of 37
Berke's criteria 54t
Berke's method 17
Berke's ptosis clamp 455, 456f
Bevacizumab 283
Bielschowsky's head tilt 373
Bifoveal fixation 388
Binocular single vision 400
Biocompatible 30
Biogenic implants 30
Biointegrated implants 30
Bionic eye 250, 284
Biopsy 45
Bladder cells 434f
Bleeding
disorder 209
from abnormal vessels 214
risk of 220
Blepharitis 69
Blepharochalasis 54
Blepharoconjunctivitis 69
Blepharokymographic analysis 74
Blepharophimosis 63, 66f
epicanthus inversus syndrome 64f
syndrome 18, 54, 55
management of 67
Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome 66
Blindness, family history of 241
Blink reflex, loss of 54
Blood 405
glucose 102
investigations 73
removal of 459
sugar 73, 211
transfusions 224
vessels, lack of 79
Blood-retina barrier 242
Blowout fracture 39
etiopathogenesis of 34
of orbit 30
Bluish colored swelling 63, 86
Bluish discoloration of sclera 188
Blunt trauma 210, 353, 435
manifestations of 198
Blurred vision, symptoms of 157
Blurring 141, 346
Bone mineral density, measurement of 65
Bony orbital walls 8
Bony spicules 250
Boston ocular surface prosthesis 147
Botulinum toxin 361, 394, 401, 407
role of 63
Bowman lacrimal probe 456, 456f
Bowman layer dystrophies 123
Bowman's layer 145
loss of 162
Brainstem auditory evoked response 74
Bruch's membrane 292
Bruckner test 385
Bulbar conjunctiva 11
Bull's eye
appearance 425f
maculopathy 347
diagnoses of 348
Bullae, rupture of 129
Buphthalmos 18, 188, 415
bilateral 188f
diagnosis of 189
reversible 190
Burian's classification 398
Busin glide 454
Byron smith classification 27
C
Calcified cyst 330
Canal of petit 210
Canalicular stenosis 12
Canaliculi 29
Canaloplasty 176
Cancer-associated retinopathy 247
Capillary hemangioma 82, 83f, 84
course of 83
Capillary nonperfusion 240, 310
Capsular bag distention syndrome 433
Capsular tension ring 418, 429
Capsule on retroillumination, posterior 426f
Capsule tension segments 418
Capsulorhexis 426
anterior 412
Capsulotomy, anterior 447
Cardiac disease 160
Cardiovascular abnormalities 86
Cardiovascular disease 163, 172, 300
Cardiovascular system 230
Carotid angiography 8
Carotid cavernous fistula 9
Carotid Doppler scan 219
Carotid-cavernous fistula 39, 173
Carpal tunnel syndrome 118
Castroviejo caliper 445, 445f
Castroviejo corneoscleral scissors 446, 446f
Castroviejo needle holder 444, 444f
Cat's paw lacrimal wound retractor 444
Catabolism of bloodlike 210
Cataract 12, 162, 290, 321, 429, 438
cause of 335
detection of 130
in silicone oil-filled eyes 332
in trauma, pathophysiology of 439
presence of 130, 160
surgery 206t, 440, 447
effects of 237
history of 130, 192
small incision 342, 446
type of 238, 335
Cataracta nodiformis 436
Cat-scratch diseases 290
Causative organism, type of 90
Causes, variety of 74
Cavernous hemangioma 83, 84, 84t
management of 83
Cavernous sinus 8
Cell precipitates 432
Central areolar choroidal dystrophy 347
Central cloudy dystrophy of francois 123
Central corneal thickness
increased 136, 159
variation of 338
Central Eales disease 211f
Central nervous system 185, 329
anomalies 160
Central retinal
artery occlusion 193, 195, 300, 301f, 302
vein occlusion 193, 195, 216, 380
types of 217t
Central scotoma 346
Central serous chorioretinopathy 254, 303, 305, 307t
Central suppression scotoma 388
Central vein occlusion 222
Cerebrospinal fluid 368
Cerebrovascular accident 233
Ceroid lipofuscinosis 347
Chalazion 69
clamp 455, 455f
scoop 455, 455f
Chandler syndrome 157, 158
Charge syndrome 322
Charles flute
cannula 460
needle 459, 459f
Charleaux sign 109
Chemical injury 29
Chemotherapy 12, 357
Cherry-red spot 300, 301
diagnosis of 302t
Chest wall deformities 415
Childhood onset retinal dystrophy, severe 248
Chloroquine retinal toxicity 347
Choriodal neovascularization 321
Chorioretinal venous anastomosis 221
Chorioretinopathy 306
Choriostoma 81
Choroid 247
Choroidal coloboma 322
pathophysiology of 321
Choroidal hemorrhage 269, 352
Choroidal melanoma 291, 293t, 294, 297, 298
Choroidal neovascular membrane 214, 215, 254, 304, 316, 347
Choroidal neovascularization 255, 273, 275, 281, 282
Choroidal nevus 294
Choroidal rupture 352
Choroidal vessels 249
Choroideremia 247
Chromosomal abnormalities 190
Chronic blepharoconjunctivitis 68
Chronic infection 29
Chronic macular hole 347
Chronic sun exposure, signs of 151
Ciancia syndrome 393
Cicatricial ectropion 57, 58f, 61, 62
causes of 62
management of 58
Cicatricial skin changes 57
Cigarette smoking, avoidance of 348
Cilia
epilation of 442
removal of 442
Ciliary body 198f, 285
Clear hexagonal margins, loss of 159
Climatic droplet keratopathy 150
Coagulase negative staphylococcus 90
Coat's disease 195, 214, 240, 411
Cobweb opacity 436
Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer 94
Cogan's twitch sign 22
Cogan-Reese syndrome 157159
Cold intolerance 12
Colibri forceps 441, 441f
Colibri-style polack double corneal forceps 453
Collaborative ocular melanoma study 298
Collagen vascular disorders 225
Collection of corneal material 98
Coloboma 86, 88, 318, 321, 322, 341
detachments in 323
histopathology of 322
incomplete 321
lasered, types of 324
of eyelid 86
types of 321
Colobomata, diagnosis of 322
Color vision 248
Combination trephines 452
Comitant esotropia, types of 391t
Commotio retinae 352
Complete blood count 7, 88, 166, 331
Complete coloboma 321
Complete palsy 368
Compressive neuropathy 82
Compressive optic neuropathy 380
Cone-rod dystrophy 107, 248, 347
Cones, types of 108
Congenital abnormality 39
Congenital atrophy of skin 424
Congenital cataracts, etiology of 413
Congenital corneal
opacity 161t
causes of 161t
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders 400
Congenital dyskeratosis 424
Congenital ectropion 57, 59
uvea 190
Congenital entropion 61, 62, 62t
Congenital epiblepharon 62, 62t
Congenital eyelid colobomas, family history of 64, 86
Congenital glaucoma 143, 154, 161, 187, 187t, 188f, 190t
classification of 190
diagnosis of 189
loops of blood vessels 189
management of 190
Congenital hereditary
endothelial dystrophy 123, 130, 131, 153 155, 156, 161
stromal dystrophy 155
Congenital Horner syndrome 23
Congenital ichthyosis 424
Congenital keratoglobus 144
Congenital myogenic ptosis 23
Congenital neurogenic ptosis 23
Congenital ptosis 18, 19t, 21, 52
causes of 54
family history of 52
pathology in 55
severe 16f, 52f
treatment of 20
type of 21
Congenital rubella 154, 247
Congenital simple ptosis 65
Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy 123
Congenital torticollis 376t
Congestive heart failure 233
Conjuctival dermoid cyst 79
Conjunctiva 56, 65, 76, 90, 107, 309, 318, 325, 359, 366, 372, 378, 410, 416, 422, 424, 428, 436
edema of 40
retraction of 444
Conjunctival cicatrizing diseases 29
Conjunctival dermoid cyst 79, 80
Conjunctival dissection 447
Conjunctival flaps 103
Conjunctival fornix 12
Conjunctival keratinization 12
Conjunctival lymphoma 72
Conjunctival swab 97
Conjunctival, removal of 440
Connective tissue disorder 91, 92, 200, 342
Consciousness, loss of 351
Constant exotropia 396
Contact lens 91, 111, 144
types of 144
wear 15, 106
Contracted socket 25
causes of 28
classification of 27t
Contralateral enophthalmos 9
Contrast sensitivity 248
Control cardiovascular risk in diabetes 237
Cornea 56, 65, 90, 92, 94, 309, 319, 325, 359, 366, 372, 378, 410, 416, 422, 424, 428, 432, 436
anterior 119
appearance of 154
center of 92, 106
central 111
flaps of 441
in peters’ anomaly 162
normal 116
palpebral adhesions 87
perforation of 103
slices of 111
transparency of 115
Corneal biopsy 100, 104
Corneal choristoma classification
Mann's scheme 167
Stargardt scheme 167
Corneal clouding 153
Corneal decompensation 184, 205
Corneal diameter, normal 142f
Corneal dystrophy
classification of 122
signs of 94
Corneal edema 94, 132, 157f, 159
blepharophimosis, presence of 153
Corneal endothelial
punches 453
reflex 108
Corneal endothelium 343
Corneal epithelial
defect, presence of 129
edema, stage of 129
Corneal erosion, recurrent 117, 124, 230, 238
Corneal exposure 74
Corneal foreign body 440
Corneal graft 104
rejection, acute 137t, 139
Corneal granular dystrophy 107
Corneal guttae, causes of 133
Corneal haze 100
Corneal hydrops 109f
Corneal hypoesthesia 238
Corneal inflammation 94
Corneal nerves, increased visibility of 108
Corneal nodules 152f
Corneal opacity 87, 118, 162
treatment of 162
Corneal pachymetry 131
Corneal perforation 94
risk of 101
Corneal protrusion 145
Corneal scar 97, 108, 108f, 164, 167
infection 164
presence of 132
trauma 164
Corneal sensations 121
Corneal sensitivity, loss of 54
Corneal stromal
dystrophy 117, 122t
edema, stage of 129
Corneal surface, irregularity of 130
Corneal thickness 111, 121
central 107, 110, 121, 173
increased 154f
measurement of 111
Corneal thinning 94, 145
development of 94
Corneal tissue firmly 443
Corneal topography 143, 146
Corneal transplantation 112
Corneal trauma 151
Corneal trephines 451
Corneal ulcer 90, 91, 91t, 94, 94f, 95, 96, 97t, 103, 104
central 92f
diagnosis of 97, 104
grading of 96, 97t, 104
perforation of 91
size of 93
trial 101
Corneal vascularization 121
Corneolenticular touch 429
Corona sign 276
Correct osmolarity 256
Cortical cataract 421
Corticosteroid 42, 172, 200
intake, history of 174
use of 101
Corynebacterium diphtheria 91, 92
Cosmetic deformity 163, 166
Cosmetically unacceptable enophthalmos 35
Costenbader 399
Cox's postulates 354
Cranial nerve 237, 371
Crawford's fascia lata stripper 456
Crescent knife 446f
Crescentic lamellar keratoplasty 147
Crouzon's syndrome 415
Cryosurgery 12
contraindications of 12
Cryotherapy 268, 316, 327
application of 12
Cryptophthalmos 86, 89
Cuff of subretinal fluid 253
Cutaneous lesion, site of 186
Cuticular drusen 277
Cycloablative procedures 189
Cyclodestructive procedure 195, 339
Cyclophotocoagulation 186
Cycloplegic refraction 164
Cyclosporin A 138
Cyst
evidence of 330
recurrent 82
rupture of 78, 82
Cysticercosis, life cycle of 331
Cysticercus cellulosae 329
Cystoid 311
macular edema 245, 246, 285, 286, 288, 289f, 290, 315
retinal spaces 280f
Cystotome needle 448, 449f
Cytokines, release of 106
Cytomegalovirus 410, 411
D
Dace procedure 269
Dacryocystorhinostomy 450
surgery 444
Dahan's formula 412t
Dalrymple's sign 37
Dark adaptation, loss of 233
Dastoor iris repositor 448, 448f
Deafness 160
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 112, 118, 124
Deep dermoid cyst 81
Deep seated ocular pain 197
Deep stromal lesions 124
Deeply pigmented skin 12
Deficient amounts of skin 64
Degeneration 125
Delineate fovea 241
Dellen formation 164, 166
Dense premacular hemorrhage 213
Deoxyribonucleic acid 233
Dermatochalasis 18
Dermoid
cyst 4, 77, 79
anterior 81
diagnosis of 164
epidemiology of 80, 167
grading of 167
recurrent 164, 167
Dermolipoma 164
Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty 156f
Descemet's folds 145
Descemet's membrane 115, 122, 123, 133, 454
compression of 108
endothelial keratoplasty 132
Descemet's stripping
automated endothelial keratoplasty 132, 155, 446
endothelial keratoplasty 132
Descemetocele 93f
Desmarre lamellar dissector 453
Desmarre retractor 443, 444f
Developmental disorders 181
Dewecker scissors 446, 446f
Diabetes 208, 414
control 237
mellitus, diagnosis of 236
duration of 236
family history of 209
mellitus 16, 36, 200, 229, 236, 252, 308
Diabetic macular edema 230, 233, 308, 309f
laser procedures for 312t
Diabetic papillopathy 240, 243
Diabetic retinopathy 195, 219, 236, 238t, 252, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316
study, early treatment 309, 233, 237
vitrectomy study 234
Diabetic subjects 234
Diamond knife 453
Diamond-dusted membrane scraper 460, 460f
Diamond-knife assisted DALK 114, 127
Dietary factors 273
Diffuse concussion cataract 437
Diffuse diabetic macular edema 310f
Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy 304
Diffusion tensor imaging 383
Dilated blood vessels 10
Dilated retinal vessels 276
Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation 195
Diplopia 356, 365, 371, 395, 404
charting 32, 359, 366, 370, 388
management of 369
treat persistent 35
Disc coloboma 322
Disc diameter 256
Disciform scar 280f
Disease discrete, early stages of 120
Disease progresses 109, 128
Disease, early stage of 211
Disorganized epithelium 162
Disproportionate proptosis 37f
Disseminated subepithelial opacity 436
Distant direct ophthalmoscopy examination 417
Distended veins 378
Docosahexaenoic acid 249
Dot acuity test 410
Double corneal forceps 453
Double eversion of eyelid 443
Double-freeze thaw technique 290
Down syndrome 107
Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy 276
Droopy eyelid, compression of 52
Dropped lens, management of 345
Drusen 273, 275, 284
Dry eye 54, 86, 163
syndrome 18
Dry socket, treatment of 28
Drying of cornea 151
DSAEK busin forceps 454
DSAEK spatula 454
Dual bore cannula 460
Duane retraction syndrome 24, 400
Duane's classification 398
Duane's syndrome, types of 17
Duane's retraction syndrome 86, 164
Dubowitz syndrome 65
Duke elder classification 425
Dumb-bell 82
dermoids 82
Dysostosis multiplex 300
Dysplastic eyelids 65
structure of 65
Dystrophic calcification 274
Dystrophy 125
with keratoconus 127
E
Eale's disease 195, 211, 213, 415
Ear
abnormalities 64
alterations of 89
anomalies 169f
Earliest sign of keratoconus 107
Early age-related macular degeneration 280
Early rosette cataract 436, 438f
Early surgery, reasons for 215
Echinocandins 101
Echocardiography 166
Ectatic protrusion of cornea 108f
Ectodermal dysplasia 424
Ectopia lentis 341, 414
causes of 345
et pupillae 415
Ectopic lacrimal gland 164
Ectropion 12, 56
basic cause of 58
grade of 58
of upper lip 88
uveae, presence of 192
Eculizumab 283
Edema, type of 227
Edrophonium
chloride test 22
test 405, 406
Ehler-Danlos syndrome 415, 416
Electrodiagnostic testing 74
Electrodynamic cutters 458
Electromyography 406
Electroneurography 74
Electronic magnifiers 285
Electrooculogram 350
Electrophysiology 347, 383
Electroretinogram 220, 241, 247
Elschnig's operation 59
Elschnig's pearls 433, 434
Encephalocele 78
End-grasping forceps 458f
Endocrine 7
Endogeneous
disease 174
release of corticosteroids 172
Endophthalmitis 101, 257, 269, 352, 411
Endoscopic approach 33
Endothelial cells 160
Endothelial dysfunction, first indicator of 136
Endothelial dystrophies 123
Endothelial keratoplasty 132, 140, 189
Endothelial rejection 134, 137
Enophthalmos 18
Entropion 12, 60
causing keratopathy 60f
types of 61
Enucleation scissors 447, 447f
Enucleation socket 63
Enzymatic vitreolysis 317
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 211
Epibulbar dermoid 164
Epicanthus inversus 63, 65
syndrome 63, 66f
Epidermal dermoid cyst 77, 79
Epikeratophakia 114
Epilation forceps 442, 442f
Epinucleus removal 427
Epiphora 63
triad of 188
Epiretinal membrance 227, 245, 246, 259, 288, 290, 314, 317, 460
Episcleral osteoma 164
Episcleral plaque brachytherapy 297
Epithelial defect 167
size of 93
Epithelial dystrophy 122
Epithelial erosion 148
Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy 122
Epithelial scraping 124
Epithelioid cell melanoma 298
Equatorial cells 435
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 7, 211, 219, 288
Erythropoietin 383
Escherichia coli 99
Esodeviation 384
Esophoria 391
Esotropia 391, 395, 397
of right eye 365f
Essential infantile esotropia 393
Ethmoidal mucocele 1
Evisceration curette 457
Exacerbations, acute 382
Excision biopsy 8, 11
Exodeviation 395
Exophoria 399
Exophthalmometer, type of 6
Exophthalmometry 6
Exotropia 395
alternating constant 398t
epidemiology of 397
unilateral constant 398t
Exposure keratitis 88
Exposure keratopathy, signs of 7
Extensive disease 12
Extracapsular cataract extraction 446
Extrafoveal 281
Extraocular diseases 195
Extraocular movement 400
Extraocular muscle 7
abnormalities 9
Extravasated blood, presence of 208
Extreme ectropion 58
Exudative retinal detachment 260
Exudative vasculopathy 249
Eye
buphthalmos, right 188f
complete coverage of 88
deviation of 52, 395
disorders, allergic 91
lid margins 10
movement
limitation of 45
restriction of 10
rubbing 106
Eyeball 1, 3, 309, 318, 325, 338, 357, 378, 400, 410, 416, 422, 424, 428, 436
absence of 63, 86
during surgery 441
size of 153
small size of 63, 86
Eyebrow hair, loss of 86
Eyelash 173, 179
loss of 10, 12, 68
rubbing cornea 61f
Eyelid 56, 69, 88, 309, 410, 424, 436, 428
abnormal 63
adnexal structures of 9
anatomy of 76
architecture, disruption of 68
carcinoma of 11
coloboma 89
surgical 87f
treatment of 88
crutches 407
defects 13
drooping of 52, 63
edema of 40
fullness of 40
margin, distortion of 10
mechanical ptosis, right upper 19f
notching 12
repair, scar of 197
structures 88
swab 97
Eylea 283
F
Fabry's syndrome 414
Face 357
turn 400
Facial angiomatosis, bilateral 185f
Facial asymmetry 64, 163, 357, 372
presence of 6
Facial nerve 76
anatomy of 76
lesion 39
Facial palsy, signs of 57
Facial symmetry 16
Familial exudative vitreoretino-pathy 210, 211
Familial vitreoretinal disorders 262
Fasanella Servat operation 20
Fasting blood glucose 411
Fatigability 22
Feeling pulsation 2
Fellow eye 211
examination of 121
role of 215
Femtosecond laser 114, 127
Fibrinoid syndrome 213
Fibrovascular disciform scar 276
Fibrovascular membrane 196, 268
Fibrovascular tissue, proliferation of 192
Filtration surgery 189, 195, 199, 339
trabeculectomy 176
Fine toothed tissue holding forceps 442
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy 8
Fine-needle aspiration cytology 11
Fish
mouthing 269
strike sign 256
Fishman classification 348, 349t
Fixed hypopyon 96f
Fleck corneal dystrophy 123
Fleck lesions 349f
Flieringa ring 450f
Floaters, history of 230, 236
Floppy eyelid syndrome 73, 107
Fluid occurs, egress of 459
Fluorescein angiogram 248, 288, 310
Fluorescein angiography 226, 255, 277, 295, 310f, 316
Fluorescein staining 61
Fluorinated pyrimidines 101
Fluoroquinolones 101
Focal cataract 184
Force duction test 32, 367
Force generation test 32, 368
Force injury 190
Forced duction test 360, 368, 374, 390, 405, 443
Forceps injury 154, 155
Forehead wrinkles, loss of 57
Foreign body 93
forceps 459
granuloma 164
irritation 163
sensation 60, 72, 117, 148, 163
Fornices, depth of 26
Four Δ prism test 388
Fourth cranial nerve
function in third palsy 374
palsy 371
Fourth nerve
course of 375
palsy 376
Foveal avascular zone 226, 241, 310
Foveal drusen 254
Foville syndrome 370
Fraser syndrome 87, 89
Freer periosteal elevator 456
Frequent change of glasses 106, 172
Frequent eye infections 60
Frisby Davis distance test 389
Frontalis overaction 16
Fuch's endothelial corneal dystrophy 131
Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis 290
Fuchs’ endothelial
dystrophy 158
corneal 123, 128
Fundal coloboma 318, 319f, 322
Fundus 32, 65, 78, 314, 326, 359, 366, 374, 410, 422, 425, 429, 432, 437
autofluorescence 280, 295
coloboma 323t
examination 109, 181, 263, 319, 417
flavimaculatus 348
fluorescein
angiograms 275
angiography 217, 219, 240, 305, 310, 347
ophthalmoscopy 374
photography 174, 240, 374
tessellated appearance 249
Fungal corneal ulcer 93
Fungal keratitis 103
management of 101
Fungal ulcer 93
Furrow degeneration 145
Fusarium species 91
Fusional amplitudes 387
G
Gabapentin 407
Ganglion cell layer 257
Gas permeable contact lenses 111
Gass clinical grading system 316
Gass retinal detachment hook 460
Gastrointestinal ulcer disease 43
Gaucher's disease 301, 302
Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy 123
Gelatinous thickening of limbus 107
Genetics 428
of stromal dystrophies 127
Genital anomalies 89
Genitourinary malformations 64
Geographic atrophy 274
Ghost cell glaucoma 213
Giant retinal
dialysis 326
tear 265, 325, 326, 328, 329, 353
Gill's lamellar dissector 453
Glaucoma 104, 171, 421, 174, 176, 177, 179, 187, 192, 431
angle closure 250
angle recession 174, 197, 198
cause of 186
closure 179
damage, severity of 177
development of 339
diagnosis of 173, 174
unilateral 198
diagnostic tools of 177
drainage device 176, 186, 339
surgery 195
family history of 337
in angle recession 199
increased risk of 172
management of 429
mechanism of 250
medications 287
primary open angle 171, 200, 205
progression of 172
refractory 162
risk of 202
stage, angle-closure 196
surgery 440, 450
treatment of 162
Glaucomatocyclytic crisis 200
Glaucomatous cyclitis 268
Glaucomatous optic
damage, severity of 177
neuropathy, severity of 195
Glaukomflecken 180f
Glioma of optic nerve 3
Globe fixation
forceps 441, 441f
rings 450
Globe injury
closed 355
presence of open 354
Globe perforation 12
Globular corneal protrusion 141f, 142f
Globus type of cone 108
Glucose tolerance test 240
Gold weight implantation 75
Goldenhar syndrome 87, 89, 168, 168t, 169f, 402
Gonioscopy 161, 164, 189, 326, 436
of both eyes 180
Goniotomy 186, 189
Gopal Krishna classification 26
Graft edema
development of 134
presence of severe 137
Graft host junction 139
Graft rejection 134, 140
acute 134, 135, 136f, 137
episode of 137
Granular corneal dystrophy 117, 123
Granulation tissue, mass of 72
Granuloma 330
Graves’ disease 1
signs of 3
Graves’ orbitopathy 41
Grayson-Wilbrandt corneal dystrophy 123
Greater visual field loss 174
Gross examination of cyst 330
Gross mass of tumor plus 11
Group of non-inflammatory 117
Guillain-Barré syndrome 24, 73
Guillotine type cutters 458
Gunderson's flap 103
Gyrate atrophy of retina 247
H
Haab's striae injury 190
Hallmark of
graft rejection 135
keratoconus 110
Harada's disease 305
Harboyan syndrome 156
Hard exudates 275
Hassall-Henle bodies 130
Head posture, abnormal 63, 357, 365, 372
Headache 329
Healing keratitis 94f
sign of 93
Healing, signs of 104
Hearing loss 64, 163
Heavy silicone oils 340
Hemangioma 84
triad of 84
Hemangiopericytoma 84
Hematological disorder, discover signs of 209
Hematuria 423
Hemodynamic crisis 172
Hemoglobin A1C 240
Hemoglobinopathies 240
Hemorrhage
resolution of 220
types of 210
Hemosiderin pigments 210
Hemostatic forceps 442
Hereditary systemic disorders 262
Herpes keratopathy 151
Herpes simplex 410
virus 411
Herpetic disciform keratitis, central 130
Herpetic eye disease 105t
Herpetic footprints 130
Herpetic keratitis 94
Herpetic keratouveitis, recurrent 184
Hertel exophthalmometer 6, 32
Hessburg-Barron trephine 451, 452f
Hexagonal cells, percentage of 131, 230
High myopia 200, 209, 267, 415, 429
Hirschberg test 385
Histochemical stains, types of 125
Histopathological classification 308
Holt-Oram syndrome 402
Homocystinuria 415, 428, 417t
disease 420
Hormone replacement therapy 67
Horner syndrome 21, 53, 54
Hoskin's anatomic 191
Human papilloma virus 10
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 290
Hundred-day glaucoma 196
Hyalitis 285
Hyaloid membrane, posterior 317
Hybrid contact lenses 112
Hydraulic theory 34
Hydrodelamination 114, 127
Hydrodelineation 426
Hydrodissection 426
Hydrogel junction 112
Hydrops, acute 141, 144
Hyperglycemia, severity of 236
Hyperlipidemia 237
Hyperlysinemia 415
Hypermature cataract 415
Hyperopic correction 304
Hyperostosis 7
Hypertension 25, 208, 237
absence of 226
family history of 209
Hypertensive retinopathy 240
Hyperthyroidism, signs of 36
Hypertrophic scar 12
Hypertropia 18
Hyphema 184, 192, 218
Hypoparathyroidism 414
Hypoplastic disc 164
Hypopyon 96f
height of 95
role of 104
size of 95
Hypotonia 422
Hypotony 269
I
Iatrogenic break 269
Ice cell 159
Ice pack test 22, 405
Idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis 240
Idiopathic lesions 375
Idiopathic polypoidal
choroidal vasculopathy 213, 215
choroidopathy 275, 276
Idiopathic retinal vasculitis 213
Idiopathic senile flaccidity 39
Immunohistochemistry 47
Immunologic disorders 95
Immunosuppressive treatment, side effects of 43
Impending macular holes 253
Implantable miniature telescope 284
In vivo confocal microscopy 100
Incision biopsy 8, 11
Incomitant esotropia types 391t
Indocyanine green 275
angiography 275
Infection
plus, signs of 100
recurrent 64
Infectious keratitis, diagnosis of 97
Inferior dystopia 37f
Inferior lid retractor laxity 56
Inferior rectus muscle 39
Infiltration, resolution of 101
Inflammation
degree of 195
iris, presence of severe 96
presence of severe 92
signs of 7
Inflammatory disease 316
Inflammatory orbitopathy 39
Infliximab 283
Infusion cannula 458, 458f
Inkblot leak 305
Inner retina, dimpling of 257
Inoperable disease 12
Insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus 234
diabetic 241
Intact red blood cells 210
Intellectual disability 422
Intercalary membrane 322
Intermediate uveitis 285, 288, 290
causes of 286, 290
Intermittent esotropia 391, 398
classification 398t
Intermittent proteinuria 118
Intermittent pupillary block 429
Internal limiting membrane 234, 256, 257, 317, 460
peeling 256
International Thyroid Eye Disease Society 41
International vitreomacular traction study 316
Interpalpebral calcification 149f
Interpupillary distance 64, 388
Intracameral injection of bevacizumab 194
Intracapsular cataract extraction 446
Intracorneal ring segment insert 112, 114
Intracranial tension 365
Intraepithelial spread of tumor 13
Intralenticular lens aspiration 418, 419f
Intralesional corticosteroids 72
Intraocular cysticercosis 332
Intraocular foreign body 355
removal of 262, 459
Intraocular lens 442
dislocation 344
basis of 344
implantation 429
primary 412
power calculation 412
removal
holding forceps 449
removal 344
Intraocular malignancy 45
Intraocular pressure 7, 96, 136, 171, 182, 184, 192, 193, 202, 209, 263, 265267, 287, 309, 319, 326, 342, 359, 366, 372, 410, 417, 422, 424, 428, 436
measurement 338
range of 176
reduction of 132
symptoms of raised 197
Intraocular surgery 78, 163, 262, 341
Intraocular tumor 7
Intraoperative choroidal 186
Intraoperative complications 336t
Intraretinal edema 253
Intraretinal hemorrhage 330
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities 242, 310, 311
Intrauterine infections, serology for 411
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia 72
Intravenous immunoglobulin 383, 406
Intravitreal injection 445
Intravitreal pharmacotherapy 220
Intravitreal ranibizumab, efficacy of 227
Intravitreal steroid 200
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide 200
Intrinsic lesions of optic nerve 1
Inverse Bell's phenomenon 18
Inverse glaucoma 429
IOL-holding forceps 449f
Ionizing radiation 10
Iridectomy 441
Irido fundal coloboma 164
Iridocorneal endothelial 157
dystrophy 131, 155
syndrome 154, 157, 157t, 181, 194
Iridophacodonesis 333
Iridoschisis 198
Iris 32, 65, 96, 359, 366, 372, 410, 422, 424, 428, 432, 436
atrophy 157, 158f
progressive 158
segmental 180f
bleeding 184
coloboma 322
diaphragm 199
forceps 441
melanosis 159
nevus syndrome 159
pigment, disruption of 203
root of 194
retrodisplacement of 198f
sphincter tears 198
stop platform 442
vessels
normal 194, 195
sizes of 194
Irregular astigmatism 166
Irrigating wire vectis 448f
Ischemic maculopathy 240
Ischemic mononeuropathy 361
Ischemic optic neuropathy 380
anterior 240
Isolated coloboma 87
Isolated ectopia lentis 415
J
Jaeger lid spatula 455, 455f
Jaw-winking
phenomenon 15
ptosis 54
Jones criteria 100, 104
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 290
Juvenile xanthogranuloma 164
Juxtafoveal 281
K
Kaposi's sarcoma 71
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 84
Kawasaki disease. 290
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 15, 54, 247
Kelley's punch 450, 450f
Keratic precipitates 130, 135, 287
Keratin, result of 79
Keratitis 12, 18, 104, 115
active infectious 103
specific 95
Keratoacanthoma 70
Keratoconus 106, 107, 111, 115, 147, 249
cause of 106
complications of 115
development of 248
diagnosis of 110t
moderate cases of 114
posterior 115
progression 106
severe variants of 144
signs of 116
treatment of 111
Keratoglobus
diagnosis of 143
treatment of 144
Keratome 445, 445f
Keratometry, disadvantages of 110
Keratopathy 61f
causes of exposure 37
exposure 87
Keratoplasty 440, 450
result of 104
Kerrison bone punch 456, 457f
Kimura's spatula 97
King's clamp 453, 453f
Klinefelter's syndrome 428
Knapp's procedure 55
Koloboma 318
Krause-Kivlin syndrome 162
Krimsky test 385
L
Lacrimal fossa
mass, diagnosis of 47, 51
tumors 4
Lacrimal gland 45f
enlargement 40
mass 78
diagnosis of 47t
tumor 3, 6, 44, 46, 48t
Lacrimal sac 29
surgery 456
tumors 3
Lacrimal system 87
patency assessment 61
Lactosyl ceramidosis 301
Lagophthalmos
causes of 76t
degree of 73
etiology of 76
various, severe 75
Lamella reconstruction
anterior 13
posterior 14
Lamellar keratectomy, anterior 103
Lamellar keratoplasty 124, 143, 147, 152, 166
advantage of 126
anterior 150
Lamellar laceration 355
Lamellar macular hole 254, 257
Lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty, anterior 152
Lang's pencil gross streopsis test 389
Larynx, alterations of 89
Laser capsulotomy 262
Laser epithelial keratomileusis 115
Laser peripheral iridotomy 182, 183
complications of 184
Laser photocoagulation 213, 306, 316
Laser trabeculoplasty 176, 198, 201
selective 339
Lash loss 12
Late rosette cataract 437, 438f
Lateral anterior dermoid 78
Lateral canthal
laxity test 61
tendon laxity 57
Lateral tarsal strip procedure 58f
Lattice corneal dystrophy 123, 125, 151
Lattice dystrophy 127
Laxity of facial skin 118
Leber's congenital
amaurosis 248, 251
hereditary optic neuropathy 107
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 380
Left exotropia 399f
Left inferior rectus 373
Left lower eyelid 10f
Left upper eyelid 10f
Lens 65, 96, 115, 309, 319, 326, 409, 410, 416, 422, 425, 428, 432, 436
absorptive 285
aspiration 412
coloboma 321
drop 343
epithelial cells 434
hook 443f
posterior
dislocated 341
displacement of 199
posteriorly dislocated 352
size of 344
spatula 447, 447f
technique of removal of 344
type of 112
Lensectomy 412
role of 327
Lenticonus 421
anterior 423t
posterior 422, 423t, 425
Lenticular refractive surgery 112
Leopard skin retinopathy 247
Lesion
anterior 81
diameter of 12
of anterior ethmoidal sinus 3
Less severe occlusion 216
Leukemia 209, 214, 240, 305, 357
Leukemic vitreous infiltration 211
Leukocoria 409
Levator action 53
Levator function 53
measurement of 53
Levator palpebrae superioris 15, 23, 356
function 17
Level of Bowman's membrane 148
Lhermitte sign 377
Lid 318, 325, 338, 358, 365, 372, 378, 401, 422
clamp 455, 455f
coloboma 88
acquired 87
drooping of upper 15
examination of 4
excursion 17
fold, presence of 53
laxity 5860
amount of 56
lower, components of 58
malignancy, signs of 13
margins, ulceration of 10
opening, normal 72f
reconstruction 13, 14t
resection procedures, disadvantages of 59
retraction 37f
signs in proptosis 38t
speculum 440
surgery 455
tumor 9, 10
Life-threatening injuries 31
Light reflex tests 385
Limbal dermoid 87, 163, 163f, 164f, 169f
treatment of 166
Limbic keratoconjunctivitis, superior 69
Limbus-to-limbus corneal thinning 141, 142f
Limited anterior vitrectomy 412
Lingam gopal classification 323t
Lipodermoid 78
Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy 123
Locus minoris resistentiae 322
Loss of vision, sudden painless 216
Low potency steroid 202
Low vision
aids 285, 348
cause of 226
in coloboma, causes of 323
Lowe's syndrome 190, 414, 421
Lower eyelid
coloboma 87, 89, 164
retractor reinsertion 62
tightening 75
Lower lid 39
coloboma 89t
retraction 39
Luedde's exophthalmometer 6
Lumbar puncture 379
Lyme's disease 74, 290
Lymph node
enlarged 69
involvement 11
Lymphatic malformation 84
Lymphoma 3, 164, 211
M
Macroaneurysm 213
Macula 379
center of 254
Macular atrophy 254
Macular colobomas 320
Macular corneal dystrophy 117, 123
Macular degeneration, signs of age related 152
Macular dystrophy 117, 127, 347f, 348, 348t
Macular edema 211f, 218f, 219, 220, 239, 243, 310
causes of 240
development, pathophysiology of 242
first line of treatment for 229
management of 229
Macular hemorrhage 254, 302
Macular hole 252, 257, 352
formation 260
index 255
management of 256t
surgery for 255
Macular ischemia 219, 228, 310f
Macular swelling, causes of 240
Maddox rod 387
Maddox wing 387
Male graves’ disease 36
Malignant contracted socket 27
Malignant melanoma, manifestation of 14
Malignant mixed tumor 49, 50
Malignant tumor 46, 47
Malpositioning of eyelid 52
Managing macular ischemia 313
Mandibulofacial dysostosis 428
Mannosidosis 414
Map biopsy 13, 69
Marcus Gunn jaw
grading of 21
winking 19, 21
syndrome 23, 54
Marcus Gunn ptosis 55
Marcus Gunn syndrome 15
Marden-Walker syndrome 65
Marfan's disease 417f, 417t, 420
etiopathogenesis of 419
Marfan's syndrome 107, 415417, 420, 428
Margin crease distance 17
Margin limbal distance 17
Margin-reflex distance 17
Margins of ulcer 93
Marked ectropion 58
Mass lesion, reducibility of 4
Mass, reducibility of 4
Mature cataract 415
Maxillary sinus
carcinoma of 3
tumor 3
Mc Donald criteria 382
McNeill-Goldman ring 451
McPherson's forceps 442, 443f
Mechanical debridement 149
Mechanical ectropion 58
management of 59
Mechanical ptosis 24
Media haze, causes of 290
Media opacity, causes of 210, 211
Medial anterior dermoid 78
Medial canthal
laxity test 61
tendon laxity 56, 59
Medial orbital
lymphangioma 3f
wall, fracture of 1
Medial rectus, bilateral 394
Meesmann corneal dystrophy 123
Megalocornea 142, 415
Membrane, type of 263
Membranectomy 434
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 277
Membranous conjunctivitis, severe 62
Menstrual history 64
Mental retardation 417
Mestinon 407
Metabolic disorders 190
Metallic eye speculum 440f
Metastasis 70
Metastatic disease 305
Metastatic tumor 3, 50
Microaneurysm development, pathophysiology of 241
Microphthalmia 18
unilateral 29f
Microphthalmos 164
Micropsia 395
Micropulse 243
Microspherophakia 428
etiology of 430t
Micro-spherophakia, pathogenesis of 431
Microvascular disease 361
Microvascular lesions 375
Mild congenital ectropion 59
Mild contracted socket 27
Mild ptosis 53
Millard-Gubler syndrome 370
Miniature toy test 410
Misdirected third nerve ptosis 19, 55
Mitomycin C 69, 183, 194, 195
use of 166
Mitral valve prolapse 107, 415
Mixed types melanoma 298
Moebius syndrome 402
Mohs’ micrographic
surgery 11
technique 69
Moist socket, treatment of 28
Moll gland of eyelid 67
Monocular diplopia 415
Monster vessels 189
Mooren's ulcer 93, 145
Moraxella 90
Morning glory syndrome 402
Motility 318
deficits 81
Mucocele 78
Mucopolysaccharidoses 154, 161
Muir-Torre syndrome 70
Müller's muscles 75
Multicenter uveitis steroid treatment 289
Multifocal electroretinography 311
Multiple follicular cysts 70
Munson's sign 115
Muscle
biopsy 406
of retraction 76
tone, reduced 64
Musculoskeletal system 330
Musk protein antibodies 405
Mustard's technique 88
Myasthenia gravis 39, 55, 403, 408
Myasthenia, tests to confirm 22
Mycobacteria species 105
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 92
Mycophenolate mofetil 138
Myoepithelioma 47
Myogenic ptosis 23
acquired 23
Myogenic theory 402
Myopia, signs of 267
Myopic crescent 429
Myopic glasses, use of 252
Myotonic dystrophy 54, 414
N
Naffziger's method 3
Nasolacrimal duct stenosis 12
Nasopharyngeal tumor 3
Naugle exophthalmometer 6
Nausea, complaint of 337
Necrotic material 103
Neovascualar glaucoma 181, 192, 198, 216, 217, 219, 222, 230, 238
causes of 195
stages of 193t
Neovascularisation iris 181, 192, 193, 193f, 209, 230, 238, 263, 309
Nephropathy 237
Nerve fiber layer 173
Nettleship's punctum dilator 456f
Neurocysticercosis 331
Neurogenic ptosis 23
acquired 24
Neurologic disorders 39
Neuromyelitis optica 382
Neuroretinal rim 174
Neurotrophic keratitis 230, 238
Neurotrophic ulcer 93
New iris vessels 195
Night blindness 248
N-methyl d-aspartate 176
Nocardia species 90, 105
Nonantigenic 29
Noncontact trephines 452
Nonhealing corneal ulcer 104
Non-healing of epithelial defect 101
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 234
Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy 176
Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery 176
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy 229, 236
Nonrefractive accommodative 392
Nonresolving vitreous hemorrhage 221
Nonspecific orbital inflammatory disease 39
Noonan syndrome 65
Norrie's disease 195
Nose, alterations of 89
Nuclear sclerotic cataracts 257
Nucleus
drop 342
emulsification 426
expression of 447
Nyctalopia 233
Nystagmoid movements 404
Nystagmus 52
surgery for 407
O
Oblique muscles directly 4
Oblique palsy
bilateral superior 376t
unilateral superior 376t
Occasional intermediate uveitis 249
Occlusion therapy 166, 396
Ocular
adnexa 225
associations 107
balance 46
bobbing 404
coherence tomography 315, 316f
cysts 329
dermoids 168
developmental disorders 190
disease 190
severe ischemic 25
epibulbar dermoids 168
examination 3, 188, 273, 286, 292, 325, 351, 357, 365, 372, 378, 400, 428, 431
flutter 404
function 12
hypertension 174
hypotony 269
inflammation, postoperative 205
inflammatory diseases 163, 195
injury, classification of 355
investigation 288
ischemic syndrome 219, 240
lymphangiectasia 72
manifestations of Bell's palsy 76t
motility 31, 365
abnormal 53
limitation of 31
movements 267
myasthenia 404
gravis 403, 406
neoplasms 195
neovascularization 220
pemphigus 62
perforation 167
predisposition 209
response analyzer 111
side effects 291
signs of myasthenia gravis 404t
surface
diseases 134
irregularity 60
surgery 64, 86, 107, 134, 172, 195
symptoms and signs of Bell's palsy 75
torticollis 376t
trauma 30, 60, 172, 174
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome 422
Oculodigital sign 248
Oculomotor abnormalities 18, 55
Oculoplasty 1
procedures 446
Oil tamponade, duration of 340
Oil-filled eyes 335, 340
Okihiro's syndrome 402
Old retinal detachment 247
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy 347
Open-angle glaucoma 171, 309
Ophthalmic artery occlusion 251
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve 4
Ophthalmic examination 36, 300, 309
Ophthalmic instruments 440
Ophthalmic viscoelastic device 427
Ophthalmology, epidemiology of 184
Ophthalmopathy, treatment of 42
Ophthalmoplegia, external 65
Ophthalmoscopic classification 380
Ophthalmoscopy, indirect 301
Optic atrophy 219
Optic canal 8
Optic disc 173, 378
cup, enlargement of 173, 173f
hemorrhage 177
pit 305
types of 323t
Optic foramina, enlargement of 7
Optic nerve
damage, extent of 192
dysfunction, signs of 381
glioma 3f
head
changes 174
examination of 188
hypoplasia 193
Optic neuritis 377, 380
classification of 380
options for 381
treatment trial 377, 381
Optical coherence tomography 279, 282
uses of 240
Oral
hypoglycemic agents 237
pentoxifylline, role of 221
prednisone, short course of 32
Orbicularis muscle weakness 57
Orbicularis muscular tone 61
Orbicularis oculi muscle 76
Orbit excision of tumor 50
Orbit syndrome, expanded 34
Orbital apex, region of 8
Orbital cavity, enlargement of 7
Orbital cellulitis 78, 82
Orbital contents, entrapment of 31
Orbital decompression 43
Orbital extension 12
Orbital fascial connective tissue, restriction of 4
Orbital fat 76
Orbital floor
boundaries of 35
fracture of 30, 31f
repair 34t
Orbital fracture, type of 30
Orbital hemangioma 82
classify 84
Orbital hemorrhage 1
recurrent 2
Orbital implants, types of 30
Orbital mass 8
diagnosis of 8
Orbital myositis 39
Orbital pseudotumor 78
Orbital rim, fracture of 30
Orbital septum 76
Orbital tumors 39
Orbital venography 8
Orbital wall fractures 52
Orbito-lid apposition, grade of 58
Orbitotomy, anterior 49
Orthophoria 394
Ovarian failure, management of 67
Ovarian function, early loss of 65
Ovarian insufficiency, primary 65
Oversized prosthesis, avoidance of 29
P
Pagetoid spread, evidence of 69
Pain proptosis, presence of 2
Pain, symptoms of 129
Palpebral aperture 17
Palpebral conjunctiva 11
Palpebral fissure distance 53
Palpebral preauricular lymph nodes 10
Panretinal photocoagulation 194, 220, 232
Papillae, presence of 107
Papilledema 219
Papillophlebitis 380
Paracentral scotomata 236
Paracentral Staphlococcus aureus 92
Paralytic ectropion 57f
management of 59
Parapapillary atrophy 177
Parathyroid hormone 149
Paresis 368
Parinaud's syndrome 39
Parks-Bielschowsky three-step tests 376
Pars plana lensectomy 312, 418
Pars plana vitrectomy 256, 418
Pars planitis 290
Partial palsy 368
Past ocular disorders 224
Patch graft, types of 104
Patchy iris stromal atrophy 180f
Pathological myopia 267
Paton spatula 452f
Pattern-scanning retinal laser 235
Pediatric cataracts 413
Peek sign 405
Pegaptanib 283
Pellucid marginal
corneal degeneration, diagnosis of 146t
degeneration 110, 144, 146t
Penetrating keratoplasty 112, 118, 132, 143, 147, 152, 189
Penetrating trauma 435
Pentacam 111, 433
Perfluorocarbon liquid 327
role of 327, 344
Perforated corneal ulcer 94f, 100
Peribulbar dermoid, triad of 86
Perifoveal yellowish 301
Periocular tumors 2
Periodic orbital edema 2
Periorbital inflammation 4
Periorbital tumor 54
Peripapillary atrophy 173f
Peripheral anterior synechia 157, 158, 193, 198
Peripheral blood smear 211
Peripheral iridectomy 172, 182, 339
Peripheral retinal
breaks 257
fold 352f
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis 218
Peripheral vision, loss of 250
Peritomy, closure of 268
Permanent loss of vision 72
Permanent prism 361
Permanent tarsorrhaphy 75
Persistent epithelial defect 230
Persistent fetal vasculature 413
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 190, 195, 411
Peters’ anomaly 154, 155, 160, 162
Peters’ plus syndrome 162
Phaces syndrome 84
Phaco needle tip 450f
Phacoemulsification 258
Phacovitrectomy 258
Phenylephrine 231
test 21
Phosphaturia 422
Photocoagulation, adequacy of 212
Photodynamic therapy 12, 283, 307
Photophobia 72, 91, 148, 153, 188, 346, 395, 415
Photopsia 261
Photorefractive keratectomy 115
Phototherapeutic keratectomy 115, 124, 149, 152
complications of 150
Phototherapeutic kerectomy 118
Pierce-Hoskin forceps 442, 443f
Piggyback systems 112
Pigment dispersion syndrome 207
Pigment epithelial
abnormalities 273
detachment 275, 279, 304
Pigment epithelial-derived growth factor 283
Pigment, loss of 246
Pigmentary glaucoma 174, 205
Pigmentation 93
Pigmented basal cell carcinoma 10f
Pigmented choroidal melanoma 294f
Pinch test 56, 60
Placement of bandage contact lens 150
Placental growth factor 233, 283
Plain forceps 441f
Plasma
exchange 383
homocysteine level 219, 226
Plateau iris syndrome 181
Platelet rich plasma, complications of 233
Pleomorphic adenocarcinoma 49
Pleomorphic adenoma 4547, 49, 50, 50t, 51
Plexiform neurofibroma 78
Plural-colobomata 318
Pneumatic cutters 458
Pneumatic retinopexy 269
role of 327
Pneumococcus species 90
Pneumoretinopexy, principles of 269
Polar cataract
classify posterior 427
posterior 424, 425f, 427
Polymerase chain reaction 100
Polymorphous corneal dystrophy, posterior 123, 130, 131, 155
Polymorphous dystrophy, posterior 158
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 305
Poor bell's phenomena 54
Poor cosmetic appearance 25
Poor dilation of pupil 205
Poor functional status of vision 351
Poor orbicularis muscle function 54
Poor tumor differentiation 12
Poor vision 31
management of 284
Poor visual acuity 357
Port-wine stain 187
Position of lacrimal puncta 57
Posner-Schlossman syndrome 290
Post-enucleation socket syndrome 30
Posterior capsular defect, management of 427
Post-laser medication 434
Postpenetrating keratoplasty herpetic keratitis 105
Postperforating injury 101
Postsurgical ptosis 22
Post-traumatic atrophy of lens 437
Post-traumatic impairment 39
Post-vitrectomized eyes 335, 340
Preauricular lymph nodes 4
Pre-Descemet's corneal dystrophy 123
Prednisolone, dose of 43
Preferential hyperacuity perimeter 279
Pre-glaucoma stage 196
Preretinal blood, removal of 459
Pre-retinal hemorrhage 233
Previtelliform 349
Prisms 396
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, chronic 15, 39
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy 193, 209, 213, 229, 236, 313
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy 261, 265, 270, 352
signs of 352
Prominent corneal nerves 108
Prominent scleral spur 198
Prophylactic peripheral iridectomy 339
Prophylactic treatment 194
Prophylaxis, methods of 272
Propionibacterium acnes 290
Proptosis 1, 3, 8, 18, 36, 82, 83
bilateral 9
cause of 2t, 9
bilateral 2, 2t
consequence of 37
direction of 3
early cases of 3
severe bilateral 37f
subacute course of 45
unilateral 2, 9
Proteinuria 423
Protrusion of eye 3
Provision of low vision aids 282
Proximal tubular acidosis 422
Pseudoepithelial hyperplasia 12
Pseudoesotropia, causes of 399
Pseudoexfoliation 415
glaucoma 174, 198, 203
syndrome 203
Pseudohypopyon 349
Pseudomacular holes 254
Pseudomonas 91, 92, 94
aeruginosa 90
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 130
Pseudoproptosis 8
Pseudopterygium, formation of 166, 167
Pseudoptosis 55
causes of 18
Pseudotumor of orbit 55
Psoralen plus ultraviolet A 10
Psychosomatic disorders 424
Pterygium
atypical 164
surgery 446
Ptosis 15, 20, 53, 55, 63, 65, 66f, 404
acquired 19, 19t, 21
amount of 15
classification of 19t, 21
evaluation of 18
measurement of 17
mechanical causes of 16
progression of 15
recurrent episodes of 15
repair 20, 54
section of 52
severe 52
severity of 53, 64
to jaw movement, amount of 52
Pulfrich phenomenon 377
Pulsatile proptosis 8
causes of 9
Pulse steroid therapy 32
Punctal malposition 59
Pupil 73, 96, 319, 333, 359, 366, 372, 378, 410, 416, 422, 424, 428, 432, 436
examination of 7
reaction 263
sparing nerve palsy 363
Pupillary margin 204f
Pupillary reaction 16, 352
Purified protein derivative skin test 288
Putterman's method 17
PXF syndrome 203
Pyogenic granuloma 71, 71f
R
Radial keratotomy 107
Radial optic neurotomy 221
Radiation retinopathy 219, 240
Radiation therapy 42
Radiotherapy, complications of 12
Raised intraocular pressure 176
Randot test 389
Ranibizumab 283
Rare syndromes 87
Real vital dye 256
Recalcitrant cases, management of 28
Recalcitrant macular edema 229
Rectus muscles 7
Rectus-holding forceps, superior 441, 441f
Red eyes 60
Red-free imaging 241
Refraction 429
Refractive accommodative 392
Refractive error 393, 395
Refractive index 336
of vitreous 336
Refractive lens exchange 115
Refractive surgery 107, 115
Refsum disease 247
Regional lymph nodes 4
Regular astigmatism 166
Rehabilitate aphakic patient 345
Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy 123
Relative afferent
pathway defect 192, 436
pupillary defect 32, 246, 263, 352, 378, 432
Renal function
measurements 149
test 88, 166, 224, 240, 423
Repetitive nerve stimulation test 406
Residual tumor, locations of 12
Resolution of ulcer, early sign of 94
Respiratory system 300
Retained intraocular foreign body 327, 352, 355
Reticular pseudodrusen 272
Retina 208
attached 212
thinning of 257
Retinal aplasia 251
Retinal artery occlusion, branch 195
Retinal break 265
types of 353
Retinal capillary nonperfusion 241
Retinal change in diabetes, sign of 242
Retinal cryopexy, anterior 194
Retinal cryotherapy, anterior 213
Retinal cyst 263
Retinal detachment 195, 198, 260, 262, 262t, 270, 286, 290, 314, 318, 320, 330, 352, 354, 411, 413, 415, 429, 436
diagnosing 263
in myopes 267
management of 324
presence of 210
surgery for 265t
types of 261t
Retinal dialysis 198, 353
Retinal disorders 262
family history of 351
Retinal folds 269
Retinal ganglion cell 383
Retinal hemorrhages 239f
Retinal hypoxia 196
Retinal incarceration 269
Retinal ischemia
cause of 192
evidence of 193
Retinal laser 237
Retinal mass 263
Retinal necrosis, acute 290
Retinal nerve
fiber layer 174, 177, 383, 384
thickness 174
Retinal pigment
epithelial tear 276
epithelium 260, 272, 294, 306
Retinal surgery 316
Retinal tears 314, 352
Retinal vascular
anomalies 214
occlusive diseases 195, 314
Retinal vasculitis 210
Retinal vein occlusion 216, 240, 252
branch 195, 223
Retinal vessel
distortion of 315f
rupture of normal 215
Retinitis pigmentosa 244, 247, 415
inversus 247
severe 251
sine pigmento 247
stages of 244
Retinitis punctata albescens 247
Retinitis sclopetaria 352
Retinoblastoma 265, 411
Retinochoroidal coloboma 323, 324
Retinopathy 242
decreases, progression of 237
in diabetes 234
of prematurity 190, 195, 210, 262, 411
severity of 237
to anemia 219
Retinoschisis 263
Retinoscopy 422
Retinovascular disease 240
Retroillumination, presence of 184
Retropulsion test 4
Retropulsion theory 34
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 257, 260, 265, 325
sign of 342
Ribonucleic acid 233
Rigid gas permeable 107, 111
lenses 111, 144
Ring sctoma, presence of 248
Ring shaped ulcer 93
Rizzuti phenomena 109
Rizzuti's sign 115
Roof of orbit, development of 9
Rosette cataract 436
Rothmund disease 424
Rubella 410, 411
Rubeosis iridis 196
presence of 194
Rupture 355
S
Sabouraud's dextrose agar 98
Saddle-shaped instrument 443
Salmon patch 46
Salzmann nodular degeneration 125
Sandhoff's disease 303
Scanning slit combined 110
Schirmer's test 18, 46, 56, 61, 73
Schnyder corneal dystrophy 123
Schnyder's crystalline dystrophy 117
Schocket scleral depressor 461, 461f
Schroeder classification 426
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome 65
Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome 266
Scissoring of red reflex 107
Sclera 65, 95, 359, 366, 372, 410, 416, 422, 424, 428, 432, 436, 441
Scleral buckling 268, 327
surgery, steps in 268
Scleral involvement 101
Scleral rupture 352
Scleral wounds, signs of old repaired 351
Scleritis 263
posterior 305
Scleroderma 424
Sealed capsular irrigation 435
Sebaceous adenomas 70
Sebaceous carcinoma 69, 70
in systemic disease 71
Sebaceous cell carcinoma 11, 68, 69
Sebaceous epitheliomas 70
Sebaceous gland carcinoma 9, 10f, 13, 67, 68f
Secondary glaucoma 429
Secondary tumor 3
Segment coloboma, posterior 321
Segment cysticercosis, posterior 329
Self-retaining barraquer eye speculum 440
Semi-integrated implants 30
Senile cataract occurs 238
Senile ectropion 57f, 62
Sensory detachment 311
Sentinel lymph node 13
biopsy 13
Serum
angiotensin converting enzyme 219
calcium 149
galactokinase 411
lipids, management of 237
phosphorus 149
uric acid 149
Seven rings of trauma, discuss 439
Severe complicated ptosis, right-sided 24f
Severe contracted socket, management 28
Severe visual loss, harbinger of 229
Shaffer's sign 210
Shallow anterior chamber 179f
Sheridan-Gardiner test 410
Sickle cell disease 209, 214
Silicone brush tip cannula 459
Silicone oil 336
disadvantages of 270
filled eyes 336, 340
induced secondary glaucoma 337
removal 339
role of 258, 327
Singh classification 425
Single-fiber
electromyogram 22
nerve electromyography 406
Sinusotomy 176
Sixth cranial nerve palsy 364
Sixth nerve palsy 368t
causes of 369t
diagnosis of 367t
right 365f, 366f
Sixth nerve, course of 369
Sjögren syndrome 46
Skeletal anomalies 89
Skewed radial axes 116
Skin 76
atrophy 12
biopsy punches 452
Sleep test 405
Sling surgery, complications of 55
Slit-lamp
biomicroscopy 164
examination 61
Small graft 139
Smear examination, result of 97
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 65
Smokestack leak 305
Smoking 230, 237
history of 36
Snailtrack degeneration 266
Snap-back test 56, 60
Snellen's entropion clamp 455, 455f
Soemmering's ring 432f, 433, 434, 434f
Soft silicone tip cannula 460, 460f
Soft tissue, herniation of 32
Solar retinopathy 254
Spastic entropion
acute 61
causes of 63
Spectacle 144
Specular biomicroscopy 205
Spheroidal degeneration 150, 151f, 153
Spindle cell melanoma 298
Spongiform 311
Squamous cell carcinoma 9, 11, 12, 69, 70
of eyelid 10f
Squamous layer of epidermis 11
Squamous papilloma 72
Squint 351
examination for 372, 401
tests for 359
Staphylococcus aureus 9092
Staphyloma, posterior 429
Stargardt disease 346348, 349t
pathophysiology of 348, 349
Stereopsis 389
lack of 263
Steroid 36, 101, 137
implants, discuss 291
induced glaucoma 200202
prevention of 201
side effects of 291
therapy, discontinuation of 200
type of 202
Steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs 42
Steven tenotomy scissors 446, 446f
Steven-Johnson syndrome 29, 60, 62, 134
Stiles-Crawford effect 307
Still's syndrome 150
Stimulation deprivation amblyopia 164
Stool examination 331
Strabismic amblyopia 164
Strabismus 16, 82, 88, 164, 166, 356, 401, 409, 421
Striational antibodies 405
Stromal dystrophy 123
types of 118
Stromal scars 145
Sturge-Weber syndrome 173, 185, 187t, 190
Subcapsular cataract, posterior 246, 249, 335, 425
Subcapsular opacities 436
Subconjunctival hemorrhage 32, 197
Subconjunctival mass 7
Subcutaneous emphysema 31
Subcutaneous tissue 76
Subepithelial dystrophy 122
Subepithelial fibrillary lines 109
Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy 123
Subhyaloid hemorrhage 184
Subluxated lens 414
etiology of 415t
Subluxation of lens 87
Subretinal bleed 269, 352
Subretinal choroidal neovascularization 305
Subretinal cysts 330
Subretinal exudates 263
Subretinal fluid 254, 306f
internal drainage of 459
Subretinal hemorrhages 198
Sulcus defect, superior 18
Sulfite oxide deficiency 415
Sunglasses 42
preferred, type of 251
Superficial foreign body 355
Superficial keratectomy 124, 149
Superior rectus, right 373
Superotemporal displacement 416f
Surgery
complications of 167, 328, 402
for ectropion, selection of 58
performed, type of 25
type of 195
Swimming goggles 407
Swiss cheese 46, 51
Sympathomimetic drugs 39
Syndromic retinitis pigmentosa 245t
Syndromic variants 87
Synechiae
anterior 135
posterior 184
Synkinetic ptosis 19
Synoptophore 359
test 389
Systemic antibiotic 101
Systemic anticoagulants, role of 221
Systemic antimicrobial agents, use of 95
Systemic chemotherapy 297
Systemic disease 91
Systemic disorders 190
Systemic inflammatory disease 2
Systemic medications 172, 179
Systemic myasthenia 404
Systemic steroid 137
therapy 79
T
Taenia solium 329, 331
Tarsoconjunctiva 58
combined, excision of 58
scarring of 58
Tarsorrhaphy, limitation of 75
Tay-Sachs disease 303
Tears, artificial 42
Tectonic patch graft 104
Teflon block 452
Telangiectasia's, small 68
Tenon's patch graft 104
Tensilon test 22, 405, 406
Tension glaucoma, normal 200
Teratoma 78, 81
Terrien's marginal degeneration 146
Terson's syndrome 210, 212, 214
Therapeutic keratectomy microkeratome system 454f
Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty 104
Thermal injury 29
Thiazide diuretics 68
Thick hyaloid 263
Thick mature epiretinal membrane 315f
Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy 123
Third cranial nerve
course of 363
palsy 53, 356, 362
Third nerve palsy, causes of 364
Thudichum nasal speculum 456, 457f
Thymectomy 407
Thyroid
associated ophthalmopathy 35
disorder 2
eye disease 37f
function test 7, 39, 73, 406, 411
gland dysfunction, treatment of 42
involved 408
ophthalmopathy 7
treatment of 42
related ophthalmopathy 3, 35
Thyroxine 44
Tight medial rectus muscle 394
Tissue
adhesives 103
diagnosis 296
Titmus test 389
Tobacco
chewing 230
dust 263, 267
smoking 43
Tonometry 78, 164
Topical mitomycin C application 12
Topical steroids 137, 182
Torsion, evaluation of 373
Total detachment of retina 251
Toxocariasis 411
Toxoplasmosis 410, 411
Trabecular meshwork 171
Trabeculectomy 186, 195, 201
Trabeculotomy 186, 189
Trachoma 62
Traction on retina 458
Tractional retinal detachment 211, 219, 230, 231, 260, 262
Transient ischemic attacks 233
Transmitted cerebral pulsations 2
Transpupillary thermotherapy 283, 307
Trans-scleral
cyclophotocoagulation 195
panretinal cryotherapy 194
Trauma
effects of 32
history of 52, 91, 208, 333, 341, 351
seven rings of 354
signs of 197, 198, 254, 263, 351
Traumatic hyphema 199
Traumatic ptosis 23
Traumatic retinal detachment 350, 354
Treacher-Collins syndrome 89
Trephines, types of 451
Treponemal serology 219
Triamcinolone acetonide 256
Trocar and cannula 457
Tube surgery 189
Tumor 208
diameter 12
extent of 50
recurrent 12
type of 4
Tunica vasculosa lentis 427
Tunnel vision 249
diagnosis of 250
Typical optic neuritis 381t
U
Uhthoff phenomenon 377
Ulcer
base of 93
edge of 98
influence, depth of 90
progressive 93
Umbilical hernia 89
Universal metallic eye speculum 440
Upper eyelid
coloboma 89, 164
fornix 87
retraction 18, 43, 75, 444
Upper lid
coloboma 88, 89t
retraction 39
Urine examination 411, 423
Usher syndrome 247
Utrata capsulorhexis forceps 442, 442f
Uveal inflammation 96
Uveitis 212
anterior 184
chronic 247
posterior 263, 316
signs of 205, 225
V
van Herick's method 183
Vannas scissors 447f
Variable intraocular pressure 37
Vascular disease 316
Vascular endothelial growth factor 233, 234, 307
Vascular occlusion 209
type of 216
Vascular sclerosis, gross signs of 219
Vascularization of host cornea 139
Vasculitis 240, 301
Vaso-inhibitory factors 197
Vasospastic diseases 172
Vein occlusion, branch 227
Venous beading 239f
Venous malformations 85
Venous stasis retinopathy 219
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis 106
Viral keratitis 103t, 104
management of 102
Virectomy, indications of 213
Viscocanalostomy 176
Viscosity silicone oils, use of low 340
Vision 350
achieved, quality of 114
acute loss of 230
better quality of 112
blurring of 73, 77, 86, 117, 118, 144, 148, 153, 163, 233, 285
deterioration of 10
diminution of 15, 63, 77, 86, 90, 163, 329, 346
dimness of 192
gradual loss of 230
gradual painless loss of 337
in eye, gradual painless loss of 272
loss 1, 91, 314, 341
causes of 290, 333, 234
progression of 172
preceding pain, dimness of 192
progressive loss of 118
sudden diminution of 300
sudden loss of 144, 272
Visual acuity 3, 16, 52, 253, 286, 304, 318, 325, 357, 365, 372, 378, 385, 410, 416, 431, 436
best corrected 106, 135, 230, 237, 341, 436
best spectacle corrected 431
decreased 91
gain of 228
loss of 346
significant loss of 91
uncorrected 230, 341
Visual axis 151, 166
opacification 413
Visual complaints, progress of 223
Visual correction, type of 111, 144
Visual evoked
potential 379
response 353, 379, 411
Visual field 220
defect 257, 261
loss of 233
loss, advanced 172
normal 174
testing 21, 347
Visual function 251
Visual loss 118, 172, 179, 261
significant 124
Visual potential 195
assessment 437
Visual rehabilitation 249, 348
postoperative 412
Visual requirements 317
Visual symptoms 184
Visualization of gadolinium-enhanced lesions 8
Vitamin
A
palmitate 249
supplements, avoidance of high-dose 348
C 282
E 282
Vitelliform 349
Vitelliruptive 349
Vitrectomy 268, 324
benefits of early 234
cutter 458, 458f
in diabetic patients 234
role of 221
sequential 258
with scleral buckle, role of 328
year of 333
Vitreomacular adhesion 225, 309
Vitreomacular tension, symptoms of 252
Vitreomacular traction 240, 315
syndrome 254
Vitreoretinal pathology 337
Vitreoretinal procedure 333
Vitreoretinal scissors 460, 460f
Vitreoretinal surgery 333, 440, 457
Vitreoretinal traction 268
Vitreous 314, 378, 410, 422, 425, 428, 432, 437
anterior 210, 285, 326
base 264
avulsion 352
body 309
degeneration 211
detachment, posterior 210, 212, 214, 231, 261, 263, 314, 326
gel, syneresis of 210
haze 290
hemorrhage 198, 208, 210, 219, 230, 263, 290, 314, 352, 411
causes of 215t
resorption of 233
incarceration 327
loss 205, 262
membranes 263
pigments 210, 342
prolapse 269
severe 233
spooling 458
substitute 270t
function of 258
role of 258
syneresis 263
Vitritis 211
Vogt Kayanagi Harada's disease 195
Vogt's striae 108
Volkmann's ischemic contracture 31
Voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies 406
Vomiting 329
von Graefe knife 445
von Graefe retractor 443, 443f
W
Waardenburg syndrome 422
Warburg syndrome 322
Warthin tumor 47
Watzke-Allen test 254
Wavy vision 346
Weill-Marchesani syndrome 415t, 428
Westcott scissors 447, 447f
White blood cells 95
White eyed blowout fracture 34
Wildervanck syndrome 402
Wilson disease 414
Wire vectis 448f
Worm's eye 3
Worsen diabetic retinopathy 234
Worsening of ptosis 15
Wound closure 412
X
Xanthelasma 237
Y
Yellow-gold spherules 151f
Z
Zeaxanthin 282
Zellweger's syndrome 190
Zimmerman's hypothesis 299
Zonular cataract 409, 410f
retroillumination 410f
Zonular coloboma inferiorly 319f
Zonular dialysis 205
Zonular opacity 436
Zonular weakness, cause of 206
Zonules 416
Zygomatic complex fracture 31
×
Chapter Notes

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fm1OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS for Postgraduatesfm2
fm3OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS for Postgraduates
Editors Prafulla Kumar Maharana MD DNB Assistant Professor Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi, India Namrata Sharma MD Professor Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi, India Atul Kumar MD FAMS Professor and Chief Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi, India
fm4
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© 2017, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
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Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
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Ophthalmology Clinics for Postgraduates
First Edition: 2017
9789386322890
fm5Dedicated to
My parents, Mr Devendra Maharana and Mrs Binadini Maharana
Prafulla Kumar Maharana
My parents, Dr Ramesh C Sharma and Mrs Maitreyi Pushpa
My husband, Dr Subhash Chandra; and, Daughter, Vasavdatta
Namrata Sharma
My late parents, Mr Sanat Kumar and Mrs Swarna Kumar
My wife, Mrs Parul Kumar; and, Children, Aman and Arshi
Atul Kumarfm6
fm7Contributors Preface
“The whole art of medicine is in observation”.
Sir William Osler
Postgraduate exam is one of the most difficult and stressful milestones in the medical profession. It entails tremendous amount of stress on the candidates who appear for the exam. The never-ending knowledge of ophthalmology makes it quite difficult to revise all the cases from the standard textbooks before the exams. Further, the presentation of cases—long case or short case—is completely in a different format from what is given in the standard textbooks. Most of the time, the candidate fails to present the case properly in spite of good theoretical knowledge. The primary reason for this is that the format in which a topic is discussed in textbooks is completely different from that required for a practical exam.
This book attempts to present the important topics in a format that is exactly same as required in the practical exams. The primary focus is on history taking and proper clinical examination of the cases. Every effort has been made to describe the procedures of clinical examinations in such a way that the candidate can perform these examination techniques accurately in front of the examiner. Special emphasis has been given to the differential diagnosis of the cases, which is often a favorite question amongst the examiner. Clinical photographs of the cases as well as the important signs and investigation findings have been provided that will help the students for better understanding of the cases. The cases are being selected after discussing with experts in this field as well as candidates who have recently appeared in various postgraduate exams. Each chapter ends with a section on viva-voce questions that will help the candidates to mentally prepare for the viva before the final exam. In addition, a chapter on instruments has been included which is invariably a part of all postgraduate practical exams. The editors and all the contributors have made sincere efforts to make things simple and concise and to facilitate quick and thorough revision. However, it must be remembered that this is not a substitute to standard textbooks. The readers are encouraged to read standard textbooks before going through this book. This will make their understanding and application of this book more rewarding.
The editors wish best of luck to the students for their exams!
Prafulla Kumar Maharana
Namrata Sharma
Atul Kumarfm12