Index

Newer Trends in ART Sunita Tandulwadkar, Rishma Dhillon Pai, Hrishikesh D Pai, Nandita Palshetkar, Kinjal R Shah, Manisha T Kundnani

SECTION 1: HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF ART
1:The Development of In Vitro Fertilization in India
- INTRODUCTION
- SUBFERTILITY IN INDIA
- REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE IN INDIA
- NATIONAL REGISTRY
- CURRENT LEGALIZATION
- REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE BILLS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SECTION 2: GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN MANAGING INFERTILE COUPLES
2:Understanding Reproductive Physiology in ART
- OVARIAN CYCLE
  - FSH Threshold and Window
  - Luteal Phase
- ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE
- FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMOPITUITARY OVARIAN SYSTEM
- PREOVULATORY SURGE OF LH AND FSH CAUSES OVULATION
- MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  - Spermatogenesis
  - Fertilization
- HYPOTHALAMUS–PITUITARY–OVARY AXIS
- OVARIAN CYCLE PHYSIOLOGY
3:Evaluation of Female in ART
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (BOXES 2 AND 3)
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Ovulatory Function
- RCOG RECOMMENDATION FOR TUBAL ASSESSMENT
- EVALUATION OF UTERUS
- PERITONEAL FACTORS
- CONCLUSION
4:Evaluation of the Infertile Male
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL EVALUATION GOALS
- BASIC CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE MALE
- SEMEN ANALYSIS
  - Classification Based on Semen Analysis
    - Oligoasthenoteratospermia
    - Antisperm Antibodies
- EVALUATION OF RETROGRADE EJACULATION
- SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC VALUE
- REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES ESTIMATION
  - Hormonal Evaluation
  - Clinical Pathway
- INHIBIN B
  - Genetic Testing
- ROLE OF IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF MALE INFERTILITY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
5:Thyroid and Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
- HYPERTHYROIDISM (BOXES 1 AND 2; TABLE 4)
6:Prolactin and Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
  - Prolactin: The Hormone
- PROLACTIN: FUNCTIONS AND ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
  - Prolactin: Role in Male Reproductive Physiology
- HYPERPROLACTINEMIA AND INFERTILITY
- SUMMARY
7:Obesity and Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY
- ANATOMIC OBESITY
- ENDOCRINE CHANGES IN OBESITY
- NATURAL FERTILITY AND OBESITY
  - Insulin Sensitizers and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
- OBESITY AND ANOVULATORY INFERTILITY
- OBESITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
- PREGNANCY AND OBESITY
- DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF OBESITY UPON MALE FERTILITY
- EXERCISE IN OBESITY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: COMMON GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND INFERTILITY
8:Female Genital Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FEMALE GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
- ENDOMETRIAL FACTORS24,32–34
- GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS AND INFERTILITY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Endoscopy
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
9:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Tubal Inflammation
  - Tubo-ovarian Abscess
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION GUIDELINES, 2015)10,11
- SIGNS
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
  - Laboratory Examination
- TREATMENT
  - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Assisted Reproductive Technology
- PREVENTION
- CONCLUSION
10:Endometriosis: Infertility and ART
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- POSSIBLE SITES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS
- INCIDENCE
- SYMPTOMS
- SIGNS
- INFERTILITY AND ENDOMETRIOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Revised American Society of Reproduction Medicine Classification
  - Koninckx and Martin (1992) Classification:
- MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH INFERTILITY
- PREGNANCY OUTCOMES
- RECOMMENDATIONS1
- CONCLUSION
11:Adenomyosis: Newer Trends in Assisted Reproductive Technology
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Invagination of the Endometrial Basalis
- MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Surgical/Histological Classification of Adenomyosis
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- TREATMENT MODALITIES
- EFFECT OF ADENOMYOSIS AFTER ENDOMETRIOSIS SURGERY ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOME
- ADENOMYOSIS AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
  - Oocyte Donation
  - Pretreatment in Frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer Cycles
- KEY POINTS
12:New Trends in Fibroids and Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- MECHANISM OF INFERTILITY WITH FIBROIDS
- MANAGEMENT
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
13:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PCOS
- SEQUEL OF PCOS
- HOW TO DEFINE PCOS?
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PCOS
- DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PCOS (TABLE 2)
- MANAGEMENT (FiG. 4)
  - Lifestyle Modification
  - Pharmacologic
    - Metformin
- OVULATION INDUCTION
- GNRH ANTAGONIST PROTOCOL
  - Antagonist
- IN–VITRO MATURATION
- SUMMARY
14:Tubal Factor in Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY
- ASSESSMENT OF FALLOPIAN TUBE PATENCY
- MANAGEMENT
15:ART in Seropositive Couples
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS IN ART
  - Virus-specific Management in ART
- RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- KEY POINTS
16:Isthmocele: An Under Diagnosed Cause of Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PRESENTATION
- DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS
- PREVALENCE
- RISK FACTORS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- TREATMENT
- FUTURE PREGNANCY
- FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
SECTION 4: FERTILITY ENHANCING ENDOSCOPIC SURGERIES
17:Hysteroscopy: Instrumentation
- INTRODUCTION
- DISTENSION MEDIA
- DISTENSION DEVICE
  - EASI Endomat
  - Telescopes and Sheaths
- MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS
18:Fertility Enhancing Hysteroscopic Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF HYSTEROSCOPY
  - Routine Hysteroscopy
- FIBROIDS
- POLYPS
  - Conclusion
- MULLERIAN ANOMALIES
- INTRAUTERINE ADHESIONS
  - Conclusion
- CERVICAL STENOSIS
- ISTHMOCELE
19:Fertility Enhancing Laparoscopic Surgeries
- INTRODUCTION
- LEIOMYOMA
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION BEFORE LAPAROSCOPIC MYOMECTOMY
  - Laparoscopic Myomectomy (Figs. 1A to F)
- ADENOMYOSIS AND ADENOMYOMA
- ENDOMETRIOSIS
  - Endometriotic Cystectomy
    - Effect of Endometriotic Cystectomy on Ovarian Reserve
  - Laparoscopic Surgery for Recurrent Endometriosis
- LAPAROSCOPIC OVARIAN DRILLING
- TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY
- CONCLUSION
20:Medicolegal Aspects of Endoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- HOW IS ENDOSCOPY DIFFERENT?
- PREVENTION IS THE BEST SOLUTION
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Pregnancy and Endoscopy
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 5: CURRENT CONCEPTS IN MALE INFERTILITY
21:Genetic, Lifestyle, and Environmental Factors in Male Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS OF MALE INFERTILITY
- LIFESTYLE FACTORS IN MALE INFERTILITY (TABLE 3)
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MALE INFERTILITY (TABLE 4)
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
22:Medical Management of Male Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIFIC MEDICAL THERAPY
- NONSPECIFIC OR EMPERICAL THERAPY
- TAKE HOME MESSAGES
- CONCLUSION
23:Azoospermia
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS AND DEFINITION OF AZOOSPERMIA
- ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF AZOOSPERMIA
- EVALUATION OF AN AZOOSPERMIC MALE
- MANAGEMENT OF CASES OF AZOOSPERMIA
  - Obstructive Azoospermia
  - Nonobstructive Azoospermia
24:Oligozoospermia
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL SEMEN ANALYSIS (WHO REVISED LOWER REFERENCE LIMITS)
- OLIGOZOOSPERMIA RISK FACTORS
- CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OLIGOZOOSPERMIA
- SEMEN ANALYSIS
  - Semen Analysis Algorithm
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY TESTING IN OLIGOZOOSPERMIA
- TREATMENT
  - Lifestyle Modification and Age
- IDIOPATHIC OLIGOZOOSPERMIA
  - Clomiphene or Aromatase Inhibitors
- HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
25:Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Methods to Determine, Clinical Implications and Approaches of its Reduction
- INTRODUCTION
- STANDARD SEMEN ANALYSIS
- SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION
  - Causes of Sperm DNA Fragmentation
- CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION
  - Methods to Determine Sperm DNA Fragmentation
- APPROACH TO REDUCE SPERM DNA DAMAGE
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 6: RADIOLOGY IN INFERTILITY
26:Ultrasound and Color Doppler in Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF ULTRASOUND AND DOPPLER IN INFERTILE COUPLE
- BASELINE SCAN IN INFERTILITY
  - Technical Aspects of Transvaginal Sonography
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY EVALUATION OF TUBAL PATENCY
- UTERINE CAVITY EVALUATION (FiGS. 10A TO C)
- ROLE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY MONITORING IN STIMULATED CYCLES
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY-GUIDED PROCEDURES
- ROLE OF 3D SCAN IN INFERTILITY
- ROLE OF COLOR DOPPLER IN INFERTILITY
- CHANGES IN THE OVARY
- CONCLUSION
27:Ultrasound Mapping of Fibroids
- INTRODUCTION
- SETTING UP AND ADJUSTING THE MACHINE
- TYPICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FEATURES OF FIBROID
- CLASSIFICATION OF FIBROIDS
  - FIGO Classification of Fibroids
    - Submucous Myomas
  - STEPW Classification of Submucous Myomas
- MODALITIES COMMONLY USED TO MAP FIBROIDS
- STEPS FOR FIBROID MAPPING
- REPORTING
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 7: OVARIAN STIMULATION
28:Ovulation Induction and Superovulation
- INTRODUCTION
- CATEGORY OF PATIENTS BENEFITING FROM OVULATION INDUCTION
- BRIEF REVIEW OF EVOLUTION OF OVULATION INDUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF OVULATION
- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR OVULATION INDUCTION6
29:Ultrasonography in Follicular Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- FOLLICULAR MONITORING
  - B-mode Features of a Mature Follicle
  - Doppler Features of a Good Pre-hCG Follicle
- IMPLICATIONS OF FLOW PARAMETERS ON OVUM QUALITY
  - Our Data
- VOLUME ULTRASOUND FOR FOLLICULAR ASSESSMENT
  - Volume Ultrasound Parameters of Good Pre-HCG Follicle
- DOPPLER PARAMETERS OF FOLLICLE AND TIME OF INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION
- VOLUME ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF ENDOMETRIUM
  - 3D and 3D-PD Features of Good Endometrial Receptivity
  - Uterine Contractions and Maximum Implantation Point
- SUMMARY
30:Intrauterine Insemination
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS IUI?
- INDICATIONS
- CASES IN WHICH IUI IS INEFFECTIVE
- POSITIVE PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR IUI SUCCESS
- VARIABLES AFFECTING IUI SUCCESS
- EVALUATION PRIOR TO IUI
  - Female Partner
  - Male Partner
- OVULATION INDUCTION DRUGS
- IDEAL PROTOCOL FOR OVULATION INDUCTION
- IUI TIMING
- SEMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
- IUI—ESHRE GUIDELINES
- PROCEDURE FOR IUI
- DIFFICULT IUI AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  - Various Positions of the Uterus During Difficult IUI
- IS ULTRASOUND-GUIDED IUI BETTER?
- COMPLICATIONS
- POST IUI SUPPLEMENTATION
  - Methods of Semen Preparation
- SETTING UP OF IUI LAB
- CONCLUSION17
31:Individualization of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation
- INTRODUCTION
- PREDICTION OF OVARIAN RESPONSE
- CONCLUSION
32:Mild Ovarian Stimulation Protocol
- INTRODUCTION
- THEORETICAL CONCEPT: BASIS OF MILD STIMULATION
- DEFINITION
- ADDITIONAL MEASURES TO BRING DOWN THE COST
- BENEFITS OF MILD STIMULATION
- LIMITATIONS OF MILD STIMULATION PROTOCOLS
- PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
- CONCLUSION
33:Stimulation Protocols in Cancer Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- OVARIAN RESERVE TESTS
  - Effects of Cancer on Ovarian Response
- TIMING OF STIMULATION
- GONADOTROPIN DOSE DURING OVARIAN STIMULATION
- OVARIAN STIMULATION PROTOCOLS
- CONTROLLED OVARIAN STIMULATION IN PATIENTS WITH ESTROGEN-SENSITIVE CANCERS
- PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS AND OTHER MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUSION
34:Management of Poor Responders in ART
- INTRODUCTION
- PREDICTION OF OVARIAN RESPONSE
- THE BOLOGNA CRITERIA FOR POOR OVARIAN RESPONSE
- MANAGEMENT BY GONADOTROPINS
  - Management by GnRH Analogs
  - Management with GnRH Antagonist
- NEW TOOLS OF STRATEGY IN POOR RESPONDERS TO ART
- OTHER APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT OF POOR RESPONDERS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 8: THE ENDOMETRIUM
35:Endometrium and ART
- INTRODUCTION
- CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE UTERUS (CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS)
  - Stage I
  - Stage II
- “THIN” ENDOMETRIUM
  - Estrogens
- ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS
- INTRAUTERINE ADHESIONS
- CONCLUSION
36:Thin Endometrium
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIUM
- BIOMARKERS OF ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY
- CAUSES OF DEFECTIVE ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY
- THIN ENDOMETRIUM
- TREATMENT OPTIONS
- CONCLUSION
37:Endometrial Receptivity Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY ANALYSIS TEST PROCEDURE
- ENDOMETRIAL PREPARATION AND BIOPSY
- INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
- PERSONALIZED EMBRYO TRANSFER
- CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY ANALYSIS
  - Indications
  - Clinical Outcome
- CONCLUSION
38:Recurrent Implantation Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- NOVEL THERAPIES
- THIRD PARTY REPRODUCTION—DONOR GAMETES AND SURROGACY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 9: THE IVF LAB: ESTABLISHING AND MAINTENANCE; AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
39:Setting of an ART Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- DESIGNING THE IN VITRO FERTILIZATION LABORATORY
- ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY LAYOUT
- CONCLUSION
40:Quality Control and Quality Assurance
- INTRODUCTION
- IN THE BEGINNING
- WHAT IS TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT CULTURE?
- IMPACT OF TQM ON REGULAR AND ROUTINE WORK IN THE ART LABORATORIES: ANDROLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CRYOBIOLOGY LABORATORIES
- HOW TO COLLECT AND MANAGE THE DATA?
  - ART Clinic Management Systems
- INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL
- STANDARDIZED TRAINING PROGRAMS
- MONITORING KPIs
- INCORPORATION QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN NEW AND EXISTING ART UNITS
- CONCLUSION
41:Accreditation of the Assisted Reproductive Technique Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- ACCREDITATION
  - International Standard and Accreditation for In Vitro Fertilization Centers
  - National/Regional Standards
- REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUE CLINIC
- EMBRYOLOGISTS: TRAINING AND ACCREDITATION
- STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTATION
- AUDITS
- CONCLUSION
42:Culture Media
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPOSITION
- CULTURE SYSTEM
- CULTURE VESSEL
- EMBRYO:VOLUME RATIO
- EMBRYOLOGIST
- MONOCULTURE OR SEQUENTIAL CULTURE MEDIA
- CONCLUSION
43:Gamete and Embryo Morphology
- INTRODUCTION
- ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPERM
- INTRODUCTION
- CORONA-CUMULUS COMPLEX
- OOCYTE NUCLEAR MATURITY
- OOPLASM
- ZONA PELLUCIDA AND PERIVITELLINE SPACE (FiGS. 13A AND B)
- OOCYTE MORPHOLOGY, EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLANTATION
- CORRELATION BETWEEN OVARIAN STIMULATION, OOCYTE QUALITY, AND MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- CELL NUMBERS
- FRAGMENTATION (FIGS. 17 TO 19)
- NUCLEATION
- CYTOPLASMIC ANOMALIES
- COMPACTION
- THE BLASTOCYST
- EXPANSION OF THE EMBRYO
- INNER CELL MASS MORPHOLOGY
- TROPHECTODERM MORPHOLOGY
44:Sperm Preparation Techniques
- INTRODUCTION
- CHOICE OF METHOD
- EFFICIENCY OF SPERM SEPARATION FROM SEMINAL PLASMA AND INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- TECHNIQUES OF SPERM PREPARATION
  - Advanced Methods for Sperm Preparation
- CONCLUSION
45:General Principles of Micromanipulation
- SUMMARY BOX
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PRESENT SCENARIO
- FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
46:IVF/ICSI/IMSI/PICSI
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- DESCRIPTION
- IVF AND FERTILIZATION FAILURE
- INTRODUCTION
- MICROMANIPULATOR
- PREPARATION OF DISHES
- SPERM PREPARATION FOR ICSI
- SCANNING, IDENTIFICATION, AND GRADING OF OOCYTES
- DENUDING THE OOCYTES
- ICSI TECHNIQUE (FIGS. 13 TO 28)
- INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION
- IMSI EQUIPMENT
- CALCULATION OF MAGNIFICATION
- MSOME CRITERIA FOR IMSI
- IMSI DISH PREPARATION
- MODIFIED IMSI TECHNIQUE
- INDICATIONS FOR IMSI
- SPERM MORPHOLOGY AND VACUOLES
- CONCLUSION
- BACKGROUND
- PICSI PROCEDURE
- VERDICT
47:Assisted Hatching
- INTRODUCTION
  - Zona Pellucida
  - Hatching
- ASSISTED HATCHING
  - Mechanism of Assisted Hatching
  - Assisted Hatching Techniques
- CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ASSISTED HATCHING
  - Disadvantages of Assisted Hatching
- CONCLUSION
48:Day 3 versus Day 5 Embryo Transfer
- INTRODUCTION
- EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLANTATION OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO
- INITIAL PHASE IN HUMAN IVF: EVALUATION AND TRANSFER OF DAY 3 CLEAVAGE STAGE EMBRYOS
- ADVANTAGES OF DAY 3 ET
- RECENT TRENDS: SHIFT TOWARDS DAY 5 BLASTOCYST TRANSFERS
- THE CASE FOR BLASTOCYST CULTURE AND TRANSFER ON DAY 5
- BLASTOCYST CULTURE: ADVANCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE MEDIA
- ELECTIVE SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER (ESET) AND MULTIPLE PREGNANCY REDUCTION
- DRAWBACKS WITH BLASTOCYST CULTURE AND TRANSFER STRATEGY
- DAY 3 CLEAVAGE STAGE TRANSFERS VERSUS DAY 5 BLASTOCYST TRANSFERS
- CONCLUSION
49:Time-lapse Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- TIME-LAPSE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
- TIME-LAPSE STUDIES
- MODELS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
- KINETICS OF DEVELOPMENT AND KINETIC PARAMETERS
- EMBRYO SELECTION ALGORITHM
- CONCLUSION
50:Newer Technologies in the IVF Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN IVF LABORATORY
- LABORATORY ADVANCEMENT: BLASTOCYST CULTURE
- LABORATORY ADVANCEMENTS: IN VITRO MATURATION OF OOCYTES
- ADVANCES IN CRYOPRESERVATION TECHNIQUE
- TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATING EMBRYOS
- TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATING EMBRYOS: THE “OMICS”
- CONCLUSION
51:Troubleshooting in the IVF Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- CULTURE CONDITIONS
- TEMPERATURE
- INFECTION CONTROL
- TROUBLESHOOTING IN PROCEDURES
  - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
    - Optics
    - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Summary
  - Cryopreservation (Figs. 7A to C)
- HOW TO CARRY OUT A TROUBLESHOOTING EXERCISE?
52:Preventing Mix Up in In Vitro Fertilization Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PRESENT SCENARIO
- BARCODE-BASED SYSTEMS
- RADIOFREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS
- PATIENTS CONCERNS ABOUT IN VITRO FERTILIZATION ERRORS AND ELECTRONIC WITNESSING SYSTEM SATISFACTION
- FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
SECTION 10: CLINICAL PROCEDURES AND PROTOCOLS
53:Oocyte Retrieval
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF ANESTHESIA
- PREREQUISITES
- TIMING OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
- PREPARATION OF OVUM PICK-UP TROLLEY
- PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT
- PREPARATION BY THE GYNECOLOGIST
- INSTRUMENTATION
- PROCEDURE
- DIFFICULT OVUM PICK-UP
- COMPLICATIONS6
  - Troubleshooting
  - Failure to Get Oocytes
54:Embryo Transfer
- INTRODUCTION
- THE LABORATORY PART OF EMBRYO TRANSFER
  - Embryo Quality and Selection
  - Loading the Catheter
- CLINICAL PART OF EMBRYO TRANSFER
- AFTER EMBRYO TRANSFER
- RECENT ADVANCES
- CONCLUSION
- PRACTICE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMING THE EMBRYO TRANSFER
55:Frozen Embryo Transfer
- INTRODUCTION
- HOW DID THE “FREEZE-ALL” STRATEGY BEGIN?
- CONCLUSION
- AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS
56:Elective Single Embryo Transfer
- INTRODUCTION
- RISKS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES FOR CHILDREN
- RISKS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES FOR MOTHER
- OUTCOME OF ELECTIVE SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER
- CRITERIA FOR ELECTIVE SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER
- IMPROVED OUTCOME EVEN IN SINGLETONS WITH ELECTIVE SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER
- HEALTH ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER
- CONCLUSION
57:Luteal Phase Support
- INTRODUCTION
- EVIDENCE-BASED USE OF LUTEAL PHASE SUPPORT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
- DRUGS USED FOR LUTEAL SUPPORT
  - Progesterone
- SUMMARY
- TAKE HOME MESSAGE
58:Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME (FLOWCHART 1)
  - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- CLASSIFICATIONS
  - Type of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- RISK FACTORS FOR OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME
- PREVENTION
  - Follicular Aspiration
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
- RECOMMENDATIONS11 OF PRACTICE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE
59:Adjuvant Therapies in ART
- INTRODUCTION
- PRETREATMENT OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION, INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
- SECOND GROUP
- CONCLUSION
- SECOND GROUP
- CONCLUSION
60:Optimize Oocyte Yield to Maximize Live Birth in Assisted Reproductive Technology
- INTRODUCTION
- PRESENT SCENARIO
- FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SECTION 11: BEYOND ART
61:Pregnancy after Assisted Reproductive Technology
- INTRODUCTION
- OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS AFTER ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
- PREGNANCY OUTCOME
- CONCLUSION
62:First and Second Trimester Screening
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN SCREENING
- SCREENING IN PREGNANCY
  - Terminologies
- COMPONENTS OF GENETIC SERVICE
- CHALLENGES OF PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Various Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
    - Clinical Significance
- FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING
- SECOND TRIMESTER SCREENING
- TAKE HOME MESSAGE
63:Recurrent Miscarriage
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- INCIDENCE
- RECURRENCE RISK
- ETIOLOGY
- TREATMENT
64:Ectopic Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT
- SURGERY FOR TUBAL ECTOPIC
- CHOICE OF SURGERY
- SURGERY FOR NONTUBAL ECTOPICS
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOKINETICS OF METHOTREXATE
- CONTRAINDICATIONS TO METHOTREXATE THERAPY
- INVESTIGATIONS
- METHOTREXATE REGIMENS IN PRACTICE
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METHOTREXATE THERAPY
  - Heterotrophic Pregnancy
  - Anti-D Prophylaxis in Ectopic Pregnancy
- EFFECTS OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY MANAGEMENT ON FUTURE FERTILITY
- POST MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY ADVISE TO THE PATIENTS
- MEDICAL VERSUS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
65:Fetal Reduction
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF FETAL REDUCTION
- PROBLEMS WITH MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES
  - Medical Complications
  - Social and Economic Implications
- FETAL REDUCTION
- WHEN TO PERFORM FETAL REDUCTION?
  - First Trimester Reduction
    - Early First Trimester Fetal Reduction
    - Late First Trimester Reduction
  - Second Trimester Reductions
- PREREQUISITES
- ROUTES AND METHODS OF FETAL REDUCTION
- AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS RECOMMENDATIONS24
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 12: CRYOPRESERVATION
66:Cryopreservation in ART
- INTRODUCTION
- CRYOPROTECTANTS
- CRYOPRESERVATION OF SPERMS
- OOCYTE AND EMBRYO CRYOPRESERVATION
  - Slow Freezing Method (Equilibrium Cooling)
    - Procedure
  - Vitrification Method (Nonequilibrium Cooling)
    - Procedure
- VITRIFICATION PROCESS
- WARMING PROCESS
- COMPARISON OF THE TWO METHODS (TABLE 4)4–6
- SLOW FREEZING: POST-THAW OUTCOMES
- VITRIFICATION: POST-THAW SURVIVAL RATES
- RELEVANCE OF EMBRYO CRYOPRESERVATION
- SUMMARY
67:Semen Banking
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS
- INDICATIONS
- METHODS OF SPERM COLLECTION
- PRINCIPLES OF CRYOPRESERVATION
- CRYOPROTECTANTS
- TECHNIQUE
- EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE SPERMS
- EFFECT ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOME
- ICMR GUIDELINES FOR SEMEN BANKS
- CONCLUSION
68:Oocyte Banking
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE FREEZING
  - Slow Freezing
  - Vitrification
- CRYOPROTECTANTS FOR OOCYTE FREEZING
  - Types
- APPLICATIONS OF OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION
- OBSTETRIC AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES WITH VITRIFIED OOCYTES
- CONCERNS RELATED TO OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION
- PROS AND CONS OF OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION
- FACTORS AFFECTING OUTCOMES OF OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION
- RECOMMENDATIONS OF ASRM FOR OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION
- CONCLUSION
69:Ovarian Tissue Freezing
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- INDICATION FOR OVARIAN TISSUE CRYOPRESERVATION
- RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR OVARIAN TISSUE BANKING
- OVARIAN DAMAGE DUE TO CANCER TREATMENT
- RADIOTHERAPY AND OVARIAN DAMAGE
- CHEMOTHERAPY AND OVARIAN DAMAGE
- TECHNIQUES OF OVARIAN TISSUE CRYOPRESERVATION
- COLLECTION OF OVARIAN TISSUE
- CRYOPROTECTANT PREPARATION
- PREPARATION OF REQUIRED CRYOPROTECTANTS (TABLE 3)
  - Thickness of Cortical Slices
- HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
- FREEZING PROTOCOLS (FLOWCHART 4 TO 7)
- TRANSPLANTATION
- OUTCOMES OF OVARIAN TISSUE GRAFTING (TABLE 4)
- FUTURE OF OVARIAN CORTEX PRESERVATION
- CONCLUSION
  - Vitrification
SECTION 13: THIRD PARTY REPRODUCTION
70:Oocyte and Embryo Donation
- HISTORY
- INDICATION FOR THE DONATION OF OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS
- SCREENING OF OOCYTE DONORS
- SCREENING OF RECIPIENTS
- SYNCHRONIZATION OF THE DONOR AND THE RECIPIENT
- TYPES OF DONORS
- EMBRYO SOURCES
- ICMR GUIDELINES27,28
71:Surrogacy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR SURROGACY
- STEPS INVOLVED IN SURROGACY PROCESS
- ISSUES RELATED TO SURROGACY
- SURROGACY IN INDIA AND GUIDELINES FOR SURROGACY
  - Guidelines as per ART Bill, 2014
  - Guidelines as per Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016
72:Uterus Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERINE FACTOR INFERTILITY: CAUSES
- HISTORY OF UTERINE TRANSPLANT
- PROCEDURE
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
  - Immunosuppressant Drugs Commonly Used in Uterus Transplant62–64
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH UTERUS TRANSPLANT70
  - Difference of Uterus Transplant Compared to Other Solid Organ Transplant
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 14: PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING
73:Preimplantation Genetic Testing: A Pivotal Component of ART
- INTRODUCTION
- OBTAINING DNA: BLASTOCYST (TROPHECTODERM BIOPSY)
- STRATEGY FOR PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING FOR MONOGENIC DISORDERS
  - Linkage Analysis is an Essential Safeguard Against Failure of DNA Amplification
  - De Novo Mutations
- TRADITIONAL INDICATIONS FOR PGT-M (SINGLE-GENE DISORDERS)
- INDICATIONS APPLICABLE ONLY BY PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING
- PGT-M FOR ADULT-ONSET HERITABLE DISORDERS
- TRADITIONAL PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING FOR CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
- PGT-A TO INCREASE ART PREGNANCY RATES
  - PGT to Identify Euploid Embryos to Transfer
- PGT-A FOR SINGLE EMBRYO TRANSFER AND REDUCTION IN MULTIPLE GESTATIONS
- CONCOMITANT PGT-M AND PGT-A
- SAFETY OF PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS
74:Preimplantation Genetic Testing
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS OF PGD/PGS
- STEPS INVOLVED IN PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS
  - Sources of Obtaining Embryonic Cells (Table 1)
  - Technical Aspects
- PRECAUTION IN PGD/PGS
- ETHICAL/LEGAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS
- FUTURE
- SUMMARY
75:PGT: Technical Aspects, Biopsy, and Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCES OF OBTAINING EMBRYONIC CELLS
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS
- WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING?
- FUTURE OF PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING
- CONCLUSION
76:Genetic Analysis: FISH/CGH/Microarray/NGS
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PRESENT
- REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR
  - Next-generation Sequencing
- FUTURE
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 15: REGULATIONS OF ART IN INDIA
77:Guidelines of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Surrogacy
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY GUIDELINES
- NECESSITIES FOR AN ART CLINIC
- ROLE OF GYNECOLOGIST IN ART
- ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES15,16
- GUIDELINES OF SURROGACY
- HISTORY OF SURROGACY
- ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY BILL: OVERVIEW
  - Salient Features for Assisted Reproductive Technology Bill, 2010
- CONCLUSION
78:PCPNDT Act versus IVF/ART: Medicolegal Problems in ART
- INTRODUCTION
- FOLLOW THE DO'S AND DONT'S IN PCPNDT
  - Do's in PCPNDT Act
  - Don'ts in PCPNDT Act
SECTION 16: MISCELLANEOUS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
79:Application of Stem Cells in Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- RESEARCH ON STEM CELLS
- WHY ARE STEM CELLS SPECIAL?
- STEM CELL HARVEST AND INFUSION (OUR BM METHOD)
- ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN INFERTILITY
- AZOOSPERMIA
  - Types of Azoospermia
- ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- REFRACTORY ENDOMETRIUM
- PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE
- ETHICAL CONCERNS
80:CatSper Channel
- INTRODUCTION
- THE CATSPER CHANNEL COMPLEX
- EXPRESSION OF CATSPER CHANNEL
- pH REGULATION AND CATSPER ION CHANNEL
- FUNCTIONS OF CATSPERS
- CATSPER CHANNEL AND MALE INFERTILITY
- CATSPER CHANNEL AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES
- CATSPER CHANNEL: PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH
81:What is new in Assisted Reproductive Technology?
- INTRODUCTION
- MITOCHONDRIAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- GENE EDITING (CRISPR-CAS9)
- CONCLUSION
82:Robotics in Infertility: Technical Aspects and its Present Day Relevance
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PRESENT SCENARIO
- FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.

Aborters

primary 438

secondary 438

Abortion

rates 192

risk of 453

Accreditation 277

main purpose of 277

Achondroplasia 568

Acid-fast bacilli 48

Acidic aniline blue stain 147

Acridine orange assay 148

Acrosin 291

Acrosomal cap 291

Acrosomal membrane, outer 291

Acrosomal reaction 330

Acrosome 292f

reaction 292f, 561, 562

Activated partial thromboplastin time 448

Adalimumab 442

Adenomyoma 67, 115, 156t

excision 71

Adenomyosis 66, 68, 73, 113, 115, 253

after endometriosis surgery, effects of 73

cystic 67

adult 67

diffuse 67

focal 67

histological classification of 67

penetrating vessels in 156f

posterior 165f

resection 571

surgical classification of 67

uteri 66

Adherens 234

Adhesiolysis, hysteroscopic 231

Adhesion 84, 390

molecules 234

Adipose cells 554

Adipose tissue 40

Adjunctive therapy 178

Adnexal masses 124

Air conditioning system 261, 280

Air quality 280, 286, 541

considerations 364t

Air warming system 361

Airborne particulates 273

Alanine 284

Alanylglutamine 284

Alarm

state 273

system 263

Albumin 411

Alopecia 450

Alpha fetoprotein 432, 433, 435

Aluminum cane 460, 461

Alzheimer's disease 566

Amenorrhea 9, 11, 29, 45, 82f

American Association of Gynecological Laparoscopists 109

American Board of Bioanalysis 267

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 91, 94, 435, 457, 521

American Society of Clinical Oncologists 224

American Society of Reproductive Medicine 91, 94, 104, 145, 216, 224, 265, 278, 414, 438, 476

Classification 60, 61f

Guidelines 268, 492

Amino acid 284, 341, 355

disorders 432

Ammonium, lower levels of 284

Amniocentesis 433

Amniotic fluid abnormalities 433

Amoxicillin, combination of 254

Analgesics 69

Anastrozole 132, 179

Anderson's protocol 217, 217f

Androgens 223

deficiency 141

Excess Society Criteria 81

modulating agents 207

Anesthesia 84

general 372

local 372

types of 372

Anesthetic gases 439

Aneuploid embryos 249

ratios of 250

Aneuploid gametes 248

Aneuploidy 340, 432, 433

analysis 354

detection rates 435

embryonic 249

interpretation 432t

prenatal diagnosis of 433

studies, role of 249

Angiogenesis 109

Anovulation

chronic 82

classification of 173b

Antagonist 85, 200

protocol 205, 206f

Anti-androgenic fashion 128

Anti-angiogenic agents 70

Anti-angiogenic drugs 69

Antibiotics 417

Anti-D prophylaxis 450

Antidepressants 36

Antiepileptic drugs 219

Antiestrogen 131, 175, 176

indications of 178

Anti-hepatitis B surface antibody titer 93

Anti-inflammatory 418

agents 69

therapy 131

Anti-Müllerian hormone 11, 12, 41, 81, 82f, 204, 205f, 207, 207f, 216, 222, 410, 422, 481, 492, 505, 557

Antioxidant 132, 230, 284

administration 139

role of 150

Antiphospholipid

antibodies 254

syndrome

primary 439

secondary 439

Antiprogestins 69, 70

Antisperm antibody 19

Antithymoglobulin 508

Antitubercular treatment, history of 118

Antivibration, form of 312

Antral follicle 223

count 11, 12, 82, 154, 157, 205f, 207, 207f, 216, 414, 492

Apoptosis, markers of 307

Apoptotic sperm 149f

Appetite suppressant 83

Aromatase 179

activity 222

enzyme 218

inhibitors 60, 69, 71, 84, 131–133, 139, 144, 175, 179, 198

classification of 179, 179t

Array comparative genomic hybridization 513, 523, 536, 538

Artificial insemination 471, 543

Ascites 412

Ascitic fluid 409

Asherman's syndrome 45, 50, 89, 231, 496, 501, 502, 556

recurrence of 231

severe 556

Asoprisnil 77

Asparagine 284

Aspartate 284

Aspiration, vacuum 447

Aspirin 208, 223, 237, 238, 240, 389, 418

dosage of 418

Assisted hatching 108, 330, 331, 352

clinical application of 332

disadvantages of 333

efficacy of 352

mechanism of 331

techniques 331

Assisted human reproduction Act 265

Assisted reproductive technology 3, 42, 43, 56, 58, 66, 73, 92, 93, 113, 126, 134, 154, 248, 261, 264, 277, 278, 305, 315, 330, 351, 363, 368, 377, 394, 402, 411, 416, 422, 423f, 438, 444, 453, 459, 476, 510, 530, 543, 563, 566, 567

adjuvant therapies in 416

banks 548

bill 547

clinic 278, 541

management systems 266

cryopreservation in 459

guidelines of 540

in endometriosis 63

in seropositive couples 91

laboratory, setting of 261

misuse of 494

obstetric complications after 428

outcome of 229

pivotal component of 513

pregnancy rates 513, 518

procedures 471, 545

role of

andrologist in 543

counselors in 543

embryologist in 543, 544

team 279

treatment 394

Asthenozoospermia 304, 319

Ataxia 568

Atosiban 380

Atresia, esophageal 433

Atretic oocyte 317f

Atypical polypoid adenomyomas 67

Australia, Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee 278

Autocrine factor 287

Autoimmune ovarian damage 557

Autoimmunity 490

Autosomal dominant 566, 568

disorders 520

skeletal dysplasia 491

Autosomal recessive

disorders 520

Mendelian pattern of 566

Auto-transplantation 486

Auxiliary subunits 559

Azathioprine 508

Azoospermia 19, 21, 31, 125, 136, 137, 319, 555, 568

classification of 136

diagnosis of 136

etiology of 136

factor 125, 126

management of 138

nonobstructive 138, 139

obstructive 137, 138

post-testicular causes of 137

severe 125

testicular 136

types of 555

Azoospermic male, evaluation of 137

Bacterial vaginosis 54, 441

treatment of 441

Barcode-based systems 369, 369t

Basal body temperature 177

serial 10

Benchtop incubators 280f

Benzene 287

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, positive 266

Beta-thalassemia 221, 432, 568

Bettocchi hysteroscope based

on 2 mm telescope 104f

on 29 mm telescope 104f

Bettocchi integrated office hysteroscope 104, 105f

Bettocchi system 104

Bicarbonate media, equilibrate 289

Bicornuate uterus 13

Bigatti shaver 106f

Bilateral uterine arteries, laparoscopic transient occlusion of 72

Biopsy

methods 522t, 536t

procedure 522, 536

negative effect of 522, 536

testicular 23, 138

Bipolar

generator 106f

needle 105, 105f

radiofrequency 71

resectoscope 106f, 111

use of 109

Birefringence imaging 352

Birth

defects 431

weight, low 388

Bisphenol A 128

Blank cells 554

Blastocele 301

Blastocyst 283, 301, 460, 514

breaks 301

culture 340, 341, 352, 378

and transfer strategy 341

program 339

development 108, 301, 355

euploidy 424f

expanded 339f

expansion grade 301t

formation, predictors of 339

group 342

implants 337

number of 342

quality 301

stage 340

embryos 353, 354

transfer 337, 339, 341, 342, 498

programs 340

vitrification of 465f

with inner cell mass 302f

Blastomere 301f, 333

biopsy of 354, 521, 530

compaction of 338

fragmentation of 339

fusion, presence of 340

number of 299

premature hatching of 333

symmetry of 299

Blastulation rates 266

Bleeding 219

Blood

cells 554

chemistry 505

count, complete 497

disorders 448

estradiol level, assessment of 185

group 448

pressure 507

transfusion in laparotomy group 446

tumor, presence of 239

Body mass index 9, 10, 40, 190, 207, 222

low 82

Bone marrow

autologous 556

stem cells 556

transplantation 486

Brain 559

Breast tissue, antiestrogenic effect of 218

Breastfeeding 448

Bromocriptine 38

Bronchiectasis 137

Brucellosis 439

Bubble migration analysis 383

Bubble motion, gravity related 383

Cabergoline 38

Cadherins 234

Cadmium 129

Caffeine consumption 127

Calcium 411

Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society 265

Cancer 429

effects of 216

fertility preservation techniques 484t

gynecological 502

heritable 516

related medical conditions 219

survival 502

treatment 216

Cansort method 151f

Capitulum 293

Capnography, use of 122

Carbohydrates 284

Carbon dioxide 273, 285

Carboxylic acid pyruvate 283

Carcinoma, endometrial 502

Cardiovascular disease 176

Carnitines 132

Caseous nodules 45

Catheter

insertion, depth of 382

transfer 379

types of 380, 381f

Catsper channel 559, 561–564

complex 559

expression of 560

involvement of 562

localization of 560f

Catsper null sperms 559

Catsper subunits 560

Cavity, abdominal 121, 445

Ceftriaxone 229, 254

Cell

free fetal DNA, discovery of 434

gonadotropin system 5

numbers 299

types 356

undergoing apoptosis 251

Center well dish 316

Centers for disease control 94

and preventions guidelines 92

Central air handling unit 286

Centromeric-enumeration probe 524f

Cephalosporins 230

Cerebral palsy 394

rate of 453

Certolizumab 442

Cervical

incompetence 395

insufficiency 440

manipulation 382

mucus 84, 155f, 382

quality of 97

removal of 382

represents 382

pregnancy 446

sonographic surveillance, serial 440

stenosis 111

Cervix 46, 155, 501

Cesarean scar pregnancy 447, 450

Cesarean section 96, 99, 509

scar, complications of 96

Cetrolizumab 442

Chemical

air contaminants 261, 279

hatching 352

techniques 332

Chemotaxis 561

toward oocyte 561

Chemotherapy 470, 490

Child born, rights of 494

Chlamydia 363, 492

antibody test 13

cervical cultures for 492

trachomatis 54, 55, 131

attributes 444

bacteria 55

Chorioamnionitis 454

Chorionic gonadotropin injection, post-human 521

Chorionic villus sampling 433, 515, 530

Chorionicity 454, 456

Chromomycin A3 assay 147

Chromopertubation 13

laparoscopic 89

Chromosomal

abnormalities 429, 432, 549

anomaly 433

constitution 330

disorders 517

organizations 295

Chromosome aneuploidy, whole 523, 538

Chronic low-dose step-up protocol 182fc

Ciliary dyskinesia, primary 126

Circulating hot water 71

Clavulanate 254

Cleavage rate, stimulation of 284

Cleavage stage embryo 299, 341

biopsy procedure 521f

Clindamycin 229

Clofilium 563

Clomiphene 84, 131, 144, 177, 180t, 403

antiestrogenic effect of 177

citrate 83, 84, 176, 180, 187, 198, 200, 212, 214

advantages over 180

adverse effects 180

challenge test 11

effects of 199t

failure 178

isomers of 177, 177t

resistance 178

Cloning, concept of 356

Closed system

freezing 463

vitrification 463

Coenzyme 132, 416

Collin's knife 105

and electrodes 106f

Colloid therapy 413

Color Doppler 154

in infertility, role of 160

studies 69

Color flow Doppler ultrasonography 237

Combined therapy 84

Comet assay 148

Committee of Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology 278

Communication failure 122

Comparative genome hybridization 354, 526, 531

Complete genomic hybridization 441

Complex etiopathogenetic therapy 229

Comprehensive chromosomal screening 390, 522, 531

Computer assisted scoring system 378

Computer-aided analysis, virtual organ 187f, 193f

Computerized tomography scan 88

Conception, mode of 457t

Congenital anomalies 253, 549

Contingent sequential screen 434, 435

Contraceptives, use of 16

Controlled ovarian

hyperstimulation 27, 235, 389, 394, 402, 403

stimulation 174, 216, 218, 219, 388

individualization of 204

Controlled rate cryopreservation 460, 472

Corifollitropin alpha 223

Corona

cumulus complex 294

radiata 295

Coronal cells removed 321f

Corpus luteum 8

degeneration of 6

life span of 402

Cortical slices, thickness of 484

Corticosteroids 84, 418, 508

high dose 507

Cryocycles 231

Cryoinjuries 465, 466t

Cryopreservation 94

cycles 273

indication for 479

noncontrolled rate 460, 472

objective of 471

oocyte, techniques of 353

principles of 471

procedure 472

section 541

technique, advances in 353

technology of 470

use of 459

Cryoprotectant 459, 471

concentration of 353

nonpermeable 460t

nonpermeating 471, 477

penetration of 483

preparation 484

of required 484, 484t

solution 471

Cryotherapy 71

Cryptorchidism 141

bilateral 17

Cryptozoospermia 136, 319

Crystalloid therapy 413

Culture media 267, 280, 283

Culture system 285

Cumulus 188

cells 256

oocyte complex 294, 316, 361

oophorus 158f, 188f

Cumulus-oocyte complex

expanded 295f

method for 295b

Cyst

adenomyotic 67

rupture of 414

Cystic

adenomyosis, juvenile 67

fibrosis 520, 568

transmembrane conductance regulator 125, 138

Cytokine 234, 253, 556

abnormalities 439

factors 76

Cytomegalovirus 93, 94, 440

Cytoplasm

amount of 299

homogenous 297f

Cytoplasmic anomalies 300

Cytoplasmic structure 330

Cytoplasmic transfer 567

Danazol 60, 69, 70

D-Chiro inositol 83

De Novo mutations 514

Degenerative diseases 356

Dehydroepiandrosterone 30, 178, 416

sulfate 84

Density 304

gradient centrifugation 251

Deoxyribonucleic acid 7, 293, 312, 530

amplification 514

damage 482

fragmentation 473

Depression 491

maternal 454

Designing in vitro fertilization laboratory 261

Dexamethasone 178

Diabetes 395, 556

gestational 429

insulin dependent 398

juvenile 491

mellitus 221

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 129

Dienogest 60, 70

Diethyl phthalate 128

Diiodotyrosine 25, 25f

Dimeric inhibin 435

alpha 435

Dimethyl sulfide 477

Dimethyl sulfoxide 460, 471, 484

Di-N-butyl phthalate 128

Dipeptide 284

Direct androgen supplementation 417

Direct stimulatory theory 131

Distal tubal

block 118

disease 118

Distension device 102

Distension media 101

electrolyte properties of 102t

features of 102t

Distorted pelvic anatomy 59

Doer's syndrome 432

Dominant follicle selection 8

Donor

embryo transfer 456, 457

gametes 256

intrauterine insemination 93, 118, 470

oocytes 312

recipient transfer cycle 406

screening 506

sperm 3

surgery procedure 506, 506b

types of 493

Dopamine 35

agonists 38, 175, 182, 411

dosage and risks 182

mechanism of action 182

DOTS treatment 50

Double embryo transfer 396t, 397, 397t, 518

Double ovarian stimulation protocol 218

Down syndrome 354, 432, 434, 435

screening for 434

Doxycycline 229

Drastic mitochondrial genetic drifts 567

Droplet method 318

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 432, 568

Ductal obstruction, acquired causes of 137

Duodenal atresia 433

Duostim protocol 217

Dydrogesterone 405, 406

Dynein protein extends 293

Dysmenorrhea 59, 68, 96, 99

Dyspareunia 68, 96

Ealoxifene 70

Early embryo 528, 537

visibility test 347f

Ebola 94

virus 94

Echogenicity 170

Eclampsia 395

Ectopic comprising, ruptured 446

Ectopic gestation 414, 446

Ectopic pregnancy 266, 382, 390, 429, 444, 445, 447, 450

diagnosis 444

management, effects of 450

medical management of 448, 450

persistent 449

post-medical management of 450

rate, lower 391

resolution of 449

risk factor for 444

surgical

management of 450

procedures 446

treatment 445

treatment of persistent 449

Ectopic tissue left, persistent 450

Edwards syndrome 432, 434

Eevatm test 347

Egg

banks, establishment of 478

congenital absence of 490

donor

program 478

screening of 492b

quantity/quality, acquired reduced 490

Eight cell embryo 300f

Ejaculatory duct

dysfunction 137

trans-urethral resection of 138

Elastography 168

Elective single embryo transfer 341, 351, 394, 395, 397, 398

Electric probe 110

Electrical system 262

Electroacupuncture 237, 239

Electrocardiography 505

Electroejaculation 471

Electrolytes 505

Electron microscopy, scanning 332

Electronic witness system 269

Embryo 219, 280, 286, 287, 311, 312t, 370, 389, 460, 474, 514, 542, 556

accumulation 392

assessment 544

capacity 330

cryodamage 459

cryopreservation 231, 411, 414, 461, 476, 482

ethical restrictions of 478

relevance of 468, 468b

culture 318, 542

day two 300f

development 298, 299, 338f

disruption of 360

stage of 243

donation 545

energy production 283

epigenetic modifications of 439

expansion of 301

freezing 371, 390, 484, 545

pack 461

genetic competence 426

grading 108, 349t

implantation 379, 381, 416

in vitro 288

morphokinetic analysis of 345

morphology 298

multinucleated 340

nonviable 528

protective immunomodulation 404fc

quality 59, 397, 417

and selection 377

evaluation 299

selection 338

algorithm 348, 349fc

sources 493

techniques of 204

thawing of 462, 462f

transfer 56, 214, 318, 337, 351, 361, 377, 382, 503, 543, 545

catheter 378, 544

clinical part of 379

depth of 382

number of 398

optimize 377

part of 377

personalized 244, 246

procedure 383

process 383

pump-regulated 383

selective single 378

simulations 378

single 214, 283, 349, 377, 394, 396t, 397, 397t, 398, 518, 533

skilled atraumatic 459

technique 255, 379

transport 6

utilization rate 266

vitrification of 464f

Embryoendometrial

dialogue 234, 502

dyssynchronization 254

Embryology 265

Embryonic cells 521

sources of obtaining 530

Embryonic genome 251, 284

activation 338

Embryonic implantation potential 355

Embryonic stem cells, use of 356

Embryoscope 346, 346f

Embryoslide dish 346

Emodin 563

Emotional stress, reduced 213

Empiric medical therapy, types of 133

Enclomiphene 177, 198

Endocervical mucus 434

Endocervical type, adenomyoma of 67

Endocrine 204

abnormalities 59

disrupters 439

disrupting chemicals 128

neoplasia, multiple 516

Endocrinopathy, subclinical 132

Endogenous organisms 55

Endometrial ablation 71

Endometrial abnormalities 97

Endometrial angiogenic stem cells, autologous 240

Endometrial basalis, invagination of 66

Endometrial biopsy 48, 244

and histology 10

Endometrial cavity 337

Endometrial cycle 6

phase of 7

Endometrial cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor 255

Endometrial echogenicity 156f

Endometrial epithelium 234, 256, 337

Endometrial evaluation 190

Endometrial events 6

phases of 7f

Endometrial folds 159f

Endometrial hyperplasia 243

Endometrial midline 157f

Endometrial morphofunctional potential 229

Endometrial myometrial interface 190, 190f

Endometrial nitric oxide synthase 403

Endometrial polyps 13, 231, 235, 252, 390

Endometrial preparation and biopsy 244

Endometrial receptivity 243, 248

analysis 243, 244, 245f

clinical outcome 244

indications 244

test 243, 245t, 246

array 254

biomarkers of 234

defective 254

Endometrial receptors, activity of 229

Endometrial regeneration 556

Endometrial responsiveness 240

Endometrial scratching 230, 231, 253, 418

Endometrial stimulation 493

Endometrial thickness 177, 199, 230, 236, 237f, 240

higher 180

measurement of 156f

Endometrial transcriptomics 243

Endometrial vascularity

pulse Doppler of 192f

zones 192f

Endometrial volume 193

calculating 193f

Endometriosis 14, 58, 59, 62, 113, 116, 198, 235, 373, 389, 479

classification 60

concomitant 68

diagnosis 59

incidence 58

possible sites of 58

signs 59

symptoms 59

with infertility, management of 60

Endometriotic cystectomy 116

effects of 116

Endometritis 243

chronic 229, 254

Endometrium 6, 45, 84, 155, 170, 171, 180, 229, 230, 240, 253, 342, 380, 390, 556

affects implantation 236

basalis layer of 7

B-mode features of 190

causes thin 235

changes in 161

Doppler features of 191

functional 97

grade A 191f

grade B 191f

highly receptive 459

hormonal support of 6

maternal 337, 339

morphology of 190

physiology of 234

receptive 177

refractory 556

thickness of 492

thin 234, 389

three-dimensional imaging of 237

transcervical resection of 106

treatment options thin 237

volume ultrasound assessment of 193

Endomyometrial

functional zone 76

junction 167f, 168f, 171

Endosalpingitis 54

Endoscopy 49, 123

medicolegal aspects of 121

Endothelial growth factor, vascular 209, 409, 419, 487

Endothelial progenitor cells 556

Endotoxin level testing 280

Energy source, primary 283

Environmental sensors 273

Enzyme

acrosin 7

hydrolytic 291, 561

thyroid peroxidase 25

use of 252

Epidermal growth factor 418

Epididymal sperm aspiration, microsurgical 471

Epididymis 251, 561

examination of 17

Epididymo-orchitis, chronic 131

Epilepsy 491

Equilibration solution 463, 477

Equilibrium cooling 461

Erectile dysfunction 556

Escherichia coli 568

Estradiol 11, 244, 492, 505

levels 174

remove 8

progesterone, exogenous 389

valerate, administration of 389

Estrogen 230, 402, 406, 409

exogenous 238

receptor

inhibitor 69, 71

modulator, selective 69, 70, 133, 176

secretion resumes 179

sensitive

cancers 218

tumors 218

Estrogenic stimulation 253

Etanercept 442

Ethambutol 50

Ethylene glycol 471, 484

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 284

Ethylnorgestrienone 70

Euploid embryos, selecting 340

European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy 75, 166

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 197, 224, 265, 278, 426, 520

European Union Tissue and Cells Directive 278

Extracellular ice formation 473

Extracytoplasmic

defects 297

deformities 297

structures, absence of 294

Extrauterine sac 450

Facility monitoring system 273

Fallopian tube 45, 50, 56, 88, 252, 283, 338f, 444

patency, assessment of 88

right 48f

transports 88

Falloposcopy 89

Familial adenomatous polyposis 516

Fatspers, functions of 561

Female genital tuberculosis 45, 47b, 49f, 50, 50f, 51t

clinical features 46

diagnosis 46

endometrial factors 46

epidemiology of 45

medical treatment 50

pathogenesis 45

pathology 45

treatment 50

Female infertility 540

causes of 10f

Female reproductive tract 561

Fertility 29, 40

causes of 479

enhancing

hysteroscopic surgery 108

laparoscopic surgeries 113

preservation 353, 470, 477, 502

counseling about 471

methods 484t

techniques 484

restoration 40

treatment 3, 457

Fertilization 8, 337, 559, 561

failed oocytes 369

failure 318, 319

rates 266

repetitive 490

Fertilize mammalian 555

Fertilized egg implants 444

Fetal

cells 434

chromosomal abnormalities 354

DNA sequences, paternally-inherited 435

extraembryonic membranes 302

growth restriction, severe symmetrical 433

heartbeat 456

reduction 453, 454, 457t

different methods of 456

perform 454

routes and methods of 455

stem cells 356

tendency 431

Fibrinolytics 229

Fibroblast endometrial stromal cells 234

Fibroids 75, 76, 109, 155f, 156t, 159t, 235, 243, 252, 253, 373

and adenomyosis on ultrasound 165f

classification of 166

diagnosis 109

FIGO classification of 166, 166f

large submucous 167f

mapping 168

steps for 169

measurement of 170

on fertility 109

posterior wall 165f

relationship of 170

typical ultrasonography features of 165

ultrasound mapping of 164

Fibronectin 234

FIGO leiomyoma subclassification system 76f

Fimbrial block 118

First embryo transfer attempt 503

First trimester

blood loss 398

reduction 454

screening 431, 434, 435

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 50f, 55f

Fixed multiple dose

protocol 449

regimen 449

Flap method, triple 72

Fluconazole 230

Fluorescence in situ hybridization 250, 354, 390, 521, 523, 524, 524f, 530, 535, 538

Fluoxetine 36

Fluvoxamine 36

Follicle

atresia of smaller 179

culture 481, 487, 488

Doppler parameters of 189

multiple 185

number per ovary 158

selection, single dominant 212f

stimulating hormone 5, 12, 30, 35, 131, 133, 138, 139, 142, 173, 174, 175f, 182, 185, 197, 205f, 207, 207f, 207t, 211, 212f, 216, 388, 417, 425, 481, 492, 505

basal serum 221

elevated 352

high 331

recombinant 204, 209

Follicular antrum 294

Follicular aspiration 411

Follicular assessment 188

volume ultrasound for 187

Follicular characteristics assessment 162

Follicular culture 488

Follicular development 158, 417, 486

Follicular fluid 373

concentrations 188

contents of 321

Follicular growth 222

moment of 316

Follicular monitoring 185, 214

Follicular number 223

Follicular phase 5, 6, 6f

early 222, 483

Follicular quality 188

Follicular start, late 217

Follicular viability 483

Follicular volume 187

calculation of 187f

Follicular wall 294

Folliculogenesis 5, 175f

optimal 416

Formaldehydes 286

Four-cell embryo 299f

Fragile X syndrome 520

Fragmentation, amount of 299

Freezing

methods 479

protocols 485

technique 472

temperature, effects of 470

Fresh embryo transfer 388, 522, 536

Frozen

assisted reproductive treatment 397t

embryo transfer 388, 404, 428, 456, 457, 459, 468, 557

human embryo 353, 459

semen

sample, thawing of 461

transport of 472

thawed embryo 332, 530

transfer cycles 73

thawed ovarian

cortex 354

tissue, re-implantation of 486

Fully equipped mobile cart 101f

Fundal

adenomyoma, large 115f

myoma 114f

subserosal fibroid 170f

Gamete

abnormal 6

and embryo morphology 291

intrafallopian transfer 283, 305

morphology 294

use of 474

Gametogenesis 5

Gardnerella vaginalis 54

Gas

composition 345

environment, triple 108

storage room 262

Gastrointestinal tract 58

Gel over capsules, advantages of 405

Gene

disorders, single 432, 515

editing 567

future trends 568

present scenario 568

technologies 568

mutation 523, 538

Genetic

aberration 557

abnormalities 429

analysis 535

counseling 432

couple 497

defect 141

diagnosis, safety of preimplantation 518

diseases 520

at birth, prevalence of 432t

sex-linked 549

disorders 432, 491

etiologies 129

examination 138

factors 76

information 293

laboratory 550

metabolic diseases 549

service, components of 432

testing 21

strategy for preimplantation 514

traditional preimplantation 517

Genital

bacterial vaginosis 439

examination 137

injuries 141

tract

infections 131

inflammation of upper 54

tuberculosis 48f, 49f

and infertility 46

Genome, maternal 284

Genomic hybridization 250, 537

Gentamicin 229

Gentle atraumatic transfer 379, 380

Germ cell aplasia 136

Germinal vesicle 175f, 316, 317, 321

breakdown 175f

oocyte 296f

transfer 312, 567

Gestation, heterotopic 414

Gestational age 457

Gestational sac development 266

Gestrinone 70

Glandular cells 554

Glandular epithelium 6

Glass pipette delivering ultraviolet 332

Globozoospermia 126, 319

Glucocorticoids 418

Glucose

6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 432, 569

concentration of 283, 284

metabolism, abnormal 440

tolerance, impaired 395

Glutamate 284

Glutaraldehydes 286

Glycemic control 440

Glycerol 471

egg yolk citrate 472

Glycine 284, 471

Glycolysis, suppressing 284

Glycoproteins 330

matrix 352

Gonadal dysgenesis 490

Gonadal stromal cells 6

Gonadotropin 85f, 132, 175, 180, 181, 198, 199, 200, 202, 206, 218, 222, 403, 411, 425

administration 139

disadvantages 199

dose of 181, 199, 200t, 217

exogenous 181, 422

indications 199

long-acting 221

low dose of 212

preparations 198, 204

reducing doses of 208

releasing hormone 12, 30, 75, 173, 138, 141, 160, 175, 182, 205f, 207, 207f, 211, 221, 389, 459, 492

agonists 60, 69, 71, 77, 174, 175, 208, 253, 406

analogs 183

antagonist 77, 85, 175, 208, 223, 410

secretion 6

stimulates follicular growth, release of 179

stimulation 119, 217

treatment period 132

types of 219

Gonorrhea 492

cervical cultures for 492

Graafian follicle 6

Gradient method 307f

Graft-host rejection 503

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 231, 239, 389, 442

use of 230

Granulosa cells 5, 6, 294, 295, 483

Graves’ disease 29

Growth

factor 284, 556

transforming 420

hormone 35, 223, 416, 417

supplementation 207

Gynecomastia 37

Hemorrhage

postpartum 43, 111

torrential 502

Halloween sign 98f

Hamou endomat 102, 103f

Hamper embryo development 370

Handling media and buffers 288

Hashimoto's thyroiditis 25, 29

Hatching blastocyst 302f, 333

Headache 141

Heart 559

disease 395, 398, 439

Heating 261

Hegar's dilator 455

Hematospermia 138

Hematuria 138

Hemochromatosis 141

Hemoconcentration 409, 412

Hemodilution, gradual 413

Hemoglobin 239, 448

glycosylated 433

subunit beta gene 569

Hemoglobinopathies 549

Hemogram 505

Hemolytic disease, risk of 434

Hemophilia 520, 568

Hemorrhage

accidental 388

antepartum 453

Hemostasis 446

Heparin 389, 418, 487

binding peptide 487

sulfate 234

Hepatic disease, chronic 448

Hepatitis

A virus 93

B 91, 93, 363, 473

virus 93, 373, 460, 497

C 91, 93, 363, 473

virus 93, 373, 460, 497

Hepatoprotectors 230

Herbicides 128

Heritable cardiac disorders 517

Heritable neurodegenerative disorders 517

Herpes simplex virus 94

High efficiency particulate air 261, 312, 313f, 541

filters 280

High performance liquid chromatography 147

High resolution next generation technologies 518

High security straws 94

High anti-Müllerian hormone 388

Histamine 409

Hormonal cycle, normal 556

Hormonal hyperstimulation 341

Hormonal therapy 69, 70

Hormone 35

analysis 21t

replacement therapy

cycle 234

protocol 245f

Hormonogenesis 5

Human albumin eliminates, recombinant 284

Human Andrology and Embryology Laboratories, guidelines for 278

Human chorionic gonadotropin 6, 36, 133, 159, 182, 209, 218f, 244, 253, 361, 375, 389, 406, 410, 418, 432, 433, 434, 449

secreting tumors 29

supplementation 139

Human embryo

culture 535

implantation of 337

metabolism, study of 355

Human embryonic

secretome 356

stem cells 356

Human fertilization 468

and Embryology Authority 264, 368

Human herpes viruses 94

Human immunodeficiency

infection 568

virus 91, 92, 363, 373, 473, 492, 497, 569

infection 45

screen for 460

Human leukocyte antigen 505, 516

Human menopausal gonadotropin 133, 175f, 211

Human menotropin, highly purified 223

Human oocyte

biopsy of 312t

cryopreservation 353

fertilization of 312t

mature 294

Human papilloma virus 93

strain 502

Human placental lactogen 35

Human Preimplantation Embryo Development 284

Human reproduction and embryology 248

Human Research Ethics Committees 540

Human sperm

foundation for cryopreservation of 470

preserving medium 472

Human spermatozoa, cryopreservation of 460

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 473, 492

Human tripronuclear zygotes 568

Human uterus transplant 506

Huntington's disease 520, 566, 568

Hyalobarrier gel 231

Hyaluronan 284, 285

enriched medium 284

Hyaluronic acid 150, 308

dynamic secretion of 294

Hyaluronidase 291

enzyme 295

assists 291

Hydrocele 141

Hydroflotation 117f

Hydrosalpinx 118, 119, 157f, 243, 373, 572f

Hydroxyethyl cellulose 13

Hygroma, cystic 433

Hyperandrogenemia 82

Hyperandrogenic state 235

Hyperandrogenism 439

Hyperemia 45

Hyperestrogenic endometrium 191

Hyperfunctioning ovarian teratomas 29

Hyperkinesis 29

Hyperosmolar glucose, local injection of 450

Hyperprolactinemia 35, 36, 38, 439

causes of 36

clinical manifestations of 36

diagnosis of 37, 38fc

drug-induced 36, 37

management of 37, 38fc

Hyper-responders, treatment strategy for 208

Hyperstimulation syndrome 426

Hypertension 388, 395, 439

essential 398

Hyperthyroidism 29, 29b, 30, 439

causes of 29b

correction of 30

hormonal changes in 30t

signs in 29b

subclinical 29

Hypogonadism 556

hypogonadotropic 130, 141

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, congenital 125

Hyponatremia 412

Hypopituitarism, risk of 38

Hypoproteinemia 409

Hypospermatogenesis 319

Hypothalamic dysfunction 178

Hypothalamic pituitary

gonadal axis 40

lesions 36

ovarian axis 173, 234

testicular axis 125

testis axis, sex steroid suppression of 141

Hypothalamus 37fc

pituitary ovary axis 8

produces 7

Hypothyroidism 25, 27, 36, 37, 439

causes of 26t

clinical evaluation in 28fc

hormonal changes in 26t

signs of 26t

subclinical 25, 27

symptoms of 26t

Hypovolemia, intravascular 409

Hysterectomy 69, 446

Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography 13, 89

Hysterosalpingogram 450

Hysterosalpingography 12, 13, 48f, 88, 92, 108, 158

Hysteroscope

matching cervical OS, oval shape of 104f

modified 103

Hysteroscopic

morcellation device 107

polypectomy, operative 110

procedures 71

resection 71

tubal cannulation under laparoscopic guidance 118

Hysteroscopy 92, 101, 447

glycine in 121

role of 108

routine 108

virtual 166f

Ideal ovarian reserve test 11b

Imatinib 219

Immune cell 333

compartments 234

Immune modulators 253

Immunoglobulin 234

intravenous 255, 441

Immunosuppressant drugs 508t

Immunosuppression 507

level of 507

prolonged 509

Impaired implantation 59

Implantation 162, 252

personalized window of 243

window of 243

Impotence 37

In situ hybridization 513

In vitro activation, chances of 487

In vitro fertilization 1, 19, 50, 56, 68, 88, 92, 108, 133, 134, 142, 154, 197, 204, 211, 243, 246, 248, 264, 270, 283, 295, 305, 315, 318, 332, 345, 360, 361t, 368, 369, 372, 377, 388, 422, 428, 447, 453, 457, 471, 490, 503, 520, 530, 535, 562

and embryo transfer 394

baby 351

color Doppler in 162

conventional 316

cycle of 46, 218

development of 1

efficiency 528

embryo transfer 384

failure 332, 491

repeated 496

integral part of 476

laboratory 261, 278, 279, 368, 371

location of 541

natural cycle 223, 315

pretreatment of 416

program 277

sperm preparation for 316

treatment 402

In vitro maturation 86, 457, 481, 484, 488

newer methods of 487

selected group for 353

Incubators 280, 285

time lapse 273

Indemnity insurance, role of 123

Indian Council for Medical Research 2, 278, 470

Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction 3

Indocyanine green mapping 573

Indomethacin 212

Infections 219, 440

control 363

Infertile

couples 173

evaluation of 16

Infertility 9, 25, 26, 31, 35, 40, 58, 59, 68, 75, 96, 140, 154, 211, 402, 501, 540

anovulatory 42

baseline scan in 154

branch of 368

clinics

minimum requirement of staff in 543

primary 540

secondary 540

tertiary 540

etiology of 459

immunological 131

management of 134f

mechanism of 76

robotics in 570

treatment

integral role in 479

rate of 355

unexplained 178, 197, 198, 354

Inflammation, immunohistochemical signs of 229

Inflammatory bowel disease, severe 442

Infliximab 442

Inhibin

A 174, 434

B 21

Inner cell mass 301, 330, 339f, 522, 536

grade 301t

infolding of 158f

large 302f

morphology 301

quality of 345

Insemination 3, 318, 371

duration of 318

media for 318

method of 318

time of 318

Insulin

like growth factor 417

sensitizers 42, 175, 180

sensitizing agents 83, 178

Integrins 234

Intensive luteal phase support 208

Interferon, ratio of 442

Interleukin 404, 409

Internal quality control 267

International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology 3

International Federation of Fertility Societies 3

International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 76, 166

International normalized ratio 448

Intervention, minimal surgical 69

Intracellular

components, intracellular environment on 471

homeostasis 271

ice crystal formation 462

Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection 251, 308, 325, 351

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 18, 28, 132–134, 197, 214, 246, 250, 270, 280, 283, 295, 305, 312, 315, 319, 320f, 326f, 346, 351, 361, 363f, 364, 365, 365f, 370, 416, 424, 457, 459, 471, 478, 503, 521, 522, 536, 545

manipulators 362f

technique 319, 322, 326

physiological 310

Intralipid 419, 441

infusion 256

Intramural fibroids 253

Intrauterine

adhesions 101, 111, 231, 253

Bigatti shaver 106

contraceptive device 440

death 433

device 231

fibroids 101

granulocyte-colony stimulating factor 253

insemination 63, 92, 110, 133, 134, 154, 187, 189, 197, 198, 200, 201, 417, 456, 457, 471, 543

complications 201

factors for 197

indications 197

lab, setting up of 202

semen cryopreservation for 461

timing 200

variables affecting 197

instillation 389

pregnancy 240, 420, 448

presence of 448

pressure 103

system 69

Intravaginal progesterone, types of 404

Intravascular volume, symptoms of 412

Intrinsic embryonic lysine 331

Invasive techniques 22, 354

Iodine administration, exogenous 29

Ischemic time 506

Isoechoic homogeneous grade C endometrium 191f

Isoniazid 50

Isopropanol 287

Isthmocele 96, 97f, 98f, 111

diagnosis 96

future pregnancy 98

future trends 99

intraoperative laparoscopic excision and repair of 98f

investigations 97

pathophysiology 97

presentation 96

prevalence 96

risk factors 97

treatment 97

Kallmann's syndromes 17, 125, 136

Karman's cannula 455

Kartagener's syndrome 17

Karyotypes, normal 520

Ketamine 563

Keyhole surgery 121

Kidney

absent 433

functions 413, 505

problem 395, 398

Kinetic markers 348, 348t

Kinetic parameters 346, 348

Klinefelter's syndrome 17, 137, 139, 143f, 568

Koninckx and Martin classification 60

Lactate 283

Laminar air flow 280f

Laparoscopic

adenomyomectomy, steps of 115f

dye test 13

myomectomy 78, 114, 571

preoperative evaluation before 113

steps of 114f

surgery 447, 570

for recurrent endometriosis 116

Laparoscopy 13, 98f, 283, 446

advantages of 446

operative 447

Laparotomy 446, 447

L-arginine 208, 237, 238

Laser

ablation 78

assisted hatching 252, 332, 351, 352

Lasmars score 167f

Lectin-biofunctionalized polysilicon 369

Leiomyoma 75, 113, 502

concomitant 68

distorting endometrial cavity 113

Lethal embryos 333

Letrozole 84, 132, 179, 180, 180t, 198–200, 208, 213, 218, 219, 219f, 403

effects of 199t

Leukemia inhibitory factor 234, 418

Leukocytosis, degree of 412

Leukocytospermia 131

refractory 131

Levofloxacin 229

Levonorgestrel intrauterine system 69, 77

Levothyroxine 440

Li-Fraumeni syndrome 516

Light electron microscopy 332

Lipoprotein

high density 41

low density 41

Liquid nitrogen 273, 463, 470, 476

reservoir 463

Live

and deceased donors 508t

birth rate 377, 410

dysfunction 178

enzymes, transient elevation of 450

failure 178

function 413, 505

test 505

Living oocytes 296

Local hemodynamics, restoration of 229

Loop electrode 105, 110

Low birth weight 429

Low molecular weight 389, 418

heparin 255

use of 255

Low vitamin D levels, correction of 441

Luteal halt 217, 217f

Luteal phase 6

defect 162, 439

deficiency 178, 402, 440

reflects 402

start 218f

support 402, 403

modified 208

Luteinization 6

Luteinized unruptured follicle 162

Luteinizing hormone 5, 30, 41, 138, 142, 175f, 218f, 222, 426, 492, 505, 556

addition of 207

concentrations of 298

concept of 176b

premature 217

recombinant 204

secretion of 35

Luteum deteriorates 6

Lyme's disease 439

Lymphocyte immune therapy 441

Lysosomal storage diseases 568

Macrolides 230

Macroprolactinemia 36, 141

Macrosomia, risk of 391

Magnetic activated cell sorting 307, 308f

procedure 307

Magnetic microspheres 307

Magnetic resonance imaging 14, 36, 38, 67, 69, 88, 445, 505

guided focused ultrasound surgery 73, 78

Makler's chamber 460, 461

Male factor infertility, severe 354

Male fertility 43, 126t, 128, 128t, 130, 140, 460, 540, 562

genetic of 125

lifestyle factors in 126

management of 133f

medical management of 130, 134f

mild 197

severe 311

Male partner evaluation 178

Male reproductive

system 7

tract 144f

Mammalian development, stages of 356

Mammalian fertilization 559

Mapping fibroids, methods of 168

Masturbation 471

Maternal age 432

advanced 354, 490

Maternal circulation 434

Maternal diabetes, uncontrolled 433

Maternal risk factors 433

Maternal spindle transfer, advantages of 567

Maternal weight, low 433

Matrine 563

Maturation, stage of 479

Mature follicle, B-mode features of 185

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome 501

Mechanical hatching 352

Mechanical techniques 331

Medical geneticist 550

Medical organizations, role of 123

Medical termination of pregnancy 520

Medical therapy 62

Medicolegal defense, strategize 121

Medicolegal safety 122

Meiotic spindle 295

Menopause, premature 490

Menstrual cycles, irregular 40

Menstrual disturbance 99

Menstrual history 10

Menstrual phase 6

Mesterolone 131

Metabolic disease 432

Metabolic profile 178, 355

Metabolic syndrome 126, 127

Metabolomics 108, 355

techniques of 355

Metal

cannula 455

catheter 201

Metastatic disease 239

Metformin 83, 84, 180, 181, 411

role of 209

usage, indications for 83

Methotrexate 448, 449

administering single dose 449

pharmacokinetics of 448

postoperative 447

regimens in practice 449

single dose 447

therapy 448

adverse effects of 450

treatment protocols 449

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations 254

Metronidazole 229, 230

Mibefradil 563

Michael Wolff's protocol 217

Microarrays, types of 526

Microbes, malignant 286

Microbial air

monitoring, passive 272

sampling 270

Microbial biocenosis, recurrence of 230

Microdose flare protocol 206, 213

Microflare protocol 206f

Microfluidics 150

chamber 150f

Micromanipulation

general principles of 311

history 311

section 541

technique 312

chronological development of 312t

of zona drilling 312

Micromanipulators 312, 314, 319

Micropipettes 314

alignment of 320f

Microribonucleic acids 284

Microtubule organization 286

Microwave 71

Mifepristone 77

Mild stimulation

basis of 211

benefits of 212

protocols, limitations of 214

Miliary tubercles 45

Minimally invasive surgery 121, 570

Miscarriage 40

rates 382

higher 383

recurrent 438, 439b, 440f

repeated 496

risk of 439t

reduced 417

unexplained recurrent 441

Miscarried developed chorioamnionitis 456

Mitochondria 7, 128

Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 126, 536, 538, 566

Mitochondrial diseases 566, 568

Mitochondrial genetic defects 125

Mitochondrial replacement therapy 312, 566, 567

disadvantages of 567

Mitochondrial sheath 293

Mock embryo transfer 380

Molecular biologists 535

Molecular technology 513

Monitoring system, time-lapse 351

Monochorionicity 454

Monochorionic-monoamniotic twins, frequency of 429

Monofollicular

growth 179

selection, permits 174

Monogenic disorders 514

Monoiodotyrosine 25f

Monopolar resectoscope 111

Monopolar surgery 106

Monozygotic twinning

incidence of 342

risk of 333

Monozygotic twins 341

formation of 333

Mood swings 178

Morphokinetic 340

Mosaic embryos 518

Mosaicism 523, 536

detection 531

problem of 569

Mother-to-child transmission 93

Motile sperm

count 305

organelle morphology examination 308, 352

Motile spermatozoa, isolated 326

Mouse embryo assay 280, 286

Moxifloxacin 230

Mucins 234

Mucolytic enzymes 55

Müllerian abnormalities 439

Mullerian anomalies 110, 252

Müllerian duct 501

aplasia 501

cysts 137

Müllerian remnants 66

Multicentric promise study, randomized 440

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis 45

Multifactorial conditions 432

Multifetal pregnancy 429, 457, 458

higher order 457

medical risks of 457

reduction 454, 455

benefits of 458

Multigravida 432

Multinucleation, presence of 299

Multiorgan 501

Multiple gestations, reduction in 518

Multiple oocytes develop 394

Multiple pregnancy 84, 178, 200, 266, 382, 395, 398, 433, 453

consequence of 398

contraindications for 399

higher order 394

problems with 453

rate, high 397

reduction 341

risk of 84, 394, 395

Multiple vaginal punctures 374

Multiple-doses regimen 449

Multizygotic gestations 429

Muscle cells 554

Mycobacteria 45

growth indicator 48

Mycobacterial smear and culture 48

Mycobacterium

bovis 45

tuberculosis 45, 48

Mycophenolate mofetil 508

Mycoplasma 54

genitalium 54, 230

Myoma 77, 165f

ablation 221

bulge 114f

transcervical resection of 106

Myomectomy 77, 109

abdominal 78

hysteroscopic 78, 109, 167f

Myometrial cysts 69

Myometrial mass 167f

Myometrial reduction 72

Myometrium 167f, 447

Myosure morcellator 107

Myosure system hysteroscope 107f

Myosure tissue removal system 107f

Myotonic dystrophy 520

Nandrolone 142

Nanotechnology 573

Narishige scientific instrument laboratory 311

National ART Registry of India 3

National Cancer Registry of India 481

National Health System 398

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines 252

National Institute of Standards and Technology 270

Natural conception 417, 430, 486

Natural cycle, modified 206

Natural fertility and obesity 42

Natural killer cell 76

activity 418

cytotoxicity 419

suppresses 109

Natural micronized progesterone, use of 404

Nausea 178

Neighboring blood vessels 556

Neisseria gonorrhoeae 54, 55

Neonatal intensive care 429

unit 453

Nerve cells 554

Neural tube defects 433

Neurodegenerative disorders 517

Neurogenic muscle weakness 568

Neurological diagnosis, risk of 394

Neurological problems 556

risk of 394

Neutropenia 219

Newborn

intensive care unit 43

welfare of 509

Next generation sequencing 243, 250, 441, 523, 526, 536–538

data 533

Nifedipine 563

Nitrogen dioxide 363

Non-apoptotic sperm 149f

selection 309

Noncommunicable disease 40

Noncommunicating horn, resection of 572f

Noncompliances, types of 268

Nonembryo-toxic gel 13

Nonequilibrium cooling 462

Nonhomologous end joining 568

Nonhormonal therapy 69

Noninvasive methods, newer 434

Noninvasive prenatal

diagnostic methods 433

testing 434

Nonlife saving procedure 509

Nonselective estrogen receptor 176

Non-sperm cells, products of 304

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 69, 77

Nonsteroidal triphenylethylene derivative 176

Nontubal ectopics, surgery for 446

Normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 125

Nuclear genome 566

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 355

Nuclear membrane 291

Nucleation 300

Nuclei, multiple 299

Nucleotide polymorphism

arrays, single 536, 538

single 354, 523, 526, 531

Obesity 40, 42, 43, 127, 144, 566

anatomic 41

android 41

classification of 40, 40t

deleterious effects of 43

endocrine changes in 41

exercise in 43

gynecoid 41

types of 41f

Obstetric management 432

Obsti bag 103f

Obstruction, reversal of 138

Office operative hysteroscopy 103

Ofloxacin 229, 230

Oligoanovulation 82

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia 130, 134, 134f

Oligoasthenozoospermic sperm samples 306

Oligomenorrhea 9, 42

Oligospermia 319

mild 140

moderate 140

severe 140

Oligozoospermia 125, 130, 140–142, 568

evaluation of 142

idiopathic 144

laboratory testing in 143

risk factors 140

severe 304

Oocyte 59, 188, 219, 298f, 311, 323f, 324f, 356, 370, 425, 461, 487, 542, 562

accumulation of 478

activation 322

and embryo

donation 490

indication for donation of 490

and surrogate mothers, sourcing of 494

aspiration, transabdominal 375

banking 476, 479

empowers 479

center of 324f

cryopreservation 224, 354, 460, 476, 478, 478, 479, 481, 482, 484, 545

application of 477

cost-effectiveness of 479

drawback of 479

efficacy of 479

era of 479

pros and cons of 479

culture 320

dish 316

cumulus

complexes 321f

oophorus 561

cytoplasmic quality of 311

denudation, partial 318

donation 73, 399, 490, 545

indications of 490b

donor

genetic screening form for 491t

program 479

requirements for 494

screening of 491

female 559

fertilized 299, 354

freezing 481

cryoprotectant for 477

in oocyte donors, safety of 479

techniques of 476

types, cryoprotectant for 477

grading of 316, 321

identification of 321

in vitro maturation of 353

luteinized 317f

maturation 411, 416

mature 6, 297f

metaphase II 296f, 323f

retrieved 424

maturity

grading of 295t, 309t

studies grade 295

metaphase I 296f

metaphase II 296f, 297f

morphology 298

nuclear

maturation 295

maturity 295

number of 12, 219, 422, 491

mature 424

partially denuded 318, 321f

pick-up 361

postmature 317f

pronucleate 283

quality of 294, 298

measure 352

recipients, screening of 492b

retrieval 372, 372f, 375, 419, 479, 503

technique 372

scanning of 321

dish 316

secreted by 561

size and quality of 479

techniques of 204

terms of 221

use of cryopreserved 353

vitrification of 464f, 466f, 478, 488

vitrified 478

with granular cytoplasm 297f

yield, optimal 422

Oogenesis 175f

Oolemma 324f

apparent 323f

binding 19

Oophorectomy 490

Oophoropexy 482

techniques like 481

Ooplasm 295, 296

Ooplasmic penetration 325

Ooplasmic transfer 312

Ophthalmoplegia 36

Optic 365

neuropathy 568

Oral contraceptive 69

pills 70, 178

Oral dydrogesterone 405

Oral estrogen 406

Oral micronized progesterone 404

Oral moxifloxacin 229

Oral ofloxacin 229

Oral ovulogens 182

Oral steroids 131

Orthotopic reimplantation, techniques of 486

Orthotopic sites 486

Osmotic shock 473

Ovarian activity, restoration of 486

Ovarian biomarkers 422

Ovarian cancer 178

Ovarian cortex

cryopreservation of 481, 484

preservation, future of 487

Ovarian cortical biopsies 486

Ovarian cortical strips cryopreservation 487

Ovarian cycle 5

physiology 8

Ovarian cysts, functional 178

Ovarian displacement 375

Ovarian drilling, laparoscopic 84, 85, 116, 117f, 183

Ovarian failure

after chemotherapy 491

after radiotherapy 491

premature 481, 490, 491, 555, 557

Ovarian follicle

development of 174

reserve 483

Ovarian function 486

and fertility 175

Ovarian hormone 240

production 219

Ovarian hyperstimulation 27, 181

aspirin in 410

critical 413

protocols 367

random-start controlled 217

risk of 410

syndrome 11, 82, 159, 178, 199, 204, 205f, 207f, 219, 266, 353, 373, 388, 409, 410, 412, 412fc, 468

classification of 410t

high risk of 410

lower risk of 212

pathogenesis of 409, 409fc, 412

prevention 410

risk of 353

treatment of 412, 413

types of 410

Ovarian pathologies 158

Ovarian pregnancy 447

Ovarian reserve 116

and function, status of 481

compromised 490

markers 12t

of females restricts, non-renewable 481

tests 11, 206, 216

abnormality 221

Ovarian responders, poor 205

Ovarian response 216

prediction of 204, 204b, 221

Ovarian stimulation 173, 207f, 217, 298, 503

conventional 213, 217, 217f, 411

initially 341

protocol 217

mild 211

Ovarian tissue 484

banking 481

collection of 483

cryopreservation of 354, 481, 487, 488, 545

indication for 481

techniques of 483

freezing 481

grafting 486, 486t

reimplantation, advantages of 486

transplantation of 353, 486, 573

vitrification of 487

Ovarian torsion 414

Ovarian transposition 482

Ovariectomy, bilateral 354

Ovary 46, 157

changes in 160

cryopreservation, whole 487

dermoid cyst on 572f

inaccessible for egg retrieval 490

Overt hyperthyroidism 29

Ovulation 556

confirmation of 158

inducing drugs, doses of 175

induction 83, 85f, 173, 175, 200, 315, 403

complication of 409

drugs 198

evolution of 174

mechanism of 6

physiology of 174

rate 84

stimulation 162

tests of 10

trigger 185, 208

Ovulatory abnormalities 59

Ovulatory dysfunction 197

Ovulatory function 10

Ovum pick up 286, 316, 372

difficult 374

trolley 373f

preparation of 373

Ovum quality 186

Oxygen 273, 285

Oxygenation 486

Pain, abdominal 450

Parkinson's disease 20, 566

Paroxetine 36

Patau syndrome 432

Patency of distal segment, confirmation of 119

Patent ductus arteriosus 395

Peak systolic velocity 161

Peculiar pharmacokinetics 223

Peginterferon-alpha 93

Pelvic infection, high risk of 375

Pelvic inflammatory disease 54, 56, 113, 444

clinical manifestation 55

diagnostic procedures 56

etiology 54

pathogenesis 54

prevention 56

risk factors 54

signs 55

treatment 56

Pelvic pain 96, 99

Pelvic pathology 373

Pelvic venous system, bilateral 48f

Penetration air, ultra-low 280

Penis, examination of 137

Pentane 287

Pentoxifylline 231, 237, 238, 240

Peptic ulcer disease 448

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration 138, 319, 471

Performing micromanipulation, concept of 314

Periconceptional period 433

Perifollicular blood flow 162f

Perifollicular resistance index 186

Perihepatic adhesions 50f

Perimenopausal women, production of pregnancy in 490

Perinatal mortality, higher 398

Peripartum hysterectomy 502

Peritoneal factors 14

Peritoneal fluid, presence of 486

Peritoneal function 59

Peritoneum 46

Perivitelline space 294, 297

of oocyte 311

Permeable cryoprotectants 460, 460t

minimize crystallization 477

Pesticides 128

Petri dish containing culture medium 315

Phenotypes, different types of 82t

Phosphate buffered saline 147

Phosphatidylserine 151

Phospholipid phosphatidylserine 307

Phthalate 128

compounds 128

Physical and mental risks 509

Piezo micromanipulation 252

Piezo technology 332

Pills 497

Pioglitazone 83

Pipette, microinjection 322f, 324f

Pituitary

adenoma 36, 141

dysfunction 178

tumors 36, 37

Placenta

accreta 96

previa 96, 395, 429

Placental abruption 395

Placental formation 234

Placentation, abnormal 388

Plasma

electrolytes 413

membrane 291

Platelet activate 419

Platelet-rich plasma 239, 420

infusion, autologous 230, 231

treatment 239f

Plumbing system 262

Pluripotent stem cells 356

Pneumonitis 450

Polar body

biopsy 521, 530

nuclear transfer 567

Polar nuclei 361

Polarization microscopy 352

Pollution 129

Poloscope, use of 352

Polychlorinated biphenyls 128

Polycystic kidney 433

disease 568

Polycystic ovarian morphology 82

Polycystic ovarian syndrome 1, 36, 37, 40, 42, 80, 81, 82t, 113, 173, 174, 180, 197, 353, 388, 416, 439

clinical presentation of 81

different phenotypes of 81

etiology of 81f

etiopathogenesis of 80

evolutionary

advantages of 80f

disadvantages of 80f

management plan of 83f

Polycystic ovary 388

Polyethylene oxide-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel 231

Polymerase chain reaction 49, 92, 125, 126, 513, 524, 531

analysis 354

quantitative 523, 538

real-time quantitative 526, 537

Polymorphism, single-nucleotide 522

Polypectomy 231

hysteroscopic 110

Polypoid adenomyoma 67

Polypoid adenomyosis 67

Polyps 101, 109, 159t

adenomyomatous 67

hysteroscopic polypectomy of 110

large 106

Pomeroy's technique 120

Poor ovarian response, Bologna criteria for 222

Poor responders, benefits in 213

Poseidon-based stratification 426

Postacrosomal region 293

Postcompaction embryo 284, 284t

Postejaculate urine examination 20

Postfertilization 291

Postintrauterine insemination supplementation 202

Postmenstrual spotting 96

Postthaw survival rates 468t

Potassium

chloride 454, 455

injection 450

Precompaction embryo 284, 284t

Preconception counseling 430

Preconception diagnosis 515

Predinisolone 131

Preeclampsia 395, 429, 453

risk of 428

Pregnancy 43, 123

abdominal 447

after assisted reproductive technology 428

associated plasma protein A 434

biochemical 390, 391

complete loss of 454

cumulative 177

early 390

failure 490

heterotopic 447, 450

induced diabetes 395

induced hypertension 394, 395

interstitial 445, 446

loss 221

complete 456

early 68, 429

recurrent 402, 433, 441t

repetitive spontaneous 354

role of infection in recurrent 440

maintenance of 419

multifetal 457

of unknown location 445

outcome 64, 428

rate 84, 192, 342, 396t, 397t

biochemical 346

clinical 346

higher 383

low 389

reported high 352

screening in 431

spontaneous 486

termination, previous 68

test 410

Preimplantation development 330

stages of 355

Preimplantation genetic

diagnosis 248, 340, 351, 354, 521, 531, 535, 550

screening 108, 249, 339, 351, 354, 468, 520, 531

testing 311, 354, 513, 515, 520, 532, 534, 535

future of 534

Preimplantation human embryo 283

Prelabor rupture of membranes, premature 454

Premature birth, risk of 395

Premature delivery 395

Prenatal diagnosis 433

Prenatal diagnostic techniques 549

Prenatal screening in pregnancy 431

Prenatal sex determination 551

Prenatal testing, indications for 433

Preovulatory follicle 158, 186f, 188f

Preovulatory uterine artery waveform 193f

Prepubertal girls 481

Pressure symptoms 68

Preterm birth 429, 395

incidence of 429

Preterm deliveries 453

spontaneous 429

Preterm labor 454

incidence of 429

Preterm prelabor rupture of membrane 398, 453

Pretesticular azoospermia 136

acquired causes of 136

congenital causes of 136

Primigravida 432

Primitive cells types 356

Primordial follicles 483, 487

culture of 487

Progestational agents 69

Progesterone 402, 403, 406

administration of 405, 405f

routes of 404

capsules 405

depot injection 455

dose 492

exogenous 406

gel 405

in oil 404

natural 405

nongenomic receptor 562

pills 497

preparation 404

receptor 70

modulators, selective 69, 70

rise, premature 389

supplementation, duration of 405

Progestins 69, 70

Programmable freezers 472

Progressive motility 130, 140

Prolactin 35, 37, 138, 142

functions 35

release-inhibiting factor 35

secreting pituitary adenoma 36

Prolactinomas 38

Proline 284

Pronase 352

Pronuclear transfer 312, 567

Pronucleus formation 19

Propanediol 484

Prophylactic antibiotics 454

Prophylactic tocolysis 455

Propylthiouracil 30

Prostaglandin 409

Prostate, examination of 17

Prostatectomy surgery 556

Protein

crispr-associated 568

supplementation 284

Proteoglycan 234

Proteomics 355

application of 355

Prototype micromanipulators 311

Proximal tubal block 118

Pseudo blocks 89

Psychological distress related with infertility 540

Psychology 431

Psychosis 29

Pulmonary disease

active 448

chronic 439

Pulmonary tuberculosis 45

Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy 182

Pulse Doppler 186f

analysis 193

Pyrazinamide 50

Pyridostigmine 208

Pyruvate, concentration of 283

Quadruple test 434

Qualitative defects 126t

Quality assurance 264, 544

Quality control 264, 265, 544

Quality management 266

culture 265

programs, total 264, 265

system 277

Quantitative defects 125t

Quartz fiber delivering infrared 332

Quinidine 563

Radiation therapy 490

Radical procedures 69

Radioactive iodine 31

Radiofrequency identification 369, 370

based systems 370t

system 369, 370f

technology 269

Radioiodine 31

Radiotherapy 141, 470

and ovarian damage 483

Raffinose 471

Raloxifene 179

Randomized controlled trial 214, 250

Random-start protocol 217

Reactive oxygen species 132, 473

estimation 20

Rebound theory 131

Recipient and donor screening 505

Recipient surgery procedure 506, 507b

Rectovaginal endometriosis 67

Rectovaginal lesions 62

Recurrent implantation failure 230, 243, 245t, 248, 249, 419

etiology 249

incidence 249

Recurrent miscarriage 403, 438

etiology 438

incidence 438

recurrence risk 438

treatment 439

Regimen

single-dose 449

two-dose 449

Regulation and Prevention of Misuse Act 549

Remote monitoring systems 272t

Renal agenesis, unilateral 501

Renal and liver function tests 448

Renal anomalies 433

Renal disease, chronic 439

Renal function test 505

Renal system 501

Renin angiotensin system 409

Reproductive

disorders 35

endocrinology 173

history 16

medicine 1

bills 3

tourism 527

outcome 73

physiology, role in 35

tissues 479

tract 58

Resectoscope 105, 106f

working element of 106f

Resectoscopic surgery, different settings for 103

Residual trophoblastic disease 445

Respiratory distress syndrome 398

active 413

Retinitis pigmentosa 568

Retinoblastoma 516

Retrograde ejaculation 137

evaluation of 20

Retroperitoneal adenomyosis 67

RhD-negative women 450

Rhesus sensitization, severe 439

Ribavirin 93

Ribonucleic acid transcripts, maternal 251

Rifampicin 50

therapy of 50

Robertsonian translocations 249

chromosomal aberrations like 568

Robotic assisted adenomyoma excision 73

Robotic surgery 570, 573

history of 570

Rosiglitazone 83

Ru 486 77

Rubella 440

Rudimentary horn pregnancy 447

Sacrococcygeal teratoma 433

Saline infusion

sonography 13

sonohysterography 109

Salpingectomy 119, 445, 446

bilateral 119

laparoscopic 446, 450

laparotomy for 446

partial 446

total 446

Scar

dehiscence 96

ectopic 96

surgical 58

Screening strategies, types of 435

Screening, pyramid of 431

Scrotal color Doppler 22, 22f

Scrotal fungal dermatitis, chronic 130

Scrotal palpation 137

Scrotal ultrasound 22

Scrotum

clinical examination of 17f

transillumination of 17

Second trimester

reduction 454

screening 431, 434–436

Secretory phase 6, 7

Selectins 234

Self-blood glucose monitoring 440

Semen

analysis 18, 92, 142, 142f, 142fc, 143

classification based on 18

normal 140

parameters, normal 19t

standard 145

banking 470

indications 470

banks 473

classification 143t

culture 20

examination 137

factors 439

freezing of 545

fructose in 19, 138

parameter 129

pH 138

preparation

methods of 202

techniques 200

quality 140

sample, use of cryopreserved 474

volume 130, 137

Seminal plasma 304, 308, 561

like prostaglandins 304

Seminal vesicles, normal ultrasound anatomy of 23f

Septate 13

Septum 390

Sequential culture media 287

Sequential screening 435

Serine 284

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors 36

Sertoli cell only syndrome 136, 319

Serum

albumin 284

alpha fetoprotein, maternal 433, 434

anti-Müllerian hormone level 11

concentration 404

follicle-stimulating hormone 11

gonadotropin 128

growth hormone 178

progesterone 10

levels 177, 389

prolactin levels, normal 37

thyroid-stimulating hormone 440

Sex chromatin 513

Sex determination illegal 548

Sex hormone binding globulin 30, 82, 141

Sex selection 549

prohibition of 549

Sex steroid

levels 128

production, endogenous 142

Sexual characteristics, maintain secondary 556

Sexual dysfunction 16, 37

Sexually transmitted disease

complications of 54

organisms 55

screened for 473

Sexually transmitted infections, incidence of 1

Sexually transmitted viruses 93

Shanghai protocol 217, 218

Sibutramine 83

Sickle cell

anemia 356, 568

disease 520, 432

Sildenafil 231, 239

Single cell 249

Singleton

pregnancies 394

proportion of 429

rates of 429

Sinusitis, triad of 137

Sion test 158

Skin cells 554

Slow freezing 467t, 476

method 460, 461

Smoking amongst women 444

Smooth cavity 159f

Social and economic implications 454

Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies 265, 476

Society for maternal-fetal medicine 521, 531

Sodium chloride 454

Solid organ transplant 509

Somatic cell nucleus, transfer of 351, 356

Sono-based automated volume calculation 161f

Sonography-based automated volume count 160

Sonohysterography 14, 14f, 92, 159, 168

cavity lesion on 160f

nomenclature 159f

Sonosalpingography 158

Sperm 92, 323f, 555, 559

acrosome 128

axonemal structure 294f

birefringence 308

cells 561

charge selection 308

chromatin

dispersion assay 145, 149

structure assay 145, 149

collection, methods of 471

components of 292f

concentration 130, 140, 318

counts 129

cryopreservation of 460

deposition 325

DNA fragmentation 20, 145

causes of 146

clinical consequences of 146

DNA organization 146f

during oocyte retrieval, nonavailability of 478

egg membrane fusion 293

factor 250

flagella, multiple morphological abnormalities of 126

function and semen, specialized test of 20

head 291

ultrastructure of 291

vacuolated 326f

hyperactivation 561

immobilized 322f

incubation 542

injection 326f

morphologically selected 150, 351

technique 326

low number of 130

macrocephaly 126

mitochondria 566

morphology 291

and vacuoles 327

neck, ultrastructure of 293

number, total 140

optimization of 133f

parameters 130t

pH increases 561

preparation

advanced methods for 308

method 150

preparation techniques 304, 305

choice of method 304

general principles 305

production 144

promoting 562

retrieval, surgical 471

selection

and immobilization 322

approach 309

mature 309

method 150

separation 151f, 304

efficiency of 304

shape, abnormal 130

sorting using magnetic separator 151

survival test 280

transfer, microinjection 311

ultrastructure of 291

viability 97

vitalizers 132

wash technique 92

Spermatocyte produces four sperms, single 567

Spermatogenesis 7, 30, 125t, 126t

inhibition of 129

transient suppression of 31

Spermatozoa 125, 148f, 322, 330

defects 125

manipulate 311

Spermatozoon 293

Spinal anesthesia, under 456

Spinal muscular atrophy 432

Spindle transfer 312

maternal 567

Spongiosum 6

Sporadic miscarriages 438

Standard operating

procedure 281, 543

protocols 264

Standard scoring system 378

Standardized Training Programs 267

Stem cell 356, 554f, 555

adult 555

application of 554

embryonic 356

enriched cord blood 356

harvest and infusion 555

hematopoietic 356, 555

in infertility, role of 555

infusion 555

research on 554

special 555

therapy 239

transplantation

indication 516

therapies 356

Sterile transfer pipette 321

Sterilization reversal 119

Sterilization surgery, laparoscopic 122

Stimulation protocols 216, 479

minimal 206

Storage technique 472

Streptococcus fecalis 131

Stress 126

Stromal cells 256

Structure of Catsper 560f

Structure of sperm 291f

Styrene 286

Subfertility 1, 4, 40

treatment options for 1

Submucous

fibroid 13, 109

myoma 109, 166, 166f

classification of 166, 167t

polyps 243

Subrogare 496

Subzonal insemination 312, 319

Sucrose 471

Superovulation 173

Surgery

complications of 30

risk of 84

Surgical therapy 62

Surrogacy 256, 496, 498, 546f

arrangement, part of 497

clinics, registration of 499

commercial 498

facts on 547, 547f

guidelines of 540, 545

history of 546

indications for 496

issues related to 498

Laws in India 547

pregnancy 498

process 496

professionals 497

psychological impact with 498

traditional 496

types of 546f

Surrogate 497

age of 497

and genetic mother, synchronizing cycles of 497

embryo transfer 497

house 498

mother 547

obstetrics care of 498

preparing 497

prospective 497

source of 497

Swim-up

and density-gradient centrifugation 304

method 305, 305f

Synechiae 13

Syphilis 492

Syringe-catheter complex 379

Systemic conditions 439

Systemic syphilis 439

Systolic hypertension 29

T helper cell, proinflammatory 234

Tacrolimus 508

Tamoxifen 70, 131, 176, 179, 218

based protocol 218

citrate 131

therapy 68

T-cell lymphotropic viruses 93

Technologies evaluating embryos 354, 355

Telescopes 103

small diameter 103

Telesurgery 573

Temperature 273, 280, 286

Teratozoospermia 130, 304, 319

Testicular examination 137

Testicular failure, secondary 141

Testicular sperm 251

aspiration 138, 251, 471, 556

extraction 138, 319, 471

Testicular weights 129

Testis, bilateral 137

Testosterone 138

gel 417

Tetracyclines 230

Thawing 472

solution 463

Theca cells 6

Thermal balloon 71

Thermochrons 270

Thermosafe warm air system 313

Thiazolidinediones 83

Thioamides 30

Threatened miscarriage 403

Thromboembolic events 219

Thrombophilia 254

acquired 243

inherited 439

Thymoglobulin 508

Thyroid 25

autoantibody-positive euthyroid 28

autoimmunity 26

carcinoma, metastatic differentiated 29

disorders 25

dysfunction 440

follicular cell against electrochemical gradient 25

function 27

hormones, formation of 25f

peroxidase 25f

antibody 28

profile 138

stimulating hormone 25, 25f, 28, 31, 38, 198, 492

secreting tumors 29

Thyroiditis, acute 29

Thyrotoxicosis

evaluation of 31fc

factitia 29

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 35, 37

Thyroxine 25f

Tissue 356

compartments, integrity of 483

culture dish 463

injuries, acute 356

matrix, extracellular 487

TNF-alpha blockers 442

Tocopherol 237

Toluidine blue 147

Topography 160, 167

Toxic

multinodular goiter 29

nodule, solitary 29

Toxicity of one cryoprotectant 459

Toxins, environmental 439

Toxoplasmosis 439, 440

Trachelectomy 502

Transabdominal reduction 455

disadvantages 455

procedure 455

Transabdominal ultrasound 168

Transcervical aspiration 455

disadvantages 455

procedure 455

Transcervical method 455

Transcriptome, characterization of 356

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation 384

Transdermal form 230

Transplantation, ephemeral 509

Transrectal ultrasonography 138

Transsphenoidal surgery 38

Transvaginal sonography 14, 108, 154, 449

technical aspects of 154

Transvaginal technique 455

Transvaginal ultrasonography 10

Transvaginal ultrasound

three-dimensional 14, 69

volume measurement, two-dimensional 69

Trauma 141

endometrial 68

Tri-gas incubators 273

Trigonellae semen 563

Triiodothyronine 25, 25f

Trilaminar endometrium 244

Trisomy 21 detection 435

Trophectoderm 301, 345, 522, 530

biopsy 354, 424f, 514

day five 521, 530

cells 536

grade 301t

morphology 302

Trophic activity 556

Trophoblastic activity 450

Trophoblastic invasion 234, 337

Trophy scope-campo compact hysteroscope 105f

Troubleshooting 360, 375

exercise 366

in procedures 364

Truclear hysteroscope 107

Truclear hysteroscopic morcellator 107

Truclear reciprocating blade 107

Truclear rotating cutting blade 107

Tubal cornua 445

Tubal epithelium 256

Tubal evaluation 12

hysteroscopic guided 89

tests for 13t

Tubal factor infertility 88, 117, 429

Tubal inflammation 55

Tubal occlusion 119

Tubal patency 120

ultrasonography evaluation of 158

Tubal pathology 255, 256

Tubal reanastomosis, advantages of 119

Tubal recanalization 119, 119f

laparoscopic 118f

Tuberculosis 45, 89, 439

endometrial 496

Tuberculous peritonitis 46

Tubes 156

Tubo-ovarian

abscess 55

masses 48f

bilateral 47f

Tumor, benign 14f

Tunel assay 148

Turner's syndrome 395, 432, 434, 490, 491, 568

Twin phenomenon, vanishing 429

Twin transfusion syndrome 342

Two cell

embryo 299f

gonadotropin system 5f

Two embryo transfer policy 398

Tyrode's medium, modified 472

Tyrode's solution 252, 521

UIterus, evaluation of 13

Ultramorphology, selection based on 309

Ultrarapid vitrification technique 351

Ultrasonic antral follicle count 222

Ultrasonography 88, 448

guided procedures 160

monitoring, role of 159

Ultrasound 68, 154

abdominal 22

role of 154

Umbilicus 58

Unconjugated estriol 433, 434

Unfertilized oocytes, cryopreservation of 353

Unicornuate 13

Urachal cyst 572f

Ureaplasma urealyticum 131

Urethra, inflammation in 141

Urinary luteinizing hormone 10

levels 177

Urinary tract 58

infection 138

Urine and vaginal swab cultures 454

Uterine artery 191

Doppler 193

bilaterally 507

embolization 72, 78, 447

waveform 162f

Uterine blood flow 403

Uterine cavity 13, 14f, 166f, 380, 384

evaluation 159

routine 379

irregular 48f

Uterine cervix 380

Uterine contraction 194, 380, 382

alteration of 76

initiation of 380

minimal 384

Uterine cornua, multilayer suturing of 447

Uterine factor 252

infertility 501

causes of 503fc

Uterine fibroid, morcellation of 572f

Uterine fluid contains low levels of pyruvate 283

Uterine malformations 395

congenital 501

Uterine natural killer cells 234, 439

Uterine perfusion 161

Uterine rejection, persistent 503

Uterine scar 445

Uterine septae 101

Uterine surgery, previous 68

Uterine synechiae and polyps 439

Uterine transfer, embryo for 352

Uterine transplant 503

history of 502

indications of 503fc

Uterine transplantation 573

ethical feasibility of 504t

Uterine vessels, vasoconstriction of 7

Uterine wall 14f

Uterine washing 490

Uterocervix angle 201

Uterotubal transport 59

Uterus 45, 155, 164, 169, 201, 501

chronic inflammatory disease of 229

hypoplastic 395

rendered image of 167f

sagittal section of 165f

transplant 501, 503, 504, 507, 508t, 509, 510t

surgery of 506

transplantation 501, 504f

with myoma for myomectomy 572f

Vagina 46

upper 501

Vaginal entry 169

Vaginal gel 406

Vaginal hemorrhage 375

Vaginal irrigation 373

Vaginal progesterone 214, 404

Vaginal secretions 441

Vaginal sildenafil 240, 389

citrate 237

Vaginal wall 373

Varicocele 137, 138, 141

associated nonobstructive azoospermia, management of 139

detection of 22

examination of 17, 18f

Vas deferens

absent 141

congenital bilateral absence of 19, 125, 137

obstruction in 141

Vasa deferentia 23f

Vascularity, zones of 192t

Vasoepididymostomy 138

Vasography 22

Vasopressin

injection 114f, 115f

solution 446

Vasovasostomy 138

Venereal disease research 492

laboratory 363, 373, 460

Venous thromboembolism, prevention of 122

Ventilation 261, 280

air conditioning 541

Vibratory penile stimulation 471

Viral

hepatitis 492

infections 568

markers 449

Virus

positive female 93

positive male 92, 93

specific management 92

Vision

blurred 178

deteriorate 365

Visual disorders 179

Visual disturbances 178

Visual field defects 141

Vitamin 230

E 238

Vitrification 467t, 468t, 477, 489

method 460, 462, 463

process 463, 463f

cryosolutions 463

equipment 463

materials 463

procedure 463

types 463

solution 463

technique of 476

Volatile organic compound 261, 273, 279, 541

levels 271

presence of 286

Volume contrast imaging 171

von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome 516

Vulva 46

Warming process 463

Washing solution 463

Waterfall sign 89

Weight loss 29

White blood cell 412

Wolffian duct cysts 137

World Health Organization 130, 173, 315

guidelines 16

X chromosome, deletion of 477

Xiltrix laboratory monitoring system 272

X-linked inheritance 566

X-sex linkage, disease of 490

Y-chromosome

deletions 125, 568

microdeletion 136

testing 129

sequences 435

Young's syndrome 17, 137

Ziehl-Neelsen staining 48

Zika virus 94

Zinc 304

Zona

binding 19

dissection 331

partial 319

drilling 319

Zona pellucida 8, 252, 294, 295, 297, 298f, 323f, 330, 333, 338f

glycoproteins of 561

intracytoplasmic sperm injection, barcodes in 371f

layer of 561

matrix of 561

mechanical technique, expansion of 332

of oocyte 561

purified 562

softening of 352

thicker 297f

Zona penetration 19

Zuclomiphene 177, 198

Zwitterionic buffers 471

Zygote 298, 299, 397, 461, 474, 567, 568

genetic constitution of 291

intrafallopian transfer 283, 429

morphology 298

place 462

pronuclei of 568

scoring system 298

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes