Ultrasound in Infertility and Gynecology: Text and Atlas Chaitanya Nagori, Sonal Panchal
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen
B-mode ultrasound of 293f
serial axial sections of 285f
stomach bubble 294
Abdominal wall defects 298
Abortions
first trimester 60
incomplete 97
missed 97
second trimester 62
Achondroplasia 297f
Acrania 294, 295f
Adenomyoma 72, 83, 84f86f
Adenomyosis 43f, 46f, 72, 80, 81, 82f, 83, 83f85f, 306, 356f
Adenomyotic uterus, power Doppler of 84f
Adnexa 139, 153
normal 306
Adnexal lesions 106, 107, 340
ultrasound of 106
Adnexal malignancy, detection of 138
Adnexal mass 142, 304
evaluation of 106
Adnexal signs 304
Adrenal androgen production 168
American Fertility Society 53
classification 53f
Amniotic bands 308
Amniotic cavity 276, 279
Amniotic membrane 278f, 289, 290f, 309f
Androgen Excess Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Society 169
Androstenedione secretion 189
Anechoic adnexal cystic lesion, B-mode ultrasound image of 325f
Anechoic ovarian cyst, thin-walled 324f
Anesthesia 312
Angiography 29f
Anovulation 169, 184
Anti-Müllerian hormone 181
Antral follicles 191, 206f, 212, 214, 215f
count 172, 181, 191f, 206
number of 170
population of 201
Aqueduct of Sylvius 277, 291
Arcuate uterus 64, 65t, 75f
three dimensional ultrasound diagnostic features of 65f
Arnold-Chiari malformation 298
Arteriovenous communications 130f
Artery
arcuate 15f
focal narrowing of 130
sacculation of 130
spiral 15f
Ascites 342, 343
presence of 343
Ascitic fluid, aspiration of 311, 325
Aspiration needles, several designs of 313
Assisted reproductive technology 1
procedures 233
Atrophy, endometrial cystic 102, 102f
Automated volume calculation 214
B
Basal ovarian stromal blood flow 207
Baseline scan 206, 242
Beak sign 107
follicle 109f
Bicornuate uterus 58, 65t
diagnostic signs of 59f
three dimensional rendered image of 59f
Bicorporeal septate uterus 69, 70, 70f
Bicorporeal uterus 70f
Bird's nest appearance 119f
Blood
flow 225f, 240
disorganized 130
follicular 225f
presence of 321
vessels
around follicle 226f
corpus luteal 205f
heterogeneous distribution of 355f
homogeneous distribution of 355f
typical malignant distribution of 101f
Body mass 168
index 208, 209
Body stalk abnormalities 296
Bone
densities 131
extremities long 294
Brain vesicles 279
Broad ligament fibroid 106, 141, 142
Bulky uterus 82f
C
Calvarium 283f
Carcinoma, endometrial 100
Cardiac activity 290
Carotid vessels 281f
Catheter
loading 321
non-traumatic 320f
tip, placement of 154f
types 322
Caudal pole 278f
Cavum septum pellucidum 29f
Central echogenic stroma 170f
Central hyperechoic endometrial line 334
Cephalic pole 278f
Cerebellum 276, 280, 284f
fuses 283
Cerebral
circulation 283f
vesicles 280
Cervical
assessment 258, 269
canal 47f, 48f, 150f, 258, 259f, 267f, 303f
anomalies, classification of 72
whole length of 268
cerclage 56
die 120
ectopic pregnancy 258, 260
typical of 302f
fibroids 48f, 258, 260, 261f
funnelling, presence of 270
glands 47, 47f, 48f
length 264, 345, 345f
dynamic assessment of 266
lesions 72
malignancy 258, 260
three dimensional ultrasound surface rendered image of 265f
mucus 239f
polyps 258, 259
pregnancy 260, 301
surgery 265
ultrasonography 270
wall, anterior 48f
Cervix 47, 258, 266f
anatomy of 258f
anterior wall of 261f
B-mode
long section of 239f
transvaginal scan of 268f
ultrasound image of 264f, 266f, 268f
double normal 72
long axis of 266f
long section of 48f, 239f, 263f, 265f
posterior
surface of 264f
wall of 262f
power Doppler ultrasound image of 260f
single normal 72f
thickened posterior lip of 263f
transvaginal assessment of 258
transverse section of 259f
ultrasound examination of 265
Cesarean scar 102, 103f
Chaotic vascular architecture 128
Chlamydia trachomatis 135
Chocolate cyst 116
Chorioamnionitis 329
Chorioangioma 286, 306, 307f
Choriodecidual separation 266
Chorionic tissue, tumors of 306
Choroid plexus 279, 281f, 283, 283f, 285f
Clinical touch method, ultrasound-guided instead of 322
Clomiphene citrate 221, 244
Cochrane database systematic review 322
Cogwheel sign 138
Color Doppler 17, 75, 83, 153
sonosalpingography, correlation of 155
Comet sign 274f
Complex lesions 108, 124
Cord round neck 292
Coronal spine, B-mode ultrasound image of 294f
Corpus luteum 8f, 11f, 112, 113, 114f116f, 203, 204f, 205f, 230f, 231, 234, 274f, 316f
B-mode ultrasound image of 233f
color Doppler ultrasound image of 231f
pulsed Doppler image of 232f
Crown-rump length 279, 290f, 291
Cumulus oophorus 203f, 227f
Curved cervices, B-mode ultrasound image of 269f
Cusco's speculum 318
Cystadenocarcinoma, serous 127, 127f
Cystadenofibroma 343
Cystadenoma
benign serous 126
mucous 106, 127
serous 111, 127f
Cystic adnexal lesion 135f
Cystic degeneration 74f
Cystic dilatation, huge balloon-shaped 136f
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 89
Cystic lesion 113f, 135f
B-mode image of 127f
contents of 341
internal wall of 341
mixed 341
multiple separate 137f
nonseptated 128f
thick walled 116f
thin walled 127f
three dimensional ultrasound volume of 127f
Cystic walls, characteristics of 131
Cysts 117f, 128
aspiration 311, 323
technique 324
clear 108
endometriotic 343
follicular 108, 109f
hemorrhagic 112, 114, 115f
nonseptated clear 108
paraovarian 106, 141, 142
paratubal 106, 141, 142
peritoneal inclusion 106, 141, 142
typical thin-walled 108f
unilocular 343
wall thickness 128
with internal echogenicities 112
with septa 111
with thick walls 108
D
Delivery, premature 62
Dermoid 124, 343
cysts 106
Diabetes, maternal 297
Diamniotic monochorionic twin 309f
Diaphragm 285
Diencephalon 291, 291f
Diethylstilbestrol exposure 265
Diethysterol 65
Dominant follicle, perifollicular vascularity of 224
Doppler 16, 32, 118
shift 16
studies 355
technique 16
Double bleb sign 276
Double decidual ring sign 275
Ductus venosus flow, abnormal 297
Dysgerminoma 122f, 124
Dysmenorrhea 73, 80, 119
Dyspareunia 119
Dystocia 62
E
Echogenicity
appearance of 110f
heterogeneous 82f
internal 11f, 108
level of 353
low level 336f
Elastography 85, 86f
Ellis forceps 318
Embryo 278f
formation of 273
four-cell stage of 318f
transfer 49, 242, 251, 311, 317
cannula 259
catheter 319f, 320f
technique 322
ultrasound guided 321f
Embryonic heart, cardiac activity tracing of 291f
Endometrial
calcifications 99
fluid 239f
length of 345
long section of 41f, 42f
normal 74f, 163f
regular shape of 86
symmetrical 139f, 304f
Doppler 252
flow 241f
growth 244
rate 244
length 345f
lesions 72, 147, 333
lining 334f, 335f
malignancy 43f, 91, 99
metaplasia, stages of 102
monitoring 255
myometrial junction 40, 42, 87f, 89, 98f, 100, 101f, 102, 243f, 245, 245f, 247f, 335f, 347f, 348f
obliterated 87f
thickness of 47
pathologies 43, 86
diagnosis of 104
polyp 42f, 90, 90f
ring sign 240
shape, symmetry of 40
stroma 102
surface 338f
thickness 49f, 88, 345
growth rate of 244
measurement of 346f
tip-pit distance 65
vascularity 253f
volume 101f
walls, equal thickness of 139f
Endometrioma 106, 112, 116, 117f, 118, 118f, 119, 135f, 316
features typical of 116
homogeneously echogenic 120f
short-coursed vessels of 119f
typical of 117f
Endometriosis 116, 118f, 119
Endometritis 43f, 86
acute 86, 87f
chronic 86, 87f
Endometrium 9f, 15f, 4042, 43f, 45, 76f, 87f, 90f, 91, 91f, 94, 99f, 100, 102, 103f, 232, 237, 238f, 240f, 243f, 243f, 245, 246f, 250f, 308f, 333, 333f
acute inflammation of 86
assessment of 252
B-mode features of 244
central
line of 91f, 92f
part of 241f
convex medial margins of 59f
cyclical changes in 237
cystic hyperplasia of 89f
early proliferative 45f
echogenic 94, 94f, 101f, 102
flecks in 87
inner layer of 87
non-homogeneous 102
folding of 59f
fundal end of 93f
isoechoic 254f
monitoring of 242
morphology of 245
multilayered 90f, 91f, 95f, 238f240f, 245f, 253f
preovulatory 45f
non-uniform 333, 334f
outer hyperechoic margin of 240f
overgrowth of 88
penetrating 15f
posterior wall of 151f
synechiae 95f
thick
echogenic 253f
multilayered 245f247f
thickened 87f
hyperechoic 102f
thin 255f
tissue strands crossing 336f
Estrogen 237
European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy Classification 66
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 66
Exomphalos 298
F
Face, coronal section of 293f
Fallopian tube 136f, 145, 145f, 146, 146f, 148f, 149f, 153f, 161f, 162f
evaluation of 145
inflammation of 134, 134f
mildly dilated 140f
Federation of International Gynecologists and Obstetricians 128
Female genital tract, evaluation of 1
Female pelvis, anatomy of 33f, 34f
Fertile controls 195
Fetal
abnormality 294
aorta 281f
echocardiography, early 297f, 298f
face profile 292f
head
axial sections of 284f
color Doppler of 17f
transverse section of 283f
true midsagittal section of 291f
movements, absence of 300
neural canal 295f
pole 288
reduction 326
procedure of 326
thorax 329f
trunk, transverse section of 299f
Fetus 283f, 297
late first trimester 297f
Fibroid 72, 73, 73f, 76, 83, 85f, 352f
affect fertility 80
degenerated 74f, 75f
endometrial 94, 94f
intramural 76, 78f
myometrial margin of 76f
peripheral vascularity typical of 94
posterior subserosal 78f
rim-like vessels for 94
subendometrial submucosal 307f
subserosal 76
three-dimensional power Doppler
glass body rendered image of 84f
studies of 77f
Fibromas 106, 121, 121f
Fire, ring of 203
Fishnet
appearance, absence of 116f
internal echogenicity 231f
Flow index 172, 192f, 214, 251
Fluid
in cul-de-sac 138
in endometrial cavity 87
Follicle
arrangement of 183
aspiration equipment 314f
B-mode ultrasound image of 223f
calculate
number of 229f
volume of 30f
color Doppler ultrasound image of 225f
count, total 216f
cyst 108
multiple 111, 111f, 184f, 186f, 222f
small 123f
number per ovary 172
power Doppler ultrasound image of 225f, 226f
preovulatory 202f, 203f
rupture of 114f
size of 221
stimulating hormone 184, 206
three-dimensional ultrasound 30f
acquired volume of 227f
total volume of 180f
tracking 205
vocal-calculated volume of 227f
Follicular
assessment 221
growth 184
rim sign 124f
ring 123
rupture 204f
tracking 205
cyclical changes in 201
volume assessment 221
Four-chamber heart, B-mode ultrasound image of 293f
Frontal bones, scalloping of 298
Fundal
dimple 59f
endometrium 87f
length 345, 345f
serosa 47
Fundus, normal direction of 82
G
Gallbladder 285f
Gastroschisis 298, 299f
Gel vaginosonography 120
Genetic syndrome 184
Gestational age 279
Gestational sac 97f, 140f, 141f, 267f, 272f, 273, 275, 276f, 286, 286f, 300, 300f303f, 306f
abdominal ectopic 305
abnormal 288f
location of 300
anechoic circular 305
appears, scan after 275
diameter 287f
early 307f
irregular 288f
large 288f
peritoneal ectopic 305
small 288f
three dimensional ultrasound image of 277f, 307f
twin 301f
Gibroid, submucosal 76f, 77, 79f, 80f
Global vascular indices vascularity index 172, 212
Gonadotropins 188
follicle-stimulating hormone 201
Granulosa cell tumor 124, 126
Gravid uterus 267f, 268f
Ground-glass
appearance 117f, 336f
cystic lesion 117f
echogenicity 112f
Growth pattern, abnormal 286
Gynecologic Imaging Report and Data System 132
H
Hand
B-mode ultrasound image of 294f
gross deformity of 296f
Head
serial coronal sections of 285f
three dimensional ultrasound of 29f
Heart
defects, major 296
four-chamber view and three-vessel view 293
Hematoma
perisac 288f
subchorionic 299f, 300f
Hemiuterus 70, 71f
Hemorrhage 123
intracranial 326
Hernia, umbilical 279
Higher pulse repetition frequency 18
High-resistance flow 102
Holoprosencephaly 296
Hormonal therapy 343
Human chorionic gonadotropin 206, 244
Hydatidiform mole, pseudopartial 98
Hydrosalpinx 31f, 134, 135f137f, 148f, 149f
aspiration of 311, 324
puncture 316
typical of 325f
Hyperandrogenism 191
biochemical 169
clinical 169
Hyperdense stroma 185, 207f
Hyperechoic
buds 354
islands 354
lines 354
stroma 185
Hyperinsulinemia 184, 188, 189
Hyperplasia 91f
endometrial 88, 91, 93f, 126
Hypoechoic
stroma 123f
tubular structure 305f
Hypoplastic uterus 54, 65, 66f, 68f
Hystero-contrast-salpingography 146, 156
Hystero-contrast-sonosalpingography 159f
Hysterosalpingography 58, 146, 159
B-mode saline infusion 154f
Hysteroscopy, virtual 52
I
Implantation, early signs of 274
In and out movement 4, 38
In vitro fertilization 311
cycle 207
Inferior vena cava 297
Infertility 60
unexplained 254
Insulin
postprandial 190f
resistance 168
International Endometrial Tumor Analysis 333
International Ovarian Tumor Analysis 126, 340
International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 190
Intra-amniotic infection 329
Intracavitary fluid 336f
Intraendometrial lesions 40
Intraendometrial power Doppler area 248
Intramural fibroid, anterior 46f, 353f
Intraovarian cystic lesion 112f, 274f
B-mode ultrasound image of 232f
Intraovarian cystic structure 110
Intrauterine
contraceptive device 99f
placement 99
gestational sac 305f, 307f
normal 139f, 301f
insemination 49, 145, 206, 242
cannula 259
pregnancy, confirmation of 275
Isthmic length 269
J
Joints, posture of 294
Junctional zone 335
thickness 346
K
Kidneys 285, 285f
Kissing ovaries 118f
L
Leiomyomatosis, multiple 81f
Lens 285f
Lesion
maximum diameter of 343
minimum distance of 352
outline of 339f
Leydig cell tumor 121
Limb abnormalities, major 296
Linear endometrial midline 86
Lithotomy position 324
Liver 285f
Low-pulse repetition frequency 172f
Low-resistance flow 195f
Lucent serpiginous vascular structures 15f
Luteal phase defect 232, 254, 255f
Luteinized unruptured follicle 112, 114, 232, 254, 254f
Luteinizing hormone 145, 184, 202, 205, 237
secretion 168
M
Magnetic resonance imaging 57
Major abdominal vessels 281f
Malignancy
possibility of 342
suggestive of 129f
three-dimensional power Doppler vascular characteristics of 130f
Malignant tumors, features of 132
Mature embryo 278f, 280f
head 282f
Mature fetal head 283f
Mature fetus 280f282f, 284f, 308f
Mature follicle 204f
B-mode features of 221, 221f
Mean follicular number per ovary 192
Mean ovarian diameter and size 206
Medial endometrial shape 65
Megacystis 298
Meig's syndrome 121
Membranes, premature rupture of 329
Menorrhagia 73, 80
Menstrual cycle
mid-proliferative phase of 238f
monitoring of 206, 234
preovulatory
period of 239f
phase of 249f
proliferative phase of 108
Microaneurysms 130f
Micropolyposis 87
Monochorionic
monoamniotic twin pregnancy 309f
twins 297
Morphologic scoring system 126
Morphological uterine sonographic assessment 50
Müllerian abnormality 52, 53t, 147
Müllerian duct 46, 52, 54, 58
Multifetal pregnancy reduction 311, 326
Multifollicular development 31f
Multiloculated cystic structure, thin walled 111f
Multiple gestations 310
early detection of 275, 310
Multiple pregnancy 326t
types of 326
Myoma 339f
Myometrial cysts 81, 83f, 354
avascular 87
Myometrial description 349
Myometrial dipping 65
Myometrial echogenicity 354
Myometrial fibers 73
Myometrial heterogenecity 351f, 354
Myometrial lesion 72
localized 352f
Myometrial thickness 350f
Myometrial vascularity 84f
Myometrial walls
anterior 50f, 345
posterior 50f, 345
Myometrium 44, 45, 49, 63f, 72, 73, 73f, 81, 85f, 97f, 99f, 154f, 186f, 211f, 245, 246f
anterior wall of 45f, 346f
echogenic flecks in 87
echogenicity of 170f
generalized heterogenecity of 351f
heterogeneous 351f
homogenecity of 44
homogeneous 350f
normal 353
posterior wall of 45f, 346f
thickness of 44
N
Nabothian cyst 48f, 260, 262f
Nasal bone 285f, 291, 291f
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 164
Negative predictive value 118, 132, 138
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 135
Neural tube, development of 279f
Nontuberculous chronic inflammatory lesions 87
Normal cervix 72
transverse section of 47f
Normal ovary, typical of 211f
Normal uterus 33, 73f
three-dimensional ultrasound image of 68f
Nose, echogenic tip of 291
Nuchal translucency 291f, 297, 326
O
Oligoovulation 169
Omphalocele 282f, 283f, 298, 299f
physiological 279f
Omphalomesenteric duct 277f
Oocyte retrieval 311
Optimum pressure 222f
Orbits 285f
Orthogonal planes 329f
Osteogenesis imperfecta 296
Ovarian cancer, personal history of 343
Ovarian dysgerminoma 122
Ovarian echogenicity, total 186
Ovarian ectopic 305
pregnancy 141, 141f
Ovarian enlargement 180
Ovarian epithelial carcinomas 106
Ovarian fibroma 122f
peripheral vascularity of 122f
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 183, 207, 311, 325
Ovarian lesions 106, 107
ultrasound-based classification of 108
Ovarian mass lesion, B-mode image of 129f
Ovarian reserve 206
Ovarian stroma 186f, 211f
Ovarian stromal blood flow 193f, 196, 206
Ovarian stromal flow
assessment of 172f
measurement of 207
Ovarian stromal vascularity 212f
Ovarian stromal vessels 195f
spectral Doppler images of 171f, 195f
Ovarian tissue 107f
Ovarian torsion 123
typical of 123f
Ovarian tumor, exophytic 122f
Ovarian vessel 16f
Ovarian volume 179f, 180, 182, 187, 189, 194, 206
calculation 187, 212
Ovary 54, 55, 106, 140f, 151f, 153, 305f, 306f, 317
baseline scan of 210
B-mode ultrasound
assessment of 210
image of 8f, 10f, 11f, 170f, 181f, 182f, 186f, 210f, 211f, 223f, 316f
central solid part of 16f
color Doppler image of 16f, 155f
cyclical changes in 201
dermoid of 124f
enlarged spherical 180
ipsilateral 55f
large 197
longitudinal section of 170f, 181f, 184f, 186f, 202f, 206f, 207f, 212f
multicystic 186f
nondominant 232
periphery of 219f
power Doppler image of 171f, 208f
sclerocystic 168
simple cyst of 108, 110, 110f
stroma of 180f
three-dimensional power Doppler
acquired images of 173f
ultrasound-acquired volume of 214f
three-dimensional ultrasound acquired
image of 188f, 220f
volume of 178f, 213f, 215f
transverse section of 170f, 181f, 202f, 206f, 207f, 210f
vocal-calculated volume of 188f
Ovum 318f
development of 146f
fertilization of 273
pickup 206, 313, 313f, 316
P
Papillary projections 126, 131, 341
Peak systolic velocity 203, 204f, 209
Pelvic
cavity 141f
infection 316
inflammatory disease 134
lymph nodes 87
pain, chronic 119
Pelvis 152f
B-mode transvaginal ultrasound image of 154f, 305f
three-dimensional ultrasound rendered image of 306f
transabdominal scan of 32f
Perifollicular blood flow 224, 225f, 228f
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 168, 181f, 184
ultrasound
diagnosis of 168, 186, 187
features of 197
findings of 180
Polycystic ovary 169, 181f, 184, 185, 185f, 191f, 192f, 194f, 196, 207f
B-mode image of 187f
color Doppler ultrasound image of 193f
pathophysiology of 196
Rotterdam criteria of 182f
typical 182f
Polyp 44f, 90, 91, 91f
fundus of 93f
large 92
single vessel pattern for 92
Positive predictive value 118, 125, 132, 138, 182
Postcurettage endometrial collection 97
Potassium chloride injection 328
Pouch of Douglas 203
Power Doppler 17, 213f
information, quantification of 228
settings 18
ultrasound 281f
Pregnancy 285, 286, 306
abdominal 306
abnormal early 275, 285
biochemical 244
early 272f, 273, 288f, 300f
ectopic 138, 139f, 141f, 303f, 304
growth of 286
losses, repeated mid-trimester 265
normalcy of 273
progress of 273, 275
study of 273
triplet 309f, 328f
tubal ectopic 140f
twin 327f
Preovulatory endometrium 246f, 248f
typical of 241f
Preovulatory scan 206, 221, 249f
Preterm delivery
high-risk population for 264
history of 264
Probe
in and out movement of 39f
rotation movement of 5f, 40f
side-to-side movement of 39f
up-and-down movement of 5f, 40f
Progesterone 237
Pseudosac 304t
Pulsatility index 249
Pulse repetition frequency 18, 211, 212f
Pulsed wave Doppler 17
R
Receptive endometrium, Doppler features of 246
Red blood cells 19
Red Indian head appearance 120
Residual endometrial cavity 301f
Resistance index 63, 203, 203f205f, 209, 225f, 240
Respiratory distress syndrome 326
Retinopathy 326
Rhombencephalon 278f, 279, 279f, 282f
Rim sign 107
Rokitansky protuberance 124
Rotation movement 6, 39
Rotterdam criteria 169, 180, 196
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 164
S
Saline infusion
salpingography 146, 149, 151f, 152, 154f
sonohysterography 151f
Saline sonosalpingography 149
three-dimensional 153
Salpingitis 138
Salt and pepper appearance 82f
Scars, postmyomectomy 102
Sepia chroma 245f
Septae, incomplete 325f
Septal defect, large ventricular 298f
Septal vascularity 111f
Septate cervix 72
Septate uterus 58, 65t, 69, 148f
three-dimensional rendered coronal images of 60f
Septum 340
incomplete 135f
partial 69
size of 63
Serosa 46
Sertoli cell tumor 121
Simple ovarian cyst 132f
Sims speculum 312, 318
Situs inversus 297
Skeletal dysplasia, major 296, 297f
Sliding organ sign 142
Smooth multilocular tumor 343
Snowstorm appearance 82f
Soft-tissue
protrusion 299f
swelling 299f
Solid lesions 108, 121
Solid papillary projection 341
Solid tumor 121, 133f
irregular 343
small 121
Solid yolk sac 287, 289f
Sonohysterography 53, 83, 95, 96f, 104, 338f
cannula 150f
Sonohysterosalpingography 149
contrast-enhanced 161f
Sonosalpingography 97
Spectral Doppler 17
settings 21
Spina bifida 298
Spinal defects, major 298
Spine
ossification centers of 284f
progresses toward caudal end, ossification of 284
Stimulated ovary
Sonoavc of 229f
three-dimensional ultrasound-acquired volume of 174f, 222f
Stomach 285f
Stroma
echogenic 171f, 181f, 184f
ovarian stromal vessels 171f
Stromal abundance 185
correlation of 188
Stromal area 187
Stromal blood vessels 193f
Stromal echogenicity 170, 186
Stromal vascularity 192, 195
Stromal vessels, spectral Doppler of 208f
Stromal volume 190, 212
Struma ovarii 124, 126
Subendometrial pathologies 43
Subendometrial zone, thickening of 102
Subseptate uterus 58
three-dimensional rendered coronal images of 60f
Suction catheter, double lumen 313f
Synechiae 44f, 94, 336f
Systematic transvaginal scan 11, 14
T
Tamoxifen 100, 102
Teratomas 124
Tissue interface, maintenance of 46
Transabdominal scan 31
Transrectal scan 30
Transvaginal cervical assessment 269
Transvaginal color Doppler 130, 138
and power Doppler 53
Transvaginal probe 1, 40f
Transvaginal saline sonohysterosalpingography, three-dimensional 155
Transvaginal salpingosonography 152
Transvaginal scan 1, 2, 2f, 54, 156f
pelvis, B-mode image of 152f
prescan protocol for 3
probe position and orientation 35f
transverse section, contrast-enhanced 162f
Transvaginal sonography 53, 264, 273
Transvaginal ultrasound 52, 266
method for cervical assessment, technique of 266
Transvaginal volume
probe 35f
ultrasound 41f
probe 13f
Trophoblastic ring 300f
thick echogenic 300f
True sac 304t
Truncus arteriosus 298f
Tubal
evaluation 145, 164
inflammation 138
lesions 106, 107, 134
pathology 145
status, assessment of 146
Tube, vertically-oriented interstitial part of 87
Tuberculous chronic inflammatory lesions 87
Tubo-ovarian
abscess 138
complex 138
lesions 106
Tubular cystic lesion 137f
Tumors 121
benign 128, 132
endometrioid 124
epithelial 124, 126
malignant nature of 133f
multilocular 122
unilocular 133f
U
Ultrasound 52, 53, 56, 81, 106, 139, 142, 192f, 206, 311
B-mode ultrasound image of 222f
diagnosis 169
guided procedures 311
myometrial assessment on 352
scanner
switchboard of 11f
touch screen of 212f
three dimensional 119
Umbilical cord 278, 279f, 299f, 308f
cyst 308, 308f
Unicornuate uterus 54, 55f
diagnosis of 55f
Urinary bladder 285
enlarged 298
Uterine
abnormalities 52, 53f, 306
acquired 72
congenital 52, 53, 65, 67f, 265
pregnancy with 286, 306
anomalies, congenital 66
aplasia 53
artery 15f, 19f, 102, 195f, 240, 242
assessment of 252
color Doppler of 15f, 23f, 254f
Doppler 248
flow spectrum 241f, 242f
higher resistance of 195f
moderate resistance in 196
spectral Doppler of 15f, 18f, 23f, 194f, 249f, 254f
waveform, pulse Doppler analysis of 248
body 65
cavity 156f, 321
contractions 252, 321
depth 321
pathologies 52, 104
perfusion 20f
scar 102
septum 62f
signs 304
vascularity 18f
power Doppler study of 19f
vasculature 15f
wall thickness 66, 68, 68f
Uterocervical length 47, 242
physiological 48, 49f
Uterosacral die 120
Uterus 33, 52, 139, 140f, 145f, 150f, 159f, 237, 266f, 305f, 306f
abnormalities of 52
absent of 54f
adenomyosis of 82f, 85f
anterior wall of 74f, 351f, 354f
antero-posterior diameter of 346f
anteverted 255f
anteflexed 38f, 347f, 350f, 351f, 353f
aplasia 71
aplastic 71
B-mode
image of 96f, 98f, 99f, 303f
long section of 81f, 239f
scan of 87f
transvaginal ultrasound image of 158f
ultrasound image of 8f, 12f, 84f, 91f, 95f, 238f, 240f, 241f, 245f, 261f, 304f, 308f
body of 61f
color Doppler image of 155f
complete bicorporeal 70
contrast-enhanced image of 159f
cornu of 147f
coronal
plane of 76f, 90f, 95f, 302f
section of 27f, 41f, 59f, 323f, 327f, 328f
cyclical changes in 237
demonstrates 252
didelphys 56, 56f, 57f
diagnosis of 57
uterine cornua of 57f
dysmorphic 68, 69f
fibroids of 74f
infantalis 68
long axis of 13f, 103f, 262f, 266f
long section of 15f, 37f, 42f, 90f, 91f, 99f, 186f, 210f, 239f, 240f, 263f
longitudinal
measurements of 243f
section of 13f, 76f, 78f, 92f, 97f, 156f, 238f, 253f, 262f
lower segment of 96f
margins of 302f
measuring length of 345f
midsagittal
plane of 243f, 247f, 345f
section of 240f, 242, 244f246f, 253f, 346f349f
mobility of 46
monitoring of 242
nonpregnant 139f
orientation of 36
partial bicorporeal 70, 70f
position of 36
posterior wall of 83f
power Doppler image of 243f, 248f
presence of 54f
retroverted 92f, 151f, 254f
anteflexed 38f
retroflexed 38f, 348f
rudimentary horn of 54f, 71f
secretory phase B-mode scan of 87f
separate cornua of 57f
septum of 63f
serosa, smooth contour of 73f
size of 85f
spectral Doppler image of 241f, 248f
three-dimensional ultrasound 251, 349f, 350f
image of 27f, 47f, 59f, 94f, 104f, 139f, 301f303f
rendered image of 304f, 307f
three-dimensional ultrasound coronal plane imaging of 89f
transverse
diameter of 346f
section of 13f, 15f, 58f, 96f, 97f, 101f, 154f, 346f, 348f
T-shaped 65, 66f, 68, 68f
tuberculous involvement of 88f
typical hourglass contour of 302f
ultrasound of 50
V
Vaginal anomalies, classification of 72
Vaginal ultrasound transducer 312f
Vascular endothelial growth factor 196
Vascularity flow index 172, 192f, 214, 220, 251
Vascularity score 342
Vasovagal syncope 152
Veins, sacculation of 130
Vesicular mole 97, 98, 308
pregnancy with 286
typical of 308f
Vessel
abnormal tortuous 357f
irregular caliber of 130f
perifollicular 109f, 226f
tree-like branching pattern of 130
Virtual organ computer-aided analysis 175
Volume contrast imaging 29, 55, 347
W
Wall motion filter 212f
Whirlpool-like appearance 123f
Y
Yolk sac 275, 276f278f, 286, 287, 288f, 290f, 300f, 307f
abnormal 289f
double 276
irregular 287, 289f
large 289f, 300f
thick walled 287, 289f
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Chapter Notes

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