Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease
Sponsored by
South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (SASAT)
Division of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology, Medanta Hospital
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease
Editor
Gundu HR Rao PhD
Emeritus Professor Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Director Thrombosis Research, Lillehei Heart Institute Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Foreword
M Khalilullah
Ravi R Kasliwal
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease / Gundu HR Rao
First Edition: 2020
9789389188301
Printed at
I dedicate this monograph on Coronary Artery Disease,
to my mentor and associate,
Dr Jay N Cohn
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine-Cardiology
University of Minnesota Medical School
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
CONTRIBUTORS
- Ahmar Tarique
- Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Medanta – The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Alka M Kanaya
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- University of California
- San Francisco, California, USA
- A Nanditha
- Director and Consultant – Diabetologist
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals and India Diabetes Research Foundation
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Anitha Rani
- Postdoctoral Fellow
- MV Hospital for Diabetes and
- Prof M Viswanathan Diabetes
- Research Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ankit K Sharma
- Postdoctoral Research
- Scholar Centre for Cardiovascular Biology
- and Disease
- Institute for Stem Cell
- Biology and Regenerative Medicine (InStem)
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Anoop Misra
- Chairman
- Fortis-C-DOC Hospital for Diabetes Metabolic
- Diseases and Allied
- Specialties
- New Delhi, India
- A Ramachandran
- President
- India Diabetes Research Foundation and
- Chairman
- Dr A Ramachandran's
- Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Arun Raghavan
- Director and Consultant Diabetologist
- India Diabetes Research Foundation and
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Arti D Shah
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- University of California
- San Francisco, California, USA
- Basil Varkey
- Professor
- Emeritus of Medicine
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- USA
- Carl Chip J Lavie
- Medical Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Preventive Cardiology
- Director, Exercise
- Laboratories
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute
- Professor of Medicine
- Ochsner Clinical School-the University of Queensland School of Medicine
- New Orleans, Louisiana
- Chilkunda Raviprakash Venkatesh
- Senior Resident
- Department of Medicine
- JSS Medical College and University
- Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Christopher Olivier
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine Ontario, Canada
- C Snehalatha
- Director, Research India Diabetes Research
- Foundation and
- Head, Department of Biochemistry
- Dr A Ramachandran's
- Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dheeraj Gandotra
- Consultant
- BLK Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Donald R Dengel
- Professor, School of Kinesiology
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Dwaipayan Sen
- Associate Professor
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Eiman Jahangir
- Assistant Professor
- Division of Cardiology
- Vanderbilt University
- Medical Center
- Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Enas A Enas Executive
- Director, Coronary Artery Disease Among Asian Indians (CADI) Research Foundation
- Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Erin M Schumer
- Research fellow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Forum Kamdar
- Assistant Professor Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Gundu HR Rao PhD
- Emeritus Professor
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Director, Thrombosis Research
- Lillehei Heart Institute
- Academic Health Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Homeyar K Dinshaw
- Associate Director
- Preventive Cardiology Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute 2005 Veterans Memorial Blvd
- New Orleans, LA, USA
- IB Vijayalakshmi
- Pediatric Cardiologist Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Isabelle Nguyen-Tri
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Institute of Cardiology and Respirology of Quebec (IUCPQ)
- Laval University
- Quebec City, Canada
- Jaimin R Trivedi
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Jay N Cohn
- Professor of Medicine
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology
- University of Minnesota
- Medical School
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- J David Spence
- Professor of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology
- Director, Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University
- London, Ontario, Canada
- John A St Cyr
- Vice president
- Research and Development, Jacqmar, Inc.
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Justin R Ryder
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan
- Professor of Medicine, University of Arizona
- Scottsdale Cardiovascular Center
- Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- Latha P Palaniappan
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Stanford University School of Medicine
- Palo Alto, California, USA
- Linda M Shecterle
- President
- Research and Development, Jacqmar, Inc.
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Madankumar Ghatge
- Postdoctoral Research Scholar
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Lowa
- Lowa, Des Moines, USA
- Manish Bansal
- Associate Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Medanta – The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Mark S Slaughter
- Professor and Chair
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Matthew C Black
- Research fellow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Michael Cash
- Director
- Echocardiography Laboratory
- Section Head, Non-Invasive
- Imaging John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute Ochsner
- Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine
- New Orleans, LA, USA
- Nagaraj Desai
- Professor and Head
- Department of cardiology
- JSS Medical College and University
- Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Neil E Hultgren
- Student, School of Kinesiology
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Niharika Prasad
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Radiology
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER
- Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- Nilay S Shah
- Stanford University School of Medicine
- Stanford, CA, USA
- Nischal R Pandya
- Associate Consultant
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
- Fortis Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Pallavi S Roy
- Biotechnology Student
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Pekka Puska
- Director General, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (KTL)
- Ponnalagu Murugeswari
- Scientist, Stem Cell Laboratory
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Rajani K Vangala
- Director
- Institute for Applied Research and Innovation
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
- Mount Sinai Hospital Affiliate, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Ranjit John
- Associate Professor,
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Vice-Chairman and
- Consultant Diabetologist
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes
- Specialties Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ravi R Kasliwal
- Chairman
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Medanta – The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Santosh G Krishna
- Vitreoretinal Services
- Narayana Nethralaya Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Sanya A Virani
- Health Services Research Analyst
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Satheesh Krishnamoorthy
- Senior Research Officer
- India Diabetes Research Foundation and
- Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sayani Sahu
- Biotechnology Student
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Shanthi Mendis
- Ex-Chief, Division of Non-communicable Disease (NCDs)
- World Health Organization
- Geneva, Switzerland
- Sheldon W Tobe
- Professor, Department of Medicine, University of
- Toronto and Northern
- Ontario School of Medicine
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
- Toronto, Canada
- Subhash Chandra
- Chairman and HOD
- BLK Super Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sudarshan GT
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
- Fortis Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Suma H Konety
- Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Division
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Sunilkumar S
- Division of Cardiology
- JSS Medical College and University
- Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Todd M Olszewski
- Assistant Professor
- Health Policy and
- Management Program
- Providence College, Cunningham Square
- Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- TS Dharmarajan
- Professor
- Clinical Medicine Albert Einstein College of
- Medicine
- Bronx, New York, USA
- Clinical Director
- Geriatrics Montefiore Medical Center (Wakefield Campus)
- Bronx, New York, USA
- Undurti N Das
- Professor and Director
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine
- GVP Medical College and Hospital
- Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Usha Shrivastava
- Director, Centre for Public Health India
- Head, Public Health, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation
- New Delhi, India
- Vijay Viswanathan
- Head and Chief Diabetologist
- Department of Diabetology
- MV Hospital for Diabetes and Prof M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vikranth Veeranna
- Fortis Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vineeta Sharma
- Independent Scientist and Entrepreneur
- Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Chairman and Director
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre and
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vivek Jawali
- Chairman
- Cardiovascular Sciences and Regional Medical
- Advisory Council
- Fortis Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vrushali Deshpande
- GROW Research Laboratory
- Narayana Nethralaya Foundation
- Narayana Health City
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute
- Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division
- Maywood, Illinois, USA
Professor Gundu HR Rao is an Emeritus Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and has always been involved in path-breaking activities. He started the South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis in 1993 and has since then organized several international conferences the world over.
The current effort is the publication of Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease which has covered a vast variety of topics on diabetes, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease in women, hypertension and renal disease, imaging, risk profiling and atherosclerosis, stroke prevention, diet and lifestyle interventions in prevention of atherosclerosis, contributed by many distinguished authors the world over. In fact the spectrum of international authorship not only covers a wide range of topics including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and associated complications and their prevention, it also covers the entire global experience on the subject.
I am sure this book will act as a useful guide to the practicing physicians and also give a bird's-eye view of heart disease the world over. I feel privileged and honored to write a foreword for this historic publication.
M Khalilullah MD
Ex-Director, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
Cardiologist, The Heart Center
New Delhi, India
FOREWORD
SASAT President's Note
Professor Gundu HR Rao, a well-known scientist, prolific writer and a mentor to many, is a pre-eminent personality in the field of laboratory medicine, hematology and atherosclerosis. Even while he was full-time professor at the University of Minnesota, USA, he frequented India and paved the way for many path-breaking scientific endeavors. The current book on “Coronary Artery Disease” is topical and all encompassing. From Metabolic Syndrome to Renal Disease and from Hypertension to Lifestyle Intervention, it covers the relevant topics with aplomb and adds significantly to current scientific knowledge. The authors are leaders in their subjects and truly internationally renowned and respected; indeed, a must read. On a personal note, I am humbled that the mantle of President, “South Asian Society of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (SASAT)”, was handed over to me by Professor Gundu HR Rao. Under his guidance, I am sure this brainchild of his (established in 1993), will take up the challenges of the 21st century and continue to make scientific progress.
Ravi R Kasliwal MD
Chairman
Department of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
Medanta – The Medicity
Gurugram, Haryana, India
EDITORIAL NOTE
It gives me a great pleasure, to write this editorial note on behalf of the experts, who have contributed their collective knowledge, to this book on Coronary Artery Disease. When the publishers, Macmillan Medical Communications, New Delhi, India, contacted me, to compile this book for them, last March (2015), I readily agreed to work on this topic, as it was timely. Furthermore, topics that we had covered in the earlier books that we published on this subject, under the aegis of South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (SASAT) (Coronary Artery Disease: Rao GHR, V Kakkar, 2001; Coronary Artery Disease: Rao GHR, S Thanikachalam, 2005), needed to be revised. We have made every effort in this book, to provide a comprehensive review of the complications related to vascular disease. I thank everyone, who has contributed their time and effort, to review their areas of expertise. I also thank the staff of Macmillan Medical Communications (MMC), India, for their efforts. My special thanks to Dr Neetu Tuli, Dr Varsha Ashish and Ms Shalini Kulshreshta of MMC, for coordinating my efforts with the Editorial Team.
By the time the book was in print (2016) the MMC had merged with Springer/Nature Publishers. Springer Nature is an academic publishing company created by the May, 2015 merger of Springer Science-Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education. The new administration decided not to print and market books in India. In view of this unexpected development, I requested MMC, to revert the copyrights of this monograph back to us (SASAT). Once we obtained the copyrights, I approached Mr Jitendar P Vij, Chairman, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India for the publication of a revised version of our book on Coronary Artery Disease. He graciously agreed to publish the revised version and market it worldwide. This revised editorial is written to clarify as to how some unexpected developments in the continuously evolving publishing field forced us to publish our work twice.
The current version of the book on Coronary Artery Disease has some additional chapters and a revised AFTERWORD which includes discussion on recent advances in this area. Once again, I thank all the contributors for their enthusiastic support of my efforts and for their patience. I also thank Ms Chetna Malhotra, Ms Anamika Talukdar, Dr Neeraj Choudhary, Dr Rajul Jain and the editorial staff of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for their continued cooperation and enthusiastic support for over three decades. As usual they have done an excellent job of producing a high-quality educational product.
Gundu HR Rao PhD
Emeritus Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
Director, Thrombosis Research, Lillehei Heart Institute
Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author acknowledges his sincere thank to Dr Shiv K Sarin, the Director of Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India, for introducing him to Dr Khalilullah, Professor of Cardiology and the Director of GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi in 1990, which served as the game changer in his professional life. I also thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, who administered the TOKTEN Grant of UNDP. I would like to thank every member of the South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (SASAT), who educated me and provided me continued support of my efforts in India. I thank Dr Ravi Kasliwal, the HOD of Cardiology, Medanta Hospitals, New Delhi and President of SASAT for his continued support of my activities. I thank Professor (Late) Sir Vijay Kakkar, the Director Thrombosis Research, London and Dr S Thanikachalam, Professor of Cardiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai for collaborating on my earlier books on Coronary Artery Disease. I thank all the contributors who made this journey very rewarding and successful. My thanks to the Editorial team of Macmillan Medical Communications (Springer/Nature), New Delhi, India, who first contacted to me put together a monograph on Coronary Artery Disease. I thank the editorial team and Mr Jitendar P Vij, Chairman of the Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for publishing all my books on Coronary Artery Disease. Finally, I thank my wife Dr Yashoda Rao for her understanding, patience, and continued support, in my international efforts and book projects.
In a book that I am dedicating to the Pioneer Cardiologist, Professor Jay N Cohn, I will be failing in my duty, if I do not thank the faculty of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, for their continued support of my international efforts.