Handbook of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Hrishikesh D Pai, Rohan Palshetkar, Nandita Palshetkar, Jayam Kannan, Charmila Ayyavoo
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdominal cerclage, indications of 78
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 111
Acquired uterine anomalies 89
Adalimumab 138
Addison's disease 19
Adenomas 99
Adenomyosis 103f
Adrenal hyperplasia 19
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 75
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 37, 82
And anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibody 45
Androgens 10
Androstenedione 39, 66
Aneuploidy 13
pregnancy 130
Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies 47, 51
Anticardiolipin antibodies 45, 46, 51
Anticoagulation therapy 53
Anti-HLA antibodies 9
Anti-HY antibodies 9
Anti-Müllerian hormone, low 19
Antinuclear antibodies 9, 48
Antiphospholipid 24, 45
Antiphospholipid antibodies
clinical criteria 46
clinical features 48
complications 49
differential diagnoses 50
epidemiology 45
etiology 47
histology 52
imaging 51
investigations 50
laboratory criteria 46
pathophysiology 48
risk factors 47
treatment 52
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 15, 136
Antiphospholipid syndrome 3, 16, 45
primary 18
secondary 19
Antisperm antibodies 9, 107
Anti-thrombin deficiency 12
Antithyroid drugs propylthiouracil 63
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization 13
Asherman's syndrome 10, 92
Aspirin 24
Assisted reproductive technology 23, 120
Autoimmune disorders 129
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 49
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia 45, 49
B
Bacterial vaginosis 112
Beta-hCG 6
Bicornuate uteri 10, 31f, 33, 81, 87
Bicornuate uterus 34f
three-dimensional image 34f
two-dimensional image 34f
Blastocyst receptive 38
Brucellosis 19
C
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 45
Celiac disease serum markers 9
Cervical cerclage, methods of 76
Cervical encerclage, principal of 75
Cervical factors in
cervical incompetence 73
contributory 72
diagnosis 73
etiopathogenesis 73
management 75
postoperative care/concerns 78
Cervical incompetence 19
evaluation 74
examination5 74
Cervical insufficiency 73
Chlamydia 111
Chlamydia trachomatis 11, 110, 114
Chorea gravidarum 49
Chorionic gonadotropin receptor 38
Chromosomal
abnormalities 105
microdeletions 105
Cold-knife technique 97
Collin's knife 93
Comparative genome hybridization 120, 132
Conception, implantation 61
Conception, products of 24
Connective tissue synechiae 94
Corpus luteum 38
Corticosteroids 139
Coxsackie virus 110
Cytogenetic abnormalities 136
Cytokine-mediated immunity 137
Cytokines 9
Cytomegalovirus 110
D
De novo during embryogenesis 21
Density lipoprotein
intermediate 63
low 63
Diabetes mellitus 67
Didelphic uterus 81
Diethylstilbestrol in utero 73
Dioscorea mexicana 38
Dioscorea tokoro 38
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 50
DNA fragmentation index 6, 131
Dydrogesterone 40, 42
E
Ectopic pregnancy 2
Embryonic
aneuploidies 129
miscarriage 2
Endocrine dysfunction 68
Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline 63
Endometrial
fibrosis 92
function test 43
polyp 28f, 100f
Endometritis: chronic, treatment of 114
Endometrium 98
Enoxaparin 58
Enterobacter 111
Enterococcus 114
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 51
Epigenetics 106
Epitope mimicry in autoimmune disease 48
Escherichia coli 114
Espinosa-flores operation 77, 77f
Estradiol valerate, cycles of 87
Estrogen-primed proliferative endometrium 38
Estrone by aromatase 39
Euploid 13
European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy 82
European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology 9, 37, 82
F
False-positive serologic test 49
Fetal deaths 50
Fetal fibronectin 74
Fetal genomics 13
Fetal growth restriction 45
Fetal loss 45, 49
Fetal Medicine Foundation 27
Fetal miscarriage 2
Fetal trisomy 18
Fibroids 26, 95
standard procedure 96
Filmy adhesions 96f
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 13, 21, 105, 132
Folic acid, role of 66
Follicle biosynthesize 38
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor 39
Fragile endometrial synechiae 93
Free androgen index 66
Free radical attack 106
G
Gardnerella vaginalis 111, 114
Genetic
abnormalities, source of 21
causes 12, 13
miscarriages, hallmark of 20
techniques 13
tests
advantages of 22
modalities of 21
thrombophilic factors 12
bacterial vaginosis 19
Genital tuberculosis 112
Genome hybridization 106
Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome Score 51
Glycosaminoglycan 73
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone use of 39
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 136, 138
Granulosa cells 38, 39
Graves' disease 9
H
Haemophilus influenzae 48
Hemorrhagic cysts 103f
Heparin
mode of action 57
use of
antiphospholipid syndrome 58
hereditary thrombophilia 58
thrombosis 58
Herpes simplex virus 11, 110
Heterotrisomy 129
Hormonal and metabolic disorders 136
HOXA10 gene 66
Human chorionic gonadotropin 2
Human leukocyte antigen 8, 48, 136
Human reproduction 72, 118
Human spermatozoa 106
Hyaluronic acid 73
Hyperandrogenemia 61, 65, 66
Hyperandrogenism 19
Hyperhomocysteinemia 10, 19, 61, 66
Hyperinsulinemia 65
Hyperprolactinemia 19, 61, 66
Hyperthyroidism 9, 63
subclinical 62
Hysterosalpingogram 24, 83
Hysteroscopic polypectomy 101f
I
Immunological tests 9
In vitro fertilization 23, 39, 129
Inflammatory autoimmune diseases 52
Inherited thrombophilias 136
Inherited thrombophilias, testing of 14
Insulin resistance 61, 65
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 23, 131
Intralipids 139
Intramural fibroids 10
Intrauterine adhesions 28, 90
band of 95f
prevention of 87
standard procedure 93
Intrauterine growth restriction 81
Intrauterine pathologies 80
K
Klebsiella pneumoniae 114
L
Labor and delivery, management of 54
Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome 49
Leukocyte immunotherapy 138
Levothyroxine 63
Listeria and intracellular bacteria 112
Listeria monocytogenes 110
Live birth rate 138
Livedo reticularis 49
Loop electrode 99
Lupus anticoagulant 24, 45, 47, 50
Luteal phase defects 19
Luteal phase
deficiency 61, 66
insufficiency 10
Luteinizing hormone 10
hypersecretion of 61, 65
Lyme's disease 19
M
Male factors 11
Male urogenital infections 19
Maternal dietary iodine deficiency 61
Maternal obesity 65
Maternofetal alloimmune response 136
McDonald operation 76, 76f
Metabolic and endocrinologic factors 9
Methimazole 63
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation 12
Methyltetrahydrofolate gene homozygosity 19
Micronized progesterone 42
Molecular weight heparin, low 56, 66
Monosomy X 118
Müllerian
abnormalities 19
anomalies 10
Multiorgan failure 50
Mycoplasma 11, 110, 113
Mycoplasma hominis 114
Myofibrous synechiae 93
Myoma, resection of 98f, 99
N
Natural killer cells 9, 137
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 48, 114
Neisseria meningitidis 50
Neonatal lupus dermatitis 50
Next-generation sequencing 22, 120, 132
O
Obesity 61, 65
Obstetric care 52
Office hysteroscopy 85
Oocyte retrieval 40
Ovarian reserve testing 10
Overt hypothyroidism 62
P
Paracentric 130
Parental genetic analysis 14
Parental karyotyping 22
Paternal leuckocyte immunization 136
Pericentric inversions 130
Perinatal morbidity 50
Pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone 61
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 19
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 10, 19, 65
Polymerase chain reaction 114, 132
Polypectomy forceps 101f
Polyploidy 18
Polypoidal adenomyoma 102f
Polyps 10, 98
Preeclampsia, thrombosis 45
Pregnancy loss 142
biochemical 2
clinical 3
early 2, 37
late 2
preclinical 3
terminology 4
very early 6
Pregnenolone diffuses 38
Preimplantation genetic
diagnosis 14, 23, 24, 118, 119, 132
in carriers of balanced translocation 132
screening 14, 2224, 119, 121, 129
unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss 132
testing 118
Preterm premature rupture of membranes 74
Progesterone 40
early pregnancy trial of 43
history of 38
in menstrual cycle 38
in ovarian cycle 38, 39f
luteal phase support 39
production triggers 67
role of 39
therapy 44
use of 42
Proinflammatory cytokine 138
Prolactin 10, 12
Prothrombin
gene mutation 19
mutation 12
R
Recurrent implantation failure 6
Recurrent miscarriage 1
causes of 18
clinical trial 2t
etiology of 20f
Recurrent pregnancy loss 1, 56
access to care 124
anatomical
causes of 80
investigation 10
antiphospholipids in 45
application and acceptance in 118
cervical factors in 72
clinic 124
assessment of couple 125
dissemination of knowledge 125
equipment 125
first visit 125
location 125
personnel needed 124
planning and approach 126
psychological counseling 126
research 126
cytogenetic abnormality 129
DNA
damage 106
fragmentation 130
due to
environmental toxins 106
oxidative stress 106
endocrinological perspectives in 61
environmental etiologies 11
etiology of 8f, 105
genetic
causes of 18
factors in 118
guidelines 1, 4
heparin in 56
hysteroscopy in 80
hysterosonography 28
immunological screening 8
immunotherapy in 136, 137, 139
indications for ART in 23
infections 110115
antibiotics in unexplained 115
chronic endometritis 113
etiologies 11
massive chronic intervillositis 114
pathogenesis 111
treatment in 115
international guidelines 42
intravenous immunoglobulin in 138
investigations in 8
leukocyte immunotherapy in 137
major endocrinological causes of 61
male contribution to 130
organisms contributing to 110
paternal age 107
preimplantation genetic
diagnosis 131
screening 131
testing for 118, 120
progesterone, hormone 37
promise study 41
role of
assisted reproduction in 129
male factor in 105
progesterone 40
seminal fluid in 107
surrogacy in 133
ultrasound in 26
setting up clinic 124
strategy for management of couples 127
three-dimensional ultrasound 29
transvaginal ultrasound 26
treatment options 22
unexplained 14, 120
workup for early 24fc
Recurrent spontaneous miscarriage 37
Renal system abnormalities 81
Resectoscope 85
Respiratory distress syndrome 115
Rett syndrome 18
Robertsonian 130
Robertsonian translocations 118, 119
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 37
Rubella 110
Rudimentary horn 87
S
Seminal fluid 107
Septate and bicornuate uterus 35t
Septate uterus 19, 81, 82f
classification 82
complete 84f
diagnosis 82
hysterosalpingography 83f
methods of surgical treatment 85
ultrasonography 83f
Septum
resection of 86f
with resectoscope resection of 86f
Serum hCG levels, low 61, 67
Serum pregnancy test 40
Shigella dysenteriae 48
Shirodkar operation 76, 77f
Single-nucleotide polymorphism array 21, 132
Sperm
aneuploidy 105, 131
donation 132
quality 11
Spontaneous abortion 81
Spontaneous pregnancy loss 8, 15
Staphylococcus 114
Submucosal fibroids 10
Subseptate uterus 84f
Syphilis 112
systemic 19
T
Tender loving care 142, 143
Testosterone 66
Th-1 cells 138
Theca cells 38
Thrombophilia 12, 129
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 50
Thyroglobulin 64
antibody, incidence of 62
Thyroid autoantibodies 10
Thyroid autoimmunity 64
Thyroid disease 61
Thyroid dysfunction 9, 61
in pregnancy 64fc
Thyroid hormone, normal levels of 62
Thyroid peroxidase antibody 62
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 24, 64
Toxoplasma gondii 110
Toxoplasmosis 19
Trisomy 118
Trophectoderm 23
Trophoblastic infusions 136
Tuberculosis 112
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 138, 142
U
Unicornuate uterus 10, 81, 87, 88f, 89f
class II 90f
hysteroscopic view of 92f
Ureaplasma 11, 110
Uterine anomalies 26, 80, 81, 129, 136
congenital 81
ESHRE/ESGE classification of 31f
prevalence of 81t
Uterine cavity 28
normal 84f
Uterine fibroids 10
Uterine septum 10, 19, 82
V
Vaginal micronized progesterone 40, 42
Villous thrombosis 65
W
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 50
Wurm operation 77, 77f
Y
Y chromosomal microdeletions 19
Yolk sac miscarriage 2
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Chapter Notes

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