Planning and Designing of Specialty Healthcare Facilities
Planning and Designing of Specialty Healthcare Facilities
Shakti Kumar Gupta
MBBS MHA FNAMS FIMSA FIHE FAHA MACHE (USA)
Medical Superintendent Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
Lt Gen Sunil Kant,
SM, VSM MBBS DIT MBA MHA MNAMS M Phil
Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces) Office of Director General Armed Forces Medical Services New Delhi, India
Prof (Dr) R Chandrashekhar
B Arch HFP PhD FIIA FIHE MAHA FIHEEM SFIGBC
Chairman, IGBC Green Healthcare Rating Consultant- World Bank, Consultant- IUIH (Indo UK Institute of Health) Vice President RFHHA Vice President IBIMA (India BIM Association) Former Chief Architect, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India New Delhi, India
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Planning and Designing of Specialty Healthcare Facilities
First Edition: 2021
9789389188981
Printed at:
My Parents
for their guidance and moral support
My students - past, present and future and teachers
who always inspired me for academic excellence
My beautiful and brilliant wife Madhu
who provides me with unwavering love and support
Our affectionate daughter and Son-in-Law - Shilpa and Rachit
for their undaunting patience and understanding while I pursued my dreams
and our granddaughter, Nysha—our bundle of joy
Shakti Kumar Gupta
My wife, Sheeba
for being my steady anchor and omnipresent sublime loec
Our extraordinarily affectionate and supportive daughter,
Dakshita
and
The eternal memory and divine blessings of
my father, mother and brother
Lt Gen Sunil Kant, SM, VSM
My mother
for her constant encouragement and belief in me
Gowri, my ever supportive wife
for her patience and unflinching support through every stage of my life
My Son Saurabh and Gaurav
For their vital and thought stirring inputs
and moral support of my daughter in law Brinda
and my grandchildren Naina and Dhruv
and to the memory of my father
Prof (Dr) R Chandrashekhar
- Aarti Vij MBBS MHA
- Professor, Department of Hospital Administration and Professor I/C ORBO Chairperson, Media Cell and Protocol Division
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Angel Rajan Singh MBBS PGDHHM MHA
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Anil Sain MBBS MHA
- Chief Medical Officer, (SAG), CGHS
- Anki Reddy Jangamreddy MBBS DPH MHA
- Medical Superintendent and Head Quality Organization
- Nutema Hospital
- Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Anoop Saraya MD DM
- Professor of Gastroenterology and
- Human Nutrition
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Col Arvind Kushal MBBS MHA
- Col (Med) Army
- AS Rana MBBS MS MHA
- MY Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Brig Balakrishan Jayan BDS MDS
- Commandant, Army Dental Centre
- Research and Referral
- New Delhi, India
- Biplab Kumar GBC AP ECBC
- Master Trainer
- Senior Energy Associate
- Green Tree Building Energy Pvt Ltd
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dibakar Rakshit PhD
- Assistant Professor
- Centre for Energy Studies
- IIT Delhi
- Dinesh Negi MBBS MHA
- OIVS and Assistant Chief Registrar
- (Birth and Death)
- Bureau of Health Intelligence
- North Delhi Municipal Corporation
- New Delhi, India
- Diwakar Thimmappa MBBS MHA
- Medical Officer, Indian Armed Forces
- New Delhi, India
- IB Singh MBBS MHA
- Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Jitender Mehta MBBS MHA
- National Health Mission
- Government of Jammu and Kashmir
- Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Jitender Sodhi MBBS MHA
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Col Jitesh V MBBS MHA
- Commanding Officer
- 181, MH, Arunachal Pradesh, India
- Kanika Jain MBBS DNB
- Assistant Professor
- Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Khalid Mehmood MBBS MHA
- Senior Resident Administrator
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Kumari Shweta MBBS MHA
- Medical Services
- Manipal Health Enterprises
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Laxmi Tej Wundavalli MBBS MHA
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Maneesh Rathee MBBS MD MHA
- Medical Superintendent
- Civil Hospital
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Maj Meeta Tyagi MD DHHM DMLS QM and
- AHO MHA
- Senior Consultant
- Hospital Management
- PMU, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Col MM Singh MBBS MHA MBA PhD
- PGD (Law)
- Commanding Officer
- 322 Field Hospital
- Mohd Kausar MBBS MHA
- Senior Consultant
- Hospital Management
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Mukunda Chandra Sahoo MBBS MHA MSc
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Col Neeraj Garg MBBS MHA
- Classified Specialist and
- Associate Professor (Hospital Administration)
- AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- NP Gupta MD
- Professor and Head
- Department of Urology
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Pankaj Arora MBBS MHA DNB
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- PGIMER
- Chandigarh, India
- Maj Parmeshwar Kumar MBBS MHA DNB
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Brig Pawan K Singh BDS
- Commandant
- Command Military Dental Centre
- Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Pramod Garg MD DM
- Professor
- Department of Gastroenterology and
- Human Nutrition
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Priti Goel MBBS MHA
- Assistant Professor
- Hospital Administration
- Subharti Medical College
- Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rajesh Gupta MD
- Director and CMO
- AFC Urgent Care Centres
- 3379 Crompond Road
- Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598
- Rajesh Harsvardhan MBBS MHA (AIIMS) DNB MPH DGM DMLE MNAMS LLB-I
- Head, Department of Hospital Administration
- SGPGI and Medical Superintendent
- Super-specialty Cancer Institute and Hospital
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rajiv Kumar Pathni MBBS MHA PGDHHM
- Consultant (Healthcare and Hospitals)
- Col Rakesh Verma MBBS MHA PGDHHM PGDMLS
- Resident Administrator
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Ravi Prakash Narayan MS MCh
- Professor and Consultant
- Department of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- R Chandrashekhar B Arch HFP PhD FIIA FIHE MAHA FIHEEM SFIGBC
- Chairman, IGBC Green Healthcare Rating
- Consultant- World Bank, Consultant- IUIH (Indo UK Institute of Health)
- Vice President RFHHA
- Vice President IBIMA (India BIM Association)
- Former Chief Architect, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
- New Delhi, India
- RY Asangi MBBS MHA
- Chief Medical Officer, CGHS, GoI
- Samarpita Dutta MBBS MD MHA
- Deputy Medical Superintendent
- Agartala Govt Medical College
- and GB Pant Hospital
- Agartala, Tripura, India
- Sandeep Guleria MS DNB FRCS FRCSEd
- FRCS (Glas) FRCP
- Senior Consultant Surgeon and
- Lead Clinical Coordinator, Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Gp Capt Sanjeev Sood MBBS MD M Phil (HHSM) PGDHHM PGCQMHC FCGP AFeISAM
- Hospital and Health Systems Administrator
- Sapna Ramani PGDHHM MBA MHA
- Chief Medical Administrator
- Saroj Kumar Patnaik MBBS (Hons) MHA
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AFMC
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Shakti Kumar Gupta MBBS MHA FNAMS FIMSA FIHE FAHA MACHE (USA)
- Medical Superintendent
- Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Shalini Kumar Bhalla MBBS MHA Fulbright- Nehru Fellow
- Medical Director Fortis
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sheetal Singh MBBS MHA
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- National Cancer Institute
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Shilpi Verma MBBS MHA PGDHHM PGDMLS
- Director of AEON Health
- Shrish Kumar BE MHA Big Data Analyst XLRI
- Chief Information Officer
- Col SK Dutt MBBS MHA
- Commanding Officer
- Military Hospital
- Leimakhong (Manipur) India
- Ministry of Defence; Army Medical Corps
- S Satpathy MBBS MD MHA
- Professor and Head
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Sudharshan Kumar MSc PhD
- Former Director General, DRDO
- Ministry of Defence, Government of India
- Col Sudhin Kurien MBBS MHA
- Directing Staff, Officers Training College
- Army Medical Corps Centre and College
- Sujata Mohanty PhD
- Professor
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Lt Gen Sunil Kant, SM, VSM MBBS DIT MBA MHA MNAMS M Phil
- Director General Hospital Services
- (Armed Forces)
- Office of Director General Armed Forces Medical Services
- New Delhi, India
- Sunil Seth PG Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, MA in Mass Communication, Bachelor of Law
- Dr RP Centre
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Lt Col Sunil Verma MBBS MHA
- Director, Medical Services (Hospital Projects)
- DGMS (ARMY)
- Surajeet Kr Barua MBBS (AMC) MHA (AIIMS) PGDHHM (AHA) PGDHHM (IGNOU)
- Head of Medical Services
- Col Uma Shankar Garg MBBS MHA
- Commanding Officer, Military Hospital
- Bhuj-Kutch, Gujarat, India
- Vijaydeep Siddharth MBBS DHA MHA
- Associate Professor
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Vijay Kumar Tadia MBBS MHA PGDMLE MIMSA
- Senior Resident Administrator
- Department of Hospital Administration
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
Hospitals today face rapidly changing population of patients with differing needs who require a range of new communication links that are transforming our concept of the hospital spaces and create a set of new and complex challenges for those delivering healthcare services. Hospital buildings may never be perfect as these are continuously impacted by resource availability, technological advancements, skills levels, user needs, and expectations of the society, various insurance models in vogue, government, and private stakeholder's priority to healthcare provisioning and the globalization. However, a well-designed hospital building enables the local acceptance and eases the process of securing planning permission.
Hospital needs to be cost-effective to build, run and maintain, support the organization's objectives well and offers an improved service to the user and make an impact on the community. Paradigm shift in the provisioning of healthcare services in terms of hospital stays, diagnostics and superspecialty care has led to the emergence of newer concepts such as Daycare, Integrated Care and standalone facilities with a resultant increase in both the need as well as demand of superspecialty healthcare facilities such as Hybrid OTs, Urgent Care Centers, Birthing Centers, Transplantation Centers and the like.
The authors as the teacher-medical administrator-architect trio have spent more than 30 years in the field of hospital administration, planning and designing of varied specialty and general hospitals and having published their research work profusely and written more than a dozen books on core areas of the specialty, including but not limited to different aspects, of hospital planning and management, feels obliged to share their knowledge, experiences and exposures. Writing is essential to disseminate evidence, share initiatives and innovations, to provide information about new dimensions to professionals to keep them updated. The authors have practiced a holistic and integrated approach to all facets related to the planning and designing of specialty healthcare facilities.
The book comprises 51 chapters. Chapters on Wellness Center, Green and Smart Hospitals, Telemedicine, Assisted Reproductive Technology Facility, Critical Care Unit, Sleep Center, Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Center and Facility for Robotic Surgery may be appropriately and optimally utilized as standalone or add on centers with existing healthcare institutions. Chapter 50 titled “COVID-19: Planning Premises and Design Considerations for Healthcare Facilities” incorporates metamorphic changes in the planning and designing of specialty healthcare facilities necessitated by the global emergence of COVID-19 disease. Last Chapter 51, “Laws Applicable to Hospitals” provides a comprehensive brief of the diverse legal and statutory norms applicable to hospitals.
This book is envisaged to be a useful guide and reference source and complement another title by the authors “Modern Trends in Planning and Designing of Hospitals—Principles and Practice”, that has already been a resource for policy makers, academicians, hospital planners, architects, administrators, clinicians, engineers and students associated with planning, designing, construction, maintenance and administration of hospitals. The book is intended to facilitate the planning and designing of new superspecialty hospitals and to steer a clear path for hospital administrators, planners and medical architects through the systems and processes that they need to understand as members of a team overseeing the planning of new hospital building projects, major refurbishment or remodeling of an existing hospital. It will aid the students of hospital administration and medical architecture to understand and implement the principles and practice of hospital planning and designing. It will also be of great relevance to architects unfamiliar with hospital building requirements.
Although, we have many expert colleagues who helped us with sourcing, writing and structuring the material but we wish to greatly acknowledge the contributions of Ar. Subodh Malasi who developed and fine-tuned CADD Line diagrams for various chapters. We sincerely appreciate the valuable inputs, encouragement, guidance and support of Group Chairman of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd, Mr Jitendar P Vij and acknowledge the exemplary commitment and professionalism of his team.
The authors welcome the suggestions and feedback of our esteemed and revered readers which will definitely aid in further improving and enriching the subsequent editions of this book.
Shakti Kumar Gupta
Sunil Kant
R Chandrashekhar
ABBREVIATIONS
A&E
: Accident and Emergency
AASM
: American Academy of Sleep Medicine
AAUCM
: American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine
ABG
: Arterial Blood Gas
ABS
: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ACC
: American College of Cardiology
ACH
: Air Changes per hour
ACRS
: Advisory Committee on Radiological Safety
ACSCOT
: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma
ADL
: Activities of Daily Living
ADT
: Admission, Discharge, Transfer
AERB
: Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
AFM
: Atomic Force Microscope
AGVs
: Automated-guided Vehicles
AHA
: America Heart Association
AHRs
: Animal Housing Rooms
AHU
: Air Handling Unit
AI
: Artificial Intelligence
AIA
: American Institute of Architects
AID
: Artificial Insemination with Donor
AIHA
: America Industrial Hygiene Association
All
: Airborne Infection Isolation
ALOE
: Average Length of Encounter
ANSI
: American National Standards Institute
ART
: Assisted Reproductive Technology
ASHRAE
: American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer
ASRM
: American Society for Reproductive Medicine
ATS
: Automatic Transfer Switches
AVMs
: Arteriovenous Malformations
BAL
: Bronchoalveolar Lavage
BARC
: Bhabha Atomic Research Center
BAS
: Building Automation Systems
BBV
: Blood Borne Viral
BHU
: Bed Head Unit
BIM
: Building Information Modelling
BIPV
: Building Integrated Photovoltaics
BMBL
: Biosafety in Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories
BMD
: Bone Mineral Density
BMI
: Body Mass Index
BMS
: Building Management System
BOS
: Building Operating System
BRDAB
: Bariatric Room Design Advisory Board
BREEAM
: Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Method
BSS
: Basic Safety Standards
CASBEE
: Comprehensive Assessment System of Building Environmental Efficiency
CBCT
: Cone Beam Computed Tomography
CBRN
: Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
CCA
: Critical Care Anaesthesia
CCRAS
: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Shiddha
CCRH
: Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy
CCRUM
: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
CCRYN
: Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy
CCU
: Critical Care Unit
CDC
: Center for Disease Control
CFC
: Chloro Floro Carbon
CFM
: Cubic Feet per Minute
CII
: Confederation of Indian Industry
CKD
: Chronic Kidney Disease
CLIA
: Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
CNG
: Compressed Natural Gas
COC
: Chain of Custody
CPAP
: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
CPM
: Continuous Passive Motion
CRI
: Color Rendering Index
CSICU
: Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit
CSSD
: Central Sterile Services Department
CT
: Computed Tomography
CTVS
: Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
CVD
: Cardiovascular Disease
CWS
: Clinic Workstation
DA
: Differently Abled
DDC
: Direct Digital Control
DDLT
: Dead Donor Liver Transplantation
DGCA
: Director General of Civil Aviation
DI
: Deionization
DICOM
: Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
DIS
: Diagnostic Information System
DM
: Disaster Management
DMSO
: Di Methyl Sulfoxide
DNA
: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DVT
: Deep Vein Thrombosis
DXA/DEXA
: Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
EBD
: Evidence-based Design
ECA
: Essential Complementary Accommodation
ECBC
: Energy Conservation Building Code
ECG
: Electrocardiography
ECT
: Electro convulsive Therapy
ED
: Emergency Department
ELISA
: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
EMCAPS
: Emergency Mass Casualty Assessment and Planning Scenario
EMG
: Electromyography
EMR
: Electronic Medical Record
EMS
: Equipment Maintenance System
ENT
: Ear, Nose and Throat
EPS
: Electrophysiological Studies
ESCs
: Embryonic Stem Cells
ESHRE
: European Society of Human Reproductive and Embryology
ESS
: Epworth Sleeping Scale, Electric Substation
ESWL
: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
FCU
: Fan Coil Units
FEMS
: Federal Emergency Management Series
FGI
: Facility Guidelines Institute
FISH
: Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
FNAC
: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
FSC
: Forest Stewardship Council
FTIR
: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
GA
: General Anesthesia
GC
: Gas Chromatography
GE
: Gastroenterology
GFCLs
: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
GIFT
: Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer
GLP
: Good Laboratory Practice
GMP
: Good Manufacturing Process
GRIHA
: Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
HACs
: Housekeeping Aides Closets
HAI
: Hospital Acquired Infection
HBOT
: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
HBV
: Hepatitis B Virus
HCG
: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
HD
: Hemodialysis
HDR
: High Dose Rate
HDU
: High Dependency Unit
HEPA
: High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance
HEPA-MD
: High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance Microbial Destruction
HER
: Electronic Health Record
HID
: High Intensive Discharge
HLA
: Human Leukocyte Antigen
HMIS
: Hospital Management Information System
HOST
: Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test
HPL
: High Pressure Laminates
hPSC
: Human pluripotent stem cell
HSCT
: Hematopoietic System Cell Transplant
HSDU
: Hospital Sterilization and Decontamination Unit
HTK
: Histidine Tryptophan Ketoglutarate
HVAC
: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning
IBD
: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBMS
: Integrated Building Management System
ICF
: International Classification of Functioning
ICM
: Inner Cell Mass
ICMR
: Indian Council of Medical Research
ICP
: Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICPD
: International Conference on Population and Development
ICSI
: Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
ICT
: Information and Communication Technologies
ICU
: Intensive Care Unit
IED
: Improvised Explosive Device
IFFS
: International Federation of Fertility Societies
IGBC
: Indian Green Building Council
IMV
: Intubation Mechanical Ventilation
IOT
: Internet of Things
IPD
: In-Door Patient Department
IPHS
: Indian Public Health Standards
IPL
: Intense Pulse Light
IPSCs
: Induct Pluripotent Stem Cells
ISMH
: Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy
IT
: Information Technology
IUI
: Intrauterine Insemination
IVF
: In Vitro Fertilization
JIT
: Just in Time
KMC
: Kangaroo Mother Care
LAN
: Local Area Network
LCA
: Life Cycle Analysis
LDLT
: Living Donor Liver Transplantation
LDRP
: Labor, Delivery, Recovery and Postpartum
LEED
: Leadership In Energy and Environmental Design
LIS
: Laboratory Information System
M2M
: Machine to Machine
MAR
: Medicine Administration Record
MARS
: Molecular Adsorbent Recycling System
MHUs
: Mobile Health Units
MIP
: Maximal Implantation Potential
MIS
: Management Information System
MLOP
: Mid Level Ophthalmic Personnel
MPI
: Master Patent Index
MRD
: Medical Records Department
MRI
: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MS
: Mass Spectrometry
MSSO
: Medical Social Service Officer
NBC
: Nuclear, Biological or Chemical
NDMA
: National Disaster Management Authority
NICU
: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NIH
: National Institute of Health
NIMHANS
: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
NIV
: Non Invasive Ventilation
NMR
: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NOC
: No Objection Certificate
NPCB & VI
: National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment
NPHCE
: National Programme for Health Care of Elderly
NREM
: Non-rapid Eye Movement
NRHM
: National Rural Health Mission
NSF
: Net Square Feet
NSIC
: National Spinal Injuries Centre
NSM
: Net Square Meter
NST
: Non Stress Test
NVR
: Network Video Recording
O&M
: Operation and Maintenance
OEM
: Original Equipment Manufacture
OES
: Occupational Exposure Standard
OPC
: Ordinary Portland Cement
OPD
: Outpatient Department
Ors
: Operating Rooms
OSA
: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSHA
: Occupational Safety & Health Administration
OSP
: Other Service Provider
OT
: Operation Theatre
PAC
: Preanaesthesia Check-up
PACG
: Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma
PACS
: Picture Archive and Communication System
PAI
: Percutaneous Alcohol Injection
PBPU
: Prefabricated Beside Patient Unit
PBT
: Persistent, Bio-Accumulative and Toxic
PCIs
: Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
PCR
: Polymerase Chain Reaction
PD
: Peritoneal Dialysis
PDF
: Portable Document Format
PESA
: Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration
PET
: Positron Emission Tomography
PFT
: Positron Function Testing
PGD
: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
PHAMA
: Patient Handling and Movement Assessment
PHI
: Photo Hydro Ionization
PM
: Preventive Maintenance
PMR
: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
PNC
: Post Natal Clinical
PPE
: Personal Protective Equipment
PPP
: Public Private Partnership
PRD
: Patient Relation Department
PVC
: Poly vinyl chloride
PVD
: Physical Vapor Deposition
PVDF
: Poly Vinyli Dence Fluoride
PZD
: Partial Zona Dissection
QTLYs
: Quality Adjusted Life Years
REM
: Rapid Eye Movement
RF
: Radio Frequency
RFA
: Radio Frequency Ablation
RFID
: Radio Frequency Identification
RIA
: Radio Immuno Assay
RICU
: Respiratory Intensive Care Unit
RIS
: Radiology Information System
RME
: Reusable Medical Equipment
RO
: Reverse Osmosis
RPR
: Radiation Protection Rules
RSD
: Radiological Safety Officer
RTIs
: Reproductive Tract Infections
RT-PCR
: Reverse Transcription Polymerase increase Chain Reaction
SBS
: Sick Building Syndrome
SCMT
: Sperm Cervical Mucus Test
SIC
: Spinal Injury Centre
SNVT
: Standard Network Variable Types
SOPs
: Standard Operating Procedures
SPD
: Supply, Processing and Distribution
SRR
: Skylight to Roof Ratio
SRS
: Stereotactic Radio Surgery
STM
: Scanning Tunneling Microscope
SUZI
: Sub Zonal Insemination
SV
: Sheet Vinyl
SVS
: Society of Vascular Surgery
SWL
: Safe Working Load
TB
: Tuberculosis
TBI
: Total Body Irradiation
TCA
: Tri Chloroacetic Acid
TCC
: Tele Consulting Center
TDS
: Total Dissolved Solids
TECAB
: Total Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass
TEEs
: Tran esophageal Echocardiograms
TENS
: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
TESA
: Testicular Sperm Aspiration
TET
: Tubal Embryo Transfer
TIM
: Toxic Industrial Material
TLD
: Thermo Luminescent Dosimetry
TRAMAH
: Trauma Resource Allocation Model for Ambulances and Hospitals
TSC
: Tele Specialist Centre
TVOR
: Trans Vaginal Oocyte Retrieval
TVS
: Trans Vaginal Sonography
UCAoA
: Urgent Care Association of America
UCV
: Ultra Clean Ventilation
UDIFI
: Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
ULPA
: Ultra Low Particulate Air
UPS
: Uninterruptible Power Supply
USG
: Ultrasonography
USGBC
: United State Green Building Council
UV
: Ultraviolet
UVGI
: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
VAS
: Value Added Services
VAV
: Variable Air Value
VCF
: Urgent Care Facilities
VCT
: Vinyl Composite tile
VDP
: Visual Display Terminal
VOCs
: Volatile Organic Compounds
VPN
: Virtual Private Network
VSDs
: Ventricular Septal Defects
VZV
: Varicella Zoster Virus
WCs
: Water Closets
WHB
: Wash Hand Basin
WHO
: World Health Organization
WRIS
: Water Resources Information System
WWR
: Window to Wall Ratio
ZIFR
: Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer