ECG in Medical Practice ABM Abdullah
INDEX
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A
Acidosis 153
correction of 153
Acute coronary syndrome 130
Addison's disease 159
Adenosine
intravenous 61
mode of action of 62
therapy, contraindications of 62
Adrenaline 55
Alkalosis 157
Amiloride 152
Amiodarone 31, 102, 104, 106
Amyloidosis 100, 104, 106
Aneurysm, aortic 136
Angina
pectoris 128, 129
types of 128
Anorexia 27, 147
Anticoagulant 132
role of 73, 126
Anxiety 27
Aortic valve
disease 115
stenosis 38
Arm leads, reversing of 15
Arrhythmia 3, 10, 32, 124, 153, 161, 171
documentation of 40
ventricular 157
Artery
coronary 5
posterior descending 5
Ashman beats 74
Ashman phenomenon 74
Aspirin 132
Atherosclerosis 170
Atrial beat 14
Atrial dilatation 19
Atrial ectopic 79, 334
causes of 79
electrocardiogram criteria of 79
high 77
Atrial fibrillation 17, 70, 72, 73, 140, 148, 161, 166, 171, 329, 331–333, 335, 337–339, 342, 343
causes of 71
complications of 71
electrocardiogram criteria of 70
permanent 143
persistent 73
types of 70
Atrial flutter 17, 75, 161, 332, 337
appearance of wave of 75
causes of 75
differential diagnosis of 76
electrocardiogram criteria of 75
fibrillation 328, 330, 340
mechanism of 75
Atrial septal defect 168, 169
complications of 169
Atrial tachycardia 62, 64
causes of 64
electrocardiogram criteria of 64
mechanism of 64
multifocal 65
Atrioventricular block 102
second-degree 103
Atrioventricular dissociation 108
causes of 108
Atrioventricular node 3
Atropine 55
Attack, acute 61, 129
Automatic cells, number of 4
Axis deviation, types of 34
B
Beta-blocker 106
Biatrial enlargement, causes of 53
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia 90
Bifascicular block 96, 113, 335, 339
causes of 113
complications of 96
prognosis of 96
Bigeminy, causes of 84
Bipolar limb leads 7
position 8
Bisphosphonate 157
Biventricular hypertrophy 49, 335, 339, 343
causes of 49
Bizarre QRS widening 154
Brachial plexus 144
Bradycardia 10, 29, 55, 59, 72, 101, 152, 173, 332
causes of 59
symptomatic 68
Breast, carcinoma of 134
Broad-complex tachycardia 56
causes of 56
Bronchus, carcinoma of 134
Brugada syndrome 92
Bundle branch block 21, 27, 38, 110
C
Calcium
channel blockers 102, 104
lowering drugs 160
Camel hump T waves 28
Cannon wave, mechanism of 106
Cardiac arrest 153
Cardiac axis 34, 35
quick and simple way of determination of 35
Cardiac contraction, stimulus for 7
Cardiac cycle 7
Cardiac failure 124
congestive 170
high output 171
Cardiac muscle 6, 7
fibers 6
properties of 6
Cardiac plexus 6
Cardiac rhythm 33
Cardiac rupture 172
Cardiac surgery 66, 136
Cardiac tamponade 136, 145, 172
causes of 136
Cardiomyopathy 27, 64, 84, 88, 114, 115
dilated 12
hypertrophic 49, 328, 334
Carditis, acute rheumatic 19, 108
Cells, types of 6
Cerebral injury 31
Chamber enlargement 10
Chest
leads 2, 8
pain 125
wall 8
thin 20
Cholinergic nerves 6
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 17, 52, 167
Circumflex artery 5
Citrate 157
Coccidioidomycosis 134
Complete heart block 105, 106, 109, 329, 332, 337, 341
causes of 106
signs of 106
sites of 105
Conduction 3
system 4
Conductive tissue, anatomy of 4
Confusion 147
Conn's syndrome 151
Cor pulmonale, chronic 36
Coronary artery
disease, severe 115
normal 5
right 5
Coronary circulation 5
Coronary vessels 5
Cushing's reflex 173
Cushing's syndrome 151
Cyanosis 161
Cyclizine 125
Cyclosporine 152
D
Deafness, congenital 31
Decubitus angina 128
Delirium 147
Demand pacemaker 144, 145
Depolarization 13
Depression 128, 147
Dextrocardia 36, 164, 334, 339, 341
differential diagnosis of 164
electrocardiogram criteria of 164
prognosis of 165
Diabetic retinopathy 126
Diamorphine 125
Diarrhea 147
Digitalis toxicity 19
Digoxin 27, 30, 72, 88, 100, 106, 169, 343
effect 147, 148, 328, 335, 339
effect, electrocardiogram criteria of 147
normal value of 149
poisoning 147, 153
toxicity 38, 60, 64, 66, 83, 84, 102, 108, 114, 147–149
Disopyramide 31, 102
Diuretics 169
Dressler syndrome 124, 125
Drowsiness 147
Drug effect 10
Dual chamber pacemaker 143, 341
Dual chamber pacing 145, 339
electrocardiogram criteria of 143
E
Early repolarization syndrome 37
Echocardiogram 162
Ectopics
beat 77, 78, 81
causes of 78
electrocardiogram criteria of 77
types of 77
couplet 81
multifocal 80
ventricular 21
multiple ventricular 38, 328–331, 337
runs of 81
supraventricular 343
unifocal 80
Edema, pulmonary 62
Eisenmenger's syndrome 49, 169
Electrical interference 13
Electricity conducting cells 6
Electrocardiogram 7, 15–17, 37
ambulatory 40
basic concepts of 1
before interpretation of 10
normal 14
paper 11
tracing, normal 14
Electrocardiographic patterns, types of 45, 48
Electrolyte
imbalance 84, 114, 172
serum 148
Electromechanical dissociation 172
electrocardiogram criteria of 172
Emphysema 12, 21–23
Endocardial pacing 35
Endocrine disease 152, 159
Endothelin 5
Enzymes 128
Ephedrine 55
Epicardial pacing 36
Escape rhythm 105
Esmolol 62
Exercise 27
electrocardiogram 38
testing
contraindications of 38
indications of 38
tolerance test 38
F
False positive exercise test, causes of 38
Fascicular block 112
Fast atrial fibrillation 70, 328, 330, 332, 336–340, 343, 344
Fenoterol 151
Fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic 6
Fibrinolytic therapy 163
First-degree atrioventricular block 102
causes of 102
clinical features of 102
First-degree block, electrocardiogram criteria of 102
Flecainide 31
Foscarnet 157
Frozen shoulder 124
Frusemide 150, 151
Functional syncytium 6
G
Gitelman syndrome 151
Gordon syndrome 153
Gynecomastia 147
H
Haemophilus influenzae 134
Hallucination 147
Head injury 31
Heart 6, 7, 111, 153
block 3, 95, 107
acute complete 106
chronic complete 106
congenital complete 106
first-degree 37, 97, 102, 339
partial 19
second-degree 37, 97
sites of 95
types of 95
disease 7
chronic ischemic 88
congenital 36
hypertensive 29
ischemic 19, 60, 64, 66, 114, 170
multiple valvular 49
organic 83
rheumatic 64
failure 54, 151
lung transplantation 169
nerve supply of 6
normal 90
rate 33
calculation of 33
control of 73
rhythm of 32
specialized conductive system of 3
ventricular tachycardia, normal 90
Heartbeat 7
Hemiblock 95, 112
Hemochromatosis 100, 104, 106
Hemolysis 152
Hemorrhage, intracerebral 31
Hepatic failure 166
Hereditary syndrome 31
High-voltage
electrocardiogram tracing, causes of 12
QRS, causes of 20
His bundle 3–5
Histoplasmosis 134
Holter monitoring 40
Hormones, systemic 5
Hyocardial infarction, hyperacute 27, 119
Hypercalcemia 10, 30, 159
cardiac effects in 159
causes of 159
clinical features of 160
Hyperkalemia 10, 17, 21, 27, 85, 104, 114, 115, 152, 153, 331
causes of 152
effects of 153
electrocardiogram criteria of 152
features of 153
severe 154
Hypermagnesemia 155
cardiac effects of 155
causes of 155
electrocardiogram criteria of 155
Hypertension 115, 171
Hyperthyroidism 29, 171
cardiac complication of 171
electrocardiogram criteria of 171
Hypertrophy 19
biatrial 53, 336
ventricular 20, 21, 29, 38
Hypoalbuminemia 157
Hypoaldosteronism, hyporeninemic 153
Hypocalcemia 157, 158
causes of 157
electrocardiogram criteria of 157
features of 158
Hypokalemia 10, 19, 27, 29, 38, 58, 79, 84, 85, 88, 102, 114, 150, 172, 333, 342
causes of 151
effects of 150, 151
electrocardiogram criteria of 150
severe 151
Hypomagnesemia 19, 85, 114, 88, 102, 156
cardiac effects of 156
causes of 156
electrocardiogram criteria of 156
Hypoparathyroidism 157
Hypotension 62, 153
Hypothermia 12, 21, 23, 166, 172
electrocardiogram criteria of 166
Hypothyroidism 21, 23, 170
cardiac complication of 170
electrocardiogram criteria of 170
Hypovolemia 172
Hypoxemia 84
Hypoxia 172
I
Idioventricular rhythm 17, 21
Infarction, right ventricular 123
Infection 145
Infiltrative disease 100, 106
Irregular rhythm, causes of 32
Ischemia
inferior 335
lateral 341
myocardial 10, 27, 128
Isoelectric line 11, 16
Isoprenaline 55
Ivabradine 100
J
James bypass tract 139
Jaundice, obstructive 58
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 31
Junctional rhythm 37, 66
K
Kent bundle 139
L
Lactate 157
Large U wave, significance of 30
Lead displacement 145
Left anterior
descending artery 5
hemiblock 96, 97, 112, 330, 335, 340
Left atrial hypertrophy 50, 53, 329, 332, 337, 339
causes of 50
criteria of 50
Left axis deviation 35, 112, 168
Left bundle branch 3–5
block 115, 329, 331, 339
causes of 115
electrocardiogram criteria of 115
incomplete 115
Left coronary
artery 5
sinus of Valsalva 5
Left posterior hemiblock 36, 96, 113, 335, 344
Left ventricle, inferoposterior aspect of 5
Left ventricular
hypertrophy 43, 44, 49, 330, 331, 333–335, 337–340, 342–344
wall 5
Lenègre-Lev disease 115
Leukemia 134, 152
Levocardia 164
Limb leads 7, 8
Lithium 100
intoxication 159
Liver failure 151
Lone atrial fibrillation 71
Long QT
interval, causes of 31
syndrome, congenital 30
Low atrial ectopics 77
Low nodal
ectopic 78
rhythm 66
Low voltage tracing 135, 341
Lown classification 83
Lown–Ganong–.Levine syndrome 139, 141
electrocardiogram criteria of 141
prognosis of 141
Low-voltage
electrocardiogram tracing, causes of 12
QRS, causes of 21
tracing, criteria of 12
Lung diseases, chronic 52
Lymphoma, carcinoma of 134
M
Mahaim fiber 139
Massive pulmonary embolism 172
Mesocardia 165
Metoprolol 62
Mid-nodal rhythm 66
Milk alkali syndrome 159
Mitral stenosis 329, 332
Mitral valve
prolapse 38, 88
repair 104
Mobitz type atrioventricular block 103, 104
Mononucleosis, infectious 152
Morphine 125
Muscles fibers
contract 6
ventricular 4
Myocardial cells 6
Myocardial infarction 10, 12, 22, 36, 54, 117, 118, 126, 127, 131
acute 25, 84, 88, 107, 108, 112, 115, 117, 124, 125, 127, 133
anterior 55, 329, 342
anteroseptal 328, 330, 331, 337, 338, 342
extensive anterior 328
inferior 329, 330, 332, 333, 338, 343, 344,
anterior 131, 332, 343
anteroseptal 36, 329, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340
complications of 124
inferior 123, 140, 332
lateral 331, 338
non-Q wave 120, 121
old anteroseptal 330, 332, 339, 341, 344
old inferior 119, 331, 333–339, 342, 343
posterior 140
sites of 117
subendocardial 120, 328
transmural 120
true posterior 122
Myocardial ischemia, transient 128
Myocarditis 19, 66, 84, 88, 114, 115
rheumatic 66
Myocardium, ventricular 139
Myxedema 12, 27
N
Narrow-complex supraventricular tachycardia 344
Narrow-complex tachycardia 56
causes of 56
Nausea 147
Nephrotic syndrome 151
Neuropeptides 5
Nitroglycerin, sublingual 125
Nodal ectopic, high 78, 334
Nodal rhythm 17, 66, 67
electrocardiogram criteria of 66
high 66
Nodal tachycardia 334
Nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia 54
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction 328
O
Obesity 12
Oral anticoagulant 163
Ostium
primum defect 168
secundum defect 168
P
P mitrale
causes of 50
indicate 50
P pulmonale 17, 51, 52
causes of 52
transient 52
P wave 17
abnormalities of 17
causes of multiple 18
characters of normal 17
Pacemaker 21, 114, 142, 144
cells 6
complications of 145
malfunction 146
permanent 143, 144
syndrome 146
temporary 144
ventricular 142, 341
Pacing modes and functions, letter code of 145
Paget's disease 159
Pain 125
abdominal 147
Pancreatitis, acute 157
Paralysis, hyperkalemic periodic 153
Paralytic ileus 153
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation 330
causes of 71
Partial left bundle branch block 337, 339
Partial right bundle branch block 48, 110, 336, 338, 339
Pathological Q wave
causes of 22
characters of 22
Pentamidine 31
Pericardial disease 10
Pericardial effusion 12, 21, 23, 125, 135, 136, 170
electrocardiogram criteria of 135
Pericardial rub 133
Pericarditis 66, 125, 144
acute 25, 27, 124, 133, 134, 333
chronic constrictive 12, 21
Phenothiazine 21, 27, 30
Plasma 149
Pleurisy 125
Plural effusion 12
Pneumonitis 125
Pneumothorax 12, 144, 145
Pocket hematoma 145
Polycythaemia 169
Postcardiac surgery 88
Postinfarct angina 124
Postmyocardial infarction
pericarditis 134
syndrome 124, 125
Potassium
serum 151
sparing diuretics 152
P-R interval 19
abnormalities of 19
characters of normal 19
variable 19
Prinzmetal's angina 25, 27, 128
Procainamide 21, 31, 102
Propantheline 55
Propranolol 62
Pseudo and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 157
Pulmonary embolism 36, 161–163, 336
causes of 162
electrocardiogram criteria of 161
types of 162
Pulmonary hypertension 52
features of 47
signs of 47
Pulseless electrical activity 172
causes of 172
Purkinje fibers 3, 4, 139
Pyrexia 125
Q
Q wave 21
characters of normal 21
QRS complex 20
abnormalities of 20
characters of normal 20
components of 20
QT interval 30
abnormalities of 31
characters of normal 30
prolongation of 31
Quinidine 19, 21, 30, 88, 102
R
R wave 22
abnormalities of 22
characters of normal 22
poor progression of 23
progression 23
Raised intracranial pressure 173
electrocardiogram criteria of 173
Recurrent pulmonary embolism 163
Refractory period, absolute 6
Regularly irregular rhythm, causes of 32
Renal diseases 152
Repolarization 13
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia 54
Rhabdomyolysis 153
Rhythm, accelerated idioventricular 89
Right atrial hypertrophy 51, 53, 329, 335, 337
causes of 51
electrocardiogram criteria of 51
Right atrium 5
Right axis deviation 34, 36, 113
Right bundle branch block 3–5, 36, 96, 97, 110–113, 168, 330–332, 335, 338–340, 342–344
causes of 111
electrocardiogram criteria of complete 110
Right ventricular hypertrophy 46, 47, 49, 329, 332, 333, 335, 336, 340, 344
S
S wave 24
characters of normal 24
Salbutamol 55, 151
Sarcoidosis 100, 104, 106
Sensory fibers 6
Serum digoxin level 148
Shock, hypovolemic 166
Short PR interval 19
causes of 141
Short QT interval, causes of 31
Sick sinus syndrome 40, 58, 64, 100, 101
causes of 100
electrocardiogram criteria of 100
Single chamber ventricular pacemaker 328
Sinoatrial block 98, 99, 340
causes of 98
electrocardiogram criteria of 98
prognosis of 99
Sinoatrial node 3, 4, 7
Sinus arrest 100, 341
Sinus arrhythmia 32, 37, 54
types of 54
Sinus bradycardia 5, 37, 58, 59, 80, 166, 170, 333, 340, 342, 343
causes of 58
electrocardiogram criteria of 58
Sinus node function 145
Sinus of Valsalva, right coronary 5
Sinus rhythm 32, 146
characters of 32
Sinus tachycardia 55–57, 61, 161, 171, 173, 333, 336–338, 341, 343, 344
causes of 55
electrocardiogram criteria of 55
Situs inversus 164
clinical importance of 165
prognosis of 165
Slow atrial fibrillation 70
Small P wave, causes of 18
Small R wave, causes of 23
Small T wave, causes of 27
Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 157
Spironolactone 152
ST depression, causes of 26
ST elevation, causes of 25
ST segment 25
abnormalities of 25
characters of normal 25
Stable angina 128
electrocardiogram criteria of 128
Staphylococcus aureus 134, 144
Stenosis
aortic 49
pulmonary 49, 52
Stokes-Adams attack 107
clinical features of 107
Stored blood, transfusion of 153
Streptokinase 126
Stress tests 129
Stroke 166
Subclavian artery injury 144
Subendocardium, infarction of 120
Supraventricular tachycardia 17, 56, 60, 61, 88, 328, 331, 334
causes of 60
complications of 61
types of 62
Syncytium 6
Systolic flow murmur 106
T
T inversion, causes of 26
T wave 26
abnormalities of 26
biphasic 27
characters of normal 26
flattened 28
pattern, juvenile 28
Tachycardia 10, 56, 101, 161
bradycardia syndrome 100, 101
pacemaker mediated 145, 146
types of 56
Tachypnea 161
Tall P wave, causes of 17, 27
Tall R wave, causes of 22
Tall T wave 27
Tension pneumothorax 172
Tetralogy of Fallot 36
Theophylline 88
Thiazide 150, 151
diuretics 159
Thrombocytosis 152
Thromboembolism 124
Thrombolytic therapy, contraindications of 126
Thyrotoxicosis 60, 66, 159
Thyroxine 55
Tissue plasminogen activator 126
Torsades de pointes 21, 91, 157
causes of 91
electrocardiogram criteria of 91
tachycardia 30
Trauma 136
Triamterene 152
Tricuspid
regurgitation 52
stenosis 52
Tricyclic antidepressant 21, 31
Trifascicular block 96, 97, 113, 114
causes of 114
complications of 114
Tumor lysis syndrome 153
U
U wave 29
abnormalities of 29
causes of prominent 29
characters of normal 29
Unipolar limb leads 8
Unstable angina 128, 130
V
Venesection 169
Ventricular aneurysm 25, 88, 124, 131, 132
causes of 131
complications of 132
electrocardiogram criteria of 131
Ventricular bigeminy 81, 84, 85, 334
electrocardiogram criteria of 84
Ventricular ectopics 21, 36, 80–83, 124, 148, 161, 329, 332, 339–343
causes of 82
electrocardiogram criteria of 80
runs of 81
severity for 83
types of 80
Ventricular fibrillation 21, 93
causes of 93
electrocardiogram criteria of 93
Ventricular flutter 94
electrocardiogram criteria of 94
prognosis of 94
Ventricular hexageminy 87
electrocardiogram criteria of 87
Ventricular pacing, electrocardiogram criteria of 142
Ventricular pentageminy 87
electrocardiogram criteria of 87
Ventricular premature complex 82
Ventricular quadrigeminy 81, 86, 334
electrocardiogram criteria of 86
Ventricular tachycardia 21, 81, 88–90, 126, 166
causes of 88
differential diagnosis of 88
electrocardiogram criteria of 88
mechanism of 90
types of 89
Ventricular trigeminy 81, 86, 335
electrocardiogram criteria of 86
Vigorous exercise 153
Visual disturbance 147
Vitamin D
deficiency 157
therapy 158
Vomiting 147
W
Wandering pacemaker 19, 37, 68
causes of 68
electrocardiogram criteria of 68
Wenckebach phenomenon 19, 37, 103, 338
causes of 103
prognosis of 104
Wide P wave, causes of 18
Wide QRS, causes of 21
Wide-complex tachycardia, causes of 89
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 20, 21, 36, 38, 40, 60, 63, 137–140, 328, 338, 344
presence of 139, 140
prophylactic treatment of 139
treatment of 138
types of 138
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