Diagnostic Radiology: Genitourinary Imaging Arun Kumar Gupta, Anju Garg, Manavjit Singh Sandhu
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen, plain radiograph of 99f, 107
Abdominal wall, anterior 204f
Abscess 198
chronic 118, 118f
formation 443
pararenal 93
perirenal 93, 96
periurethral 236f
prostatic 434, 435f, 436f
psoas 515f
pyogenic 134
renal 93, 96, 97f, 98f
tuberculous prostatic 237f
tubo-ovarian 297f, 298f
Acceleration index 14
Achistosomiasis 7
Acid-fast bacilli 106
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 443, 508
Acromioclavicular joint 90
Actinomycosis 295, 299, 514
Actinomycotic infection 299
Acute cortical necrosis 81, 83, 83f
Acute kidney injury 74, 86, 178
Network Criteria 74
Acute renal failure 79, 81
causes of 75t
Acute renal parenchymal disease 81
Acute tubular necrosis 12, 74, 75, 81, 82, 196, 197
etiology of 82t
Addison's disease 7, 482, 486f
Adenocarcinoma 230, 350, 426
endocervical 386
Adenofibroma, metanephric 137
Adenoma 81, 483
adrenal 479f, 487f489f
metanephric 137, 156
Adenomyoma 350
Adenomyosis 274, 346348, 349f, 350, 350t, 351f, 397
focal 350, 351t
unusual patterns of 350
Adenopathy, metastatic 145
Adenosarcoma 370t, 373
Adequate reproductive function 404
Adhesions, endometrial 393
Adjuvant hormonal therapy 373
Adnexa 257, 264
evaluation of 247
Adnexal disease 264
benign 264
Adnexal lesions 306
benign 264
bilateral 402f, 403f
Adnexal masses 308fc, 367
characterization of 249
classification of 307b
heterogeneous 303
Adrenal collision tumor 490
Adrenal diseases 477, 483
Adrenal gland
bilateral atrophic 484f
normal 475f
right 478f
Adrenal hyperfunctional diseases 477
Adrenal hyperplasia, bilateral 477f, 478f
Adrenal measurements, normal 475f
Adult renal cystic disease 125
Adventitial dysplasia 176
Agenesis 332, 396
Allergic angiitis 81
Allograft dysfunction 33
Alpha-blockers 425, 549
Alpha-fetoprotein 329, 450
Amenorrhea 393
American Association for Surgery of Trauma 520
American College of Cardiology 173, 178
American College of Radiology 58, 199
American Heart Association 178
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System 232
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 333f
classification 333f
American Urological Association 58
Amphetamine abuse 558
Amplatz wire 542
Ampullary segments, dilated 400f
Amyloid-associated disease 85
Amyloidosis 81, 84
primary 85
secondary 85
Anaphylactoid purpura 81
Anaphylaxis 75
Anaplastic carcinoma iliopsoas 516f
Androgenital syndrome 479
Androgens 289
Anechoic corpus luteum cyst 266f
Aneurysm, aortic 511, 511f
Aneurysmorraphy 558
Angiogram
internal pudendal 468f
selective 557f
Angiography 125, 161, 206, 207
conventional 185, 186
noncontrast magnetic imaging 206
role of 520
Angiomyolipoma 125, 138, 157, 159, 160f, 162, 162t
classic 157, 158
classification of 157
epithelioid 138, 162
fat-poor 157, 162
hyperattenuating 162
isoattenuating 162
large 7
management of 163
Angioplasty failure 190
Angiosarcoma 137, 157
Anterior pararenal space 4, 497, 498
Antibiotics 75
Antisperm antibodies 460
Antitubercular treatment 118
Antral follicle count 407, 409
Aorta 498, 511
abdominal 499f, 554f
Aortic bifurcation 499f
Aortic iliac axis 499
Aortoarteritis 187
nonspecific 175, 176, 191, 192
Aortorenal dissection 177
Appendicitis, acute 290
Arterial flow, restriction of 468
Arterial spin labeling 34, 80, 183, 185
Arteriography, limitations of 186
Arteritis, granulomatous 176
Artery, hypertrophied 566f
Ascites 409
malignant 368
Asherman's syndrome 393
Aspergillus 66
Atheroma 7
Atherosclerosis 175, 187
aortic 514
Atrophy 457
Autotransplantation 558
Azoospermia 456, 457, 459461
B
Back pain 341
Bacterial endocarditis, subacute 81
Balloon
catheter 391, 554f
mounted endorectal coil 417
BAP1-mutant disease 141
Bartholin's cysts 355
B-cell tumors 449
Beads on string sign 301
Beak sign 264, 501, 502f
Bicorporeal uterus, partial 339
Bilateral large smooth kidney 76
causes of 81b
Bilharziasis 232
Biopsy 125, 543
endometrial 360, 406
laparoscopic 347
Birth canal laceration 562
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome 141
Bladder
calculi, formation of 424
calculus 228f
cancer, primary 55f
contusion 529
cystography of 215
diverticula 229
exstrophy of 230, 230f
injury
extraperitoneal 530
interstitial 529
intraperitoneal 530
neck contracture 238
outlet obstruction 75
over distension 41
pear-shaped 70
placenta interface 567f
rupture 218
intraperitoneal 529
trauma, iatrogenic 530
tuberculosis of 231
tumors 232
benign 235
primary 232
Blastomycosis 482
Bleeding
active 522
intermenstrual 352
Blood
accumulation of 446
clots 66
oxygen 33, 206
pressure 173
testis barrier 460
urea nitrogen 51
Blunt renal trauma 19
Body mass index 391
Bone 374
Bony metastasis 382f, 433f, 434f
Bony pelvis 431
Bosniak classification 121, 122f, 123
system 122
Bowel
disease, inflammatory 68, 305
metastases 319, 321
preparation 213f
Breast ovarian cancer syndrome 312
Brenner tumor 280282, 282f, 313, 323, 324
Bridging vascular sign 343
Buck fascia 236
Budd-Chiari syndrome 499
Bulbomembranous urethra 239
carcinomas of 240
Bull's eye 352
Burkitt's lymphoma 168, 168f
C
Calcineurin inhibitors 197
Calculi 7
Calculus 23, 24, 75, 93
disease 108
Caliceal diverticula 89
Calyx, amputated 109
Canal, endocervical 393
Cancer
antigen 328
epithelial ovarian 329
group staging 450
metastatic 313
prostate 433f
susceptibility syndromes, inherited 141b
Candida albicans 66
Captopril renography 44
Carcinoma
adrenal 478f, 490, 491f, 492f
cervix 378f, 379f
embryonal 326, 448
endometrial 353
gallbladder 328f
high-grade serous 329, 330
papillary 325f
in situ 232
large cell neuroendocrine 138
low-grade serous 329, 330
prostate 433f, 434f
undifferentiated 313
Carcinomatosis, malignant 299
Carcinosarcoma 370
Carrel patch 196
Castleman disease 507f
Catheters 9, 530
Cavernosa 464
Cavernosal smooth muscle contraction 468
Cavernosogram 468f
normal 467f
Cavernosography 467
Cavernosometry 467
Cavity
abdominal 305
endometrial 333, 362f, 367f, 372, 387f
Cavoatrial junction 499f
Cell
spindle-shaped 289
tumor, juxtaglomerular 138, 157
Cellular leiomyomas 345, 346
Central nervous system 128, 198
Cervical
adenocarcinoma 387f
anomalies, coexistent 340
aplasia 340
unilateral 340
cancer 312, 373, 376b, 381f, 386
management of 383t
protocol for 376
recurrent 383
stage of 386f
treatment of 382
types of 381
factor 390, 393
invasion 362, 363
leiomyomas 347
mass, irregular enhancing 381f
pathologies 251
stenosis 393
Cervix 198, 332, 358
carcinoma of 72f, 382f, 385f, 387
uteri, cancer of 374, 375b
Chemoradiation therapy, concurrent 383
Chemoradiotherapy 376
Chemotherapy, platinum-based 329
Chest radiograph 153
Chlamydia 442
trachomatis 235, 295, 299
Choriocarcinoma 448
Christmas tree bladder 231
Circumcaval ureter 65
Cirrhosis 75, 81
Claustrophobia 428
Claw sign 343
Clear cell
carcinoma 358
renal cell carcinoma 137, 141, 146
sarcoma 137
tumor 278, 313, 322, 324
Clomiphene citrate 406
Coarctation syndrome 175
Cobble-stone appearance 231
Coil embolization 560f
Collagen fibers, stroma of 341
Collecting ducts, carcinoma of 137, 141
Collision tumors 323
Color Doppler 58, 77, 197
energy 248
gain settings 440
imaging 156
sonography 200, 560
Compression, abdominal 8
Computed tomography 113, 153, 245
angiogram 27
angiography 179, 182, 187, 203
multidetector 499
appearance, normal 218
contrast enhanced 79, 94, 95, 197
cystography 218
hybrid urography 22
low-dose 15
multidetector 9, 21, 182, 218, 253, 498
nephrogram, normal 16
pixel mapping 159
role of 519
triple bolus 23
urography 23, 217
Conduitogram 213, 216
Condyloma acuminata 236
Congenital anomalies 23, 25, 46, 49, 332, 513
Congenital uterine anomalies 397
classification of 339f
Conn's syndrome 477, 479, 479f
Connective tissues 264
Constipation 341
Contusion 520
Coronal multiplanar reformation 21f
Corpora
cavernosa 421f, 468
spongiosum 421, 421f, 422
Corpus luteum cyst 265, 303
hemorrhagic 260f
Corpus spongiosum 420
Cortical rim sign 83f
Cortical value, posterior 75
Corticomedullary phase 16
Corticosteroids 289
Costal cartilage calcification 7
Cowper's gland 224
cysts 437
ducts 224
Crescent sign 264
Cryptorchidism 441, 457, 459, 462
Cushing's syndrome 477, 477f, 478, 478f, 490
Cyst 123f, 393, 451
adenomyotic 350
adrenal 483, 490, 493f
asymptomatic
hemorrhagic 271fc
ovarian 270fc
atypical 121
category of 122
chocolate 402
endometriotic 271, 272f, 274f, 275f, 277, 277f
epididymal 453, 453f, 460
epithelial 162t
inclusion 238
follicular 265
functional 264, 265, 306
hemorrhagic 267, 267f, 269f, 299, 395f
hydatid 135
infectious 134
inflammatory 305
large epididymal 460, 461f
mesosalpingeal 303
multilocular 307
multiloculated endometriotic 273f
multiple
noncommunicating 127f, 128f, 132f
small 133f
myometrial 348, 398f
parapelvic 89, 133
paratubal 265, 303
parovarian 408
peripelvic 133
peritoneal inclusion 279, 305, 305f, 306, 306f
prostatic 435, 463f
renal 121, 543
hydatid 103f
pelvis 133
sinus 133
ruptured hydatid 135f
seminal vesicle 461
serous renal 121
sign of simple 121f
simple 81
follicular 265f
paraovarian 304
small nabothian 255f
theca lutein 410
unilocular 307
utricle 436f, 437f
Wolffian 436
Cystadenocarcinoma ovary, mucinous 326f
Cystadenoma, mucinous 280, 280f, 281f
Cystatin 23
Cystic
degeneration 345f, 504
fibrosis 461
focal lesions 113
foci 396
kidney disease, acquired 81, 130, 137
lesions 437
mass 123, 157, 301
multiloculated 123f
medial necrosis 511
nephroma 134, 138, 156
pediatric 137
ovarian neoplasms 306
renal
cell carcinoma 134
disease, acquired multifocal 130
tumors 137
Cystitis
acute 231
chronic 231
cystica 231
emphysematous 231, 231f
glandularis 231
Cystogram
contrast 226
excretory 215, 226f
Cystography 199, 213, 215, 225, 226, 231, 528
conventional 528
retrograde 215
micturating 211, 214f
Cystoscopy 106
Cystourethrogram, micturating 47, 108
Cytomegalovirus 102
Cytoreductive surgery 513
D
Deaths, cancer-related 425
Deep dorsal artery 464
Deep pelvic endometriosis 274
Dehydration 41
chronic 75
severe 75
Dermoid
cysts 245, 277, 282
plug 282, 283
Descending urethral ultrasound technique 217
Detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia 231
Diabetes mellitus 79, 81
Diethylstilbestrol 333f, 337, 396
Diffusion tensor imaging 33, 80, 252
Diffusion weighted imaging 33, 79, 116, 145, 146, 206, 235, 252, 431
Digestive tract 484
Digital rectal examination 426, 432
Digital subtraction angiography 181f, 185, 187, 189f, 190f
Digital tomosynthesis 8
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 94
scan 199
Direct parenchymal invasion 86
Direct radionuclide cystogram 47, 49f
study 48f
Diuretic renography 41
Diverticula 226
Diverticulitis 290
Doppler evaluation 12, 247, 420
Doppler ultrasound
advantages of 179
disadvantages of 179
Dorsal pleural sinus 498, 498
Dorsolumbar spine 434f
Dromedary hump 12
Drug toxicity 197
Dual energy computed tomography 26, 145, 204
Duct, excretory 440
Ductal development 332
Ductal fusion 332
Ductus deferens 440
Duodenum
gastrointestinal stromal tumor of 502f
lumen of 502f
Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Cooperative 192
Dyschezia 275
Dysgerminoma 326
Dysmenorrhea 275, 341
Dyspareunia 296, 341
Dysplasia
medial 175
multicystic 132f
Dysplastic left kidney, small 133f
Dysuria 275
E
Echogenicity 179
Ectoderm 282
Ectopic pregnancy, nonviable 303
Edema
fluid, accumulation of 295
massive ovarian 295
pulmonary 191
Ejaculation, painful 461
Ejaculatory duct
calcifications of 434
cyst 461, 462
congenital 456
obstruction 462
transurethral resection of 462
Elastography 14, 250
Electrode surface, expansion of 546
Electrolyte abnormalities 409
Electroporation, irreversible 545, 546
Embedded organ sign 264, 502, 502f
Embolization, results of 559
Embryo transfer 410
Endoderm 282
Endometrial cancer 350, 358, 359, 362, 362f, 363t, 364, 365f, 366f, 368, 368f, 369b, 369t, 371, 373
classification of 358, 359b
diagnosis of 359
grade of 362
management of 368
margins of 360
recurrent 369
staging of 364, 365t
Endometrial sarcoma, undifferentiated 370, 373
Endometrial tissue, ectopic 348
Endometrioid 359
adenocarcinoma 358
carcinomas 426
tumors 313, 324
Endometriomas 238, 270, 271, 272f, 274f, 280, 303, 393
atypical forms of 272
differential diagnosis of 277
malignant transformation of 276
medical treatment of 277
walls of 272
Endometriosis 68, 245, 271, 274, 348, 402
deep infiltrating 271, 275, 276f
etiology of 270
history of 275
pathogenesis of 270
Endometritis 295, 354
calcific 399
etiology of 403
nonspecific chronic 399
nontubercular chronic 398
Endometrium 255, 332, 359, 259f, 387
hyperplastic 354
ultrasound appearance of 258
Enzyme, angiotensin-converting 44
Epididymal diseases 456
Epididymis 439, 440, 460
appendix 440
enlarged 443
inflammation of 460
Epididymitis 442
acute 443, 460, 460f
Epididymo-orchitis 442
bilateral 443f
granulomatous 443
Epstein-Barr virus infection 198
Erdheim-Chester disease 501
Erectile dysfunction 456, 464, 468f
evaluation of 464
Escherichia coli 67, 94, 231, 434, 442
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 80
Estrogen 289
receptor 386
European Association of Urology 58
European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy 338
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 338, 396
Ewing's sarcoma 138
Ewing's tumor, extraskeletal 168
Exstrophy 230
Extracapsular tumor spread 416, 432f, 433f
Extracellular concentration 272
Extraovarian disease 301
Extraovarian origin 264f
Extrinsic sphincter 213
F
Fabry's disease 81
Fallen fundus sign 352
Fallopian tube 264, 302, 312, 332, 358, 399, 400
dilated 301
left 404f
malignancy 328
part of 400
pathology 399
right 403f
Familial clear cell renal cancer 141
Fascia 439, 498
anterior
pararenal 497
perinephric 4
renal 498
cremasteric 439
external spermatic 439
lateroconal 498
Fascial
layers 417
spaces, retroperitoneal 4f
trifurcation 498f
Fast spin echo 29
Fat-fluid level 283, 285
Fatty degeneration 344, 345f
Female genital tract 243, 245
congenital anomalies 333f
radiological anatomy of 245
Female hormones, influence of 333
Female infertility 390
causes of 390t, 411
Female pelvis, evaluation of 321
Female urethra 213, 217, 220, 224, 533
tumor of 240
Femoral artery complications 556
Femoral canal 442
Femur, proximal 431
Fertility sparing surgery 377
Fetal
hydrops 410
kidney, enlarged 132f
lobulations 12, 139
Fever 296
Fibroepithelial polyps 355
Fibroid 7, 274, 343, 345f, 395
asymptomatic 346
classification of 341f
large 343f
mapping 343
polyp 353
uterus 342f, 343f
Fibroma 235
medullary 157
Fibromuscular dysplasia 174, 175, 187, 191, 192, 553f
Fibromuscular stroma 418f
anterior 417
Fibromyoma 355
Fibroplasia
intimal 175
medial 175
Fibrosarcoma 426, 280, 289
Fibrosis
interstitial 118
radiation 383
retroperitoneal 69, 75, 514f, 515f
Fibrous tissue 418
Fimbrial cysts 303
Fimbrial phimosis 401
Fine needle aspiration cytology 106, 543
Fissure, intervesicular 12
Fistula, arteriovenous 175, 197, 560
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 299
Flank pain, acute 19
Floating balls sign 284
Fluid
accumulation 401
abnormal 81
collection 452, 510f
fluid levels 283
Fluorodeoxyglucose 52, 253
Flush
aortogram 553f
aortography 185
Foley's bulb 214, 225
Foley's catheter 530
Follicle
aspiration 410
cross-linking of 408
multiple small 405f
stimulating hormone 393, 456
Follicular monitoring 406
Follicular ring sign 291f
Fossa navicularis 213, 224
Fungal infection 103
Fungus ball 66
Fusiform 558
G
Gadolinium 417, 480
intravenous 184
Gallium citrate 84
Gallstones 7
Gamete intrafallopian transfer 410
Ganglion cells 504
Ganglioneuroblastoma 504
Ganglioneuroma 501, 504, 505
Gartner's cysts 238, 355
Gastrointestinal tract 166, 198, 391, 502
Gel sonovaginography 248
Gelfoam 556, 568
Gene synuclein gamma, metastasis-related 329
Genital ductal system, distal 460
Genital self-stimulation 464
Genitourinary
system 166
tract 38, 552
Germ cell 459, 501, 506
elements 440
layers 282
tumor 138, 278, 282, 288, 313, 323, 326t, 446, 447, 447t, 448, 501, 506
burned-out 449
metastatic testicular 509f
nonseminomatous 448
primary extragonadal 506
Gerota's fascia 4, 95, 150f, 497, 521, 527
Gestational trophoblastic disease 373
Giant cell 399
Girth, abdominal 503f
Gland
adrenal 473
central 416, 417
cystic dilatation of 348
ectopic endometrial 348
Glans penis 418
Globular uterine cavity 395f
Glomerular filtration rate 14, 38, 47, 51, 74, 174
Glomeruli indicating direct tissue toxicity 557
Glomerulocystic kidney disease 131
Glomerulonephritis 75, 81, 86
acute 81
focal 81
Glomerulopathy 75
Glomerulosclerosis 75
diabetic 81
focal segmental 75
Glue cast obliterating nidus 566f
Glycogen
deposition, abnormal 81
storage disease 81
Glycoprotein 328
Gonadal
dysgenesis 404
primitive sex cord cells 289
vein, left 566f
Gonadoblastoma 449
Gonadotropin 406
releasing hormone 277
Gonococcal urethral stricture 236, 236f
Goodpasture's syndrome 81
Gradient echo 421, 475
Graft
kidney
tubercular infection of 117
tuberculosis 119b
rejection 197, 544
Granuloma 7, 81, 118
hepatic 7
Granulosa cell 407
tumor 328f, 449
Gravity cavernosometry 467
Growing teratoma syndrome 501, 506
Gubernaculum testis 442
Gunshot wound 527
Gynecologic cancers 358
H
Halo sign 143
Haptoglobin 329
Heart
disease, ischemic 173
failure 173
congestive 75
Hemangioblastoma 138
Hemangioma 138, 157, 235
Hemangiopericytomas 504
Hematocele, acute 446
Hematogenous metastases 318
Hematoma 198, 509
fresh 454
intratesticular 445
peft perirenal 523f
perinephric 523f
perirenal 521
retroperitoneal 556
subcapsular 520
Hematometra 375
Hematopoiesis, extramedullary 501
Hematosalpinx 301
Hematuria 23, 23t
evaluation of 218
Hemiuterus 339
Hemivagina 335
Hemolysis 75
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 79
Hemoperitoneum 303
Hemophilia 81
Hemorrhage 75, 268f, 373, 443
adrenal 482, 487f
intracerebral 173
perirenal 510f
postoperative 561
postpartum 562
postsurgical 562
spontaneous retroperitoneal 510f
Henoch-Schönlein
purpura 75
syndrome 81
Hepatic post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder 203f
Hepatorenal pouch 5
Hepatorenal syndrome 79
Heritable multifocal cystic renal disease 126
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome 335
Hernia
inguinal 442
inguinoscrotal 453
High intra-abdominal testis 442
Hip joint, right 530f
Histiocytoma, malignant fibrous 501, 504
Histoplasmosis 482, 508, 514
Hodgkin's disease 507
Hodgkin's lymphoma 166, 507
Hormonal replacement therapy 259
Hormone, adrenocorticotropic 477
Horseshoe kidney 332, 518
Hounsfield unit 121, 139, 478, 520
Human chorionic gonadotropin 323, 450
Human epididymis protein 329
Human immunodeficiency virus 93, 117, 508
Human menopausal gonadotropin 406
Human papilloma 374
virus, high-risk 386
Hyaline degeneration 343
Hybrid imaging 385
Hydrocalyx 109
Hydrocele 457
Hydrometra 375
Hydronephrosis 58, 89, 518, 527
chronic 63f
focal 81
obstructive 43f
Hydrophilic guidewire 542f
Hydrosalpinx 301, 302f, 303, 401, 408
Hydroureteronephrosis 201
bilateral 425
Hyperalimentation 81
Hypercalcemia 86
Hyperdense 509
calculi, small 60f
Hyperechogenecity 283
Hyperintense 508
central stroma 294f
fluid 396
Hypernephroma 140
Hyperparathyroidism 90f
Hyperplasia
benign prostatic 241, 423, 424, 424f, 425f, 431
bilateral nodular adrenal 480f
congenital adrenal 480, 481f
developing atypical 358
endometrial 353, 354f
macronodular adrenal 479
true medial 176
Hypertension 173, 177, 178, 192
angiotensin-dependent 174
causes of 173
secondary 76t
Hypertrophy, left ventricular 173
Hyperviscosity syndrome 86
Hypoechoic medulla 10f
Hypointense
hemosiderin rim 510
rim sign 377
Hypomenorrhea 393
Hypoperfusion, focal areas of 114
Hypoplasia 332, 333
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis 392
Hypovolemia 75
Hypoxia secondary 457
Hysterectomy 347, 567
Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography 249, 392
Hysterosalpingography 245, 391
normal 391f
I
Iceberg sign 283
Iliac artery
bilateral internal 567
right external 178f
Iliac fossa
renal allograft in right 51f
right 51f
Iliopsoas muscle compartment 515
In situ metallic implants 428
In vitro fertilization 396, 410
Incidentaloma 483
Infarction 457
Infection 93, 197, 231, 354, 460, 462
Infertility 247, 390
Inflammation 118, 457
Infundibular strictures 110f
Inguinal ring, external 442
Injury
extraperitoneal 529, 530
iatrogenic 533
interstitial 529
intraperitoneal 529
Internal iliac
artery 562
nodes 379, 381f
International Ovarian Tumor Analysis 307, 307b, 314, 316t, 317f
Interrupted mucosa sign 352
Intra-arterial plaque 500
Intratesticular lesions, benign 451
Intrauterine
cavity 392
contraceptive device 245, 246f
insemination 410
Intravenous urogram 23, 24, 85, 519
role of 527
Intravenous urography 7, 47, 61, 63f, 66, 68f, 93, 107, 108t, 141, 163, 198
role of 519
serial 62f
Ionizing radiation, absence of 184
Ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst 462
Iron oxide 253
Ischemia 444
Ischemic priapism 469
Isthmic myosalpingeal tone 401
J
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 174
K
Kaposi's sarcoma 198, 508
Kidney 32, 41, 58, 89, 107, 108, 111, 113, 129, 189
adult 12t
bilateral small smooth 76, 89f
cancer 155
disease
acute 74, 75
classification of 74
medullary cystic 127
multicystic 81
chronic 14, 49, 74, 75, 173
ectopic 26f, 41, 332
end-stage 556
hypoplastic 461
length, normal 10
medullary sponge 130
multicystic dysplastic 131, 132f
nonfunctioning 560f
normal 64f, 76f
functioning transplanted 50f
neonatal 12f
size 180f
transplant 202f
vasculature of 13f
radiodense calculi in right 59f
radionuclide imaging of 186
right 159f
shattered 522
size of 179
smaller right 45f
structure of 3f
unilateral small
scarred 89f
smooth 88f
vascular anatomy of 538f
Kissing ovaries 277f
sign 272f
Klebsiella pneumoniae 94, 434
Klinefelter's syndrome 446, 456
Krukenberg's tumor 327, 328f
Kumin's septa 5
L
Laceration 521
Lactate dehydrogenase 450
Large-bore track creation 543
Last menstrual period 303, 405
Lateroconal plane 498
Latzko's triad 328
Left kidney 121f
upper pole of 133f, 183f
Left main renal
artery 178f
vein 525f
Left renal artery 5, 186f, 193f
stenosis 500f
Left ventricular dysfunction, severe 191
Leiomyoma 138, 157, 235, 341343, 344t, 345t, 347t, 350, 351t, 373, 394, 395
benign 341
diagnosis of 346
distinguishing 395
intramural 341
ordinary 345, 346
Leiomyomatosis
diffuse 341
hereditary 137, 141
Leiomyosarcoma 137, 157, 163, 232, 346, 347t, 372, 426, 501, 504
malignant 345
Leptospirosis 84
Lesions
atherosclerotic 190
endocervical 377
inflammatory 106
Letrozole 406
Leukemia 81, 84, 443
acute lymphoblastic 449
renal manifestation of 84f
Leukemic infiltration 449
Leukocytosis 296
Leukoplakia 68
Leydig cell 439
tumors 290
Light chain amyloidosis 86
Lipid
deposition, abnormal 81
rich adenoma 493
Lipoleiomyoma 342, 344, 345f
Lipoma 157, 502
Liposarcoma 501, 502, 504f
myxoid 503
Littre glands 224, 236
Liver 198, 374
laceration, large 524f
Lollipop diverticulum 348
Lower urinary tract 241, 423
radiological
anatomy of 211
evaluation of 211
urodynamic studies of 226
Lumbar spine 431
fractures of 518
Lung 198, 374
hemorrhage 81
Luteinizing hormone 393
Lymph nodal mass, large metastatic homogeneous 451f
Lymph nodes 321, 362, 363
calcified 7
Lymphadenopathy 299, 319, 501
benign 507
metastatic 508
Lymphangiectasis 501
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 162
Lymphangioma 138, 157, 501
Lymphatic metastases 318
Lymphocele 196, 198, 501, 544
Lymphocytes, malignant 166
Lymphoid neoplasms 501, 506
Lymphoma 81, 166, 167f, 198, 204f, 443, 449, 449f, 483, 507, 508, 515
adrenal 490
Lymphovascular space invasion 364
M
Magnetic resonance
angiogram 32
angiography 182, 499, 553
contrast enhanced 183
appearance, normal 220
contrast enhanced 115, 197
cystoscopy 221
elastography 34
imaging 14, 79, 93, 100, 115, 118t, 125, 170, 179, 204, 211, 213, 219, 225, 228, 234, 245, 251, 417, 462
contrast enhanced 96
role of 520
protocol, multiparametric 139t
renography, contrast enhanced 32
urography, static fluid 31
Main renal artery 177f
stenosis 181f
Malacoplakia 67, 81, 93, 102, 232
Male genital tract 415
Male infertility 456
Male urethra 212, 212f, 216, 220, 224
carcinoma of 239
posterior 217
tuberculosis of 111
tumor of 239
Malformation, arteriovenous 13, 139, 175, 560
Malignancy index, risk of 314
Mass
abdominopelvic 328
benign 323
calcified 157
indeterminate 322f, 323
inflammatory 81
large cystic 280
lesions, characterization of 12
malignant 323
multilocular 301
ovarian 247, 346
pelvic 247, 372
retroperitoneal 503fc
right ovarian cystic 283f
soft tissue 54f, 55f, 157, 371f
solid adnexal 346
tubo-ovarian 295, 296, 296f
Mature cystic teratoma
atypical 285f
bilateral 287f
typical 285f
Maximum intensity projection 20, 21f, 27, 499
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome 332
Median arcuate ligament 175
Mediastinum 480
testes 418, 422f, 440f, 441, 442, 442f
appearance of 418
echogenic stripe of 420f
Medical therapy 346
Megacalyces, congenital 89
Megacalycosis 4
Megacolon 391
Megalourethra 238
Megaureter, primary 65f
Meigs’ syndrome 281, 289
Menopause, risk of 407
Menorrhagia 341, 352
Menstrual cycle 258, 392
normal 258t, 392
Menstrual disorders 247
Menstrual periods, delayed 267
Mercaptoacetic triglyceride 186
Mesenchymal tumor 81, 137, 157, 157b, 449, 501
distribution of 157b
Mesenteric artery, superior 5, 189f, 457
Mesoblastic nephroma, congenital 137
Mesoderm 282
Mesonephric ducts 303
Metaiodobenzylguanidine 474
Metal acorn cannula, common 391
Metaplastic theory 270
Metastases 350, 450, 483
adrenal 489f
appearance of 168
distant 153, 232
hepatic 382f
intra-abdominal 368
intrascrotal 449
Metastatic disease
prevalence of 168
secondary 315
Metastatic theory 270
Methemoglobin 272
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies 232
Microaneurysms, multiple 189f
Microlithiasis 457
Microwave ablation 544, 546
Middle aortic syndrome 175, 192
Mixed epithelial and
mesenchymal tumors 313, 370
stromal tumor 133, 134, 138, 156, 157
Molecular classification 359
Monoclonal IG deposition disease 86
Mononucleosis, infectious 81, 84
Monorchia 442
Morgagni cysts 303
Morison's Pouch 5, 267
Moth-eaten calyx 136
Motile sperms 456
Mucormycosis, bilateral 103f
Müllerian anomalies 400
Müllerian duct 303
abnormalities 396
anomalies 332, 397
treatment of 396
cyst 238, 462
Müllerian tissue 270
Müllerian tumor, malignant mixed 370
Multifollicular ovarian morphology 405f
Multilocular cystic
lesion 315f
masses 280
renal neoplasm 137
Multiplanar reconstruction 182, 498
Multiseptated hypodense lesion 97f
Mumps 446, 457
Muscle 417, 439
cells, strands of 343
detrusor 228f
Myasthenia gravis 391
Mycobacteria growth indicator tube system 106
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare 102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 68, 135
infection 508f
Mycoplasma 434
genitalium 295
Myelolipoma 483, 490
adrenal 494f
Myeloma 86t
multiple 81, 85
Myomas
hypoechoic 395f
intramural 394
Myomata, mapping of 249
Myomectomy 347, 372
Myometrial contraction 350
Myometrial invasion 350, 360, 367f
depth of 361363, 365
Myometrial junction, endometrial 360
Myometrial margin, outer 365
Myometrium 255
anterior 395f
normal 342
posterior 395f
N
N-acetyl aspartate 253
National Comprehensive Cancer Network 426
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines 58
Nausea 57, 409
N-butyl cyanoacrylate 543
Necrosis 504
Neisseria gonorrhea 235, 295
Neonatal kidney 11, 12t
Neonatal uterus, normal 254f
Neoplasm 198, 457
benign 81
malignant 81, 279
mesodermal 502
retroperitoneal 69
Nephrectasia 112
Nephrectomy 513
partial 155
Nephritis
acute focal bacterial 93, 96, 96f
acute interstitial 81, 84, 85f
Nephroblastoma 137
cystic partially differentiated 137
Nephrogenic adenoma 235
Nephrogenic rests 137
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 182
Nephrogram phase 7
Nephrographic phase 16, 17, 138
Nephronophthisis 127, 128
Nephropathy
acute myeloma 81
chronic ischemic 173
contrast induced 81, 82
diabetic 34, 75
Nephrostogram 9, 545f
Nephrostomy tube 9
Nephrotoxicity
contrast 75
lithium-induced 131
Nerve sheath tumors 505
Neuroblastoma 483, 491, 495f, 504
Neuroendocrine tumor 138
Neurofibroma 235, 501, 505
Neurofibromatosis 175, 192, 552
Neurogenic bladder 75, 231
dysfunction 231
Neurogenic neoplasms 504
Neurogenic tumors 501
Neurovascular bundle 432
ipsilateral 432f
Nocturia 423
Nodal metastasis 373
Nodal staging 153, 450
Nodal survey 252
Nodes, metastatic 507
Nodule, echogenic 283f
Nonadnexal tumor, metastasis of 315
Noncommunicating endometrial cavity 333
Noncommunicating functional horn 334f
Noncontrast computed tomography scan 57, 95
Noncontrast perfusion imaging 34
Nonendometrioid adenocarcinomas 358
Nongonococcal urethritis 235
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 198, 449, 490, 493f, 508f
Nonobstructive azoospermia 456
causes of 457b
Nonresectable disease 320
Nonsteroidal antiestrogen agent 347
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 84, 163, 173, 246, 277, 346, 391
Nontubercular renal infections 93
types of 93t
Nuclear imaging 199, 221
Nuclear medicine 433
current status of 38
Nuclear polymorphism, severe 373
Nutcracker syndrome 457
O
Obstruction, membranous 499f
OHVIRA syndrome 335f
Oligospermia 456, 457, 459, 460
Omental disease 318
Omentum, lesser 319
Oncocytoma 137, 145, 155, 156f
One-stop imaging test 21
Oocytes 406, 410
quality of 407
Oophoritis 295, 296
Optical coherence tomography 189
Oral contraceptive 173
pills 374
Oral sildenafil 466
Orchidectomy 453
Orchiopexy 441
Orchitis 442
granulomatous 444f
Organ injury scale 520
Ormond's disease 514
Orthopedic prostheses 530
Osteopontin 329
Osteosarcoma 137, 157
Ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis 190
Ostial stenosis 177f
Ovarian appearance 257
Ovarian artery 248, 261, 262, 262t
supply 561f
Ovarian cancer
classification of 329
subtypes 330t
Ovarian carcinoma 299
Ovarian cystadenofibroma 281
Ovarian cysts
functional 270
hemorrhagic 267
Ovarian disease 264
hyperstimulated 270
malignant 312
Ovarian dysgerminoma 327f
Ovarian factor 390, 404
Ovarian fibromas 282, 289, 289f
Ovarian fibromatosis 295
Ovarian follicles
development of 406
evolution of 406
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 408, 409, 409f, 410, 410t
Ovarian ischemia 295
Ovarian lesions, indeterminate 309fc
Ovarian malignancy 312, 318t, 323, 312, 329
disseminated 169f
Ovarian mass, malignant 321f
Ovarian neoplasms 277, 328
benign 277, 290
classification of 313t
Ovarian origin 264f
Ovarian reserve 407
Ovarian rupture 276
Ovarian stroma 278
Ovarian teratomas 283
Ovarian torsion 276, 290, 301
differential diagnosis of 295
treatment of 295
Ovarian tumors
benign 281
classification of 278b
origin of 278f
Ovarian volume 257
normal 257t
Ovary 257, 312, 358, 387
functional cysts of 264
multifollicular 404
pathologies of 252
postmenopausal 259, 260f
serous cystadenocarcinoma 325f
ultrasound appearance of 258
uterine artery toward left 261f
Ovulation, prediction of 407
Ovulatory function tests 406
P
PADUA classification 154
Pain
abdominal 561
acute lower abdominal 290
lower abdominal 247, 296
Paint brush appearance, classic 131
Palm tree protrusions 288f
Palpable tender nodules 391
Pampiniform plexus 442, 566f
veins of 457
Pampiniform venous plexus 420
Panarteritis, granulomatous 177
Pancreas 7
anterior displacement of 501f
Pancreatitis
acute 498f
chronic 7
Papaverine 464
Papillary adenoma 137
Papillary carcinoma, noninvasive 232
Papillary excrescences 272
Papillary necrosis 75, 109f
Papillary renal cell carcinoma 137, 141, 146
Para-aminohippuric acid 52
Para-aortic
lymph nodes 367, 368
lymphadenectomy 364
Paradidymis 440
Paraganglioma 235, 501, 504
retroperitoneal 505f
Paramesonephric ducts 303
Parametrial invasion 376, 377
side of 377
Parametrium 377
Paraovarian cyst 265, 303, 304f
adjacent 292f
diagnosis of 265
Pararenal space 511
posterior 4, 497, 498
Parasitic infection 103, 232
Paraspinal artery, selective angiogram of 557f
Parenchyma 443
Parenchymal cortical thickness 179
Parenchymal junctional defect 12
Parenchymal phase scan 182
Parietal peritoneum 498
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 86
Parvus-Tardus waveform 181
Patella, posterior 90
Peak systolic velocity 14, 180, 197, 346, 443, 464
Pedunculated hydatid 440
Pelvic anatomy 417
Pelvic bone marrow 417
Pelvic endometriosis 299
Pelvic examination 391
Pelvic fascia 417
fibrous sheath of 415
Pelvic fracture 531
multiple 531f
Pelvic inflammatory disease 245, 247, 290, 295
specific 299
tubercular 300f
Pelvic intraperitoneal tissue 312
Pelvic lipomatosis 70
Pelvic lymph node metastasis 379
Pelvic lymphadenopathy 416
Pelvic pain 305, 341
chronic 275
Pelvic side wall 382
Pelvic surgeries, complex 41
Pelvic trauma 218, 237f
Pelvicalyceal diverticulum 133
Pelvicalyceal system 17f, 26f, 119f
right 31f
Pelvis 318
hiked up 109
plain radiograph of 343f
reveals, transabdominal sonography of 376f
Pelviureteric junction 57, 519, 522
obstruction 23, 25
bilateral 44f
Penetrating bladder trauma 530
Penetrating injury 533
Penile angiography 467
Penile arteries 464
Penile erection 464, 465b
anatomy of 464
physiology of 464
Penile soft tissues 532
Penile tissues 532f
Penile urethra 213, 217, 236f, 240f
stricture of 227f
Penis, dorsal vein of 418
Percutaneous catheter drainage 543
Percutaneous interventional techniques 207
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy 15, 59
Percutaneous nephrostomy 58, 111, 537, 540f, 542, 542f
Percutaneous renal entry, anatomy of 537
Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty 189, 190, 192, 193f, 552
Perifollicular halo 407
Perimedial fibroplasia 176
Perimetrium 255
Perineal space 4
Perinephric inflammation 114
Perinephric space 4, 498
Periprostatic fat 417
Periprostatic veins 434
Perirenal space 497
Perirenal structures 11
Peritesticular tissue 440
Peritoneal carcinomatosis 299
Peritoneal disease 318, 318f, 319f
signs of 318b
Peritoneal factor 390, 401
Peritoneum 305, 312, 439
Peritonitis 295
Peritransplant fluid collections 198
Peritubal adhesions 401
Peyronie's disease 466, 466f
Phantom calyces 164
Phantom organ sign 501
Pharmacopenile duplex ultrasonography 464, 465, 465f, 466
Phentolamine 464
Pheochromocytoma 138, 476, 480, 481, 482f
bilateral 484f
extra-adrenal 504
Phlebolith 7
Physiological ovarian uptake, normal 322
Pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia, primary 479
Pine tree bladder 231
Placenta
adherent 565, 567f
low-lying heteroehoic 567f
Plain films 225
radiography 245
Plain radiograph 96, 213
Planar renal scintigraphy 46
Plasma cell 86
dyscrasias 81, 86, 86t
Plasma renin activity 189
Polyangiitis 81
nodosa 81, 187, 189f, 558
Polycystic kidney disease 124f, 518
autosomal dominant 75, 81, 126, 127f
congenital autosomal dominant 75
Polycystic ovarian
disease 358
syndrome 270, 404
Polycystic ovaries, bilateral 397f
Polymerase chain reaction 106
Polyp, endometrial 352, 353f, 354f, 396
Polypoid palm 287
Polypoidal masses, small 24f
Polysplenia, congenital 513f
Polyurea 82
Polyvinyl alcohol 556, 558
Positive embedded organ sign 502f
Positron emission tomography 38, 52, 86, 153, 241, 245, 451, 476, 489, 500
single photon 39, 46
Post-angioplasty angiogram 554f
Postchemotherapy 155
Postconcussion syndrome 519
Postembolization angiogram 557f, 558, 559f, 561f563f, 566f
Postinfective glomerulonephritis 75
Postmature follicle 407
Postmenopausal bleeding 247, 352, 353
history of 361
Postmenopausal period 259
Postorchidectomy scrotum 453
Postpartum endometritis 347
Post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy 558f
Post-thermal ablation 155
Post-total nephrectomy 155
Post-transplantation
lymphoma 203f
lymphoproliferative disorder 198
Postural-gravity assisted drainage 41
Pouch of Douglas 257, 391, 407
Pregnancy
ectopic 303
loss, recurrent 247
Prehn's sign 443
Prepubertal testes 440
Pressor kidney 189
Pressure loss 467
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor 168
Primordial germ cells 278
Progesterone receptor 386
Progression of disease, stages of 106f
Prophylactic balloon placement 565, 567
Prostaglandin 464
Prostate 241, 462
adenocarcinoma 432t
cancer 425
diagnosis of 426
carcinoma of 427f
enlarges 424
gland 415, 416, 423
disorders of 423
normal 415f
imaging-reporting and data system 428, 431
specific antigen 432
spectroscopic examination 417
transurethral resection of 432
Prostatic artery embolization 552, 564
Prostatic calcifications 434, 434f
Prostatic carcinoma 53f
spread of 430
Prostatic malignancy 433
Prostatic urethra 212, 532f, 237f
Prostatic utricle 224
Prostatin 329
Prostatitis 434
chronic 434
focal 435f
Proteus 434, 442
mirabilis 67, 94
Prune-Belly syndrome 41
Pseudoaneurysm 197, 206f
filling of 559f
neck of 558
nonfilling of 558, 559f
Pseudocapsule 143
Pseudocysts 305
Pseudolesions 350
Pseudomonas 434, 442
aeruginosa 101
Pseudounicornuate uterus 403
Pubic symphysis, diastasis of 230f
Pubic tubercle 442f
Pudendal artery angiogram, selective left internal 566f
Pulsatility index 13, 14, 200, 262
Pyelocalyceal diverticulum 134
Pyelogram phase 7
Pyelographic phase 23
Pyelography, antegrade 9
Pyelolymphatic reflux 9
Pyelonephritis 81, 86, 94
acute 93, 94, 95f, 96b
bilateral acute 95f
chronic 93, 100, 101f
emphysematous 7, 77f, 93, 97, 99f, 100b
Pyelovenous reflux 9
Pyometra 399
Pyonephrosis 93, 100, 100f
Pyosalpinx 295, 296, 296f, 301
Pyuria 106
R
Radiofrequency 543
ablation 544, 546
Radiography
conventional 6, 124
role of 519
Radionuclide
cystography 46, 221
imaging 80, 213, 225, 229, 476
renal scintigraphy 186
role of 520
Radiopharmaceuticals 38, 40
Real-time volume rendering techniques 182
Recklinghausen's disease 558
Rectal mucosa 368
Rectourethral fistula 237f
Rectovaginal fistula 214
Rectum 198, 241, 387
Red blood cells, packed 568
Reflux nephropathy 93
Refractory hypertension 191
Regional lymph nodes 232
Relaxation enhancement 31
Renal adenomas 156
Renal agenesis 132
unilateral 462
Renal allograft 51f, 204f
Renal angiogram, selective 559f
Renal angiography 80, 185
Renal angiomyolipoma 160f
Renal anomaly, ipsilateral 335
Renal arterial
disease, atherosclerotic 175, 193
embolization 556
Renal artery 27, 184, 187, 553
anatomy of 179
aneurysm of 139, 175
angioplasty 552, 554
damage 556
distal 174
Doppler tracings 180f
embolization 552
embolus 175
intervention 556
normal 32f, 180f
occlusion 556
ostial 555f
proximal 174
pseudoaneurysm 558f
right main 554
stenosis 33, 75, 173, 175, 175fc, 190f, 192, 196, 552, 554f
assessment of 179
atherosclerotic 190
bilateral 47
congenital 175, 177
evaluation of 27
stenting 190, 552, 555
thrombosis 197, 520
Renal aspergillosis 136
Renal atherosclerotic lesions 192
Renal calculus disease 57
Renal calyces, complex 4
Renal cancer
hereditary papillary 141
risk of 141b
SDH-associated 141
stage grouping for 149b
Renal cell
cancer 141, 149b, 162
tumors 137, 140
Renal cell carcinoma 7, 17, 52, 123, 137, 140, 141, 142f144f, 145t, 146f, 148f, 198, 151f, 155f, 515, 544, 549f, 550, 557f
chromophobe 137, 141, 146
cryoablation of 548f
imaging of 141
multicystic 141
staging 147
treatment of 153
Renal columns, prominent 139
Renal contrast-enhanced ultrasound 182
Renal cortical scintigraphy 46
Renal cystic disease 121, 136
classification of 126t
localized 132
Renal cystic lesions 121
Renal disease
end-stage 88f, 174, 196
focal cystic 133
medical 74
multifocal cystic 126
Renal donors, evaluation of 28
Renal duplication 12
Renal dynamic scintigraphy 39
Renal dysplasia 332
Renal failure 46, 75
chronic 75f, 130f
obstructive 78f
Renal fascia, posterior 498
Renal fractional flow reserve 186
Renal function 196
disorders of 74
measurement of 51
Renal graft, renal cell carcinoma in 206f
Renal hematopoietic neoplasms 138
Renal hilum 451
level of 451f
Renal infarction 18, 200f
Renal infections 7, 19
acute 93
chronic 93
Renal injury, mechanism of 86t
Renal insufficiency 556
Renal lymphoma 166, 166b, 168f
imaging of 166
primary 166
Renal mass 18, 145, 145t
biopsy 169
characterization of 27, 139t, 170fc
extension of 152f
imaging of 138
indeterminate 169
scoring 153
Renal medulla, intensity of 80f
Renal medullary carcinoma 137, 141
Renal metastases 168
hemorrhagic 169
Renal neoplasms 137, 556
transcatheter embolization of 556
RENAL nephrometry score 153, 154t
Renal osteodystrophy 90, 90f
Renal osteotrophy 90f
Renal output efficacy 46
Renal papillary necrosis 87, 89f
Renal parenchyma 23, 107, 128f
left 77f
Renal parenchymal disease 74, 75, 81, 76fc
chronic 87
Renal pelvis 109f, 110f, 166b
echogenic calculus in 58f
Renal plasma flow 51, 52
Renal positron emission tomography 38
Renal pseudoaneurysms 556
transcatheter embolization of 558
Renal pseudotumors 139
Renal scintigraphy inhibitor 44
Renal sinus 134f
distribution 157
thickness 12
Renal size 10
Renal stones, characterization of 27
Renal study, normal dynamic 41
Renal transplant 34, 175, 203f, 556
evaluation 46, 50
imaging of 196
Renal transplantation 196
Renal trauma 518, 519fc, 525
Renal tuberculosis 105, 107f, 112f
Renal tubular acidosis 75
Renal tumor 23, 25, 137, 518
ablation of 544
classification of 137
mesenchymal 157
staging of 153b
WHO classification of 137t
Renal vein
lower polar branch of 567f
renin measurements 189
thrombosis 13, 75, 197
Renogram
drainage pattern of 42
intravenous 142f
Renography, fynamic 38, 39
Renomedullary interstitial cell tumor 138
Renovascular disease 174
Renovascular hypertension 12, 33, 46, 47, 173, 174, 174fc, 178, 193
causes of 175b
etiology of 187t
major causes of 175
testing for 178
Resistance index 14, 262
Resistive index 13, 181, 200
use of 181
Retinopathy, hypertensive 191
Retrograde pyelography 9, 111, 213, 215, 514f
role of 520
Retrograde ureterograms 528
Retrograde urethrography 211, 213, 214, 225, 225f, 528
Retromesenteric plane 497, 498, 498f
Retroperitoneal collections 509
Retroperitoneal fibrosis, idiopathic 71, 514f
Retroperitoneal pathologies, common 501b
Retroperitoneal spaces 4
Retroperitoneal tubercular lymphadenopathy 507f
Retroperitoneum 497
Retroplacental clear space, loss of 567f
Retrorenal plane 497
Retrorenal space 498, 498f
Rhabdoid tumor 137
Rhabdomyomas 129
Rhabdomyosarcoma 137, 232, 426, 504
Rib 431
lower 518
Rickets 90
Riedel's thyroiditis 514
Right ovarian
dermoid 283f
torsion 291f, 293f
Right renal
artery 5, 176f, 553f
lower polar branch of 559f
calculus 31f
fossa 99f, 142f
Right uterine
angiogram 561f, 562f
artery, selective angiogram of 563f, 564f
Rigid tunica albuginea 443
Rim calcification 343f
Risk group classification 450, 451t
Robert's uterine catheter 561f
Rokitansky nodule 283, 283f, 288
Rokitansky protuberance 282
Rubella, congenital 175
Rudimentary cavity 340
Rudimentary testis, small 442
S
Sac, lesser 319
Saccus vaginalis 439
Sacroiliac joint 90
Saline infusion 23
sonography 360, 361
sonohysterography 392
sonohystero-salpingography 249
Salpingitis 295, 296
isthmica nodosa 399, 400
Salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral 373
Sarcoma 81
retroperitoneal 515
Schistosoma haematobium 68, 232
Schistosomiasis 7, 68, 232
Schwann cells bundles 505f
Schwannoma 138, 157, 501, 505
Scleroderma 75
Scleroprotein 287
Sclerosants 556
Sclerosing stromal tumor 290
Scrotal arteriovenous malformation 564
Scrotal diseases 439
Scrotal pearl 453f
Scrotal trauma 445
Scrotal tumors, extratesticular 454
Scrotal ultrasound 440
Scrotoliths 452
detection of 452
Scrotum 439
acute 442
magnetic resonance imaging of 441
pyocele of 453f
Segmental renal artery 174
Seminal vesicle 416, 456, 457, 461
agenesis of 461f
cysts, multiple postinflammatory 462f
involvement 433f
paired 416f
Seminomas 447
testis 451f
Sepsis 75, 86
Septal resorption 332
Septate uterus 335, 337f, 338, 340, 396
bicorporeal 339
partial 338
Seromucinous tumors 313
Serous
cystadenoma 278, 278f, 279f
hydrosalpinx 301
papillary
carcinoma 320f, 358
cystadenocarcinoma 324f
tubal intraepithelial carcinoma 330
tumors 313, 324
Sertoli cells 439
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor 323, 327
Serum tumor 447, 450
Sex cord 501, 506
cells 278
mixed 313
stromal tumors 278, 289, 313, 323, 446, 447, 449
tumors, pure 313
Shading sign 272
Shear wave elastography 14, 250
Shock, cardiogenic 75
Shockwave lithotripsy 59
Shrunken kidney 180f
Signal intensity tumor 366
Signal-to-noise ratio 185, 229
Sjögren's syndrome 84
Skene glands 224
Skin 198, 439
scrotum consists of 417
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 138
Smooth multilocular tumor 316f
Smooth muscle
cells 341
hyperplasia 348
hypertrophy 348
tumors 372
Smooth uterine, triangle-shaped 391f
Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions 186
Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 552
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate 543
Soft tissue 160f
differentiation 361
Solid focal lesions 113, 114f
Solid organ transplant 117
Solitary fibrous tumor 138, 157
Solitary fluid-filled lesion 134f
Soluble antigen fluorescent antibody 106
Sono automated volume calculations 408
Sonographic appearance, normal 216
Sonography 66, 519
four-dimensional 248
technique of 440
three-dimensional 248
Sonohysterography 227, 250f, 393
Space of Retzius 223, 229
Speckle suppression 408
Sperm motility defects, severe 461
Spermatic cord 241
hypoechoic 420f
normal 420
thrombosis 443
Spermatic veins, external 457
Sphincter, external 213
Spin echo, conventional 29
Spinal canal 505f
Spindle cell carcinoma 137
Spleen 7, 198
Spoke wheel appearance 409
Spongiosa 464
Spontaneous cycles 406
Squamous cell 381, 386
carcinoma 165, 240, 374, 426
cervix 381f
Squamous epithelial lining 282
Stenosis
mechanical 391
recurrent 190
Sternoclavicular joint 90
Sternum 431
Steroid cell tumors 290
Stipple sign 164
Stones, calcium-based 57
Straddle injury 530
Striated nephrogram pattern 18, 19
Stroke, ischemic 173
Stroma
endometrial 370
myxoid 505f
Stromal invasion, depth of 376
Stromal neoplasms 506
Stromal reaction 327
Stromal sarcoma, endometrial 350, 370, 373
Stromal tumors 313, 373, 501
pure 313
Submucosal fibroid 353, 394f
Submucosal leiomyomas 341, 346, 396
Subseptate uterus 249f
Subserosal fibroid uterus 344f
Subserosal leiomyomas 341, 343
Subserosal myomas 394
Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal carcinoma 137
Supravalvular aortic stenosis 175
Supravesical urinary tract obstruction 537
Surgery, aortic 513
Swirling vessels 293
Swiss cheese, appearance of 126
Symphysis pubis 90
Synovial sarcoma 137, 157
Syphilis 511, 514
Syphilitic arteritis 175
Systemic autoimmune disorders 84
Systemic lupus erythematosus 75, 79, 81
Systemic lymphadenectomy 368
T
T2 dark spot sign 272
Takayasu's arteritis 174177, 177f, 185f, 188f, 191, 191f, 511, 552
Takayasu's disease 176, 177
Tamm-Horsfall protein 81
Tamoxifen 347
Tardus-Parvus waveform 181
Teardrop bladder 70, 215, 226
Teratoma 282, 448
benign cystic 350
immature 326
mature 326, 448
cystic 277, 282, 283, 284f, 286f288f, 289
retroperitoneal 506f
Testes 439
Testicular arteries 420, 439
Testicular atrophy 446
Testicular cancer 446, 447, 449
evaluation of 451
staging of 441, 450, 450b, 450t
Testicular microlithiasis 446, 452, 452f
Testicular rupture, diagnosis of 446
Testicular size 439
Testicular torsion 444, 459
types of 444
Testicular trauma 460
Testicular tumor 446, 451, 462
classification of 446, 447t
embolization 564
prevalence of 447t
Testis 241, 439, 459
anatomical hilum of 439
appendix of 440, 445, 453f
congenital anomalies of 441
ectopic 442
migratory 442
multicentric rhabdomyosarcoma of 449f
nerves of 420
non-germ cell tumors of 449
nonpalpable seminoma of 447f
normal 420f
vascularity of 421f
retractile 442
teratoma of 448f
unilateral absence of 442
Testosterone 456
Tetracycline 543
Thecomas 289, 290, 449
Thoracic spine 431
Thoracoabdominal aortic dissection 512f
Three-dimensional manual mode 408
Thromboembolism 175
Thrombophlebitis 442
Thrombosis, appearance of 512
Thrombotic microangiopathy 86
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 81
Thrombus 500
Tissue
chronic fibrotic 508
harmonic imaging 408
mesenchymal 370
mimicking benign 426
slough 66
TNM staging 232t
Torsion 444, 445f, 457
extravaginal 444
intermittent 445, 445f
missed 444
Trabeculation, presence of 226
Trachelectomy 377
Tranexamic acid 346
Transabdominal scan 247
Transabdominal sonography 375
Transabdominal ultrasound 292f
guided follicular aspiration 411
Transabdominal urinary bladder 217f
Transducer bandwidth frequency 405
Transfemoral venous route 566f
Transitional cell
carcinoma 7, 23, 66, 67f, 163, 164f, 165f, 166b, 233f235f, 240
tumors 278, 281
Transjugular liver biopsy 567
Transjugular renal biopsy 552, 565, 567f
Transmural fibroids 347
Transplant kidney 545f, 549f
evaluation of 13, 28
upper pole of 549f
Transplant renal artery stenosis 177, 178f
Transplant vessels, occlusion of 204
Transrectal transducer 216
Transrectal ultrasonography 415, 424, 457
Transrectal ultrasound 247, 426
Transvaginal scanning 247
Transvaginal sonography 359, 392
Transvaginal transducer 216
Transvaginal ultrasound 398f
Transversalis fascia 498
Transverse vaginal septum 334
Trauma 13, 175, 457, 462, 519
blunt 529
urethral 531
Trophoblastic tissue 303
Tubal dilatation 301
Tubal disease, malignant 312
Tubal factor 390, 399
Tubal obstruction, proximal 400
Tubal pathology 301
Tubercle 106
Tuberculosis 7, 75, 105, 109f, 111, 135, 237, 295, 299, 355, 482, 486f, 514
extrapulmonary 105
genital 399, 402
genitourinary 117
pulmonary 105
Tuberculous ureteritis 68
Tuberous sclerosis 129, 157, 175
complex 141, 162
Tubo-ovarian abscess, tubercular 301f
Tubules, acute blockage of 81
Tubuli recti converge 439
Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma 137
Tubulointerstitial nephritis 84, 86
Tumor 75, 232
ablated 549
adenomatoid 350
adnexal 315
benign 67
mesenchymal 350
blood levels of 450t
blush, large 566f
cells 449
detection 376, 416
endometrial 368
endometroid 278
epithelial 278, 313, 323, 324t
stromal 278, 281
extension 151
extratesticular 454
heterogeneous 448
higher grade 373
infiltration, extent of 249
inflammatory myofibroblastic 235
invasion 382
irregular solid 307
localization of 377
lysis syndrome 86
malignant 165, 308
marker 328, 448
metanephric 137, 156
stromal 137
metastatic 138, 278
ovarian 326
prostate 433
miscellaneous 446
mixed mesenchymal 350
mucinous 278, 313, 324
node, and metastasis 165, 432
nonepithelial 67
obstructs cervical canal 375
primary 450
secondary 67
spread 430
stage 149, 377, 430
vascularity, obliteration of 557f
Tunica albuginea 421, 422f, 441, 446, 466f
echogenic 421f
Tunica vaginalis 417
U
Ulcer 106
Ultralow-dose computed tomography 15
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic
iron oxide 509
particles 253
Ultrasonography 77, 93, 111, 124, 164, 199, 213, 216, 225, 226, 245, 314, 474, 497, 500
contrast enhanced 250
real-time 226
Ultrasound 9, 23, 138, 141, 156, 197, 247, 474, 538
contrast
agents 94
enhanced 13, 14, 79, 142, 182, 200, 427
directed follicle aspiration 410
elastography 14
intravascular 179, 189
role of 519
Uneven caliectasis 113f, 116f
Unicornuate uterus 333, 334, 334f, 396, 403
Upper abdomen, ultrasound of 158f
Upper abdominal ligaments 318, 319t
Upper urinary tract
anatomy of 3
computed tomography of 14
imaging techniques of 6
magnetic resonance imaging of 28
normal appearance of 15, 29
radiological anatomy of 3
Urachal anomalies 229, 230, 230t
Urachal carcinoma 235f
Urachal diverticulum 230f
Urate nephropathy, acute 81
Ureter 6, 7, 13, 108, 110, 113, 115
diseases of 64
inflammatory lesions of 67
pregnancy-related dilatation of 70
Ureteral fistula 71
Ureteral herniation 71
Ureteral injury 71
Ureteral lesions 23
Ureteral obstruction, acute 196
Ureteral strictures 207
Ureteral trauma 527
Ureteral tumors 66
Ureteric calculus 59, 66
left 8f
Ureteric injury 527f
Ureteric lesions 25
Ureteric obstruction 72f
Ureteric stent 542f
Ureteric stenting, antegrade 542
Ureteric stricture 110f, 201f
Ureteric trauma 72f
Ureteritis cystica 67
Ureteritis, radiation 68
Ureterocele 65, 65f
ectopic 238
Ureterograms, antegrade 528
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 64, 520
Ureteroscopy 59
Ureterovesical junction 542f
Urethra 108, 212, 220, 223
anterior 212, 214
bulbous 212
entire extent of 229f
membranous 212
metastatic tumors of 240
posterior 212, 531f
proximal 464
sonography of 227
specific diseases of 235
stricture of posterior 237
Urethral calculi 238
Urethral calculus 239f
Urethral carcinoma 240
Urethral crest 224
Urethral diseases 223
Urethral diverticulum 238, 238f
acquired 238
Urethral fistula 238
Urethral injury 531, 532f
anterior 531, 532f
posterior 531
Urethral sonography, ascending 217
Urethral sphincter 213
internal 213
intrinsic 213
Urethral squamous cell carcinoma 240f
Urethral stricture 237, 461
post-traumatic
anterior 237f
posterior 237f
Urethral transitional cell carcinoma 240f
Urethral trauma 530
Urethral tuberculosis 111
Urethral tumors 238
Urethral valve, posterior 65
Urethritis, gonococcal 235
Urethrography, technique of 531
Urethroperineal fistulas 236
Urethroplasty 533
Uric acid, pure 60f
Urinary bladder 108, 111, 113, 115, 211, 216, 218, 219f, 246f, 223, 270, 415f, 461, 480, 529f, 530f, 542f, 567f
and urethra 214f
cancer 53
examination of 216f
malignancy 72f
specific diseases of 229
trauma 528
tuberculosis 111f
wall 211f
anatomy 226
Urinary extravasation 527
Urinary frequency 341
Urinary obstruction 198, 207
functional 33
Urinary structures, normal anatomy of 16f
Urinary tract 7, 218, 321
distension 22
imaging 38
infection 38, 46, 47, 58
acute 215
diagnosis of 93
nontubercular infections of 93
obstruction 46
trauma 518
tubercular infection of 105
tuberculosis 69f, 105, 108t, 117f, 118t
pathogenesis of 106fc
Urination, frequency of 423
Urine, extravasation of 514
Urinoma 198, 201f, 204f, 544
formation 509
Urodynamic studies 213, 221, 225
Urogenital diaphragm 531f
Urogenital tuberculosis 237
Urogram, excretory 7, 124f, 131f
Urography 76
excretory 124
magnetic resonance of 31
Urolithiasis 7, 19, 57
Uropathy, obstructive 57, 63
Urothelial involvement 114f
Urothelial lesions 23, 24
Urothelial tumor 163
Uterine 7, 251, 262t
abnormality, functional 398
arteriovenous malformation 351, 561, 563f
atony 562
axis 362
bleeding 564f
cancer, cervical origin of 386
characterization of 247
endometrial stromal sarcoma, staging of 370t
factor 390, 393
filling defect 392f
fundus 352
hypoplasia 396
inversion 352
leiomyomas 340, 346b, 561
lesions 306
main classes and subclasses 338
mass, lobulated 345f
procedure 295
segment, lower 378f
treatment of 352
tuberculosis 403
Uterine artery 261, 262, 562f
angiogram, selective left 561f, 562f
embolization 372, 552, 560, 561f
left 563f
Uterine cavity 350, 391, 392f, 397f
midline 334
T-shaped 338f
Uterine contour 392
external 336
Uterine fibroids 342f, 561f
treatment of 346
Uterine leiomyosarcoma 372f
staging of 370t
Uterine sarcoma 369, 370
subgroups of 370
Uterus 253, 332, 358
adenomyosis of 347
aplastic 339, 340
arcuate 336, 396
benign diseases of 332, 355
bicornuate 335, 336f, 396
cirrhosis of 348
complete bicorporeal 339
complete septate 338
didelphys 334, 396
dysmorphic 338
enlarged globular 398f
evaluation of 247
glandular epithelium of 358
infantilis 338
magnetic resonance of 258
malignant diseases of 358
normal 254f, 256f
sonographic evaluation of 247
transvaginal sonography of 371f
T-shaped 338, 338f
Uveitis 84
V
Vagina 256, 332, 358
benign diseases of 332
encompass 355
imaging of 252
malignant diseases of 358
proximal 333
upper 378f
Vaginal anomalies, coexistent 340
Vaginal aplasia 340
Vaginal arteriovenous malformation 552, 564, 565f
Vaginal bleeding 360f
abnormal 372
Vaginal cancer 386
secondary 387
staging of 387, 387t
Vaginal discharge 296
Vaginal leiomyomas 355
Vaginal lesions, benign 355
Valsalva maneuver 440, 457, 458f
Varicocele 454, 457, 458f
effects of 457
embolization 552, 564
technique of 566f
size of 457
Vas deferens 461
agenesis of 456
Vascular blush 564f
Vascular diseases 75
Vascular injury 521, 522
Vascular nidus, complete obliteration of 566f
Vascular pedicle sign 264
Vasculitis 175, 177
Vena cava, inferior 17f, 65, 138, 473, 497, 498, 504f, 512
Venereal warts 236
Venetian blind appearance 348
Venous infarction 443
Venous thrombosis 513
Verumontanum 224
Vesicoureteral reflux 40
Vesicoureteric junction 59
involvement of 375
right 77f
Vesicoureteric reflux, evaluation of 214
Vesicovaginal fistula 214
Vessel morphology, characterization of 249
Vimentin 386
Virtual cystoscopy 218
magnetic resonance 220
Visceral metastases 319
Visualization of tubercle 106
Vitamin D 90
Voiding cystourethrography 211, 213, 214, 225, 226
Voiding urethral sonography detects 217
Volume rendered technique 21
Vomiting 409
von Gierke's disease 81
von Hippel-Lindau
disease 128, 129f, 140, 141
syndrome 545
Vulva 358
W
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia 81
Watering can perineum 237
Whipple's disease 507
Whirlpool sign 291f, 293
Williams syndrome 175
Wilms’ tumor 492
Wolffian ducts 303
World Health Organization 137, 312, 358, 456
Worms, bag of 373
Wunderlich syndrome 157
X
Xanthogranulomas 299
Xanthogranulomatous
inflammation 299
pyelonephritis 93, 101, 102f, 108
Y
Yolk sac tumor 326, 327f, 448
Young's modulus 427
Z
Zinner syndrome 462, 463f
Zona
fasciculata 473
glomerulosa 473
reticularis 473
Zuckerkandl fascia 497
Zygote intrafallopian transfer 410
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Chapter Notes

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