Demystifying Endometriosis Kanthi Bansal
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPRSTUVW
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
Ablation 51
endomyometrial 148
Abortion
recurrent 8
spontaneous 8
Abscess 13
Adenocarcinoma 138
endometrioid 11
Adeno-ectopic endometrial glands 140
Adenomyoma 134
juvenile cystic 150
Adenomyosis 2, 17, 130, 136, 137, 138f, 142f, 145, 152
clinical signs of 138
CT scan of 143f
diffuse 142f
focal 141f
histopathologic image of 150f
hysterosalpingogram finding of 143f
hysteroscopy image of 144f
impact of 134, 150
pathogenesis of 132, 133f
staging of 137
transvaginal
color Doppler findings of 140f
sonographic findings of 139f
types of 134, 135f
Adhesiolysis 47, 51, 73
Adhesion molecules, lack of expression of 136
Adjunct therapy 42
Adnexa 12
Adnexal adhesions 14
Adnexectomy 97
Amenorrhea 60
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 26, 74
American Fertility Society 51
Score 122
American Society for Reproductive Medicine 27, 51, 81, 84, 115
Classification 14, 22
Staging 14
Analgesics 35
Anastrozole 39, 40, 58
Antiangiogenic drugs 124
Antibodies 61
Anticancer treatment 132
Anti-Müllerian hormone 4, 51, 96
Antiplatelet therapy 147
Antiprogestogens 36, 37, 38
Antitumor necrosis factor-alpha 60
Antral follicle count 51
Anxiety 21, 43
Appendix 12
Archimyometrium 135
Aromatase inhibitors 39, 40, 58, 58, 122, 146
Aspiration 51, 97
laparoscopic 97
Assisted reproductive techniques 51, 74, 77, 98, 121, 150
Atrophy, endometrial 60
Atypical endometrial hyperplasia 138
B
Bazedoxifene 59
Biological therapy 61
Biomarkers 10
role of 68
Biomolecular theory 102
Bladder 1, 17
endometriosis 41, 104, 107, 108
surgical management of 49
Bleeding
cyclical 34
umbilical 8
Body mass index 64
Bone mineral density 24, 57, 59
Broad ligaments 1
Buserelin 38, 56
C
Cancer antigen 125 22
Carbon dioxide 50
Carcinoma, endometrioid 12
Cecum 12
Cell
adhesion molecule 78
mediated function 77
proliferation 38
Cellular therapy 61
Central nervous system 123
Cervical incompetency 139
Cesarean delivery, increased incidence of 139
Chinese Herbal Medicine for Endometriosis 126
Chocolate cyst 3f
Coelomic metaplasia, Meyer and Ivanoff theory of 101
Coital function 95
Combination hormone therapy 26
Combined hormonal contraceptive 36, 37
Combined oral contraceptive 37, 55, 56
pill 24, 36
Conservative surgery 71f
Constipation 8
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation 83
Cul-de-sac 9, 14
posterior 2f
Cyclooxygenase 57, 68, 79
Cyproterone acetate 38
Cyst 13
hemorrhagic 11
wall, poor vascularization of 96
Cystectomy 47, 51, 73, 97
intraperitoneal 97
laparoscopic 80
transperitoneal 97
Cystic lesions 10
Cystic mucosal elevation 144
Cytochrome p450 102
Cytokines 61
D
Danazol 56, 71, 79, 116, 121, 145
containing intrauterine device 121
Deep dyspareunia 34, 94, 105
Deep endometriosis 16, 51
lesions, location of 17
Deep endometriotic lesions 73
Deep infiltrating endometriosis 15, 34, 48, 54, 67, 100, 102, 108t, 119
classification of 103
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate 24, 57, 122
Depression 21
Desogestrel 37, 39
Diaphragm 12
Diarrhea 8, 94
Dienogest 25, 37, 38, 57, 58, 117, 145
indications for 119
structure of 118f
Direct implantation theory 101
Doppler ultrasonography 140
Dydrogesterone 56, 121
Dyschezia 8, 9, 34, 94
Dysmenorrhea 7, 8, 34, 36, 40, 73f, 93, 94, 105
primary 23
secondary 73
severe 105
Dyspareunia 7, 8, 21, 36, 40, 93–95
Dysuria 8, 94, 105
E
Ectopic pregnancy, history of 132
Elagolix 122
Embryo
quality of 78
transfer 81
Endometrial cysts management 28
Endometrial defects 144
Endometrial dysfunction 95
Endometrial implants, enhanced apoptosis of 38
Endometrial polyp 138
Endometrial steroid metabolism 135
Endometrial tissue growth 57
Endometrioma 10, 10f, 11, 22, 28, 83, 92, 92f, 95f, 96f, 97, 100
laparoscopic-guided drainage of 69
large 25
removal of 97
surgery 69f
surgical removal of 83
treatment of 83
Endometriosis 1–4, 4f, 7–9, 12, 15, 20, 22, 23f, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 46, 47, 50, 52, 54, 57, 64, 73f, 74f, 77, 79, 82, 85, 92, 94, 95f, 96, 100, 113, 115, 115f, 126, 136, 138
ablation of 47
adolescent 7, 20, 21
asymptomatic 12, 13, 51
classification of 13
development 114
diagnosis of 7–11, 94
disease 4
theory 2
effect of 86
etiopathogenesis of 60
excision of 47
extragenital 49
extrapelvic 9
fertility index 14, 15, 16t, 78
Foundation of America 15
history of 4
hysterectomy for 42
immunobiology of 92, 93f
impact of 1, 4
invasive rectovaginal 8
laparoscopic treatment of 30
lesions 49
management of 113, 119
pain in 33
marker 94
mechanism of pain in 34
medical
management of 55
treatment of 87
minimal-mild 79, 87
natural course of 23
pathogenesis of 1, 113
pelvic 2
prevalence of 7, 100
recurrence of 65t, 71f
severe 2f
staging of 7, 13
surgery for 74
surgical management of 46, 97
symptomatic 13
indicators of 94
symptoms of 21, 49, 94t
treatment of 88, 116
ureteric 104, 109
Endometriotic cyst
ablation of 73
drainage of 28f, 83
Endometriotic implants, growth of 61
Endometriotic lesion 25, 47
recurrence of 68
size of 12
Endometriotic nodules 41
Endometriotic tissue 120
Endometrium 54
ectopic 55, 118f
ectopic implantation of 54
Environment theory 102
Enzian classification 16
Enzyme
aromatase p450 58
inhibitors 60
Epidemiology 131
Epidermal growth factor 117
Epistaxis 8
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition 147
Estrogen receptor 135
ligands 124
polymorphism 66
Ethinyl estradiol 37
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 36, 58, 81, 84, 105, 120
Guidelines 67
Eutopic endometrium 55, 118f
Extracellular matrix 102
F
Fallopian tubes 1, 2, 4
Fascia 13
Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Societies of India 120
Fertility 134
restoration, treatment options for 149
Fetal malpresentation 139
Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation 147
Fluid 34
Focal hypervascularization 144
Follicle-stimulating hormone 38, 39, 58, 123
Folliculogenesis, abnormal 95
Food and Drug Administration 120
Fulguration 98
G
Gabapentin 125
Galactorrhea 9
Genetic theory 101
Gestrinone 56, 116
Glands 54
endometrial 33, 102
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 26, 69, 116, 120
agonists 24, 36, 38, 39, 55, 56, 116, 120, 146
analogs 24, 50, 71, 79
antagonist 39, 58, 86, 122
Goserelin 38, 56
Granuloma 13
Ground-glass appearance 10
classic 10f
Gynecologic disease, chronic 92
H
Halban's theory 101
Heavy menstrual bleeding 4, 130
Hematochezia 8, 94
Hematuria 8
macroscopic 94
microscopic 94
Hemopneumothorax, cyclical 8
Hemorrhage, postpartum 139
Hernias 21
incisional 13
inguinal 13
Hormonal replacement therapy 74
Hormonal therapies 36
Hourglass-shaped lesions 103
Human epididymis protein 96
Human menopausal gonadotropin 86
Hyperactivation 3
Hyperalgesia, neuropathic 34
Hyperplasia 130
muscular 140
Hyperprolactinemia 9
Hypertension, pregnancy-induced 139
Hypertrophy 140
Hypoechoic cyst 96
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis 120
Hypoxia 4
inducible factor-1α 136f
Hysterectomy 42, 49, 50, 73, 149, 152
Hysterosalpingogram 143
Hysteroscopy 143, 144f
diagnostic 143
I
Immunoglobulin β3 136f
Immunomodulators 124
Implantation theory 2
In vitro fertilization 51, 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, 97, 119, 135
Induction therapy 3
Infertility 8, 25, 79, 93, 94, 138
adenomyosis-associated 136f
causes of 95t
endometriosis-associated 81t
etiology of 77
management 74
Inflammation, local 3
Inflammatory response, abnormal 135
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Classification 130
Intestinal system 102
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles 85
Intraperitoneal inflammation 8, 95
Intrauterine insemination 85
Invasive tissue growth 131
Iron deficiency 4
K
Keloid 13
L
Laparoscopic cyst enucleation 28
Laparoscopic excision 40, 98f
Laparoscopic resection 107f
Laparoscopic surgery 73f
Laparoscopic surgical techniques 109
Laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation 73
Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation 47
Laparoscopy 11, 12, 46, 47, 68, 80, 97
advantages of 25
diagnostic 22
Laparotomy 12, 47, 97
Leiomyoma 130
Letrozole 40, 58
plus triptorelin 40
Leukemia inhibitory factor 136f
Leuprolide 38, 56
acetate 29, 39
depot 56
Levonorgestrel 37, 38
releasing intrauterine system 24, 37, 70, 145, 146
Lipoma 13
Luteal insufficiency 8
Luteal phase defect 95
Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 8, 9, 95
Luteinizing hormone 9, 38, 39, 58, 86, 121
Lymphatic spread, Halban's theory of 101
Lynestrenol 116
M
Macrophages 95
Magnetic resonance imaging 11, 22, 35, 96, 96f, 106, 139, 141
Malignancy 12, 130
Matrix metalloproteinase 114, 136f
Medroxyprogesterone 38
acetate 57, 71, 116
Megestrol acetate 57
Membranes, preterm premature rupture of 139
Menarche, early age of 4
Menopause, late 4
Menses, irregular 21
Menstrual cycles 4, 34, 138
Menstrual pain, severe 94
Messenger ribonucleic acid 135
Metaplasia theory 2
Meyer and Ivanoff theory 101
Migraine 21
Minimal endometriosis, typical appearance of 1f
Minimally invasive approaches 148
Miscarriage, second-trimester 139
Molecular tests 97
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 114
Müllerian anomalies 21
Multicentral disease 109
Multifocal disease 109
Muscle 13
Musculoskeletal disorders 21
Myometrial architecture, destruction of 135
Myometrium 137
Myosis 140
Mysterious disease 77
N
Nafarelin 38, 56
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 24
Nerve
growth factor 115
infiltration of 34
interrupting surgeries 42
irritation of 34
Neurogenesis 34
Nodular excision 109
Nodules, malignant 13
Noninvasive therapy 61
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 7, 23, 26, 35, 55, 70, 116, 145
role of 70
Nonuterine-sparing procedures 149
Norethindrone 37, 38
acetate 25, 57
Norethisterone 116
acetate 39
Norgestrel 37
Nuclear factor-kappa b 68
O
Oocytes, quality of 78
Oophorectomy 42
Operative laparoscopy 51
Oral Chinese herbal medicines 126
Oral contraceptive 7, 120
pill 66, 69, 70, 79, 117, 145
role of 70
Outflow obstruction 21
Ovarian cancer 12
Ovarian endometrioma 15, 28, 28f, 46, 51, 54, 82, 83
management of 98
Ovarian endometriosis 34, 47
diagnosis of 10
Ovarian endometriotic cyst walls, laparoscopic excision of 40
Ovarian fossae, peritoneum of 12
Ovarian implants, morphology of 14
Ovarian microendometrioma 102
Ovarian preservation 74
Ovarian rupture 46
Ovarian torsion 46
Ovariectomy 97
Ovary 1, 101
chocolate cyst 3f
endometrioma of 28
removal of 49
Ovulation 95
Ovulatory dysfunction 8, 95, 130
Ovum pick up 95
P
Paediatric Committee of European Medicines Agency 119
Pain 8, 25, 47–49
acyclic 21
deep infiltrating endometriosis-associated 41
endometriosis-associated 24, 36, 42, 48–50, 56t
nonmenstrual 40
relief 116
shoulder 8
surgical management of 72
types of 94
Peculiar atypical red vascular lesions 23f
Pelvic
adhesions 34
anatomy, distortion of 34
denervation 72
mass 21
MRI 141
nerve pathways, surgical interruption of 50
organ 13
pain 9, 94
chronic 7, 8, 36, 94, 105, 113, 137
cyclical 8
endometriosis-associated 119, 126
nonmenstrual 93
peritoneum 1
symptoms 8
wall 17
Peritoneal cavity 34
Peritoneal endometriosis 15, 33, 51, 100
ablation of 47
excision of 47
Peritoneal erosions 2f
Peritoneal function 77
Peritoneal implants 54
morphology of 14
Peritoneal vascular endothelial growth factor 114
Peritoneal windows 23f
Peritubal adhesions 95
Phagocytosis 95
Pollakiuria 94
Polyp 130
Posterior wall fornix lesions 103
Pouch of Douglas 35, 67, 101
Powder burn lesions 27
Preeclampsia 139
Pregnancy 69, 132
Presacral nerve ablation 73
Presacral neurectomy 50, 72
Preterm birth 139
Progesterone 116
receptor 115, 135
Progestin 24, 57, 116
only preparations 38
Progestogen 24, 36, 37
synthetic 57
Prostaglandins 118
local production of 95
Psychiatric disorder 132
R
Radical surgery 110
Radical treatment 97
Raloxifene 59
Randomized controlled trial 35
Rapamycin 124
mammalian target of 124
Rectal bleeding 8
Rectal endometriosis, diagnosis of 11
Rectal wall, anterior 103
Rectosigmoid endometriosis 100
Rectovaginal endometriosis 107f
diagnosis of 11
Rectovaginal nodular dissection 107f
Rectovaginal septum 1, 17
lesions 103
painful swelling of 9
Rectum 17
Recurrence
diagnosis of 67
following surgery 29
immunological role for 66
rate 66
site of 67
Recurrent endometriosis 12, 24, 81
incidence of 67
treatment of 68
Resveratrol 125
Retinoic acid metabolism 125
Retrograde menstruation 3
mechanism of 117f
persistence of 66
Sampson theory of 54, 101
Retroperitoneal lesions, subclassification of 103
Revised American Fertility Society 65
Score 12, 64
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 81
Guidelines 80
S
Sacrouterine ligament 17
Salphingo-oophorectomy, bilateral 73
Salpingectomy 84
Sampson theory 54, 101
Scar endometriosis 12, 13
Selective estrogen receptor modulators 30, 59, 123, 146
Selective progesterone receptor modulators 30, 60, 123
Sigmoid colon 17
Small for gestational age fetuses 139
Sonography, transvaginal 10, 11, 95, 105, 106, 139
Sperm inactivation 95
Stem cell 13
origins 131
Steroid sulfatase enzyme 60
Strawberry pattern 144
Stress 43
Stroma 33, 54
Subfertility 7, 8, 21, 138
Surface endometriosis 100
electrocoagulation 27f
Surgery 46, 147
extent of 12
role of 50, 51f
technique of 69
timing of 69
types of 12
T
Tamoxifen 59
Tanner system 21
Tenesmus 94
Testosterone 58
Third-generation nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, role of 58
Thrombosis 37
Tibolone 71
Tissue injury and repair, role of 133
Triptorelin 38, 56
depot 56
Tubal motility 95
Tubes, anatomical distortion of 95
Tumor 13
necrosis factor 55, 60, 118, 135
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 61
U
Ulipristal acetate 146
Ultrasonography 22, 69, 83, 95
endorectal 35
transrectal 105, 106
transvaginal 35, 139
Ultrasound
high-intensity focused 61, 149
transvaginal 22, 96
Unilateral ovarian cystic enlargement 9
Ureter 1
endometriosis of 104
intrinsic involvement of 17
mobilization 73
Ureterolysis 108f
Urinary system 102
Urinary tract endometriosis, prevalence of 2
Uterine
artery embolization 148, 148f
bleeding, abnormal 130
enlargement 138
fibroids 138
inflammation 131
oxidative stress environmental dysregulation 136
peristalsis 135
sparing procedures 147
surgery, history of 132
wall
transverse H-incision of 147
wedge resection of 147
Uterosacral ligaments 1f, 101, 102
Uterotubal transport 78
abnormal 134
Uterus 12
defects in 4
retrocervical area of 103
V
Vaccines 61
Vaginal wall, posterior 103
Vascular endothelial growth factor 61, 82, 118
Vascular theory 101
Venous thromboembolism 117
Vesicouterine fold 12
Visual analog scale 119
W
World Endometriosis Society Consensus Statement on Classification of Endometriosis 14
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