A
Abrasions 85
Acidosis, severe 91
treatment of 260
Acute left ventricle dysfunction 105
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 53, 54, 73, 96, 99, 113, 114, 116, 117fc, 176, 203, 270, 317, 321
de novo 115
development of 82
mild 63
mild-to-moderate 197
moderate-to-severe 183
severity of 115
Adequate monitoring, requirements for 198
Adequate oxygenation and ventilation 320
Adjuvant therapies 40
Adrenaline 47
Advanced airways, use of 316
Aerophagia 68
Aerosol particles size 192
techniques 311
defects 307
diseases 74
inflammation 190
injury 149
obstruction, respiratory depression 184
continuous 246
resistance 21
Alcohol intake 100
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantations 101
Altitude compensation 132
Alveolar hypoventilation, primary 74
Amikacin 190
Amphotericin B 190
Ancillary therapies 311
Anesthesia 53
Anterior horn cell 73
Antibiotics 190
Anxiety 242
Aortic blood pressure 106f
Apneic oxygenation, preprocedure 262
Argyle nasal prongs 290f
Arm edema 85
Arterial blood pressure 165
Arterial oxygen partial pressure 40
Arterial pulse pressure 8
Aspergillus prevention 190
Asphyxia, less chances of 33
severe 79
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome 53
exacerbations 63
pathophysiological feature of 52
Asynchrony 32
Atelectrauma 96
At-home ventilators 16f
Atrial natriuretic peptide synthesis 7
Automatic tube compensation 216
Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure 21
Awakening and breathing controlled trials 216
B
Bag and mask, self-inflating 312
Bariatric surgery 120
Becker's muscular dystrophy 134
Bernoulli's effect 289
Beta-agonists 190
Bilevel noninvasive ventilation 51
Biotrauma 96
Bite plates 32
Blood
gas 70
analysis 199
worsening of 99
pressure, reduction in 125
products, large transfusion of 145
Blunt injury 99
Body mass index 83
Body weight, predicted 114
Borg dyspnea score 153
Borg scale, modified 153
Botulism 74
Bowel obstruction 79
Brain injury, traumatic 313
Brainstem 91fc
Bronchitis 74
Bronchospasm 190
Bubble Continuous positive airway pressure system 288f
Bubble humidifier 43
Bulbar involvement 253
Bulbar weakness 138
Burns 79
C
arterial partial pressure of 216
arterial pressure of 41
cutaneous 206
monitoring 247
rebreathing 57
transcutaneous measurement of 247
Cardiac disease 157
Cardiac function 105
Cardiac origin, pulmonary edema of 113
Cardiac output 105
Cardiac parameters 200
management of 10
Cardiopulmonary interactions 11
Cardiopulmonary monitoring 312
Cardiorespiratory interaction 107f
Cardiovascular system, effects on 7
Care providers, training of 312
Ceftazidime 190
Central inspiratory drive, inadequate 307
Central sleep apnea 254
Central venous pressure 9
Chemotherapy, receiving 149
Child's inspiration 289
Chronic end-stage diseases 242
Chronic home respiratory support 313
Chronic obstructive airway disease 74
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3, 51, 63, 73, 77, 78, 89, 90, 96, 113, 138, 171, 179, 187, 190, 197, 210, 216, 218f, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243, 245, 251, 259, 262, 267, 306
stable 90f
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder 50
Colistin 190
Collection bag 46
Coma 56
Concurrent infection 78
Confusion 79
Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring 320
Continuous positive airway pressure 3, 10, 13, 21, 40, 84, 97, 105, 108, 114, 119, 125, 127, 146, 150, 170, 186, 233, 241, 252, 259, 267, 285, 288f, 291, 292f, 295, 300, 317, 318
components of 287
delivery system, components of 287f
device 289f
failure of 293
interfaces 291t
machines 310
role of 146
settings, adjustment of 292
weaning from 293
Conventional bubble humidifier 264
Cor pulmonale 82
Cosmetic issues 131
Craniofacial anomalies 308
D
Daytime sleepiness, excessive 253
Deep sedation 184
Delirium 178
Delivery devices 318
Delivery room continuous positive airway pressure during resuscitation 286
Denitrogenation 169
Deoxyribonucleotidase 312
Desynchrony, state of 85
Device criteria 240
Dexmedetomidine 184
Diaphragmatic pacing 313
Diaphragmatic rupture 74
Disposable vapor transfer cartridge 264
Disuse atrophy 74
Domiciliary noninvasive ventilation 239
Downes score system, modified 296t
Draeger nasal prongs 290f
Dry mouth 82
Dynamic transpulmonary pressure 158
Dyslipidemia 124
Dystrophinopathies 134
E
Early mobilization, cost-effectiveness of 179
Early morning bifrontal headaches 253
Effective aerosol drug delivery 189t
Ejection fraction, reduced 254
Electrocardiography, continuous 200
Electrolyte abnormalities 74
Emphysema 74
End-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure 158
Endocrine disorders 74
Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography 172
End-tidal capnography 205
Epoprostenol 190
Erectile dysfunction 125
Esophageal balloon 158
European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 224
Exacerbation, acute 51
Excessive leaks around mask 68
Exhalation valve, position of 16
F
Fat embolism syndrome 73
Fatty acids, hyperoxygenated 226
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy 171
First line respiratory support 149
Fisher and Paykel nasal prongs 290f
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope 171
Fluticasone 190
Free eyes 33
Free mouth 33
Full-night studies 129
G
Gas flows 16
Gastroesophageal reflux, symptoms of 125
Gastrointestinal effects 297
Gastrointestinal procedures 173
Gastroscopy 172
Glucose tolerance, impaired 124
Greater respiratory impairment 158
H
Haloperidol 184
Headgear placement 131
Helmet mask 101
Hemodynamic effects 59
High oxygen requirement 255
Home bilevel positive airway pressure 245
Home care service 251
Hospital readmission, risk of 252
Hudson nasal prongs 290f
Humidified gas, warmed 266
Humidified oxygen, high flow 150
Hybrid mask 237f
Hydration, adequate 235
Hydrogen peroxide 48
Hypercapnic subgroup 153
Hyperemia, local 247
Hypertension, chronic 105
Hypertonic saline therapy 312
Hypervolemia 9
Hypophosphatemia 215
Hypoxemic acute respiratory failure 277
I
Illness, acute 253
Iloprost 190
Inflammatory cellular infiltrates 145
Injury, diaphragmatic 100
Insomnia, severe 127
Inspiratory limb, single 278
Inspiratory oxygen fraction 40
Inspiratory positive airway pressure 3, 13, 16f, 21, 64, 78, 97, 108, 128, 145, 236, 240, 243, 251, 319
titration of 135
Inspiratory time 23
Inspiratory trigger 15
Insufflation-exsufflation devices 253
Interhospital transfer 163
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation 5
Internal flow sensors 294
Internal pneumatic stabilization 146
Intra-abdominal pressure 5
Intrahospital transfer 164
Intubation bundle 170
Invasive positive pressure ventilation 137
Isopropyl alcohol 48
L
Lacrimation 33
Lactate dehydrogenase 158
Leak test 246
Lethargy 143
Levosalbutamol 47
Low intensity ventilator strategy 234
Low ventilatory support 313
Lower motor neuron 138
M
Malnutrition 74
Maximum expiratory pressure 144
Mean airway pressure 295
Mean blood oxygen 145
Medicine, evolution of 245
Mental status 304
Metabolic substances, accumulation of 224
Metastatic pain, severe 153
Midazolam 184
Molecular genetic testing 134
Monitoring and nursing care 295
Monitoring and weaning 195
Monitoring parameters 198
Motor functions, normal 139
Motor neuron disease 245
Mouth breathing 131
Movement disorders 127
Mucociliary clearance 100
Multicenter randomized controlled trial 119
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 203
Multiorgan failure 116
Musculoskeletal self-injury, risk of 178
Myasthenia gravis 74
Myocardial infarction 11
Myocardium 108
Myopathy 134
Myotrauma 96
N
Narcolepsy 127
Nasal airway resistance 42
Nasal antihistamines 131
and masks, normal 261
monitoring in high flow 275
physiological effects of high flow 275
role of high-flow 152
settings of high flow 278
set-up of high-flow 265f
success, predictors of high flow 276
therapy, newborn receiving high flow 303f
treatment failure, predictors of high flow 276
wide-bore 275
Nasal decongestants 235
Nasal effects 297
Nasal glucocorticoids 131
Nasal high-frequency ventilation 285
Nasal mucosa, keratinization of 42
Nasal neurally adjusted ventilator assist 285
Nasal sling 32
Nebulizer 192
Neonatal intensive care unit 295
Neonates 285
Neonatology and pediatrics 283
inherited 253
Neuromuscular transmission 73
Newborns, sample monitoring chart for 295f
Nocturnal arrhythmias 125
Nocturnal hypercapnia 134
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 74
Noninvasive approaches, novel 136
Noninvasive home ventilators 13
Noninvasive interfaces 36
Noninvasive pressure support ventilation 294
Noninvasive respiratory support 316
Noninvasive ventilation 3 5, 11, 13, 17t, 19, 30, 37, 50, 51b, 56, 56t, 62, 63b, 64, 70, 77, 83, 89, 91fc, 96, 97, 102b, 105, 110, 113, 114b, 119, 140, 149, 156, 163, 167t, 169, 173, 176, 183, 184t, 187t, 188, 190, 197, 203, 210, 211t, 217, 223, 234, 245, 251, 254, 259, 262, 266, 285, 295f, 300, 308, 319, 323
advantages of 4
adverse effects of 200
aerosol equipment for 44
ambulation on 176
and tracheostomy 218
classification of 20fc
discontinuation of 68
disease specific 75
duration, stepwise reduction in 211
during transport 163
evidence for 150
higher risk of 151
reasons for 157
strategies to reduce 92
fate of 82
favor humidification during 186
humidification in 187
immediate withdrawal of 212
in abdominal surgery, role of 119
in atelectasis, role of 121
in bariatric surgery, role of 120
in hypoxemic respiratory failure, role of 103
in postlung transplant, role of 121
in spinal surgery, role of 120
in thoracic surgery, role of 120
including newer modes, modes of ventilation for 19
initiation of 64
adopted 36
mask 223f
ventilators without 17
nebulizer in 192f
outcome, predictors of 140
position of 44
potential benefits of 113b
practical aspects of 109
pressure support, stepwise reduction in 211
protocol for application of 64
reasons for underfeeding on 227
rherapeutic benefits of 144t
sedation during 183
settings 144
setup 101
skin damage during 37f
spacer in 192f
strategy 285
success 320
therapy, complications of 85
troubleshooting of 68t
utilization of 216
ventilators for 13
weaning from 210
Non-rebreathing reservoir mask 264
Normocapnic hypoxemia 143
Novel techniques 140
Numeric rating scale 153
O
Onblanchable erythema 224
Ondine's curse 74
Opera trial 270
Operating room 163
Opioids 208
Oral airway 308
Oral surgery especially soft palate 33
Organ transplant 266
Organophosphate poisoning 74
Oropharyngeal airway 308
Orotracheal intubation 261
Orthopnea 254
Osserman classification, modified 137t
Osserman system, modified 136
Oximetry, continuous 67
abnormalities of delivery of 74
administration of 157
arterial
partial pressure of 169
pressure 157
blender 275
cannula, standard 290
concentrator 233
conserver device 311
delivery devices 264
delivery system 259
flows 16
heated humidified 275
inspiratory 157
saturation 154
treatment, standard 280
wastage of 311
P
Pain, postoperative 53
Pancreatitis, acute 145
Pandemic viral illness 54
Paralysis 261
Parasomnia 127
Parenchymal defect 307
Partial pressure of oxygen 79
Passover humidifiers 43
Patent ductus arteriosus 73
Patient education and monitoring 237
Patient selection prior to transport 164
Patient's mental status 102
Patient-device interface 130
Pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference 321
Pediatric intensive care units 302
Pediatric settings, acute 317
Percutaneous gastrostomy 253
Perfusion inequality 72
Pericardial diseases 9
Phrenic nerve paralysis 245
Physical therapy 176
Physiological exchange parameters 198
Pleural abnormalities 74
Pleural cavity abnormality 73
Pleural effusion 74
Pneumatic jet nebulizer with reservoir tube 46
Pneumoconiosis 73
Poliomyelitis 74
Polymyositis 74
Poor cough 311
Poor nutritional status 100
Portable pressure ventilators 65
Portable ventilator 233
Positive end-expiratory pressure 3, 16, 16f, 58, 64, 67, 78, 96, 97, 108, 113, 149, 152, 156, 170, 184, 189, 191f, 259, 266, 286, 295
adequacy of 67
Post-bariatric surgery 120
Post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation 267
Premature extubation 214
Premorbid and comorbid state 83
Pressure
areas, cushioning of 225
expiratory 23
generating device 288
ramp 132
relief 131
settings, selecting 128
measures to prevent 224
adequacy of 67
approach 66
ventilation 80
ventilation, volume-targeted 23
Pressure-based trigger 19
Pressure-targeted modes 27
Primary pathology permits 301
Procedural sedation 173
Progressive illness 313
Propofol 184
Prostaglandin synthesis 7
Protein loss 234
Protocolized spontaneous breathing trial 215f
Pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis 134
Pulmonary capillaries 73
Pulmonary compliance 100
Pulmonary contusions 53
Pulmonary effects 297
Pulmonary infiltrate, severity of 158
Pulmonary interstitial edema, mechanical effect of 106
Pump failure 72
R
Radiological atelectasis score 121
Rapid shallow breathing index 199
Recurrent atrial fibrillation 125
Remifentanil 184
Residual volume 90
Respiration through mouth 33
Respiratory and cardiac muscles 134
Respiratory assist devices 251
Respiratory assistance 138
Respiratory comorbidities 137
Respiratory complications 139
Respiratory compromise 235
Respiratory disorders 100
Respiratory dysfunction 145
anticipated 300
causes of 73t
mechanism underlying 142
perioperative 100
physiology of
type I 72
type II 72
profound 134
risk of severe 275
severe 98
acute 157
type I 72
Respiratory insufficiency, mechanism of 307
Respiratory mechanics 144
Respiratory pump, inadequate 307
Respiratory secretions, excessive 79
Respiratory stimulation 247
Respiratory system, compliance of 91
Respironics BiPAP vision 15
Restrictive disease 27
Restrictive disorders 247
Rib fractures 53
Rigid bronchoscope 171
Risperidone 184
S
Salivation 33
Salmeterol 190
Scleroderma 74
Scoliosis 142
Second-generation systems 248
Seizures 184
Series effect 8
Shunt 146
Sickle cell disease 310
Silverman-Anderson scoring system 296t
Six-minute walk test 254
Skeletal muscle weakness 136
Sleepiness, daytime 125
Solid tumors 153
Spanish sleep network study 252
Spinal injury, acute phase of 139
Split-night studies 130
Spontaneous awakening trials 216
Status asthmaticus 9
Sterile water reservoir 264
Sudden heart failure 105
Support staff, training of 301
Surgery, abdominal 53
Surrogate 158
Symptomatic sleep 254
Synchronicity 248
Synchronized noninvasive positive pressure ventilation 294
Systemic lupus erythematosus 74
Systemic vascular resistance 105
T
Tachycardia 85
Tachypnea 70
Tank ventilators, development of 19
Telemonitoring 248
Temperature 279
Terbutaline 47
Tetanus 73
Tetraparesis, causes of 139t
Third-generation systems 248
Thoracic cage abnormalities 245
Thoracoabdominal asynchrony 277
Thoracoabdominal dyssynchrony 304
Thoracotomy 140
Tidal breathing 90f
Tiotropium 190
Titration modality 129
Tobramycin 190
Tolerate oronasal masks 318
Tracheobronchomalacia 172
Traditional capnography 205
Traditional oxygen devices 264
Transcutaneous capnometry monitoring 208
Transdiaphragmatic pressure 144
Transesophageal echocardiography 172
Translate sound 234
Transport, preparation for 165
Transverse myelitis 73
Two finger rule 225f
U
Uncooperative patient (confused, agitated) 56
Upper gastrointestinal tract surgery 143
Upper motor neuron 138
Upper respiratory tract 186
V
Vapor transfer cartridge 264
Vascular problems defect 307
Vasoactive agents 190
Venous return 5
Vented masks, use with 166
effectiveness of 312
homogenous distribution of 269
intermittent mandatory 146
volume-targeted 20
perfusion
inequalities 97
mismatch 234
pressure-targeted 21
strategy 235
via tracheostomy 251
volume-targeted 15
alarms 312
and respiratory muscle pressure 158
circuit, device in inspiratory limb of 45f
dysfunction 312
dyssynchrony 58
failure 140
free days, terms of 114
interface 233
mode of 43
recent 24
selection of 236
pressures 45
related factors 190
settings 247
tolerance of 67
Ventilatory failure 253
Ventilatory parameters 199
Ventilatory settings 16
Ventilatory support 245
Ventilatory technique 36
Ventricular function 6
Venturi mask 264
Viral illness 51
Viral pneumonias 3
Vital capacity, waning 134
Vocal cords 259
Volume assist-control mode 20
Volutrauma 96