FOGSI FOCUS: Abnormal Placentation Jyotsna Suri, Alpesh Gandhi, Kanan Avinash Yelikar
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUV
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, b refer to box, and t refer to table.
A
Abnormal placentation, types of 1
Abruptio placentae 4, 8
Abruption 35
expectant management in 10
risk factors for 6b
Absent end diastolic flow 26f
Adaptation, failure of 23
Adeno-associated virus 29
Air pollution and social environment 24
Amniotic membranes 36f
Antepartum hemorrhage 4, 5fc, 7, 8, 11t, 19
causes of 4
fetal consequences of 6b
major 8
maternal consequences of 6b
minor 8
Aorta clamp 14, 14f
Assisted reproductive technology 4
Asymptomatic placenta previa 8
Autocrine 1
B
Bacterial infections 31
Battledore placenta 19
Bilobed placenta 18
Blastocyst implants 1
Blood flow, redistribution of 26f
C
Carbon dioxide accumulation 23
Cardiotocography 27
Central nervous system 33
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 4
Cervix 2
Cesarean delivery, steps of 15
Cesarean hysterectomy, steps of 15
Cesarean scar implantation 1
Cesarean section 1, 17
Chlamydia pneumoniae 31
Chorioangioma 21, 21f
clinical implications of 21
Chorioangiomatosis 21
Chorioretinitis 31
Chromosomal anomalies 45
Circummarginate placenta 20
Common placental infections 32t
Cord insertion, abnormalities of 19, 19f
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 44
Cytomegalovirus 2, 18, 29
D
Decidua 1
Dehiscent scar 2
Doppler indices, measurement of 25
Dr Alpesh Gandhi's principle 17
Ductus venosus 26f
E
Endocrine functions 18
Epstein-Barr virus 30
Estrogens 44
Extrachorial placentation 20
types of 20f
F
Fetal biometry, ultrasonography for 25
Fetal blood flow disruption 21
Fetal distress 4
Fetal erythroblastosis 1
Fetal growth restriction 19, 23, 35, 37
Fetal morbidity 1, 19
Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy 21
Fetal vasculature, abnormalities of 20, 21
Fetomaternal hemorrhage 7
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 37
Furcate cord insertion 19
G
General anesthesia 42
Genital tract 4
Gestational diabetes mellitus 45, 46
Glucocorticoids 45
Great obstetrical syndromes 23
H
Heart failure 26f
Hematomas 20
consequences of 20
types of 20f
Hemorrhage 4
postpartum 10, 19
Herpes simplex virus 30
Hormone 44, 45
Human chorionic gonadotropin 44
Human papillomavirus 29
Human placental growth hormone 44
Human placental lactogen 44
Hydrocephalus 31
Hypercapnia 23
Hyperemesis gravidarum 46
Hypertension 35
Hysterectomy 15
I
Infections 28
Inferior epigastric artery 13
Influence fetal growth 23
Insulin 45
Interpositional insertion 19
Intracranial calcification 31
Intraumbilical oxytocin injection 41
Intrauterine compensatory mechanisms 23
Intrauterine environment 45
Intrauterine fetal transfusion 28
Intrauterine growth restriction 33, 40, 46
J
Jaw, closeup of 14f
K
Kleihauer-Betke test 7
L
Last menstrual period 25
Late preterm gestations 11t
Leukemia inhibitor factor 1
Listeria monocytogenes 32
Luteinizing hormone 44
M
Malaria 31
and placenta 31
Maternal and fetal morbidity 2
Maternal blood flow disruption 20
Maternal diabetes mellitus 2
Maternal floor infarction 20
Maternal infections 24
Maternal nutrition 45
Maternal spiral arteries 1
Maternal vasculature, abnormalities of 20, 21
Membrane, abnormality of 37t
Microbiological examination 38
Middle cerebral artery 26f
Multilobate placenta 18
Mycoplasma 38
N
Neonatal morbidity 1
Nitabuch's fibrinoid 1
Nitabuch's layer 2
O
Obesity 24
Opaque chorion 36f
Oxidative stress 24
P
Paracrine 1
Perivillous fibrin deposition 20
Placenta 1, 2, 18, 22, 23, 28, 30, 44
AAV and 29
abnormality of 37t
abnormally located 1
abruption 5t
adherent 1
circumvallate 20
CMV and 29
examination of 41
fenestrate 18
fetal surface of 35f
histopathological examination of 38
HPV and 29
HSV and 30
implantation abnormalities of 1
influences 45
low-lying marginal 1
maternal surface of 36f
membranacea 18
normal 35
percreta 15
ring-shaped 18
toxoplasma and 31
varicella and 30
vascular abnormalities of 22
Placenta accreta 2, 13
disorders 8
spectrum 13, 15, 16
disorders 2, 4, 17, 22, 40
diagnosis of 13
management of 14
Placenta accrete 15f
hysterectomy specimen of 15f
Placenta previa 1, 4, 5t, 8, 9fc
accreta 13
management of 9
risk factors for 6b
symptomatic 8
Placental abnormalities 35
types of 18
Placental abruption 9, 10
management of 10
termination in 10fc
Placental and cord examination, role of 35
Placental endocrinology 44
Placental function, mood disorders affecting 25
Placental hormones 44
clinical applications of 45
on pregnancy 45
Placental implantation 2
abnormal 1
Placental infections 28, 28t, 32
Placental insufficiency 23, 24
diagnosis of 25
etiopathogenesis of 24
pathophysiology of 23
Placental membrane abnormalities 22
Placental perfusion disorders 20, 21
Placental protein 46
Placental shape
abnormalities 2
and size 18
variants of 19
variants of 19f
Placental size abnormalities 2
Placental structure, variants of 20
Placental tissue, chromosomal examination of 37t
Placental transfusion syndromes 1
Placental tumor 21, 37f
Plasma protein A 45
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 24
Polymerase chain reaction 33, 37
Postpartum hemorrhage 40
Preeclampsia 1, 23, 45, 46
Pregnancy
hormone of 44
implantation of 1
plan of termination of 11
termination of 9, 9fc, 10, 11fc
Progesterone 44, 46
Prophylactic management 41
Protein kinase A 44
Protozoan infections 31
R
Rapid plasma regain 33
Renal disease 35
Retained placenta 40, 42
after birth 40
complications of 41
diagnosis of 41
management of 41
risk factors for 40, 40t
types of 40
Rh-incompatibility 2
S
Sexually transmitted disease 29
Spectrum 13
Spontaneous abortion 46
Stillbirth, unexplained 35
Subchorionic fibrin deposition 20
Syphilis 2
T
Third stage of labor, active management of 41
Thyroxine 45
Toxoplasma 31
gondii 31
Toxoplasmosis 31
Transparent amnion 36f
Treponema pallidum 32
U
Umbilical artery 26f
Umbilical cord
abnormality of 37t
inserts 35
Umbilical vein pulsations 26f
Ureaplasma 38
Uterine artery
Doppler 25
waveform, abnormal 25f
Uterine curettage 1
Uterine segment, lower 15f
Uterine surgery 1
Uterus, cut section of 15
V
Varicella 30
Varicella-zoster virus 30
Vasa previa 8, 10, 11, 11fc, 19
management of 11
Vascular endothelial growth factor 44
Vascular system, adaptation of 23
Velamentous insertion 19
Venereal disease research laboratory 33
Vessel umbilical cord 36f
Villous vascular lesions 21
Viral infections 28
×
Chapter Notes

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_FM_1FOGSI FOCUS ABNORMAL PLACENTATION_FM_2
_FM_3
FOGSI FOCUS ABNORMAL PLACENTATION
Editor-in-Chief Alpesh Gandhi MBBS DGO FRCOG FICOG Senior Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecology Critical Care Obstetrics and High-risk Pregnancy Expert Arihant Women Hospital Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India President The Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), 2020 Editors Jyotsna Suri MD FICOG Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India Editor, AOGD (2015–16); Editor, NARCHI (2018–20) Chairperson, Safe Motherhood Committee, AOGD (2019–21) Kanan Avinash Yelikar MD FICOG FICMCH Dean Government Medical College Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India Vice President, FOGSI (2007) President, AMOGS (2016–18) BC Roy Awardee
_FM_4
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FOGSI FOCUS: Abnormal Placentation
First Edition: 2020
9789389776478
Printed at
_FM_5Dedicated to
The women of India and FOGSIans for all the support_FM_6
_FM_7PRESIDENT
Alpesh Gandhi
MBBS DGO FRCOG FICOG
Senior Consultant
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Critical Care Obstetrics and High-risk Pregnancy Expert
Arihant Women Hospital
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
President
The Federation of Obstetric and
Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), 2020
COORDINATORS
Ashok Kumar
MD PhD
Director Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maulana Azad Medical College and
Lok Nayak Hospital
New Delhi, India
Charmila Ayyavoo
MD DGO DFP FICOG PGDCR
Director
Aditi Hospital and Parvathy Ayyavoo Centre
Consultant, Southern Railway Hospital
Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
Chairperson, Clinical Research Committee, FOGSI (2016–18)
President, Menstrual Hygiene Management Consortium
Tamil Nadu
Munjal Jayeshkumar Pandya
MS
Assistant Professor (Obstetrics and Gynecology)
AMC Medical Education Trust
Medical College
Sheth Lallubhai Gordhandas Municipal General Hospital
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
EDITORS
Jyotsna Suri
MD FICOG
Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and
Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
Editor, AOGD (2015–16); Editor, NARCHI (2018–20)
Chairperson, Safe Motherhood Committee, AOGD (2019–21)
Kanan Avinash Yelikar
MD FICOG FICMCH
Dean
Government Medical College
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Vice President, FOGSI (2007)
President, AMOGS (2016–18)
BC Roy Awardee_FM_8
_FM_9Contributors _FM_11Preface
The pursuit of knowledge is never ending.
The day you stop seeking knowledge is the day you stop growing
—Brandon Travis Ciaccio
The Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI) is committed to the continuous acquiring of knowledge for the betterment of women's health in India. As a part of the academic work during my tenure as FOGSI, President 2020, we have planned a series of books in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Placenta is considered as the Tree of Life and this book will be dealing with its abnormalities and has been titled as Abnormal Placentation.
As Ricki Lake quoted “It makes sense that the placenta almost looks like a tree with many branches—a tree of life”. This life-giving tree can be affected by so many factors and they have been extensively dealt with in this book. The authors are experts in this branch of obstetrics and they have elaborately discussed each topic with the clinician in mind. There is a great academic and clinical need at the present times to understand the conditions of the placenta as there has been an alarming increase in adherent placenta with an increase in the maternal case fatality rate, because of the global increase in the rates of cesarean section. Women need to undergo extensive surgeries such as obstetric hysterectomy and bladder repair at delivery which also has led to an increase in the severe maternal morbidity. This book will serve to reiterate the theme of FOGSI this year, Safety First: For Indian Women and FOGSIans.
The coordinators of the book, Drs Ashok Kumar, Charmila Ayyavoo and Munjal Jayeshkumar Pandya have worked hard to bring this endeavor to fruition.
I would like to place in record my appreciation to the Editors—Drs Kanan Avinash Yelikar and Jyotsna Suri for their valuable expertise and untiring efforts in shaping this book with perfection.
I wish to acknowledge with gratitude the excellent cover page picture provided by Dr VP Paily.
I wish that this book serves to be of use to all my dear friends, the FOGSIans.
Alpesh Gandhi
President
FOGSI, 2020_FM_12
_FM_13Acknowledgments
We wish to acknowledge, Dr Alpesh Gandhi, The President of FOGSI 2020, for being the driving force in bringing out this book. He was incredible in his encouragement and advice.
We wish to acknowledge the generosity and the rapid response by the publishers, M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for being able to publish this book within a very short period.
We wish to acknowledge the contributions of all Office Bearers of FOGSI, Coordinators and the Co-editors.