Critical Care Update 2020 Yatin Mehta, Subhash Todi, Subhal Bhalchandra Dixit, Dhruva Chaudhry
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Abdominal compartment syndrome 342, 355
Absolute neutrophil count 377
Absolute risk reduction 253, 254, 366
Abuse, newer drugs of 317
Acetaminophen
poisoning 319, 320t
toxicity 316, 320t
clinical features of 319f
Acetate 75
Acetoacetate 510
Acid-base
balance 289, 290
disorders 509fc
imbalance 278
Acidosis 26, 126, 198, 267, 299, 304, 511
acute metabolic 510
correction of 269
intracellular 270, 511
intraoperative metabolic 267
pathophysiology of 508
reversing 304
Acinetobacter baumannii 165, 174, 185, 218
Actinomyces 134
Activated clotting time 515
Actoxumab 178
Acute cardiovascular syndrome 65
Acute circulatory failure 149, 154, 154fc, 335, 338
Acute coronary syndrome 132, 144, 207, 209, 316, 382, 417, 418
Acute encephalopathic viral syndrome 214
Acute exacerbation 182
management of 41
Acute intestinal failure 354
classification 354
Acute myocarditis 134
clinical presentation 135
diagnostic workups 135
management 136
pathogenesis 134
Acute pancreatitis 342, 343
predicting severity of 343
score 343t
Acute physiology score, simplified 9, 10, 81
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 9, 11, 21, 27, 35, 37, 37f, 38fc, 46, 49, 56, 59, 61, 62t, 64, 99, 107, 122, 123, 125, 213, 225, 322, 374, 381, 493, 506, 530
pediatric 530
Acute respiratory failure 3, 41
clinical signs of 124
Acute right ventricle failure, causes of 123t
Acute right ventricular dysfunction 122, 123
etiology of 123
Acyclovir 59
Acyl-homoserine lactone 178
Adenosine triphosphate 190, 191, 259, 365
Adenovirus 134
Adequate nutritional supplementation 489
Adequate perfusion, maintenance of 301
Adjuvant therapy 505
Adrenal insufficiency 485, 505
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 485
stimulation test 487
Adult advanced cardiovascular life support 130
Adult intensive care units 189
Advanced cardiac life support 128
Advanced glycation end-products 63
Advanced life support, pediatric 503
Advanced trauma life support 107, 302
Agitation 315, 321
control of 315
Agonal gasps, identification of 128
Agranulocytosis 316
Air hunger 47
Airway 1, 128, 411
abnormality, chronic 224
anatomical difficult 19
assessment 19t
management 18, 24
guidelines 24
protocols 24
optimize 143
pressure 37, 48
higher 61
resistance 51
Alarm systems, modifying 444
Alberta stroke program 237, 238f
regions for 238f
Alcohol intoxications 322
Aldosterone antagonists 209
Alkali therapy 268
Alkalinization therapy 320
Allopurinol 377
All-trans retinoic acid 373
Alprazolam 317
Alteplase 253
Alveolar pressures, targeting 38
Alzheimer's disease 250
Ambler class C beta-lactamase 167
American Academy of Pediatrics 422
American Association of Critical Care Nurses 405
American College of Cardiology 139, 140
American College of Surgeons 300
American Gastroenterological Association 345
American Heart Association 139, 140, 267
American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 358
American Thoracic Society 181
Amikacin 161
Amiloride 440
Amino acids 316
Aminocaproic acid 303
Aminoglycoside 161, 162
clearance 284
Aminophenol 311
Amitriptyline 134, 320
Amlodipine 321
Ammonia, clearance of 340
Amoxicillin 159, 160
AmpC enzyme 166
Amphetamine 134, 314, 317
Ampicillin 159, 160
Amyl nitrite 311
Anaerobic reserve, low 381
Anasarca 93
Ancillary tests 522
Anemia 363, 369, 380, 381, 383, 384
development of 369
etiologies of 363
hemolytic 200
tolerance of severe 380
treatments of 363
Angiography 336
coronary 131
Angiotensin 196, 198
converting enzyme inhibitors 139, 209, 435
receptor 139, 199
blockers 139, 209
Angle closure glaucoma, acute 316
Anidulafungin 225
Aniline dye 311
Anion
difference, strong 73, 74
gap 509
acidosis, low 510
utility of 509
Ankle 357
Anoxic brain injury 143
Antemortem interventions 429
Anthracyclines 134, 373
Anthropometric measurements 358
Antibacterial therapeutic agents, alternative 178
Antibiotics 159, 175, 344
against gram-negative bacteria 178
against gram-positive bacteria 177
duration of 181
judicious use of 172
options 177
resistant bacteria, genotype of 167t
sensitive enteric gram-negative bacilli 68
therapy 181, 505
treatment, tailoring 166
Anticholinergic 324
syndrome 316
Anticoagulant 31
therapy 31, 33
treatment 32
Antifibrinolytic medications 303
Anti-inflammatory pathways 274
Antimicrobial
peptides, specifically targeted 178
resistance, growing rates of 174
therapy 203
Antioxidants 16
Antipsychotic drugs 324
Anti-psychotics 315
Antiviral therapies 137
Anxiety 315, 318
Aorta, abdominal 329
Aortic graft prosthesis, treatment of 175
Aortic perforations 32
Apixaban 440
Apnea testing 522
Apneic oxygenation 21
techniques of 21t
Arachnoiditis, chemical 161
Arginine vasopressin 197
analogs 197
Arrhythmias 123, 136, 316
Arsenic 134
trioxide 373
Arterial catheterization 470
Arterial pressure
control 329
systolic 99
Arterial system, dilatation of 103
Artificial intelligence 397, 444
drawbacks of 398
role of 115
scope of 393
use of 393
Artificial neural network 395, 396f
Ascaris 93, 134
Ascorbic acid 191f
Aspergillosis, invasive 223
Aspergillus 134, 172, 223, 224
antigenemia 224
fumigatus 223
lateral flow assay 225
Aspiration 378
pneumonia 513
Aspirin 268, 319
Assessing global oxygenation 109
Asthma 318
Asynchrony 41, 44
interface 42, 44
prevalence of 41
Ataxia 161
Atelectasis 49
Atelectrauma 35
Atrial fibrillation 126
higher risk of 88
Atrial septal defects 123
Audience engagement 470
Audio-video support 472
Augment tissue perfusion 299
Augmentative communication 389
Augmented renal clearance 286, 287f
pathophysiology 286
pharmacodynamics 287
pharmacokinetic 287
risk scoring system 286
Autism 218
Autoimmune disorders 218
Automated external defibrillator 128
Automated objective pupillometers, development of 250
Average volume assured pressure support 44
Avian influenza 213
Axonal breakage 259
Azalides 161
Azithromycin 161
Azoles 225
Aztreonam-avibactam 165, 167
B
Baby lung concept 46
Bacilli, gram-negative 165, 182
Bacteremia 166
Bacteria, gram-negative 178
Bacterial cell surface 174
Bacterial infection 174, 370
Bacteriophage 179
therapy 174
Bacteroides 216
Bag valve mask 20, 21
Bag-mask ventilation 19
Balanced resuscitation 302f
components of 302
fundamental dimensions of 302
Balanced salt solutions 73, 75
Balanced target enzyme inhibition 177
Balloon angioplasty 255
Barbiturate 146
Barotrauma 35, 60
Basal ganglia 236
internal capsule 237f
Basal metabolic rate 435
Basic life support 130
Battling burnout 400, 404
Bayesian networks 444
Bell's palsy 162
Benzocaine 311
Benzodiazepines 146, 315, 317, 324, 516
Benzylpenicillin 159, 160
Beri-beri 134
Beta-blockers 126, 131, 209, 321, 324
overdose 144
Beta-hydroxybutyrate 510
Beta-lactam 160, 178
antibiotic 160t, 167t
associated encephalopathy 159
induced neurotoxicity 159
Beta-lactamase
enzymes 166
inhibitors 178
Bevacizumab 374
Bezlotoxumab 178
Bicarbonate 63, 508
administration of 266
correction of 269
loss of 265, 508
precursors 265
therapy 265, 269, 511
evidence supporting 268
use of 265
Bifidobacterium 216
Bilevel positive airway pressure 26
Bilevel ventilators 43, 44
Biliary excretion, undergo 491
Biliary loss 490
Biomarkers
role of 274
soluble receptor 64
use of 171, 181
Biotin 491
Biotrauma 35
Blastomyces 134
Blautia 216
Bleeding 74
leading, severe 518
risk of 66
trauma 304
Bleomycin 374
toxicity 13
Bloating, abdominal 349
Blood 171
brain barrier 162
component therapy 524
consumption, assessment of 303
count, complete 68
cultures 204
flow 327
fresh 363
gas, arterial 13, 38, 313
glucose 477, 479
glucose monitoring 483
frequent 483
systems, first-generation 481
group
A 365
O 365
loss
acute 380
severe 328
management, patient 383
oxygenation of 515
pressure 20, 150, 302
autoregulation of 327
diastolic 327
implications on 328
lower limit of 328
maintaining 327
management of 87
systolic 327, 363, 377, 524
target 87, 328, 329
upper limit of 329
products, administration of 523
sugar 477
transfusion 313, 369, 380, 381
complications of 365t
urea nitrogen 343, 516
Bloodstream infection 182, 481
catheter-related 171
primary 499
Body mass index 101
Body temperature 109
control 145
Bony interference 31
Bordetella pertussis 500
Borrelia 134
Bortezomib 375
Bowel
care protocol 349, 351
barriers of 352
disease, inflammatory 134
management protocol 349, 351, 352, 352fc
perforation 376
Brachial plexus 30
Brain 209f, 324, 508
builds perception 467
computed tomography 148
death 431, 432, 520, 522, 523, 525
confirm 521
declaration 520
determination 521
pediatric 523
donation after 427, 431
etiology of 520
guidelines 523
pediatric 520
imaging 259
injury
acute irreversible 210
hypoxic ischemic 520
ischemia, models of 248
natriuretic peptide 139
tissue
oxygen partial pressure 244
oxygenation 243
Brainstem functions 520
Breathing 128, 411
compression 128
during
asthma, work of 52f
spontaneous, work of 52f
trial, spontaneous 3, 6, 55
work of 9, 48, 51, 52f
British Thoracic Society 26, 26t
Broad-spectrum
antibiotics 205, 363
anti-microbial agents 165
Bromism 316
Bronchial intubation 49
Bronchitis 182
Bronchoalveolar lavage 68, 171
Bronchoconstriction 51
Bronchoscopy 4, 9
Bronchospasm 321
B-type natriuretic peptide 11
elevated 93
Burkholderia cepacia 218
Burns 61
Busulfan 374
C
Cairo-Bishop classification 376
Calcium 74, 303
channel blocker 144, 315, 321, 324
toxicity 321
ion 259
phosphate product 376
Cancer 223
Candida 134, 172, 223, 375
albicans 517
Cannabinoids 318
Cannabis 318
hyperemesis syndrome 318
Cannula
configuration 514, 514f
cricothyroidotomy 23
insertion site 518
placement 514
sizes 515
type of 514
Capecitabine 375
Capillary refill time 108
Carbapenem 160, 165, 344
beta-lactamase inhibitors 178
Carbapenemase 185
detection methods 186t
producing organisms 185
Carbohydrates 491
Carbon dioxide 16, 42
end-tidal 20, 131
extracorporeal 493
Carbon monoxide 134
Carbonic acid buffer 508
Cardiac arrest 132, 267, 267t, 419, 431fc
out-of-hospital 129
prevent recurrent 144
survivors 143
Cardiac catheterization laboratory 143
Cardiac death 494
donation after 494
Cardiac failure 57, 84
Cardiac filling pressures 56
Cardiac function, impaired 289
Cardiac index 144, 147, 200, 503
Cardiac output 83, 94, 95, 100, 101, 123, 144, 147, 149, 150, 196
determinants of 118fc
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 85
Cardiac surgery 382
Cardiac tamponade 32
Cardiac transplantation 137
Cardiff six-point toolkit 446, 446b
Cardiomyopathy 123, 494
dilated 134
Cardiothoracic surgery, high-risk 5
Cardiotoxic drugs 144
Cardiotoxicity 373
Cardiovascular
disease 363, 382
dysfunction 499
event, major adverse 132
hemodynamics, deterioration of 65
management 516
manifestations 321
organ dysfunction 499
signs 485
symptoms 315
system 83, 435
Cardioverter defibrillator, implanted 147
Care dilemma, direction of 436
Caspofungin 225
Catabolism syndrome 216
Catecholamines 134, 195
Catheter 30
intraventricular 243
treatment trial 63
Cathinones, substituted 317
Causation mediation analysis 38
Cefaclor 134
Cefalexin 160
Cefepime 160
Cefiderocol 179
Cefoperazone 160
Cefotaxime 160
Ceftaroline 177
Ceftazidime 160
avibactam combination 165, 167, 178
Ceftolozane 178
Ceftriaxone 160
Cells, malfunction of 369
Central nervous system 15, 159161, 163, 228, 250, 312, 314, 325, 435, 440, 499, 522fc
depressants 317
stimulants 314
Central venous
catheter 30, 31
oxygen saturation 111, 501
pressure 83, 9395, 99, 100, 103, 107, 108, 110, 120, 151, 326, 343, 465, 504
Cephalosporin 160, 344
fifth-generation 177
induced neurotoxic symptoms 160
Cerebral
blood flow 242
monitoring 243
circulation 14
oxygen saturation, measure 145
oxygenation 244
perfusion pressure 242, 529
monitoring of 242
sodium wasting 210
Cerebrospinal fluid 339, 529
drainage of 242
irrespective of 159
Cerebrovascular accident 418, 420
Chandipura virus 215
Chemotherapeutic agents 373
Chemotherapy complications, managing 373
Chest
cardiac massage 128
compression 128, 129
depth of 129
feedback 130
rate 129
pain 33
radiography, using 154
recoil 130
wall elastance 38
China coronavirus, novel 214
Chlamydia 172
Chloramphenicol 161, 344
Chlorates 311
Chlordiazepoxide 317
Chloride 74, 75
Chloroquine 311
Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde 344
Chordae tendineae 122
Chromium 491
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 9, 13, 26, 28, 41, 43, 58, 182, 223, 224, 318, 377, 436, 494
exacerbations of 123
Churg-Strauss syndrome 134
Ciprofloxacin 161, 440
Circulation, coronary 380
Circulatory death 520
donation after 427, 427t, 431
uncontrolled donation after 430
Cirrhosis, decompensated 224
Cisplatin 375
Citrobacter 166
Clarithromycin 161
Clenbuterol 316
Clindamycin 161, 344
Clinical pulmonary infection score 181
Clomipramine 320
Clostridioides difficile 217
infection 217, 218t
Clostridium
clusters 216
difficile 351, 378
infection 184
Clotting factors, dilution of 518
Clozapine 134
Coagulation 74
abnormalities 66
Coagulopathy 289, 299
circuit-related 278
prevention of 304
Cocaine 134, 316, 317, 324
Coccidioides 134
Cochrane analysis 14
Coenzyme
A 190
Q 146
Cognitive behavioral therapy technique, trauma-focused 424
Colchicine 134
Colistin 161
resistant superbug, detection of 186
Colitis, infectious 375
Colonization 169, 182
Colonized central venous catheter 171
Colonoscopy 221
Colony forming unit 223
Coma 259, 316
Combination therapy 204
Communication 389, 446
principles of 446
skills 389, 447
Compensation, homeometric 122
Computed tomography
angiography 238
perfusion imaging 239f
pulmonary
angiogram 147
angiography 65
scan 236
Confusion 315, 318, 321
assessment method 436
Consciousness, loss of 259
Constans score 31, 31t
Constipation 349, 349b, 350, 351
management of 350
nature of 349
pharmacologic agents for 350
prophylactic laxative regimen for 350
Continuous blood glucose monitoring 481
Continuous positive airway pressure 21, 23, 26
Continuous renal replacement therapy 219, 277, 278, 340
indications of 291
Contrast enhanced computed tomography 336
Conventional oxygen
delivery 8
therapy 3, 5t, 6
Copper 134, 489, 491
metal oxides of 179
sulfate 311
Coprococcus 216
Core-periphery temperature gradient 109
Corneal reflex 148
Coronary intervention, percutaneous 132, 147, 420
Coronoviruses 214
Corticosteroid 191f, 487
administration, consequence of 181
insufficiency 485
treatment 223
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 134
Cotrimoxazole 344, 440
Coxiella burnetii 134
Coxsackie
A 134
B 134
Cranial nerve toxicity 161
Craniotomy, decompressive 529
C-reactive protein 181, 489, 501, 502, 517
Creatinine 282
based equations 283
clearance 287, 440
phosphokinase 93
Cricothyroidotomy 23
emergency 22
Cricothyrotomy 470
Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever 214
Crisis capacity 308
Critical care 213
challenges of 452
clinicians 423
Medicine, Society of 358, 477, 486
outreach team 407
intervention and communication 410
scope of service for 408
pharmacists assist clinicians 456
role of 308
triage policies 309
Critical illness 216, 218, 478
recognizing 409
Critically ill score, nutrition risk in 358
Cryoprecipitate 518
Crystalloids 73, 77, 343
balanced 73, 74, 76
composition of 73t
fluid use, minimization of 302
Cyanmethemoglobin 312
Cyanosis, presence of 30
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 126, 199
Cyclical inflation-deflation 35
Cyclophosphamide 134, 374, 375
Cystic fibrosis 183
Cytarabine 375
Cytochrome oxidase 192
Cytokine
levels 230
measurement of 230
production 502
Cytomegalovirus 365
D
Dabigatran 440
Daily micronutrients administration 491, 491t
Dallas criteria 134
Damage control resuscitation 299, 301
care in 300f
conceptualization of 301fc
indications for 300
Damage control surgery 299, 300
fundamental dimensions of 301
Daunorubicin 375
Dazoxiben 59
Death 520
causes of 189
donors 524
timing of confirmation of 429
Debacker score 83
Debriefing, structural elements of 471
Decolonization 172
Decongestants 316
Deep seated abscess, management of 183
Deep vein 33
thrombosis 65, 506
lower extremity 30
Delafloxacin 177
Delirium 318, 321, 436, 485
Dementia 436
Dendritic cells 229
Deoxyribonucleic acid 68, 134
Desomorphine 317
Dexcom G5 system 482f
Dexrazoxane 378
Dextromethorphan 315
Dextrose solutions 479
Diabetes mellitus 134
Dialysis
disequilibrium syndrome 291
types 293t
Dialytrauma 277
Diaphragm
dysfunction, ventilator-induced 38
shape of 100f
thickness measurement 54f
Diaphragmatic excursion 53, 53f
measurement 53f
Diaphragmatic thickening fraction 53
Diarrhea 315, 375
management of 351
Diastolic arterial pressure 99
Diazepam 146, 317
Dichotomy 14
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 281, 282
Diethylhexyl phthalate 364
Diffuse axonal injury 259
pathological mechanism of 259
Diffusion
tensor imaging 260
weighted images 239, 240f
Digestive decontamination 172
Digital subtraction angiography 239
Digoxin 144
Dilemma, secondly 363
Diltizem 315
Diplopia 161
Direct oral anticoagulants 32
Disability, causes of 253
Disaster 305
and casualties, types of 306
classification of 305, 305b, 306
intensivists perspective of 307fc
location of 306
management 305
evolution of 306
medical resource planning during 309
planning 308
risk management 306
victims of 309
Discomfort, abdominal 220
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 325
Dissolve thrombus 31
Distant organ function 355, 356
Distension, abdominal 349
Distress 447
syndrome 493
Diuretics, role of 96
Dobutamine 126, 196, 199
Dofetilide 440
Dopamine 126, 196, 198, 499
Doripenem 160
Doxorubicin 375
Drain pleural effusion 56
Driving pressure 28, 36, 38
assessment of 37f
concept of 46
guided ventilation 35, 38fc
Drug 126
delivery devices 394f
doses 439
effects 439
intravenous 246
prescription 397
Dry mouth 321
Duloxetine 440
Duplex sonography 31
Dynamic tests 102
Dysoxia, cellular 113
Dysphagia 161
Dyspnea 33, 200
Dyssynchrony 47
E
Early goal-directed therapy 343, 528
Early warning system 460
Ebola virus 214
Ebstein anomaly 123
Echinococcus 134
Echocardiography 95t
two-dimensional 93
Echovirus 134
Eclipse 527
Edema, peripheral 93
Ejection fraction, reduced 140
Elastic tissues 36
Electroencephalogram 522fc
neuron-specific enolase 146
Electroencephalography 147, 160, 522
continuous 244
Electrolyte 523
abnormalities 365
early control of 290
imbalance 278
Electromyography 41
Embolism 494
Emergency
coronary intervention 144
endotracheal intubation, complications of 19b
mass critical care 307
medical services 129
medicine team 432
room 143
Emotional problems 148
Emphasis 129
Emphysema 58
Empiric antibiotic therapy 505t
time to initiation of 204
Empyema 183
Encephalopathy 160, 161, 289
piperacillin induced 159
End expiratory occlusion test 113, 152, 153
End inspiratory lung volumes 56
End of life care process pathway 438
End-occlusion test 100, 101
Endocrine 354, 472
Endomyocardial biopsy, application of 134
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage 345
Endothelial activation 210
Endotoxemia 84
Endotracheal aspirate 171
Endotracheal tube 18
Endovascular therapy 254t, 256
End-stage liver disease score 341
Enemas 350
Enoxaparin 440
Enterobacter 166
cloacae 69
species 68
Enterobacteriaceae 166, 174, 183, 185, 187
bacteremia 166
Enterococci 182
Enterococcus
faecalis 218
faecium 177
Enterocolitis 375
Entner-Doudoroff pathway, component of 75
Environmental destruction 305
Enzyme 489
cyclo-oxygenase 319
linked immunosorbent assays 317
part of 489
Epinephrine 126, 131, 195, 198
Ergotrauma 36
Erlotinib 375
Ertapenem 160
Erythromycin 161
Erythropoietin, human 370
Escherichia coli 68, 69, 174, 500
Esophageal balloon catheter 37
Esophageal pressure 49, 53
Esophagitis 375
Estimate glomerular filtration rate 283t
Ethanol 322
intoxications, management of 322
Ethylene glycol 322
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 281, 282
Eubacterium 216
Eukaryotes 16
Euphoria, sense of 316
European Cooperative acute Stroke Study 235
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 354, 355
European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 354, 358
Evelyn-Malloy method 312
Everolimus 375
Ex situ perfusion 431
Expiratory positive airway pressure 43
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase 165, 167
Extensively drug-resistant, emergence of 165
Extracorporeal
circuit 516
life support 97, 513, 518
organization 518
membrane oxygenation 97, 137, 145, 428, 493, 503, 513, 514, 517t
circuit, management of 515, 516
complications of 517, 517b
contraindications of 515t
indications of 513t
parameters 515
pediatric 518t
scope of 513
methods 130
organ support 206
oxygenation techniques 430
support 475
Extrapyramidal syndrome 161
Extravascular catheter migration 55
Extubation failure 3, 6
incidence of 3
prevent 3
prevention of 4, 6
risk of 4
Eyeballing 124
F
Facemask, simple 8
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 216
False alarms, reducing 443
Family-centered care 422, 425, 424
Famotidine 440
Febuxostat 377
Fecal microbiota transplant 216218, 218t, 220, 221
Feeding, enteral 350, 355
Fentanyl 318, 516
Ferric carboxymaltose 370
Fever
hemorrhagic 213
severe 215
Fiberoptic bronchoscope 18
Fiberoptic ratiometric fluorescent analyzer method 284
Fibrinogen concentrates 303
Fidaxomicin 178
Filmarray respiratory panel 70
Flow asynchrony 43, 44
Flow volume loop 51f
Flucloxacillin 159
Fluconazole 344
Fluid 63, 96, 99, 202
administration 73, 118t
effective 154
speed of 504
and electrolyte management 524
attenuated inversion recovery 240f
balance 290
bolus, volume of 504
challenge, conventional 151
collections, acute peripancreatic 342
expansion 80
losses, insensible 328
management 278, 279, 516
optimize 289
regime 528
removal 290
responsiveness 99101, 150, 152
assessing 113, 150, 151t
restrictive approach 80, 82
resuscitation 19, 202, 343, 380, 503, 504
assessing for 112
clinical studies of 75
concept of 88
evidence behind 79
liberal 79
shifts, major 328
therapy 91
assessing risk of 154
complications of 149
role of 103
think of 118
volume, loss of 303
Fluoresceinyl isothiocyanate 284
Fluoroquinolones 183
Flurazepam 318
Fondaparinux 440
Food and Drug Administration 186
Fosphenytoin 527
Frank-Starling
curves 151f
law 119f, 123
principle 150
Fresh frozen plasma 518
Full face mask 26, 42
Functional residual capacity 4, 9, 37, 46
Furosemide 134
Fuzzy logic application 394, 395f
G
Gabapentin 440
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 159161, 318
Gamma-glutamyltransferase 319
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate 314
Gas
exchange 56, 524
liquid chromatography 317
Gastric
acid, production of 169
pressure 53
ultrasonography, role of 22
Gastroenteritis virus 214
Gastroenterology 333
Gastrointestinal complications 375
Gastrointestinal dysfunction 349, 355, 356
Gastrointestinal failure 355, 356
grading 354
Gastrointestinal function 354
Gastrointestinal injury 356
acute 354, 355, 355fc, 356
primary acute 355
secondary acute 356
Gastrointestinal motility 349
Gastrointestinal symptoms 357
Gastrointestinal system 354
Gatifloxacin 161
Gefitinib 375
Gemifloxacin 161
Gene transcription 489
General severity score 461
Generalized anxiety disorder 250
Genitourinary system 499
Genomics, use of 463
Genotype, tailoring antibiotic by 165
Genotypic tests 165
Gentamicin 161
Geophysical disasters 305
Geriatric
critical care 435
pharmacology 438
syndromes 439
Giant cell myocarditis 134
Glands, adrenal 194
Glasgow coma
scale 259, 300, 343, 410
score 10, 108
Global end-diastolic volume 112, 120
index 504
Global oxygen delivery 107
Glomerular filtration rate 281283, 435
accurate estimation of 281
aspects of 281
estimation
methods of 281
techniques 282t
significance of 281
Glucocorticoid 146, 213, 376
treatment 224
Gluconate 75
Glucose
6 phosphate dehydrogenase 196, 200
control 146, 523
metabolism 190f
monitoring, continuous 347, 481, 483
transporter 478
Glycemia 477
control 478
disturbances 478
Glycemic control, moderate 479
Glycocalyx performs 84
Goal-directed therapy 185
G-protein-coupled receptors, activation of 194
Gram's stain 68, 345
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor 231
Groin vessels 514
Growth, age-related 518
Guideline-directed medical therapy 140
Gut 169
microbiome 216
microbiota 216
H
Haemophilus influenzae 68, 69, 134, 182, 187, 500
Hallucinations 315
Hallucinogenic intoxication, management of 316
Hantavirus 213
pulmonary syndrome 213
Hashish 318
Hawaiian baby woodrose 317
Headache 199
Health systems 65
Healthcare 459
associated infections 170
organizations 425
professional 400, 401
provider basic life support 129
workers 306
Heart 208f, 324
catheterization, right-sided 93
disease
congenital 123
ischemic 321
failure 139, 141, 371
acute 41, 84, 85, 136, 140, 209
chronic 140, 140t, 371
congestive 199, 326, 436
Failure Society of America 139
first-line drugs for 209
management of 371
therapy for 139
treatment for 209
lung interactions 152, 155
rate 107, 150, 196, 343
transplant rejection 134
Heat
and moisture exchange filter 44
exchanger 514
loss 278
related illnesses, categorization of 325t
stroke 324
classification 325
complications 326
differential diagnosis 325
management 325, 326
pathophysiology 324
preventive measures 326
susceptible individuals 324
Heme oxygenase-1 209
Hemodialysis 289
indications of 321b
Hemodynamic instability 60, 66, 136, 269, 289, 291
treatment of 523
Hemodynamic monitoring 93
issues 278
Hemodynamic support 523, 529
Hemofiltration, continuous venovenous 163
Hemoglobin 107, 311, 363, 364, 380, 381
methemoglobinemia disease 313
specific 381
target 382
transferred to 16
Hemolysis, intravascular 289
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 110
Hemorrhage 324
aneurysmal subarachnoid 383
control 299
urgent 301
intracranial 236f, 253
secondary 303
subarachnoid 236f, 242
trauma associated severe 303
Hemorrhagic complications 253
Hemostatic resuscitation, fundamental dimensions of 303
Heparin 31
Hepatic
failure, acute 530
function, impaired 162
vascular injury 374
veno-occlusive disease 378
Hepatitis
A 134
B 339
Hepatotoxicity 373, 374
mechanism of 374fc
Hepcidin 209
levels 491
mediated inhibition 369
Herpes simplex virus 375
High ambient temperature 325
High anion gap 265, 508
acidosis 266, 509
High central venous pressure 91
High dose intravenous immunoglobulin 137
High positive-end-expiratory pressure 144
ventilation 464
High quality pediatric studies 527
High-flow nasal cannula 8, 8f, 9, 10
failure, predictors of 8
indications of 9
High-flow through nasal cannula 35, 6t
advantages of 4b
Histoplasma 134
Hormonal deficiencies 506
Hormone
impaired adrenocorticotropic 194
replacement 523
therapy 523, 524
Hospital acquired infections
prevention of 340
risk of 26
Hospital influences, staffing structure of 415
Human circulatory system, components of 99
Human immunodeficiency virus 365
infection 223
Hybrid technologies 292
Hydration 375, 377
Hydrocortisone 487
infusion 524
Hydrogen ion concentration, negative log of 73
Hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids 364
Hydroxyethyl starch trial 343
Hyperbaric oxygen 313
chambers 13
Hypercapnia 26, 46, 126, 207, 269
Hypercapnic respiratory failure 5
management of 493
Hypercoagulable states, association of 30
Hyperdense artery sign 236, 237f
Hyperglycemia 316, 477, 478, 481, 482
iatrogenic 479
uncontrolled 146
Hyperinflammatory phenotype 64
Hyperkalemia 144, 292, 485
severe 289
Hyperlactatemia 198
mechanisms of 111fc
Hypernatremia 511
Hyperosmolar state 270
Hyperoxemia, risks of 13
Hyperoxia 14
arterial 15
Hyperphosphatemia 376, 377
Hyperpnea 320
Hyperpyrexia 324
Hypertension 115, 321
causes of perioperative 329
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary 66
intra-abdominal 355, 356
perioperative 329
Hyperthermia 115, 315
Hyperuricemia, mechanism of 376fc
Hyperventilation 320
Hypervolemia results 149
Hypoalbuminemia 55
Hypocalcemia, ionized 269
Hypochloremia 77
Hypoglycemia 321, 477, 479, 481, 482, 485
severe 477
Hypokalemia 144, 269, 316
Hyponatremia 485
Hypotension 20, 65, 115, 131, 327, 328, 500, 527
benign intracranial 161
duration of 328
exposure, association of 87f
intracranial 161
prediction index 116
Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis 485
Hypothermia 115, 299, 304, 479
lethal triad of 299
persistent 304
Hypothyroidism 57
Hypouricemic agents 377
Hypoventilation 320
Hypovolemia 85, 125
Hypoxemia 13, 14, 20, 207
absence of 13
isolated 14
presence of 13
relation of 15
Hypoxia 14, 46, 322, 327
Hypoxic drive, loss of 13
I
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 218
Imatinib 375
Imipenem 160
relebactam 165, 167
Imipramine 320
Immune 354
activation 369
function, assessment of 230
reactions 365
system 228
Immunomodulatory interventions, use of 230
Immunosuppression
mechanism of 228
therapy 137
Immunotherapy 137, 374
Implantable hemodynamic monitoring 93, 94
Indian Association of Palliative Care 436
Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 436
Individualized nutrition strategy 347, 348
Indomethacin 59
Industrial accidents 305
Infection 169, 365, 370, 382
abdominal 182
control 516
intra-abdominal 178
localized sites of 175
management 524
prevention 304
bundle interventions 172
risk of 371
site of 182
types of 182
Infectious Disease Society of America 181, 205
Inferior vena cava 99, 107, 113, 153, 154
assessment of 120
diameter variation 100, 101
Inflammatory
cascade 501fc
response syndrome 506
Influenza 172, 224
Inhalational agents 246, 247
Inhalational anesthetics 246, 248
In-hospital cardiac arrest 128, 129
Injury, extensiveness of 259
Inotropes 126, 195t, 196, 199, 326
role of 96
Inspiration, early phase of 46
Inspiratory oxygen, fraction of 23, 99
Inspiratory positive airway pressure 43
Instrumental tests 522
Instruments kit 409
Insular ribbon sign 236, 237f
Insulin
delivery system 482f
infusion 483
continuous 479
pump 482f
Intensive care
delirium screening check 436
routine 340
settings 159
Society Registry 465
unit 3, 8, 18, 23, 35, 55, 73, 80, 81, 87, 101, 110, 111fc, 113, 115, 129, 143, 149, 159, 216, 220, 223, 247, 281283, 292, 305, 307, 308, 339, 342, 347, 349, 352, 357, 363, 366, 373, 407, 415, 427, 446, 456, 459, 463, 467, 477, 481, 486, 501
acquired immunosuppression 228
alarms 444
external validity of 452, 454
management of 230
pediatric 503, 505, 520, 523, 528
readmission in 459, 462
technicians 444
transfusion in 363
Intensive palliative care 437
Intensivists, role of 307, 339, 340
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 63
soluble 61
Interferon 219, 230
Interleukin 61, 219, 230, 231, 501
Intermittent renal replacement therapy 292
Internal preload challenge 153
Interstitial compartment 79
Intestinal failure 354
Intestinal loss 490
Intoxications 318, 510
Intra-arterial balloon pump, options of 145
Intracellular adhesion molecule 191
Intracranial pressure 20, 113, 242, 327, 339, 529
monitoring devices 243f
raised 77, 251
Intracranial space occupying lesions 520
Intrathoracic surgery 329
Intravenous access catheters 204
Intravenous thrombolysis 253, 253t, 254
advantages of 253b
disadvantages of 253b
Intrinsic colonization resistance 169
Intubation
bundle approach 23
delayed sequence 22
rapid sequence 22
Inulin 282
Invasive perfusion devices 130
Iodine 491
Iohexol 282
Iothalamate 282
Irinotecan 375
Iron 369, 489, 491
deficiency 371
diagnosis of 370
functional 369
lead 134
preparation, intravenous 370
sequestration 369
substitution 369
therapy 371
Isavuconazole 225
ISBAR communication tool 411t
Ischemia
acute mesenteric 335
bowel 356
Ischemic damage, signs of early 236
Ischemic preconditioning 272, 274
Isoniazid 134
Isotonic intravenous fluid 499
Isotonic solution 76
administration logistical testing 75
Itraconazole 225
J
Jugular vein
distended 93
oxygen saturation 145, 244
Jugular venous pressure 125
Junctional adhesion molecules 210
K
Kanamycin 161
Kawasaki disease 134
Ketamine sequence intubation 22
Ketoacidosis 265, 510, 511
diabetic 266, 509, 528
Ketoconazole 59
Kidney 208f, 209f, 324
disease
acute 267
chronic 265, 268, 283, 289, 436, 509, 518
risk of chronic 272
function 518
injury 289
acute 75, 87f, 207, 266, 268, 278, 281, 289, 290t, 293fc, 381, 435, 463, 509, 511
protection of 272
role of 207
transplant patients 170
Kinetic equations 284
King's College criteria 320
Klebsiella 166, 500
aerogenes 69
oxytoca 69
pneumoniae 68, 165, 174
carbapenemase 165, 167, 186
group 69
Krebs cycle 189
Kussmaul sign 93
Kyasanur forest disease virus 214
L
Lactate 93, 109
dehydrogenase 190
guided resuscitation 203
production 270
Lactic acidosis 265, 266, 266t, 510
Lactobacillus 216
Laparoscopic surgery, robot-assisted 153
Latent class analysis 61
Laxative 324, 350
type of 350
L-carnitine 192
Leak compensation 42
Left atrium 107
Left heart unloading 515
Left ventricle 107, 120, 123
dysfunction of 122
Left ventricular assist device
infections, treatment of 175
percutaneous 145
Legionella 172
Leukocyte count 363
Leukocytosis 502
Leukoencephalopathy 316
Levamisole 316
Levetiracetam 146, 440, 527
Levofloxacin 161
Levosimendan 126, 196, 199
effect of 199
Lidocaine 131, 134, 311
Lidoflazine 146
Life support cold ischemia 428f
Life-sustaining, withdrawal of 431
Linezolid 162
Lipid emulsion, intravenous 132
Lipoglycopeptides 177
Listeria monocytogenes 184
Liver 324
assist devices, extracorporeal 341
cirrhosis 223
disease, chronic 61, 339
transplantation 320t
Liver failure 339, 340
acute 339, 341, 530
acute-on-chronic 340
chronic 339, 341
complications of 530
management of acute-on-chronic 339
Local anesthetic agent 311
Lorazepam 315, 317
Lower respiratory
colonization 224
infections, diagnosis of 68
Lung 208f, 324
collapse 56
compliance 38
interactions 152
mechanics 38
parenchyma 35
recoil, degree of 56
stress, levels of 37
transplant 175
ventilation, toward safer 35
zones 46
Lung injury 54
acute 35, 59, 207
minimize 143
pediatric acute 530
severe 16
ventilator
associated 48
induced 3, 35
Lung protective ventilation 35
strategy 505
Lung tissue 36, 171
collapses 46
Lyme disease 134
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 215
Lymphoid organs 213
Lysergic acid diethylamide 314, 315
Lysogeny 175
M
Maastricht classification, modified 427t
Machine learning 116, 395
techniques 463
Macocha score 19t
Macrocirculation, assessing 107
Macrocirculatory system 83, 84
Macrolides 161, 162
Macrovascular system discordance 83
Macula densa 74
Magnesium 74
sulfate 146
Magnetic resonance
imaging 148
conventional 259
venography 31
Mallampati 19
Malnutrition
severe 357
universal screening tool 357
Manganese 491
Man-made disasters 305
Marijuana 317, 318
intoxication, acute 318
Mass critical care, concepts of 308f
Massive capillary leak 213
Massive pulmonary
embolism 65
treatment of 65
thromboembolism 66
Massive transfusion 303, 382
protocol 301, 303
Mcconnell's sign 124
Mean absolute relative difference 482
Mean airway pressure 3, 50f, 81, 84, 103, 107, 108, 115, 147, 150, 194, 196, 327, 343
Mean circulatory filling pressure 103
Mechanical chest compression devices 130
Mechanical energy 36
Mechanical interventions, role of 97
Mechanical thrombectomy 253255
advantages of 253b, 254b
percutaneous 32
trials on 254t
Mechanical ventilation 20, 35, 5456, 143, 152, 381, 393, 395, 487, 523
controlled 37f
invasive 3, 29, 493
Mechlorethamine 375
Meconium aspiration syndrome 513
Medical cardiac failure 516
Medical complications, risk of 377t
Medical emergency team 128, 407
Medical oxygen 13
Medication kit 409
Membrane oxygenation 513
Meningitis 181
aseptic 161
Mental status 108
Meropenem 160
Meropenem-vaborbactam 165, 167, 178
Mesenteric artery
angiogram of superior 336f
superior 335, 336
Metabolic acidosis 265, 269, 292, 304, 316, 508
causes of 509
consequence of 510
correction of 266t
severe 20, 289
unexplained 499
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis 265
Metabolic control 524
Metabolic disorders 521
Metabolic disturbances 144
Metabolic resuscitation 189, 192, 506
Metabolism 190f, 369
error of 511
inborn error of 509
reduced 439
Metal-organic framework 190
Meteorological disasters 305
Metformin 321
Methamphetamines 314
Methanol 322
toxicity 322
Methemoglobin 311
levels 311
reductase 313
Methemoglobinemia 311, 311b, 313
acute toxic 312
clinical facts of 311
clinical features of 312t
hereditary 311
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 68
strains of 184
Methotrexate 374, 375
Methyldopa 134
Methylene 313
blue 196, 199, 313
effect of 200
Methylprednisolone 524
Metoclopramide 311
Metronidazole 161, 344
Micafungin 225
Microcirculation, assessing regional 112
Microcirculatory alterations 84
Microcirculatory system 84
Micronutrient 489, 491
amount of 490
deficiency 491
provision of 490
status, monitoring 490
Microorganism
presence of 169
types of 183
Microvascular flow index 83
Microvascular system 83
discordance 83
Midazolam 516
Middle cerebral artery 237
occlusion 248
Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 213
Milrinone 126, 196, 199
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists 139
Mini nutritional assessment 357
Minimal inhibitory concentration 165, 288
Mitigation 306
Mitochondria 189
Mitochondrial damage 259
Moisture exchanger 49
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system 341
Molecular patterns, damage associated 500
Molecular weight heparin, low 32
Molybdenum 491
Monoamine oxidase 196
inhibitor 162, 315
Monoclonal antibodies 374
Monocyte 229
chemoattractant protein 214
Montpellier-ICU intubation algorithm, modified 23b
Moraxella catarrhalis 69
Morphine 318
Motion, equation of 48
Mucociliary clearance 224
Mucormycosis 134
Mucosal ischemia, signs of 336
Mucous membranes 169
Multidisciplinary critical patient 467
Multidisciplinary intensive care unit rounds 456
Multidisciplinary rounds, concept of 458
Multidisciplinary team 456
rounds 456
Multidrug therapy 204
Multidrug-resistant
bacteria 220, 221
emergence of 68
gram-negative infections, treatment of 166
Multimodality monitoring 242, 245
Multimodality neuromonitoring 242
Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 377
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 10, 206, 216, 355, 463
Multiorgan failure 77, 213, 342
advance 340
Multiple organ
dysfunction 218
syndrome 356, 431
system failure 501
Multiprofessional team 470
Murine myocarditis 134
Muscle
function assessment 359
pressure, inspiratory 50
wasting 357
Myasthenia
gravis 134
like syndrome 161
Mycobacterium 134
tuberculosis 172
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 134
Mydriasis 315, 321
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells 229
Myocardial depression 194
Myocardial dysfunction 143, 500
Myocardial infarction 14, 94, 95, 382
acute 477
Myocardial injury 87f
surgery 328
Myocardial ischemia, perioperative 381
Myocardial perfusion 327
Myocardial protection 272
Myocarditis 123, 134
causes of 134
Myocardium 508
Myoclonus 315
N
N-acetyl cysteine, dose of 320t
N-acetylcysteine 59
intravenous 320
Naloxone 132, 318
Nanoparticles 179
Naphthalene 311
Nasal cannula 3, 5t, 8, 9
high frequency 20
postextubation 3, 4
prophylactic high-flow through 4
system 8
Nasal decontamination 172
Nasal mask 26, 42
Nasal oxygen during efforts securing 21
Nasal pillows 42
Nasal topical decolonization 172
Nasogastric feeding 344
Nasogastric tube 219
Nasojejunal feeding 344
National early warning score 410t
National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization 431
Natriuretic hormone 139
Natriuretic peptides 209
Natural death 436
Nausea 320, 375
Near infrared spectroscopy 244, 516
Neck access, front of 18, 19, 22
Necrosectomy, direct endoscopic 345
Necrotic collection, acute 342
Neisseria meningitidis 500
Neomycin 161
Neonatal intensive care units 423
Neonatal population 159
Neoplasm 61
Neostigmine 350
Nephropathy, contrast-induced 31
Neprilysin inhibitor combination 139
Neurocritical care 246, 383
Neuroglycopenia 320
Neuroimmune communication 194
Neurointensivists 248
Neurointerventionist 256
Neuroleptic medications 324
Neurological deficits 148
Neurological determination 520, 524
Neurological dysfunction 77
Neurological pupil index 250
Neurological sequence 521fc
Neurological systems 329
Neurological toxicity 373, 375
Neuromuscular blockade 161
Neuromuscular disorders 43
Neuropathy, peripheral 161
Neurotoxic effects 160
Neurotoxicity 159
antibiotic-induced 159, 160t, 161t, 163fc, 163t
management strategies of 162
mechanism of 160
Neutropenia 373, 502
classification of 377t
febrile 377, 377t
Neutropenic sepsis 377
Neutrophil 228
gelatinase-associated lipocalin 209
Nicardipine 321
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 190
phosphate 191
hydrogen 313
Nimodipine 146
Nipah virus 214
Nitric oxide 191, 196, 365
disruption of 364
synthesis 103
Nitrobenzene 311
Nitrofurantoin 161
Nitrogen
loss of 278
oxides of 311
Nitroglycerine 311
Nitroprusside 311
N-methyl-D-aspartate 161
excitotoxic activation of 162
Nocardia 70, 134
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 435
Non-beta-lactam antibiotic 161t
Nonbicarbonate buffers 508
Noncardiac surgery 383
Nonconvulsive status 163
epilepticus 161, 163
Noninfectious enterocolitis 376
Noninfectious syndromes 203
Noninvasive interface 26
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation 20, 21
Noninvasive ventilation 5, 5t, 6, 9, 23, 28, 41, 44b
asynchrony 41
driving pressures on 26
failure of 41
Nonlactose fermenting gram-negative bacilli 183
Nonmedical therapies 340
Non-neutropenic intensive care unit 223
Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia 335
diagnosis 335
management 337
pathophysiology 335
risk factors of 335, 335b
Nonrebreather mask 20
Nonrebreathing reservoir mask 8
Nonresolving organ dysfunction syndrome 216
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 435
Nonvolatile acids, total concentration of 73
Norepinephrine 126, 195
intraoperative 329
requirements of 199
very high dose 195
Norfloxacin 161
Normal anion gap 265
acidosis 265, 266, 266t, 509
Normal saline 73, 75, 76
effects of 74
Normothermic regional perfusion 430
Norovirus 214
Nortriptyline 320
Novel beta-lactam 167t
Nucleic acid detection tests 185
Numerous scoring systems 343
Nutrients, loss of 279
Nutrigenetics 347
Nutrigenomics 347
Nutrition 333, 517
enteral 344
scoring system 357
validation of 359
Nutritional assessment tools 357
Nutritional risk screening 358
Nutritional support 344
O
Obesity 58
hypoventilation syndrome 26
Obstructive sleep apnea 19
Occlusion pressure 52
Ofloxacin 161
Ogilvie's syndrome 350, 355
Oliguria 118
causes of 110f
Opioid 315, 318, 516
overdose, suspected 132
Optic nerve sheath diameter 244, 339
Optic neuritis 161
Optic neuropathy 162
Optimal nutritional-risk 359
Oral
hypoglycemic agent 321
mucositis 375
nutritional supplements 348
Organ cross-talk 206, 207fc, 208f, 209f
bedside application of 210
pathophysiology of 206
Organ donation 131, 427, 494, 520, 525
Organ donor 523
management 523
prospective 524
Organ dysfunction 364, 365, 499
acute 189
management of 505
monitoring protocols for 230
scoring system 529
Organ failure 207fc
assessment, pediatric sequential 529
severe 342
Organ injury, minimize 429
Organ perfuse, ex situ perfusion of 431
Organ system dysfunction 329
Organ transplantation science 433
Organic anions, metabolism of 266
Organic occlusion 338
Organizational challenges 424
Organizational factors 402
Oronasal mask 26, 42
Osmotic laxatives 350
Osteomyelitis 183
Ototoxicity 161
Oxacillin 159, 160, 167
carbapenemase 165
Oxaliplatin 375
Oxazepam 317
Oxazolidinones 162
Oxycodone 318
Oxygen 15, 307
consumption 502
continuous high-flow 21
delivery 83
devices 8fc
dissociation 380
extraction ratio 502
saturation, arterial 312
supplementation 16
therapy 13, 15
toxicity, form of 14
use of supplemental 13
utilization 109
Oxygenation 493, 494, 518
Oxygenator membrane 523
Oxygen-induced hyperoxemia dangerous, liberal 15
P
Pacemaker lead placement 30
Paclitaxel 374, 375
Pain
abdominal 315
assessment of 251
Pancreas 333, 482
Pancreatic fluid collections 345
Pancreatic necrosis 342
Pancreatic tissue 344
Pancreatitis 55, 61, 305, 343
acute biliary 345
managing necrotizing 342
necrotizing 175, 344
Papillary muscles 122
Paracetamol 316
poisoning 319
Paradoxical cerebrospinal fluid acidosis 270
Paradoxical pulse 93
Parainfluenza virus 172
Parenteral nutrition 355, 358, 489
early 350
total 344, 478, 510
Paresthesias 161
Parkinson's disease 218
Partial thromboplastin time 516
Passive leg raising test 100, 101, 113, 120, 152, 153
Passive palliative care, problem of 437
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern 216, 501
Pathogenic flora 68
Peak inspiratory
flow rate 8
pressure 48, 50
Pediatric critical care 527
Pediatric intensivists 530
Pediatric potential organ donor 524b
management 523
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 373
Penicillin 134, 159, 160
G 160
Pentoxifylline 59
Penumbral aspiration system 255
Peptic ulcer disease 316
Peptides, antimicrobial 178
Perfusion
metabolic markers of 113
monitoring 203
pressure 103, 327
Peribronchiolar edema 51
Pericardial effusion 93
Pericardial tamponade 123
Pericarditis 289, 290
Perimortem cesarean delivery 132
Peripheral nervous system 317
Peripheral neuropathy, chemotherapy induced 375
Peripheral vascular procedures 329
Periprocedural oxygenation 9
Permissive hypotension 302
application of 302
Permissive hypoxemia 16
Personal protection devices 409
Pesticide poisonings 314
Petal network 59
Phagoburn trial 175
Phagocytic assays 230
Pharmacologic thrombolysis 32
Pharmacological inotropic support 126
Phenacetin 311
Phenazopyridine 311
Phenotype 61, 63
antibiotic susceptibility test 165
expression 187
tailoring antibiotic by 165
Phenyl ethylamines, substituted 317
Phenylbutazone 134
Phenylephrine 195, 198
role of 198
Phenytoin 134, 146, 527
Pheochromocytoma 134
Phlegmasia cerulea 31
Phosphofructokinase 190
Photosynthesis, equation of 16
Physiochemistry, understanding 73
Piperacillin 159, 160
Piperazines 317
Plan-do-check-act cycle 461
Plasma 303
arterial 16
clearance 282
concentration 61
exchange 340, 341
Plasmapheresis, role of 530
Plasminogen activation 66
Plateau pressure 28, 46, 49, 50
Platelet 303, 518
count 63
dysfunction 518
Pleth variability index 100, 152, 153
Plethysmographic variability index 113
Pleural drainage, procedural of 57
Pleural dynamics, alteration of 99
Pleural effusion 5557
impact of 56
Pneumatosis intestinalis 336
Pneumocephalus 13
Pneumocystis 172
jirovecii 70
Pneumomediastinum 316
Pneumonia 27, 49, 61, 182, 501
bacterial 513
community-acquired 70, 181
diagnosis of 68
panel 68, 69t
part of ventilator-associated 68
severe 509
ventilator-associated 3, 68, 171, 178, 182
Pneumothorax 13, 32, 316
Poisoning 134, 314
acute 268
Poliovirus 134
Polycythemia 14
Polyene 225
Polyethylene glycol 352
Polymerase chain reaction 186
multiplex 185
Polymicrobial gene detection, presence of 186
Polymorphonuclear cells 502
Polymyositis 134
Polymyxin 161, 162
Polyneuropathy 161
Polysomnography 28
Polytrauma 417
Portal vein thrombosis 342
Portal venous system 337f
Posaconazole 225
Positive end expiratory pressure 3, 4, 9, 14, 20, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 43, 48, 50, 52, 60, 505, 524
total 49
use of 152
Positive pressure ventilation 5, 20, 21, 125
delivery of 26
Postanesthesia care unit 308
Postanoxic myoclonic status epilepticus 146
Postcardiac arrest 131, 131b
care 131
objectives of 143
drug therapy 131
prognostication 131
syndrome 143
Postextubation 5t
management 23
respiratory failure 4
Postmortem organ preservation 430
Postresuscitation care algorithm 147fc
Postthrombotic syndrome 33
Posttraumatic stress disorder 60
Potassium 74
Potential long-term adverse effects 220
Potential organ donor identification 520
Potentially inappropriate drugs 439b
Precipitating cause, treatment of 144
Precision medicine 463
challenges of 464
Precision nutrition 347
Predict hypotension 115
Predictive scoring systems 10
Preexisting multisystemic disease 516
Pregabaline 440
Preintubation hypotension 24
Preload responsiveness, static indices of 151
Preoxygenation 4, 20, 21
methods of 21b
Pressure
controlled ventilation 38, 44, 46
inspiratory 21, 46, 50
inspired atmospheric 16
intra-abdominal 343, 355
regulated jet ventilation 23
support ventilation 26, 50f
time
product 53f
scalar 48f
volume loop 52f
Prevotella 216
Primaquine 311
Pro-brain natriuretic peptide 139
Procalcitonin 181, 204, 502
Prognostication strategy algorithm 146fc
Programmed death-ligand 1 231
Proinflammatory cytokines 357
Prometheus 341
Prone ventilation, physiology of 100
Prophylactic antibiotics 344
Prophylactic laxative bowel regimen 351
Prophylaxis 32
Propionate 216
Propionibacterium acnes 218
Propofol 146
Prostaglandins 59, 364
Protected brush specimen 171
Protein
C 63
concentration 63
phosphatase 2 191
Prothrombin complex 303
Pseudomonas 500
aeruginosa 68, 69, 165, 174, 175, 178, 182, 185, 187, 517
Pseudo-obstruction, acute colonic 350
Psilocybin 315
Psychedelic substances 314
Pulmonary artery 107
catheter 93, 125
constriction 125
elastance 123
hypertension
development of 92f
worsening of chronic 123
occlusion pressure 100, 107, 120, 151
pressure 66, 92
stiffness of 122
systolic pressure 94, 95, 123
Pulmonary aspiration, risk of 349
Pulmonary blood volume 154
Pulmonary capacitance, total 122
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 94, 95
Pulmonary disease 493
Pulmonary dysfunction, reduce 63
Pulmonary edema 49, 318, 322
severe 289
Pulmonary embolism 32, 33, 122, 125, 144
treated, moderate 66
Pulmonary hypertension 66, 91, 92, 96, 122
classification of 91
clinical features of 93t
types of 91
Pulmonary infiltrates 181
Pulmonary re-expansion edema 57
Pulmonary thromboembolism 65
Pulmonary toxicity 373, 374
Pulmonary vascular
permeability index 154
resistance 56, 92
Pulmonary vasculature 65
Pulmonary vasoconstriction 197
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease 378
Pulsatility index 244f
Pulse
oximetry
plethysmographic 153
routine 312
pressure variation 100, 113, 120, 152
Puncture site hematoma 32
Pupillary light reflex
physiology of 250
procedure for 250
Pupillometry, use of 251
Purpura fulminans 503
Pus, thick 183
Pyruvate dehydrogenase 191
Q
Qualitative endotracheal aspirate 171
Quantitative bacteria 69
Quinolones 161
R
Radiation exposure, risk of 31
Randomized controlled trial 343, 353, 366, 381
Ranitidine 440
Rapid osmotic changes 528
Rapid response system 407, 408fc
Rapid response team 128
role of 407
trigger criteria 411t
Rapid sequence
induction intubation 20
intubation, modified 22
Rasburicase 377
Rate and rhythm control 97
Reactive oxygen species 191
production of 190
Reactive phenotype 63
Readmission
causes of 460, 460b
incidence of 459
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 494
Red blood cell 363, 364, 380
age of 363, 365
storage of 365t
transfusion of 303, 364t
Red cell
management 365
transfusion 367
complications of 365
Reflection 447
Reflux, hepatojugular 93
Refractory pleural effusion 57
Refractory septic shock 194, 200
vasopressor in 195
Regional macrocirculation
assessment of 107
clinical 108
Regulatory T cells 229
Rehabilitation 148
Reintubations 5
Relative adrenal insufficiency 485, 487
diagnosis of 485
treatment of 486
Renal acid excretion 265
Renal disease 283
end-stage 289
Renal dysfunction 77, 154, 321, 439
persistent 76
Renal effects 74
Renal failure 223, 371
acute 481
Renal function 440
impaired 162
management 523
Renal replacement therapy 75, 277, 278, 289, 290t, 292, 293fc, 326, 366, 377, 487, 511, 516
discontinuation of 292
earlier 290
objectives of 289
timing of 289
triggers for starting 289
types of 290
Renal syndrome 213
Renal tubular acidosis 509
Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system 209
Research, challenges of 453
Resistance Mechanism, rapid identification of 185
Resistant mycobacterium abscess infection, treatment of 175
Resistant organisms, emergence of 288
Respiration
cellular 16
equation of 16
Respiratory acidosis 269
Respiratory alkalosis 320
Respiratory compliance 37
Respiratory complications 326
Respiratory depression 321
Respiratory distress
severe acute 214
syndrome, ventilate acute 46
Respiratory dysfunction 58
Respiratory failure 320
acute hypoxemic 4, 9, 27
chronic hypercapnic 27
management of 41
postoperative 4
Respiratory function 56
Respiratory infections 171
Respiratory mechanics 56, 57
physiology of 54
Respiratory muscle fatigue 46
Respiratory rate 20, 39
high 528
Respiratory syncytial virus 134, 172
Respiratory syndrome, severe acute 307
Respiratory system 48, 51, 435
compliance 61
mechanics, assessment of 48
Respiratory tract 169
structure 224
Respiratory viral infections 213
Restrictive respiratory pathology 56
Resuscitation 14
adult cardiopulmonary 128
assessing end points of 107f
cardiopulmonary 128130, 132, 431
cardiovascular 66
concept of 189
control 299
effective cardiopulmonary 143
extracorporeal cardiopulmonary 431, 518
hemodynamic 189
incoherence 113t
team 128
therapeutic endpoints of 504b
Reticulum, endoplasmic 132
Retrolental fibroplasia 13
Retroperitoneal debridement, video-assisted 345
Retrospective cohort study 415
Rhabdomyolysis 268, 289
Rheumatic fever 134
Rheumatoid arthritis 134
Ribonucleic acid 68
viruses 134
Rickettsia rickettsii 134
Rift valley fever 214
Right atrial pressure 94, 95
Right heart failure 122, 123
pathophysiology of 92, 92fc
syndrome 122
management of acute 125
Right ventricle 65, 122, 123
dysfunction 127
infarct 123
Right ventricular
afterload, reduce 96
assist device 97
dilation 65
dysfunction 56, 94, 95, 122
diagnosis of 123
management of acute 125
managing 126
signs of 93
failure 20
Ringer's acetate 73
Ringer's lactate 73
Rituximab 374
Rivaroxaban 440
Rndovascular thrombectomy, first-generation of 255
Rose trial 59, 60
Rox index 10
S
Sacral edema 357
Salicylate poisoning 268, 319, 509
Salmonella 134, 172
typhimurium 166
Sarcoidosis 134
Scalpel cricothyroidotomy 23
Scandinavia 465
Schistosoma 134
Schizophrenia 250
Scleroderma 134
Sclerosis, multiple 218
Scoring system 286, 343
Scorpion sting 134
Seasonal affective disorders 250
Second messenger pathways, alteration of 194
Second-generation
cocktail 174
ET devices 255
Sedation 145, 246
goals of 246
management 516
Sedative-hypnotics 315
Seizures 160, 161, 315, 316
control of 145
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 315
Selenium 489, 491
Sensorium 411
Sepsis 61, 84, 123, 189, 190f, 191f, 373, 397, 419, 490, 499, 500, 501, 501fc, 505t, 506
bundles 205
development of 500t
diagnosis of 502
distinguishing 203
evidence of 204
places 502
recognition of 501
risk factors for 500
severe 505
signs of 501
time-bound care bundles in 419b
Septic complications 342
Septic shock 81t, 84, 87, 105, 189, 207, 267, 382, 487, 490, 499, 500, 500t, 501, 504, 505, 505t, 506
and acidosis 267t
corticosteroid therapy of 487
criteria 529
management of 502
neonatal 529
pediatric 500, 503fc
recognition of 501
severe 197
trial, vasopressin in 80
vasopressor in 79
Sequential organ failure assessment 9, 499
score 197
Serious adverse events 220
Serotonin
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 315
syndrome 162, 315
Serratia 166
marcescens 68, 69
Serum
creatinine levels 283t
glucose concentrations 320
potassium 516
sickness 134
Shock 63, 103, 109f, 129
cardiogenic 89, 136
clinical assessment of 107
cold 501, 502t
cryptic 107
distributive 103
fluid sparing management of 528
hemorrhagic 105, 355
human septic 486
hypovolemic hemorrhagic 88
management of 197
microcirculation during 84
neurogenic 89
refractory 504
vasopressor in 104
Short-chain fatty acids 216
Side-stream dark field 83
Signal transduction pathways 274
Significant failure rate 41
Silence, use of 447
Silver 1789
Simulators, broad range of 470
Single cosyntropin test 486
Single pass albumin dialysis 341
Skin 169, 170
mottling 108
necrosis 316
Slight blood pressure reduction 270
Slow continuous ultrafiltration 290
Slow low efficiency dialysis 322
Small bowel loops 337f
Smart artifacts filters 444
Smart comprehensive combined analyzer 444
Snake bite 134
Social media, role of 128
Social support 437
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology 170
Sodium 74
bicarbonate 266269, 511
side effects of 270
therapy 265, 266, 266t, 267t, 268
therapy, side effects of 269
channels 316
chloride 76
valproate 146
Soft tissue 170
Solid organ transplantation 223, 224
Solid tumors 376
Somatosensory-evoked potentials 146, 148
Spinal perfusion pressure 89
Spironolactone 440
Splanchnic circulation 112
Splanchnic microcirculation 83
Staphylococci, coagulase-negative 182
Staphylococcus aureus 69, 182, 500, 517
Starvation acidosis 510
Static airway pressures 36
Static compliance 50
Static parameters 100
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 15, 132, 144
Sterilization 172
Steroids 486
Stewart's acid-base physiochemistry 74f
Stewart's approach 74
Stimulating immune-inflammatory response 299
Stomatitis 375
Stool softeners 350
Street pharmacists 317
Streptococcus
agalactiae 69
mutans 178
pneumoniae 68, 69, 500
pyogenes 69
Streptokinase 66
Streptomycin 161
Stress
arises 402
excessive 35
Stroke 14
ischemic 235, 253
acute 235, 254, 256, 383
management, changing paradigm of 253
volume 94, 95, 103, 120, 150
behavior of 119f
variation 83, 100, 112, 113, 119, 120, 152
Strongyloides 172
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 420, 465
Subarachnoid bolts 243
Subcutaneous fat 357
Subjective global assessment 357
Suction embolectomy 255
Sudden cardiac arrest 494
Suggested action plan 352t
Sulfonamide 134, 162, 311
Supportive therapy 510
Supraglottic airway 22
device 22
Surge capacity continuum, principles of 307
Surge continuum 308
Surge response, targets for 308
Surgery, major 328
Surviving sepsis
campaign 196, 204
guidelines 202, 504
guidelines 152, 477
Swelling 237, 237f
Swollen upper limb 31f
Sympathomimetics 314
Symptomatic cardiovascular disease, stable 382
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 210
Syndrome respiratory failure 493
Syndromic molecular diagnostics 68
Synthetic cannabinoids 317
Systematic inflammatory response 144
Systemic autoimmune disease 134
Systemic blood pressure 65
Systemic congestion, signs of 93
Systemic heparinization 518
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 216, 342, 343, 499
Systemic ischemia 143
Systemic lupus erythematosus 134
Systemic sodium levels 340
Systemic thrombolysis 65, 67
complications of 66
Systemic thrombolytic agents 65
Systemic vascular resistance 83, 196
Systolic pressure variation 83, 112
T
T lymphocytes 229
Tachyarrhythmia, atrial 97
Tachycardia 33, 107, 115, 315, 316
Tachypnea 115, 320, 322
Taenia 134
Tardive dyskinesia 161
Tardive seizures 160
Task trainers 470
Technological advances, use of 444
Tedizolid 177
Tell me more 448
Temozolomide 374
Temperature
control 523
dysregulation 279
management, targeted 131, 145
Temporary closure 302
Temporary wound closure 300
Tenecteplase 253
Terlipressin 195, 197
Tetanus toxoid 134
Tetracycline 134, 161
Tetrahydrobiopterin 191
Therapeutic colonoscopy 350
Therapeutic hypothermia 523
Therapeutic plasma exchange 340, 530
Thermal diffusion flowmetry 244
Thiamine 191
deficiency 134
efficacy of 191f
Thiazides 134
Third fundamental property 15
Thottapalayam virus 215
Threshold levels 230
Thrombectomy 253, 255
Thrombocytopenia 518
syndrome virus 215
Thrombolysis 32, 66, 253, 255
Thrombolytic
agents 66
low dose 65, 66
therapy 32, 66
Thrombophilia 33
Thrombosis 33
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 110
Thrombus aspiration 465
Thyroid injury 23
Thyrotoxicosis 134
Thyroxine 324
Tibial infection, trauma-related 176
Ticarcillin 159
Tidal volume
challenge 100, 101, 113, 152
high 35
monitoring 26
Tinnitus 320
Tissue
Doppler 124
hypoxia 364, 510
signs of 102
injury, mechanisms of 378
oxygenation, impairment of 269, 270
Tobramycin 161
Tone specific alarm generation 444
Topical decolonization 172
Toxic shock syndrome 501
Toxicology 297
Toxidrome 314, 315, 315t
Toxoplasma gondii 134
Trace elements 278
Tracheal intubation 470
challenges of 18t
drug used for 21
Tracheostomy 23
Tramadol 440
Tranexamic acid 303
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography 244
Transdiaphragmatic pressure 52
Transfuse intravenous iron 370
Transfusion 367
related immunomodulation 381
strategy 382
trials 383
Transient psychosis 161
Transmural endoscopic drainage 345
Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange 21
Transplant of Human Organs Act 520
Transportation accidents 305
Transpulmonary driving pressure 36, 38
Transpulmonary pressure 35, 49
Transudative pleural effusions 56
Trastuzumab 134
Trauma 61, 66, 251, 297, 382
Traumatic brain injury 242, 245, 259, 383
pediatric 529
severe 303
Traumatic injury 299f
Tremors 160, 200
Tremulousness 315
Trendelenburg maneuver 100, 101
Triamterene 440
Trichinella 134
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 124
Tricuspid annulus 124
Tricyclic antidepressant 144
overdose 269
poisoning 320
Trigger asynchrony 43, 44
Triggering factors 93t
treatment of 94
Triglyceride, medium-chain 190
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 161, 183
Triphenylphosphonium 192
Trishydroxyaminomethane 511
Trojan horse 179
Troponin 93, 132
Trypanosoma cruzi 134
Tryptamines 317
Tsutsugamushi 134
Tube confirmation 23
Tubular dysfunction 265
Tubular necrosis, acute 319
Tubuloglomerular feedback 74
Tumor lysis syndrome 289, 373, 376, 376t
mechanism of 376fc
Tumor necrosis factor 219
alpha 194, 228, 230, 501
receptor-1, soluble 61
Typhlitis 376
U
Unilateral motor posturing 242
Upper abdominal pain 342
Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis 30, 33
Urban poisoning 314
classification of 314t
Uremic complications, early control of 290
Uremic pleurisy 55
Uremic symptoms 289
Urinary alkalinization 377
Urinary creatinine clearance, measurement of 283
Urinary retention 321
Urinary tract 169
infection 170, 181
catheter-associated 170
Urine 170
acidification of 508
clearance 282
output 109, 289, 343
Urogenital system 435
Urokinase 66
US Food and Drug Administration 235
V
Vaccines 134
Valvular heart diseases 123
Vancomycin 161
Vascular access, issues of 278, 279
Vascular function 364
Vascular toxicity 373
Vasculitis, cutaneous 316
Vasoactive agents, classification of 195fc
Vasoconstriction, hypoxic pulmonary 20
Vasoplegia, pathophysiology 194
Vasopressin 63, 126, 195, 197, 524
use of 130
Vasopressor 194, 195t, 196, 203
administration, early 80
decrease 80
dependent septic shock 192
role of 96, 104
therapy 194
timing of 103
use of 103
Vena cava
inferior 99, 107, 113, 153, 154
superior 30, 32, 113, 153, 154
acute 33
Venous thromboembolism 65, 440
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 219
Ventilation 1, 35, 493, 524
failure, complete 22
future of 37
low tidal volume 493
management 516
minute 44, 63
proportional assist 44
strain injury of 46
volume control 46, 48f, 49f
Ventilator 307
associated event 171
asynchrony 42
related factors 43
settings 41
weaning from 439
Ventilatory assist, neurally adjusted 44, 528
Ventilatory strategy 39
Ventricular assist device 122, 494, 513
Ventricular interdependence 123
Ventricular septal defects 123
Ventricular tachyarrhythmia 321
Ventriculitis 161
Vertigo 320
Vessel occlusion, large 254
Videolaryngoscope 18
Viral hemorrhagic fever 214
Viral hepatitis 340
Viral infections, emerging 213
Viral pneumonia 513
Virtual reality 470
Virus 134
emerging 215
re-emerging 215
Vision
blurred 321
loss of 316
Vital organs, availability of 494
Vital signs
abnormal 115
monitor 394f
monitored 107
Vitamin
A 489491
B1 489491
B6 489491
C 313, 489, 491
D 59, 489491
E 489491
fat soluble 490
K 490, 491
antagonists 31, 32
loss of 278
Volatile agent 247, 248
Volatile anesthetics 248
technical consideration for 247
use of 248
Volutrauma 35
Vomiting 200, 315, 320, 375
von Willebrand factor 63, 197
Voriconazole 225
Vortex approach 24
Vulnerable population 305
W
Walled-off pancreatic necrosis 345
Warm ischemia time 429
Warm shock 502t
Water soluble vitamins 490
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 503
Weaning 56, 517
protocol for 517t
simple 53
Wegener's granulomatosis 134
Weight loss 359
Weil's disease 134
Workload and policy related 460
World Health Organization 363
Worsening hypoxia 46
Wuchereria 134
X
Xanthinuria 376
Y
Yellow fever 134
Z
Zika virus 215
Zinc 489, 491
Zonula occludens-1 210
Zoonotic disease transmitted 214
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear