Perioperative Critical Care Atul Prabhakar Kulkarni, Jigeeshu Vasistha Divatia, Sohan Lal Solanki
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Abacavir 70
Abdomen 340f, 341f, 350
acute 356
assessment of 349
Abdominal compartment syndrome 47, 48, 356, 362, 364f, 367
Abdominal perfusion pressure 362, 363, 367, 549
Abdominal wall
catheters 325
defects 245
Abdominis plane 385
Abscess 343, 364
epidural 221
intra-abdominal 343, 356, 365
intramedullary 221
retroperitoneal 365
subdural 221
Absorption atelectasis 601
Acapella 490f
Acetaminophen 37, 70, 231
Acetate 53
Achondroplasia 224, 224f
Acid-base
and kidney support 463
balance, basics of 67
disorders 68
disturbances 6769, 73
primary 68t
homeostasis 67fc, 68
renal regulation of 68f
Acidosis 129, 253
lactic 70
respiratory 68, 69
Acoustic windows 557
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 4
Acromegaly 25, 62
Actinomycin-D 260
Activated clotting time 171
Activated partial thromboplastin time 88, 145, 342, 525
Active peptic ulcer disease 585
Active upper gastrointestinal bleed 585
Acute coronary syndrome 186, 447, 519, 523
Acute kidney injury 71, 102, 315, 452, 510, 587, 588, 591
epidemiologic prospective investigation study 587
network 452
Acute myocardial infarction 82, 192, 578
Acute pain management 408
Acute renal failure 263, 343
trial network 590
Acute renal replacement therapy 5
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 10, 11, 101, 131, 228, 284, 412, 452, 469, 498, 535, 588, 594, 601
Acyanotic congenital heart diseases 106, 107
management of 107, 108fc
Adenosine monophosphate 515
Adenosine triphosphate 514
synthesis of 9
Adrenal medulla 389
Adrenal pheochromocytoma, perioperative management of 389
Adrenaline 26
Adrogue-Madias equation 56
Advanced cardiac life support 282, 544
Advanced cardiovascular support 5
Advanced trauma life support 407
Agitation 36
assessment of 38
management of 38
pathophysiology of 38
Air
bronchogram 536, 537f
dynamic 537, 537f
embolism 263, 425
entrainment 15
Airway 129, 217, 297, 423
anatomy of 157
and ventilation problems 249
assessment 24, 420
changes 303
compression, dynamic 158f
control 150, 235
edema 143
evaluation of 229
exchange catheter 33
lesions 245
management 157f, 162f, 181, 430, 482
cross-field 157f
manipulation 548, 549
obstruction of 12, 142
plan 161
pressure
nonstandardized 504
release ventilation 489
protection 5
repair surgery 138
stability 266
trauma and bleeding 30
ultrasound 533
Alanine
aminotransferase 322
transaminase 438
Alar ligaments 222
Albumin 54
macroaggregate of 452
Albuterol 61
Alcohol 70
abuse 236
and smoking withdrawal 38
Aldosterone 59
Alemtuzumab 421
A-lines 535, 536f
Alkalemia 58
Alkalosis
acute respiratory 69
metabolic 68, 69
respiratory 68
All India Difficult Airway Association 31, 33, 423
Allergic reactions 404
Allograft dysfunction 446, 448fc
Alpha-2 agonists 170
Alpha-fetoprotein, serum 260
Alveolar arterial gradient 10
clinical utility of 10
Alveolar gas equation 9
clinical utility of 9
Alveolar unit, anatomy of 10f
Alveolitis, fibrosing 466
Ambulation
early 484f
postoperative 483
American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria 637t
American Association of Blood Banks 281, 519
American Association of Critical Care Nurses 616
American College of Cardiology 419
Foundation 4, 186
American College of Chest Physicians 88, 146
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 282
American College of Physicians guidelines 596, 596t
American Heart Association 4, 81, 186, 197, 419
guidelines 170
American Joint Committee on Cancer 382
American Pain Society 37
American Society for Enhanced Recovery 326, 326fc
American Society of Anesthesia 423
classification 420
American Society of Anesthesiologists 37, 76, 314, 357, 385, 403, 413, 639, 640
classification 75
Task Force 520
American Society of Anesthesiology 496, 596
American Society of Pain Management 36
American Society of Regional Anesthesia 02, 380, 413
Amiloride 70
Aminocaproic acid 527
Aminoglycosides 387
Amniotic fluid embolism 278
Amphetamines 70
Amphotericin-B 387
Amrinone 99, 515
Amyloidosis 459
Analgesia 237, 262, 267, 289, 314, 385, 425
epidural 18, 173, 379
inadequate 548, 549
intraoperative 441
perioperative 37t, 180, 335
postoperative 102, 151, 174, 289, 380
regional 37
Analgesic technique, choice of 641
Anastamosis 468
Anemia 75, 277, 597
correction of 78, 149
dilutional 133
severe 70
Anesthesia
care, monitored 217
drugs 325
effects of 211f
epidural 640
general 82, 173, 205, 282, 441, 596, 597, 601, 640
inadequate 548, 549
induction of 18, 24, 160, 212, 341
information management systems 628
inhalation induction of 160
intraoperative management of 210
light 218
local 163, 217, 640
maintenance of 181, 212, 468
management 249, 253, 254, 261, 322, 335, 423
plan 180, 149, 302
related factors 52
total intravenous 163, 218, 315
types of 77
Anesthetic drugs, classification of 304t
Anesthetic technique 307
choice of 189, 641
Aneurysm 197f
abdominal aortic 171, 596
site of 197f
ventricular 130
Aneurysmal rupture 197, 356
Angiography
coronary 117
pulmonary 86
three-dimensional rotational 198
Angioplasty 101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 37, 513, 550
inhibitors 60, 70, 102, 170, 422, 547
Angiotensin-receptor blockers 60, 70, 119, 547
Anion gap 68
Ankle 150
brachial index 410
Anorectal malformations 245, 254
Antibiotics 387, 552, 553, 555
prophylactic 439
prophylaxis 307, 314
prophylaxis guidelines 553b
therapy 240
Antibody
donor specific 448
mediated rejection 448
Anticholinergics 305
Anticipated difficult extubation, management of 33fc
Anticipation 615
Anticoagulation 87, 125, 590
management of 117
Anticonvulsant therapy 239
Antifibrinolytic 527
Antifibrinolytic
role of 172
therapy 200
Antihypertensive treatment, withdrawal of 548
Antimicrobial prophylaxis 379
Antimicrobial therapy 139
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 83
Antiplatelet agents 170, 172, 438
role of 92
Antipsychotics, atypical 39
Antiseptic agents 619
Antithrombin deficiency 82
Antithymocyte globulin 439, 447, 469
Anxiety 36, 420, 480, 548, 549
Aorta 141, 572
abdominal 565f
coarctation of 107
descending 584f, 585
pseudoaneurysm rupture 137
Aortic aneurysm surgery 171
Aortic cross-clamping 172, 548
Aortic regurgitation 118, 119, 124
Aortic root 563f
Aortic stenosis 116, 117, 118f, 124, 512, 515
congenital 107
Aortic valve 540f, 561
replacement 117
Aortopulmonary windows 106, 107
Apixaban 88
Apnea 605
hypopnea index 637
Apneic oxygenation 12, 24
Apneic ventilation 16f
Apolipoproteins 167
Aprotinin 527, 528
Arginine vasopressin 432
Arnold-Chiari malformation 223, 225
Arrhythmias 110, 114, 130, 134, 154, 169, 302, 343, 425
symptomatic ventricular 169
ventricular 100
Arterial blood gas 77, 85, 142, 146, 408, 413, 462, 481, 596, 639
analysis 249
machines 6
Arterial blood pressure 326, 495
Arterial cannulation 544
Arterial carbon dioxide, partial pressure of 67, 72
Arterial oxygen
content 10
saturation 152
tension 488
Arterial pressure
continuous invasive measurement of 495
control 315
invasive 496
noninvasive 496
Arterial switch operation 108
Arteriolar venous shunt 10
Artery
disease, coronary 186, 451, 438, 579f, 640
femoral 543
hypertension, idiopathic pulmonary 465, 466
pressure
monitor pulmonary 461
systolic 171
pseudoaneurysm, major 137
radial 544f
Arthritis, rheumatoid 25, 59, 224
Artificial kidney initiation 588
Ascites 321, 323, 364
Asepsis 269
Aseptic non-touch technique 269
Asparaginase 421
Aspartate aminotransferase 322
Aspergillus 131
Aspiration
injury, chances of 235
pneumonitis 594, 598
prophylaxis 306
recurrent 165
Aspirin 189, 438
Association of Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 625, 628
Asthma 56
bronchial 535
Astrocytoma 221
Atelectasis 102, 130, 329, 455, 594, 597, 601
development of 595
management of 597, 598
prevention of 12
Aterial blood gas 68
Atherosclerosis 167, 168f
development of 167
infection mediated 168
risk factors of 167f
Atlantoaxial dislocation 221, 223
Atlas fracture 221
Atmospheric oxygen 9
Atmospheric pressure 9
Atracurium besylate 28
Atresia 245
intestinal 245, 253
proximal esophageal 247
pulmonary 107
Atrial fibrillation 117, 125, 134, 169, 461, 547
management of 117
Atrial natriuretic peptide 203, 395
Atrial pressure, right 497, 578, 579
Atrial septal defect 106, 107, 224, 254
Atrioventricular septal defects 107, 224
Atrioventricular valves 564f
Atrium, right 560, 564, 582
Atropine 26
Auto positive end-expiratory pressure, development of 143
Autogenic drainage 482
Autoimmune 459
diseases 82
Automatic tube compensation 489
Awake craniotomy 216, 217b
contraindications for 217t
Axis fracture 221
B
Bacteremia 343
Bacterial prophylaxis 446
Bacteriuria, catheter-associated 554
Bag-mask ventilation 12
Balanced salt solutions 53
Balloon mitral valvotomy 576
Barbiturates 211, 215
Bare metal stent 171
Barotrauma, ventilator-induced 131
Barrett's esophagus 585
Bartter's syndrome 59
Baseline oximetry 640
Basilar invasion 221
Bedside lung ultrasound 132, 534
Behavioral pain scale 36
Benzodiazepines 39, 211, 215, 236, 305
Berlin questionnaire 639
Beta-2 agonist 58
Beta-adrenergic agents 70
Beta-blocker 188, 392
nonselective 59
Bevacizumab 421
preoperative 344
Bicarbonate 53, 303
levels of 68
Bilevel positive airway pressure 5
Biliary drainage, preoperative 316
Bioimpedance 496
Bioreactance 496, 499
Biotin 70
Biplanar angiography 137
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome 382
Bispectral index 212, 239, 315, 335, 548, 641
Bisphosphonates 63
Bladder
and prostate oncosurgery 379t
cancer 377
exstrophy of 245
pressure, measurement of 365f
tumor, transurethral resection of 373
Bleeding
aneurysm 172
control 172
gastrointestinal 260
postoperative 100, 144
rapid control of 172
surgical 343
Bleomycin 421
Blind technique 134
B-lines 535
phases of 536f
Blood 325
brain barrier 38
components 172
transfusion of 521t
count, complete 169, 438
flow
coronary 173
pulmonary 107
velocities, pulse wave Doppler measurement of 583f
gas analysis 269
loss 172, 403
estimation of 277, 282
measurement 280
predicted 222
oxygen contents of 10
pressure 36, 212, 217, 235, 281, 294, 303, 447, 495, 509
control of 422, 547
high 547
invasive 444
monitoring 516
systolic 43, 82, 200, 281, 510
target systolic 235
product 325
administration 283
use of 444
salvage therapy 529
streak sputum 132
stream infection 139
tests 639
tinged secretion 132
transfusion 519, 521, 524, 526529
in perioperative period 519
rapid 404
strategies 283, 522
urea nitrogen 169, 329
volume 303
intrathoracic 443
pulmonary 498
Bloodstream infection 101, 620
catheter-related 343, 620
central line-associated 554
Blunt chest trauma 134
causes of 138
management 139
Blunt trauma abdomen 349, 352fc
perioperative management of 349
Body
mass index 76, 149, 280, 364, 480, 596
surface area 569
weight, predicted 602
Bone
and connective tissue 50
cancers, major 401
marrow aspiration 259
resorption 62
tumors, metastatic 401
Bovine serum albumin 5
Bowel gangrene 356
Bowel obstruction, small 356
Bowel preparation 288, 333
mechanical 334, 610
preoperative 316, 317
selective 314
Bowel resection 344
Brachial plexus injury 130
Bradyarrhythmias, common 113
Bradycardia 217, 421
Brain
injury 234, 234f
early 200
management of 235
mild traumatic 236t
moderate risk of 236
traumatic 234, 407, 523
natriuretic peptide 395, 432
pathology 236
tissue
oxygen pressure 201
oxygenation 238
tumor surgeries 210
Brainstem auditory evoked potential 212, 215
Branched chain amino acids 327
Breath sound, unilateral absence of 130
Breathing 129, 291, 297
exercises 482
technique, active cycle of 482
British Committee for Standards in Hematology Guidelines 524
British Thoracic Society 146
Bronchial repair disruption 130, 138
Bronchiectasis 465, 466
Bronchiolitis
chronic obliterative 466
obliterans syndrome 465
obliterative 465
Bronchoscopy
fiberoptic 33, 423
presurgery 249
virtual 421
Bronchospasm 594, 598
B-type natriuretic peptide 85
Bumetanide 70
Bupivacaine 304
Burns 364
Butorphanol 304
Byponatremia, severely symptomatic 54
C
Calcineurin inhibitor 439, 447
Calcitonin 63
Calcium 53, 60, 61, 387
channel blockers 201, 392, 447
chloride 61
gluconate 61
homeostasis 60
sensitizer 99
California maternal quality care 280
Canagliflozin 70
Cancer 82, 83, 339, 465
and hemopathy 70
chemotherapeutic agents 70
Cannula dislodgment and extravasation 619
Capillary blood
ketones 72
lactate 72
Capillary pressure, acutely reduced 51
Capillary refill time 46
Caprini score 82, 83t
Carbenicillin 70
Carbohydrate 314, 316, 379
drink 374
loading 477
metabolism 313
Carbon dioxide 601
end-tidal 495
partial pressure of 9, 68, 151, 303, 462
Carbon monoxide 70, 459
diffusing capacity for 146, 147, 149
Carbonic acid concentration 67
Carboplatin 260, 421
Carcinoma 56
hepatocellular 319
thymic 141
Cardiac arrest 30, 100, 130, 230, 538
intraoperative 605
perioperative 570
primary 148
sudden 130f
Cardiac arrhythmia 60, 99, 112, 421
risk factors for 134t
Cardiac complications 130, 134, 182
Cardiac dysfunctions 203
Cardiac herniation 136, 154
Cardiac index 578
Cardiac output 41, 171, 303, 363, 443, 462, 496, 497, 499, 509, 515, 581
arterial pressure-based 499
monitoring 496
devices 496t
Cardiac pulsations, transmission of 536f
Cardiac risk index, revised 4, 148, 169b, 188, 188t
Cardiac tamponade 46, 48, 100, 134
Cardiac troponin 186
Cardiff six-point toolkit 631b
Cardiomyopathy 421, 451
hypertrophic 515
origin of 459
septic 583
Cardiopulmonary bypass 97, 160, 460, 468
Cardiopulmonary disease, chronic aortic 82
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 147, 180, 314, 374, 420, 479, 480
Cardiorespiratory interaction, assessment of 146, 147
Cardiorespiratory monitoring 24
Cardiovascular disease, pre-existing 134
Cardiovascular risk, assessment of 148
Cardiovascular stability, assessment of 268
Cardiovascular system 174, 228, 303, 336, 422, 491
Cardioverter, implantation of 100
Carinal reconstructive surgery, airway management for 162f
Carotid blowout 426
Catalonia 76, 595
Catecholamine
excess 258
synthesis 393
bpathway for 390fc
Cathinones 70
Cauda equine syndrome 221
Causalgia 130
Cefazolin 553
Ceftriaxone 553
Cell salvage 402
Cellular functions 63
Cellular rejection, acute 448
Center for Disease Control and Prevention 269
Center sleep testing 637
Central nervous system 5, 10, 56, 210, 254, 271, 296, 304, 326, 412, 456
infections 456
Central retinal artery occlusion 213
Central venous catheter 171, 511
Central venous oxygen 170
saturation 496
Central venous pressure 87, 99, 130, 171, 262, 303, 324, 325, 362, 375, 443, 460, 462, 495497, 501, 538, 569, 569t, 574
Cephalosporins 387
Cerebral
artery bifurcation 199f
autoregulation 211
blood
flow 211, 211f, 214
volume 212, 214
ischemia, delayed 197, 200
metabolic rate 211, 211f, 214
metabolism 211t
microdialysis 201
oxygen consumption 211
perfusion pressure 211, 217, 234, 234f, 235
salt wasting 56, 203, 433
syndrome 56, 219, 432
vasospasm 200
Cerebrospinal fluid 39, 198, 211, 214, 224, 234f, 254
leak 426, 429
Cerebrovascular disease, history of 4, 188
Cervical
disk herniation 223
instability 227
myelopathy 221
plexus block, bilateral 163
radiculopathy 221
spinal cord 227
spine 221, 222
reduced mobility of 25
trauma 221
spondylosis 221, 223, 224f
spondylotic myelopathy 223
subaxial fracture 221
Cesarean delivery 282
Charlson comorbidity index 4
Chelation 61, 64
Chemoembolization, transarterial 260, 324
Chemoperfusion, variations of 344
Chemotherapeutic agents 387
Chemotherapeutic drugs 260t
Chemotherapy 259, 260, 334, 420, 610
drugs, electrostatic precipitation of 346
neoadjuvant 420
Chest 350
pain 47
typical 190
physiotherapy 344, 482
radiograph 85, 153
trauma 129, 130t
wall 150
rigidity 271
X-ray 537
preoperative 77
Child-Pugh-Turcotte
classification 320
score 320t
Chlorhexidine gluconate 610
Chloride 53
Chlorthalidone 70
Choanal atresia 245
Cholestyramine 70
Chondroma 221
Chondrosarcomas 401
Chorioamnionitis 277
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease 12, 17, 75, 76, 103, 131, 147, 169, 228, 459, 480, 535, 566, 574, 596, 601
disorders 465, 466
Chyle leak 425
Chylothorax 136, 153
Circle of Willis 197f
Circulation 297
Cirrhosis 364
alcoholic 320
Cisplatin 70, 387, 421
Citrate
anticoagulation, regional 590
toxicity 404
Cladribine 421
Clavien-Dindo classification 357, 377
Cleft
lip 245
palate 245
Clevidipine 550
Clonidine 231
Clopidogrel 422, 438
Closed aortic valve 561f
Clostridium difficile 139, 334
Coagulation 290, 322
disorders 324
factors 303
monitoring 342
Coagulopathy 47, 327, 421, 585
Cobb's angle 226, 228
Cobb's method 225
Cocaine 70
Coiled nasogastric tube 248
Cold ischemia 441f
Collaborative care pathway surgery 373
Colloids 51, 53, 54
Colonic pseudo-obstruction 364
Color flow Doppler 571
Colorectal surgery 333
perioperative management of 333
Coma 25
Communication 631
principles of 630
skills 631
system 5
Compartment syndrome 364, 412
Complicated intra-abdominal infections, antibiotics strategies for 552
Component therapy, use of 520
Compression 559
atelectasis 601
injury, lateral 409f
signs 137
tracheal 138
ultrasonography 85
Computed tomography
coronary angiography 117
pulmonary angiography 48
scan 466, 511
Connective tissue diseases 465, 165
Conscious sedation 217
Constipation 271
Continuous calcium infusion 62
Continuous positive airway pressure 5, 12, 33, 98, 151, 160, 459, 488, 640, 641
Continuous venovenous
hemodiafiltration 463, 589
hemofiltration 589
Continuous wave Doppler 571
Conventional oxygen delivery systems 14
Coronary artery bypass graft 37, 189, 451
perioperative management of 97
surgery 97
Coronary cusp, right 563, 565
Corticosteroid therapy 460
Cough 133
Craniectomy, decompressive 238
Craniostenosis 245
Craniovertebral junction 222, 223f
anatomy of 222f
anomalies 223
Cricoid pressure 29
Cricothyroidotomy, emergency 30
Crisis
acute hypertensive 394t
intervention 615
Critical care
management 251, 297
nurse 615
pain observation tool 36
role of nurse in 616
technician 6
transfusion requirements in 522
unit 202, 287
airway management in 23
Crush injury 412
Cryoprecipitate 522
Cryotherapy 483
Crystalloids 51, 53, 335
common 53t
Cushing's disease 431
Cyanide 70
poisoning 11
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases 107
management 108, 109fc
Cycle ergometer 491, 492f
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 202, 252, 470
Cyclophosphamide 260
Cyclosporine 70, 387
Cystoprostatectomy, open radical 373
Cysts, arachnoid 221
Cytomegalovirus 438, 454, 455, 460, 466
Cytotoxicity, complement-dependent 438
D
Dabigatran etexilate 88
Daclizumab 421
Dalteparin 88
Damage control surgery 353, 356, 358, 359
evolution of 358
indications for 358
stages of 358
Dapagliflozin 70
Dasatinib 421
Death, cardiac related 148
Decompression
gastric 253
surgical 366
Deep breathing exercises 491
Deep vein thrombosis 48, 81, 83, 102, 130, 139, 145, 175, 204, 219, 229, 240, 404, 556, 621, 622
history of 83
postoperative 344
prophylaxis 175, 413, 446
risk factors for 82t
Defibrillator, implantation of 100
Degenerative disorder 221
Dehydration 236
Delirium 40, 236, 414
assessment of 39
management of 39
pathophysiology of 38
perioperative 39t
postoperative 38
risk factors for 39
Deliver volatile agents 548
Denileukin diftitox 421
Denosumab 63
Depression 36, 130f, 420
respiratory 271
Desflurane 215
Desmopressin 101, 218, 284, 527
Dexamethasone 231, 430
Dexmedetomidine 39, 53, 211, 215
Diabetes 4, 25, 229, 610
insipidus 56, 215, 219, 426
central 56, 432
nephrogenic 57
mellitus 76, 77, 131, 188
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 351
Diaphragm, eventration of 245
Diarrhea 59
Diazepam, intravenous 70
Didanosine 70
Diethyl ether 70
Digital subtraction angiography 198
Digitalis toxicity 59
Dihydropyridine calcium channel receptor blockers 392
Dilutional coagulopathy 133, 343
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors 422
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 277, 279, 296, 411, 522
Distal esophageal atresia 247
Distensibility index 569
Dobutamine 42, 125, 309, 514, 515
stress echocardiogram 188
Docetaxel 421
Donors
acceptibility criteria 467
extended criteria for 438b
Dopamine 309, 512, 515
Doppler device, portable 443
Double inlet ventricle 107
Double lumen tube 150
Down syndrome 224, 227
Doxazosin 392
Doxorubicin 260, 421
Drugs
choice of 27, 424
eluting stent 171
therapy, preoperative 70
Dual antiplatelet therapy 189
Duodenum 56
Dyselectrolemia 197, 203, 236
Dyselectrolytemias, common 219t
Dysphagia, history of 585
Dyspnea 47, 132, 142
Dysraphism, spinal 221
E
Ebstein's anomaly 107, 123
Echocardiographic indices
advantages of 574t
limitations of 574t
Echocardiography 556, 570
perioperative 576
physics and technical aspects of 556
postoperative transthoracic 556
Eclampsia 294
severe aortic 297
Ectopic atrial tachycardia 113
Edema
acute pulmonary 454
cardiogenic pulmonary 599
laryngeal 165
neurogenic pulmonary 203
postpneumonectomy pulmonary 136
pulmonary 101, 136, 148, 153, 294, 329, 421, 536f, 594, 599
unilateral 83
Ejection fraction 578
Elbow 150
Elective aortic aneurysm surgeries 172
Electrocardiogram 324, 466, 514
monitoring 190
Electrocardiography 47, 307, 496
Electrolyte
abnormality 326
and metabolic imbalance 291
correction 269
derangements 420
disorders 445
monitoring of 342
tests of 169
Electronic medical records 628
Embolectomy 101
surgical 87, 89, 91
Embryogenesis 245
Emergency laparotomy 357, 359
indications for 356b
perioperative management of 356
Emergency obstetric hemorrhage management 282t
Emergency surgery, timing of 356, 356t
Empagliflozin 70
Emphysematous pyelonephritis, antibiotics for 552
Empyema 130
postpneumonectomy 152
Enalaprilat 550
Encephalitis 321
Encephalocele 245
Encephalopathy 70
hepatic 329, 329t
hypoxic ischemic 271
End tidal carbon dioxide monitor 424
End-expiratory occlusion test 501503
Endobronchial intubation 30, 548
Endocarditis 117
infective 126
Endocrine system 491
End-organ perfusion 268
Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists 202
Endotracheal intubation 342
Endotracheal tube 29, 33, 132, 156, 303, 533f
placement of 533
Endovascular aneurysm repair 171, 176
End-stage liver disease 320, 320t, 437, 448, 587, 590
model for 454
Energy metabolism 64
Enflurane 218
Enhanced recovery after surgery 149, 181, 210, 287, 314, 324, 333, 422, 475, 481, 619
Enoxaparin 88
Enoximone 99
Enteral nutrition 475, 477
Enterocolitis, necrotizing 269, 619
Ependymoma 221
Ephedrine 512
Epilepsy 402
myoclonic 70
Epinephrine 309, 463, 513, 515
Epithelial sodium channel 60
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid 404, 525, 528
Epstein-Barr virus 438, 444, 466, 529
Epworth sleepiness scale 639
Erector spinae plane 181
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 413
Erythropoietin 402
Escherichia coli 455, 552
Esmolol 394, 550
Esophageal atresia 245247
classification of 247t
pathophysiology of 246f
Esophageal Doppler 442
monitor 496499
Esophageal surgeries, perioperative management of 179
Esophageal varices 321, 585
Esophagectomy 179
minimally invasive 181
Esophagitis, active 585
Esophagus 141
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 102
Ethamsylate 527, 528
Etomidate 28, 211, 215
Etoposide 260
European Joint Task Force 594
European Perioperative Clinical Outcome 594, 594t
European Registration of Congenital Anomalies and Twins 250
European Respiratory Society 146
European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 323
European Society of Anesthesia 319
European Society of Anesthesiology 74, 496
European Society of Cardiology 186, 319
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 74, 492
European Society of Thoracic Surgery 146
Ewing's sarcoma 401
Ex vivo lung perfusion 467
Exercise
aerobic 481
prescription 480f
resistance 481
tolerance 476
training 480
Expired tidal volume 33
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase 552
Extensive transabdominal retroperitoneal dissection 262
Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, perioperative management of 389
Extracellular fluid 50, 55
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 5, 48, 160, 191, 251, 252, 461, 466, 584
Extravascular lung water 443, 498, 498f
index 150
Extubation 18, 182, 217b, 326, 425, 641
after surgery 343
assessment 534
failure 33
treatment of 16
plan 151
Eye balling 538
F
Facemask 13, 14f, 17
Fascial blocks, abdominal 315
Fast track surgery 373
Fat embolism 412
syndrome 412
Fat metabolism 313
Fatigue 483
postoperative 483
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction 529
Fentanyl 28, 271, 304
Fetal development and teratogenicity 304
Fetal monitoring 298, 307
Fever 47, 204, 236
Fibrin degradation products 303
Fibrinogen
concentrate 284
thromboelastometry 281
Fibrosis
cystic 56, 465, 466, 619
pulmonary 421, 465
Fibrothorax 130
Fine needle aspiration cytology 419
Fisher grading system 200, 200t
Fistula
bronchopleural 130, 131, 153
esophageal 130
high output 477
Fitt framework 481t
Flail chest 18, 132
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope 598
Floppy eyelid syndrome 636
Flucloxacillin 70
Fludarabine 421
Fludrocortisone 70
Fluid 325
abnormalities 218
administration 572
and electrolyte
abnormality 50, 324
management 109, 326
choice of 235, 441
compartments 50
homeostasis 52
intracerebral 50
intravascular 50
management 268, 317, 342, 462
perioperative 181, 326fc, 379
movement, physiology of 50
overload 548
physiology 50
responsiveness 538
prediction of 569
resuscitation 364, 407
therapy 41, 262
restricted 462
Fluorouracil 70
Follicle-stimulating hormone 430
Fondaparinux 88
Fontan operation, failure of 109
Fontan procedure 111
Forced expiratory volume 596
Forced vital capacity 146, 149, 595, 596
Fractures, open 410
Free flap, monitoring of 425
Fresh frozen plasma 101, 134, 172, 282, 283, 324, 408, 521, 525
transfusions 290
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency 70
Functional hemodynamic parameter 500, 504
limitations of 504
Functional residual
capacity 11, 75, 303, 308, 364f, 595
volume 385
Fungal prophylaxis 270
Furosemide 70
intravenous 443
G
Gabapentanoids 335
Gabapentin 37, 231, 335
Gamma-amino butyric acid agonists 304
Gastric content
pulmonary aspiration of 30
volume 539
Gastric distention 364
Gastric emptying, delayed 316
Gastric resections, perioperative management of 316
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 636
Gastrointestinal losses 59
Gastrointestinal perforation 356
Gastrointestinal surgery, history of 585
Gastrointestinal system 303, 321, 491
dysfunction of 101
Gastrointestinal tract 552
fluid 50
Gastroparesis 364
Gastroschisis 245, 253
Gelatins 54
Geneva score, revised 83t
Genital trauma 278
Gentamicin 70
Geriatric orthopedic trauma 413
Germ cell tumors 141
Gitelman's syndrome 59
Gland, pituitary 429
Glasgow coma scale 54, 199, 200, 235, 236, 407
Glasgow coma score 217
Glaucoma 636
Glenn procedure 108
Gliflozins 70, 422
Global end-diastolic volume 496, 498, 498f
Global oxygenation, measurement of 238
Glomerular filtration
gradient 363
rate 173, 261, 383
Glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental 448
Glucagon stimulation test 430
Glucocorticoids 430
prophylactic 307
replacement, perioperative 431fc
Glucometers 6
Gluconate 53
Glucose 53
6-phosphatase deficiency 70
control 476
infusion rate 269
tests of 169
Gluid therapy, goal directed 41, 170, 375
Glutamyl transpeptidase 438
Glutaraldehyde 611
Glycemic control 240, 327, 422, 611
Glycemic management 204
Goiter, retrosternal 141
Graft
dysfunction 464
secondary 464
function, delayed 443, 440, 446
infection 130
rejection 457
thrombosis 130
versus-host disease 526
Granuloma 30
Granulomatous disease 62
Great arteries, transposition of 107
Grisel's syndrome 227
Growth hormone 430
Gynecological cancer surgeries 287, 288
critical care for 287
Gynecological oncological surgeries, critical care management of 287
H
Hair removal 611
Haloperidol 39
Halothane 70, 215
Head and neck
cancer
perioperative management of 419
surgeries 423
malignancies 419
tumors, radiotherapy of 25
Head elevated laryngoscopy position 26
Heart 572
block, complete 148
catheterization, right 452b
chambers 135f
diseases 106
congenital 106, 109, 245, 465
ischemic 4, 188
displacement of 130f
failure 136, 515, 589
acute 82
chronic 460
congestive 4, 75, 76, 171, 188, 433, 596
decompensated 169
management of 464
right 504
four chambers of 565f
lesions, congenital 107t, 245
lung transplantation 470
rate 36, 83, 119, 268, 303, 326, 460, 495, 497, 512, 583
fetal 308
hemodynamic monitoring of 281
maximum 481
surgery, congenital 111
transplantation 459, 460, 462
perioperative management of 459
HELLP syndrome 296, 297
Hemangiomas 221
Hematological disorders 324
Hematological system 491
Hematoma 426
extradural 238, 238f, 238t
pericardial 144
postcraniotomy 218
subdural 238, 238f, 238t
Hemipelvectomy 401
Hemodialysis 61, 63, 439
intermittent 589
Hemodilution 219
acute normovolemic 402, 403, 521, 529
Hemodynamic instability 143, 175, 217
intraoperative 539f
Hemodynamic management, intraoperative 214
Hemodynamic monitoring 342, 495
techniques 468
Hemoglobin 76, 303, 402, 447, 519
glycosylated 476
myoglobin 387
resuscitation 240
transfusion triggers 519
Hemoperitoneum 365
Hemophilia A 101
Hemoptysis 83
Hemorrhage 46, 52, 328, 395
acute 51
aneurysmal subarachnoid 202, 203
excessive obstetric 278
intracerebral 298
intracranial 197
major obstetric 278
obstetric 277, 279b
peripartum 280, 281
significant postpartum 277
spontaneous subarachnoid 197
subarachnoid 198, 198f, 199f, 203, 239, 239t
Hemostasis
after delivery, mechanism of 277
pharmacological 284
surgical 284
tests of 169
Hemothorax 133, 153
Heparin 70
anticoagulation, regional 590
low dose 405
unfractionated 88, 139, 288
Hepatectomies 263
Hepatic artery thrombosis 456
Hepatic resection 319
indications of 319
surgery 319t
Hepatic vein, hepatic 540f
Hepatitis B
active viral 465
virus 455
C 320, 465
virus 402, 455
virus, serological status of 466
Hepatobiliary procedures 344
Hepatoblastoma 258, 260
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 321, 452
Hepatorenal syndrome 319, 321, 453b
Hereditary paraganglioma syndrome 389
Hernia
congenital diaphragmatic 245, 250
symptomatic hiatal 585
Herpes simplex virus 466
Heterotopic transplantation 441f
High cardiac index 42
High positive end expiratory pressure 568
High tracheal reconstructive surgery 157f
High-flow nasal cannula 12, 14, 15, 15f, 16, 16f, 17, 33, 291, 605
indications of 16
Highly sensitive plasma D-dimer tests 85
Hip
and knee surgery 82
fracture repair, surgical 522
Hirschsprung's disease 245, 254
Hockey stick incision 441f
Hoffman elimination 325
Home exercise program 484
Home sleep testing 637
Homocysteine 168
Hormonal status, preoperative 430
Hormone
adrenocorticotrophic 313, 430, 431, 549
antidiuretic 219, 218, 313
Horner's syndrome 258
Human herpesvirus 456
Human immunodeficiency virus 70, 402, 438
infection 70, 465
Human leukocyte antigen 438, 466
Hunt and Hess grading scale 199
Hybrid operations 176
Hydralazine 298, 550
Hydrocephalus 56, 203, 224, 245, 254
Hydrochloric acid, loss of 59
Hydrochlorothiazide 70
Hydrogen peroxide 611
Hydrothorax, hepatic 452
Hydroxyethyl starch 54, 588
Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A 189
Hygroma, cystic 245
Hyperaldosteronism, primary 59
Hypercalcemia 62, 387
causes of 62
evaluation of 62, 63fc
mild 62
moderate 62
severe 62
treatment of 62, 63t
Hypercapnia 217, 218, 548, 549
mild 151
permissive 267
Hypercarbia 129, 132, 142
Hyperchloremia 71
Hypercholestrolemia 167
Hyperfibrinogenemia 82
Hyperglycemia 59, 215, 446
Hyperhomocysteinemia 82
Hyperinflation 136, 490
Hyperkalemia 57, 59, 60, 412
diagnosis of 60
evaluation of 60, 60fc
treatment of 60, 61t
Hyperkalemic familial periodic paralysis 59
Hyperlactatemia 325
causes of 70b
Hypermagnesemia 64
causes of 65
manifestations of 299t
treatment of 64, 65
Hypernatremia 56, 57, 218
euvolemic 57
evaluation of 57, 57fc
hypervolemic 57
hypovolemic 57
Hyperparathyroidism
primary 62
secondary 62
tertiary 62
Hyperplasia
bilateral 59
congenital adrenal 59
Hypertension 30, 167, 217, 264, 295, 421, 548, 549
acute postoperative 548
chronic 294
damages endothelium 167
gestational 294
history of 438
intraoperative 548,548b
management, perioperative 547
perioperative management of 547
portopulmonary 321, 451, 452b
pregnancy-induced 294, 548
preoperative 547
primary pulmonary 322
pulmonary arterial 112, 452
pulmonary venous 125
severe pulmonary 581f
Hypertensive crisis 395
Hyperthermia 236
malignant 548
Hyperthermic chemotherapy perfusion 340f, 341f
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy 287, 339
Hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy 344
management of 345
Hyperventilation, mild 212
Hypervitaminosis 62
Hypervolemia 52
Hypoadrenalism 46
Hypoalbuminemia 343, 344, 610
Hypoaldosteronism, functional 60
Hypocalcemia 61, 218, 426
causes of 61
evaluation of 61, 62fc
Hypocapnia 218
Hypoglycemia 38, 236
Hypokalemia 5759, 269, 324
evaluation of 58, 58fc
mild-to-moderate 59
severe 59
Hypomagnesemia 64, 218, 421
evaluation of 64, 64fc
mild 64
severe 64
Hyponatremia 38, 54, 203, 218, 236, 269, 433fc
asymptomatic 56
classification of 54
evaluation of 55, 55fc
hypervolemic 56
hypovolemic 56
moderately severe symptomatic 54
postoperative 56
symptomatic 56
treatment of 56
Hypopituitarism 431
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 107, 112
Hypotension 30, 38, 98, 100, 130, 153, 217, 268, 271, 281, 308, 404, 421, 509, 512
controlled 172
intraoperative 510
persistent 84
postoperative 343
postural 214
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis 313
assessment of 430
testing 430
Hypothermia 103, 236, 253, 264, 289, 342, 385, 411, 509, 548, 549, 617
induced coagulopathy 103
intraoperative 379
prevention of 139, 315
Hypoventilation 10, 217, 548
Hypovolemia 172
postoperative 343
signs of 153
Hypoxemia 11, 27, 102, 111, 142, 217, 218, 548, 549
management of 11
pathophysiology of 11
refractory 140
severe 25, 29
Hypoxia 11, 12, 38, 129, 130, 132
anemic 11
chronic 228
cytopathic 11
histotoxic 11
hypoxic 11
management of 11, 12
pathophysiology of 11
stagnant 11
treatment of 13
types of 11
I
Iatrogenic difficult airway 424
Ifosfamide 70, 421
Ileostomy education 333
Ileus 364
prevention of 336
Iliac fossa 441f
Iliac spine, anterior superior 150
Iloprost, inhaled 463
Immobilization 62, 83
Immunoglobulin, intravenous 448, 464
Immunonutrition 476, 477
Immunosuppression 439, 446, 457
therapy 457
Immunosuppressive agents 387
Immunotherapy 259, 610
Imperforate anus 245
In vitro fertilization 136
Incentive spirometer 482, 491, 491f
training 482f
Indapamide 70
Indian Council of Medical Research 552
Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 598
Induction 468
agents 305
Infections 56, 101, 102, 219, 327, 404, 433, 448, 456, 620
acute 83
control 470
health care-associated 610, 620
prevention of 139, 615
prophylaxis 446
viral 470
Inferior vena cava 109, 302, 364f, 382, 460, 501, 511, 538, 540f, 564, 565f, 566, 568, 569, 572, 574, 580
dynamic 99
filters 92
role of 92
Inflammation 168
Inflammatory bowel disease 82
Inflammatory reactions, acute 83
Injury
abdominal 349
bilateral 144
ischemic reperfusion 443
myocardial 203
neurological 523
severity score 411
type 36
unilateral 144
Innominate artery pseudoaneurysm 138
Inotropes 462, 514, 549
Inotropic therapy 461
Inspired oxygen, fraction of 9, 15, 17, 462, 488, 594, 603
Insulin 4, 58, 61
like growth factor-1 431
tolerance test 430, 431
Integumentary system 491
Intensive care unit 3, 5, 23, 64, 67, 74, 97, 124, 197, 277, 314, 357, 377, 395, 404, 411, 453, 487, 459, 477, 481, 487, 509, 539, 552, 576, 587, 588, 602, 620
admission 461
delirium 343
management 189
performance 585
postoperative respiratory care in 481
stay 336
Intercostal drainage 129, 153
Intermediate medical unit 5
International Classification of Sleep Disorders 636, 637
International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry 81
International normalized ratio 521, 525
International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial 204
Interscalene block 18
Interstitial fluid 50
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 51f
Interventricular septum 559, 571, 578, 580582
Intervertebral disk herniation 221
Intestinal obstruction 245, 477
Intestinal rehabilitation 271
Intra-abdominal hypertension 362, 367
perioperative management of 362
Intra-abdominal infection 364, 552
Intra-aortic balloon
counter pulsation 99, 122
pump 5, 48, 191, 461, 498, 577, 585
Intracranial aneurysm 197
perioperative management of 197
Intraoperative antidiuretic hormone 53
Intraoperative fluids 441
management 151, 215, 335, 342
Intrathoracic thermal volume 498
Intrauterine growth retardation 269
Intravascular hydrostatic pressure 51f
Intravenous fluids 216, 424, 549
excessive administration of 151
management 641
Intubation 18
bundle 26
cross-field 161
esophageal 30, 533f
long-term complications of 30
Invasive device, calibration drift of 548
Ion transport 63
Iron 70
therapy
perioperative intravenous 529
role of 527
Ischemia 477
acute mesenteric 356
myocardial 30, 100, 110, 112, 148, 175
Ischemic injury, prevention of 385
Isoflurane 215
Isoniazid 70
Isoproterenol 515
Isotonic saline 63
J
Jehovah's witness patients 402
Jet ventilation 162, 162f
high-frequency 160
Joint working group 88
Jugular vein
internal 150, 511, 542
subclavian 150
Jugular venous pressure 153
K
Kangaroo care 270
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 70
Keratoconus 636
Ketamine 28, 211, 215
Ketoconazole 70
Kidney
carcinoma of 382
disease
chronic 76, 82, 383
improving global outcomes criteria 588
donor 437fc
evaluation 437
injury 588
transplantation, risk assessment for 439b
Klebsiella pneumonia 455
Klippel-Feil syndrome 224
Knee 150
Kyphoscoliosis 225
Kyphosis 221
L
Labetalol 394, 550
Lactate 53
dehydrogenase 259
Laparoscopy 308
Laparotomy, damage control 359t, 364
Lapatinib 421
Large bowel obstruction 356
Large pleural effusion 538f
weight of 538f
Laryngeal mask airway 161
Laryngeal nerve, bilateral recurrent 164
Laryngoscopy 24, 27
direct 160
Laxatives 59, 70
Left atrium 560, 561, 563564
Left coronary cusp 563, 565
Left ventricle 560, 561, 563565, 578
area of 570
outflow tract 569, 574
Left ventricular 577, 578, 581582
assist device 463
contractility, assessment of 569
diastolic dysfunction 566, 572
dysfunction 110
ejection fraction 562
measurement of 570f, 571f
end diastolic
area 501, 568, 569, 574
pressure 187
volume 462
function, assessment of 538
internal diastolic diameter 578
internal systolic diameter 578
outflow tract 106, 512, 515, 570, 572, 583
obstruction 584
Lenalidomide 421
Lethal triad 129
Leukocyte 167
Leukopenia 270
Levosimendan 99, 463, 514, 515
Liberal fluid therapy 315
Liddle's syndrome 59
Lignocaine 304
jelly 25
Limb exercises 483
Linezolid 70, 393
Lipoprotein 167
low density 167
very low density 167
Lithium diluted cardiac output 498
Liver 460
disease, chronic 76, 77, 319, 322b, 451, 596, 636
dysfunction 364
postoperative 264
failure 70, 264, 284, 451
function test 261, 596
performs various functions 319
postoperative regeneration of 324
resection 264, 319
support system 330
surgery, study group of 328
transplantation 451
perioperative management of 451
surgery, phases of 453t
Lobar emphysema 245
Long bone fractures 410
Longer ventilator support 271
Loop diuretics 70
Lorazepam 70
Low cardiac output syndrome 98, 110, 111
Low molecular weight heparin 88, 139, 288, 309, 405, 446
Low peak inspiratory pressure 267
Lower limb
deep palpation 83
pain, unilateral 83
Lowest inspiratory oxygen concentration 267
Lumbar stenosis 221
Lumbosacral fracture 221
Lung 56, 351, 511
abdomen, ultrasound of 572
abscess 130
cancer 149
capacity, total 149, 376
consolidated appearance of 538f
disease
interstitial 465, 466
preexisting 594
function, regional 146, 147
hypoplasia 250
injury 329
acute 150
perioperative 601
ventilator-induced 252, 601
isolation 150
mechanical and parenchymal functions, assessment of 146
mechanics, intraoperative monitoring of 604
parenchyma 142
point 537, 537f
preservation techniques 467
protective ventilation 597, 601
intraoperative 602
pulse 535
M-mode image of 536f
resection 152
retransplantation 470
sliding 130, 535, 535f
sonography 572
transplantation 465t, 466t
live-donor 471
pediatric 470
perioperative management of 465
types of 466
ultrasound 534
examination 535
Lymph nodes 141
metastatic 141
supracarinal 179
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 465
Lymphatic system 491
Lymphoma 141, 221
M
MACOCHA score 24, 25f, 229
Macroaggregated albumin perfusion scan 321
Macrosomia, fetal 277
Magill circuit 13
Magill forceps 25
Magnesium 53, 63, 202
sulphate 394
intravenous 202
parenteral 298b
Magnetic resonance
angiography 86
imaging 198, 229, 259, 280, 384
Major gynecological cancer, perioperative management of 287
Major liver resections, perioperative management of 319
Major lung resections, perioperative management of 146
Major orthopedic
surgeries, perioperative management of 401
trauma, perioperative management of 407
Major vascular surgery 169fc
perioperative management of 167
Malabsorption, severe 477
Malaria attack, severe 70
Malate 53
Malformation, arteriovenous 221
Mallampati class 421
Mallampati score 25, 229
Malnutrition 476
correction of 149
malignancy-related 476
universal screening tool 475
Mapleson breathing system 13
Mask
nonrebreathing 13, 14f, 17
ventilation 24
Mass 56
Massive blood
loss 263
management of 134
transfusion 133, 525
Massive hemorrhage 409
anticipation of 317
Massive transfusion protocol 279, 407, 519, 525, 552
implementation of 408
Matrix metalloproteinase 168
Maximal impulse, point of 561
Maximal inspiration 482
Maximal oxygen consumption 148
Maximal voluntary ventilation 146, 149
Mayfield clamp 212
McConnell's sign 562
Mean arterial pressure 138, 211, 211, 321, 326, 454, 460, 495, 497, 499, 509, 515, 578
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 462, 497
Mechanical circulatory support 461
Mechanical ventilation 364, 462, 487, 601
invasive 17
perioperative 601
role of 248
Meckel's diverticulum 253
Mediastinal mass 142, 143
excision 142
perioperative management of 141
intraoperative management of 143
surgeries 141
treatment of 141
Mediastinitis 101, 130, 138
Mediastinum
anterior 141
infective 141
paravertebral 141
posterior 141
superior 141
Medical optimization, preoperative 379
MELAS syndrome 70
Meninges 254
Meningioma 221
Meningocele 254
Meningomyelocele 245, 254
Mesothelioma 56
Metabolic acidosis 59, 68, 69
diagnosis of 72fc
management of 72fc
Metabolic syndromes 320
Metabolism, inborn errors of 70
Metaiodobenzylguanidine 391, 392
scan 259
Metallic prosthetic mitral valve 125f
Metastatic disease, symptoms of 258
Metformin 70
Methergine 283
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 613
Methohexital 218
Methotrexate 387, 421
Methylene blue 463
Methylergonovine 283, 284
Methylmalonic acidemia 70
Metyrosine 393
Microdialysis catheter 239
Microthrombosis 201
Midazolam 28
Middle cerebral artery 197
branches of 199f
Milk-alkali syndrome 62
Milrinone 99, 125, 202, 463, 515
inhaled 463
Mineralocorticoid
deficiency 60
excess 59
Mini nutritional assessment 475
Minimal invasive tracheal resection 163
Minimally invasive
direct coronary artery bypass surgery 97
surgery, role of 238
Minimum alveolar concentration 151, 249, 282, 305, 315, 325
Minute ventilation 477
mandatory 489
Misoprostol 284
Mitral annulus 573f
Mitral leaflet
anterior 121
posterior 121
Mitral regurgitation 119, 121, 122f, 125, 562, 569, 584
acute 122f
chronic
compensated 122f
decompensated 122f
Mitral stenosis 119, 120f, 125, 576f
congenital 107
Mitral valve 123f, 561, 563, 565
area, normal 119
leaflet, aneurysmal anterior 126f
open 561f
replacement 117
Mixed venous oxygen saturation 136, 173, 462, 496
M-mode
echocardiography, applications of 578f
ultrasound imaging 570
Mobilization
active 492
benefits of 491t
early 484f
Monitoring central venous pressure 150
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 393
Monro-Kellie doctrine hypothesis 234
Morning cortisol levels 430
Morphine 28, 271, 304
Morquio syndrome 227
Morrison's pouch and bladder 572
Motor evoked potentials 212, 215
Mouth opening, extent of 421
Movement and stretching, passive range of 491
Mucopolysaccharidosis 228
Mueller maneuver 599
Multidrug-resistant pathogens 219
Multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia 315
Multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome 527
systems, failure of 296
Multiple system involvement 267
Muromonab 421
Muscle relaxants 215
nondepolarizing 249
Muscle training, inspiratory 78
Muscular system 491
Musculoskeletal physiotherapy 490
Mycophenolate mofetil 440
Myelomeningocele 245
Myeloproliferative disorders 82
Myocardial infarction 82, 130, 186, 523
perioperative 186, 187
Myocardial oxygen
supply 187
utilization 187
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome 70
Myometrium 278
Myopathy, mitochondrial 70
N
Nalbuphine 304
Nalidixic acid 70
Nasal
bleed 30
oxygen, high-flow 24
turbinates, fracture of 30
cannula 13, 17
Nasogastric intubation 315, 380
Nasogastric tube 343
output 59
placement of 540
Nasojejunal tube 343
Nasopharyngeal dead space 15
National Emergency Laparotomy Audit 357
National Institute For Health and Care Excellence Guidelines 596
National Partnership for Maternal Safety Initiative 279
National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 188, 357
Nausea 217, 289, 315
vomiting, postoperative 374
Near infrared spectroscopy 412, 468, 496
Neck
mobility, restriction of 585
movements 421
Neoadjuvant therapy, effects of 179
Neonatal developmental defects, perioperative management of 245
Neonatal intensive care unit 248, 266, 492
Neonatal postoperative critical care 266
Neostigmine 305
Nephrectomy
laparoscopic partial 384
living donor 439
nephron-sparing 263
open
partial 384
radical 383
partial 263, 383
radial 383
Nephropathy, contrast-induced 102
Nerve
damage 426
palsy 404
Nervous system, sympathetic 102
Netilmicin 70
Neural elements 254
Neuroblastoma 258
resection 262, 263
Neurocritical care, surgical management of 238
Neuroelectrophysiology 239
Neurofibroma 221
Neurological pupil index 201
Neurological system 491
Neuromonitoring, intraoperative 212, 215
Neuromuscular blockade 98, 315, 597
Neuromuscular blocking agents 305
nondepolarizing 335
Neuromuscular blocking drugs 595, 596
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation 491
Neuropathy, peripheral 421
Neurotrauma, perioperative management of 234
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 102, 588
Niacin 70
Nicardipine 298, 394, 550
Nicotinic acid 70
Nifedipine extended release 298
Nilotinib 421
Nitric oxide 110, 201, 469
inhaled 252, 462, 463
role of 469
Nitroglycerin 394, 447, 550
perioperative 170
Nitroprusside 550
Nitrosourea 387
Nitrous oxide 212, 215, 253, 305, 548
N-methyl D-aspartate 63, 202, 405
antagonists 304
Nonbenzodiazepine sedatives 38
Noncoronary cusp 563, 565
Noninvasive blood pressure 24, 249, 307, 447
monitor 324
Noninvasive device, calibration error of 548
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation 640
Noninvasive ventilation, postoperative 604
Nonobstetric major surgeries, perioperative management of 302
Nonrapid eye movement 638
Nonsinus rhythm 504
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents 102
drugs 37, 60, 133, 152, 217, 231, 262, 289, 321, 335, 382, 387, 405, 441, 620, 641
Nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants 88, 117
Norepinephrine 309, 463, 513
Normothermia, maintenance of 385
Nosocomial infections 554
postoperative 553
Nosocomial intra-abdominal infections 553
Nuclear lung perfusion scan 136
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 70
Nucleotide 64
Numeric rating scale 620
Nursing care, perioperative 615
Nursing certification and competency incritical care units 616
Nutrition 139, 175, 179, 229, 240, 271, 327, 423, 425, 445, 476
low 131
management 619
optimization, preoperative 316
Nutritional risk
index 475
score 475
screening 334, 475
Nutritional status 323
assessment of 475
Nutritional support 314, 478
O
Obesity 17, 75, 228, 277, 364
hypoventilation syndrome 637
Obstetric disorder 296
Obstruction, site of 142
Obstructive sleep apnea 75, 76, 224, 596, 636640
evaluation of 636
intraoperative management of 640
management of 636
pathophysiology of 637
postoperative management of 642
syndrome 25
Omphalocele 245, 253
Oncotic pressure 50
Operation theaters, ventilation of 611
Opioids 37, 211, 215, 231, 236, 305
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus syndrome 258, 259
Optic
nerve sheath diameter 239, 376, 541, 542f
neuropathy, ischemic 213
ultrasound 541
Oral antibiotics 334
use of 610
Oral anticoagulants 172, 438
direct 438
novel 520
Oral contraceptives 83
Oral diet, early 380
Oral hypoglycemic agents 70, 438
Oral intake 290, 619
Oral mechanical bowel preparation 379
Oral nutritional supplements 475477
Organ injury 395
Organ ischemia 70
Orogastric tube, placement of 540
Orthopedic injuries, common 408
Oscillatory ventilation, high-frequency 132, 252
Osmolarity 50, 53
Osmotherapy 237
Osmotic pressure 50
Osteoblastoma 221
Osteoma 221
Osteomyelitis 221
Osteosarcoma 401
Oxazolidinone antibiotic 393
Oxygen 9, 18
consumption 303
index 42
delivery 11, 12, 342, 495, 496
index 41
optimization of 514
supranormal 42
systemic 111
devices 17t
flow rate 15
partial pressure of 10, 303, 452, 462, 594, 595
pressure of 601
saturation 27, 29, 82
percutaneous arterial 36
preoperative 77
strategies 19t
supplementation of 9, 13
therapy 9
transportation 10
Oxygenation 642
physiologic determinants of 11
Oxytocin 284
P
Packed red blood cells 408
Paget's disease 62, 221
Pain 36, 83, 133, 174, 405, 483, 548, 549
assessment of 36
chronic 102
factors influencing 36
management 270, 344, 414
relief 271, 327
Palivizumab 421
Pancreas 56
Pancreatectomy, distal 344
Pancreatic surgeries, perioperative management of 316
Pancreatitis, acute 364
Panitumumab 421
Papaverine 202
Paracetamol 70, 152, 217, 262, 335
Paralysis, hypokalemic periodic 58
Paraneoplastic phenomenon 263
Paraneoplastic syndrome 141
symptoms of 258
Paraplegia 130
Parathormone 61
Parathyroid hormone 61
Parenchymal function, assessment of 146
Parenteral nutrition 475, 477
indications of 139
postoperative 343
support 619
total 70, 270, 316
Partial rebreathing 443
mask 13, 14f, 17
Partial thromboplastin time 322
Passive leg raising test 503
steps of 503f
Patent ductus arteriosus 106, 107, 224, 254
Patent foramen ovale 110, 135
Patient-controlled analgesia 37, 344
Peak end-expiratory pressure 267
Peak inspiratory
flow rate 13
pressure 251, 267
Pearson syndrome 70
Pediatric cardiac surgeries, perioperative management of 106
Pediatric intensive care unit 492
Pediatric major abdominal cancer, perioperative management of 258
Pelvic
fractures 408
types of 408
injury, types of 409f
metastases 404
Penicillins 70, 387
Pentamidine 70
Pentostatin 421
Peracetic acid 611
Percutaneous coronary intervention 170, 439
Percutaneous transmitral balloon commissurotomy 121
Perfluorocarbon 530
Perianastomotic drains 316
Pericardial effusion 130, 567, 567f
Pericardial tamponade 135f
stages of 135f
Pericarditis 130
Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography 576
Perioperative goal-directed therapy 498, 514
Perioperative hemodynamic
instability, causes of 509
management 315
monitoring 495
Perioperative hypertensive emergencies 549, 550t
Perioperative malnutrition, causes of 476b
Perioperative mortality, risk of 41f
Perioperative nausea and vomiting 333
prophylaxis 335
Perioperative nutrition 475
score 475
screening 475
perioperative nutrition score 475
Perioperative period 634, 643fc
Perioperative quality
indicators 625b
initiative 548
Peripheral nerve
block 37, 640
stimulator 376
Peritoneal carcinomatosis index 344
Peritoneal dialysis 364
Peritonitis 356, 364
acute 477
tertiary 554
Pethidine 304
Phantom limb pain 405
Phenoxybenzamine 392
Phentolamine 394
Phenylephrine 512, 515
Pheochromocytoma 548
bilateral 391f, 392f
classic symptoms of 390
diagnosis of 391
symptoms of 390
tumors 210, 390
Phosphodiesterase 202
inhibitors 462, 514
Phrenic nerve injury 101, 144
Physiotherapy
pulmonary 149, 422
respiratory 489
Pierre-Robin syndrome 245
Pituitary necrosis 284
Placenta previa 277, 281
Placental abruption 277, 278
Plasma
oncotic pressure 51f
volume 303
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 277
Platelet 521
aggregation 187
dysfunction 101
single donor 522
transfusion 101
Plethysmographic variability index 501, 502
Pleural effusion 329, 455, 537, 594, 599
Pneumatic compression, intermittent 139
Pneumatocele 130
Pneumoconiosis 466
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis 446
Pneumonectomy 148t, 152
side of 152
Pneumonia 101, 102, 130, 329, 455, 594, 598
hospital-acquired 554, 620
postoperative ventilator-associated 554
ventilator associated 139, 466, 554, 620
Pneumothorax 129, 537f, 594
risk of 537
USG findings of 537f
Point-of-care
echocardiography 556
ultrasound 511, 533, 556
role of 533
Poiseuille equation 158
Polysomnography 637
Portal vein
embolization 261, 324
thrombosis 457
Positive airway pressure 640
therapy 642
Positive end-expiratory pressure 11, 15, 87, 150, 160, 181, 252, 267, 325, 366, 376, 462, 488, 509, 602, 603, 641
Positive pressure
breathing, intermittent 491
ventilation 248, 583
intermittent 87
Positron emission tomography 466
Postanesthesia care unit 76, 500, 642
Posterior atlantoaxial subluxation 224
Posterior longitudinal ligament 225
ossification of 221
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 456
Posthepatectomy liver failure 328
grades of 328b
risk factors for 328
Postintubation tracheal stenosis 158
Postoperative airway
complications 143
obstruction 230
Postoperative arrhythmia 113
management of 113
Postoperative fluid
management 336
therapy 230
Postoperative hypertension 548
causes of 549b
Postoperative pain 250
management 145, 445
relief 231
Postoperative respiratory failure 16, 74, 78
risk factors for 76t
Postpartum hemorrhage 277, 277t, 278, 281283, 298
risk factors for 277t
safety bundle 278
Postpneumonectomy syndrome 153
Post-reperfusion syndrome 443
Potassium 53
chloride 59
disorders 57
gradient, transtubular 58
sparing diuretic 59
Pott's spine 221, 226
Prednisolone 63
Preeclampsia 277, 294, 295
pathophysiology of 295
severe 278, 297
Pregabalin 37, 231
Pregnancy 126, 302
critical care in 296b
ruptured ectopic 356
Prehabilitation 476, 479
bundle 476
components of 476t
program, components of 479, 479fc
Preoxygenation 12, 16, 27
Pressure 364
intra-abdominal 173, 254, 262, 362, 365, 367
intracranial 30, 198, 210, 211, 217, 329, 374, 541
intraocular 30, 374
left ventricular 116
support
mode 488
ventilation 267
Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy 345, 346
Procarbazine 421
Propofol 28, 70, 211, 215, 304
Prostate 56
cancer 377
syndrome, transurethral resection of 55
Prosthesis, choice of 125
Protein
C 82
metabolism 313
production 64
S deficiency 82
Prothrombin
complex concentrate 522
gene deficiency 82
time 525, 552
Pseudoaneurysm 130, 137
ventricular 137
Pseudohyperkalemia 59
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 152
Psychostimulants 70
Pulmonary artery 6, 107, 109, 141, 411, 497, 563, 565, 567, 581f
catheter 42, 98, 453, 462, 496, 497t
hypertension 120, 462t
occlusion pressure 322, 367
pressure 87, 385, 452, 459, 460
systolic pressure 579, 581
sample calculation of 581f
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 99, 462, 496
Pulmonary complications, postoperative 74, 291, 594t, 594, 596t, 601
Pulmonary embolism 46, 82, 83, 83t, 90fc, 92, 130, 154, 343, 535, 562, 567, 567f, 594, 621
pathophysiology of 84fc
prevention of 91
severity index score 82, 82t
Pulmonary function test 75, 77, 321, 420, 640
Pulmonary hypertension 110, 125, 250, 251, 459
management of 252
persistence of 110
Pulmonary vascular permeability index 150
Pulmonary vascular resistance 87, 99, 107, 119, 251, 322, 460, 462, 463
Pulmonary wedge pressure 501
Pulse
contour cardiac output 443
oximeter 24, 324
pressure variation 99, 150, 182, 325, 363, 496, 499, 501, 516, 569, 583
rate 82
wave Doppler 540f, 571, 572, 579f
Pulsed dye densitometry 443
Pulseless electrical activity 556
Pure fluid deficit 46
Pyloric stenosis 245, 253
Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency 70
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency 70
Q
Quadratus lumborum 385
Quadriparesis 165
R
Raccoon eyes 258
Radioembolization, transarterial 260
Radionuclide ventilation 147
Radiotherapy 259, 334, 420, 610
Raised intracranial pressure 548
treatment of 216t
Ramsay sedation score 620
Rancho Los Amigos scale 236t
Random donor platelet 522
Randomized controlled trials 476, 490, 510, 527, 588, 610
Rapid eye movement 638
Rapid sequence intubation, modified 12
Rapid shallow breathing index 605
Reactive oxygen species 18
Reconstructive surgery, low tracheal 157f
Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy 143, 165
Red blood cell 51, 169, 198, 198, 303, 521, 527
transfusion 240, 269t
Refeeding syndrome 425
Regional anesthesia techniques 163, 231, 375
Regional wall motion abnormality 189, 556, 582
Regurgitation, chronic aortic 119f
Rehabilitation 479, 481
postoperative 152
Reintubation 343
Remifentanil 304
Renal artery stenosis 59
Renal carcinoma, hereditary 382
Renal cell carcinoma 382, 383t, 387
Renal disease 386
Renal dysfunction 102
Renal failure 59, 610
Renal function
postoperative 386
test 261
Renal injury 175
Renal protection, perioperative 173
Renal regulation 68
Renal replacement therapy 102, 587, 588
conduct of 589
dosing of 589
intraoperative 590
modes of 589
perioperative 587
Renal system 174, 304, 491
Renal transplantation
perioperative management of 437
recipient, evaluation of 438fc
Renal transplants, living donor 437
Renal tubular acidosis 59
Renal tumors, excision of 262
Renal wasting 58, 64
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system 52, 321, 451
Renovascular disease 59
Reperfusion
injury 110, 112
therapy 90fc
treatment 87, 89
Rescue devices 26
Rescue therapy 252
Rescue transesophageal echocardiography 583
Resistive muscle training 492
Respiration 9, 291
Respiratory acidosis, chronic 69
Respiratory alkalosis, chronic 69
Respiratory complications, postoperative 76, 144
Respiratory distress syndrome 246
Respiratory failure 74, 75, 82, 175, 594
acute 74, 153, 165, 228, 343
Respiratory function, assessment of 146
Respiratory infection 594
Respiratory muscle training 491
Respiratory obstruction, acute 164
Respiratory rate 36, 268, 303, 488, 504
Respiratory system 101, 174, 303, 422
care of 445
effects of anesthesia on 75
Restrictive fluid
strategy 172
therapy, era of 42
Resuscitation
cardiopulmonary 4, 84, 556
damage control 353, 358, 407
inadequate 134
Resuscitative endovascular balloon 140
Reticulum, endoplasmic 60
Retransplantation 465, 466
Retroperitoneal mass surgeries 313
Retroperitoneal tumors 317, 364
management of 317
Rheumatic fever prophylaxis 117
Richmond agitation sedation scale 38, 605, 620
Right ventricle 462, 463, 560, 561, 563566
enlargement 568
Right ventricular 577, 580, 581, 582
assist device 461
dysfunction prevention 462t
end-diastolic volume index 367, 462
function 578
outflow tract 107, 583
systolic pressure 579, 581
Ringer's solution 300
Rivaroxaban 88
Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery 375f
Robotic surgery 146, 384
transoral 426
Rocuronium bromide 28
Rule of 100 461
S
Salicylate 70
Saline, normal 53, 70, 135
Salt-wasting nephropathies 59
Sarcoidosis 62, 459, 465
Sarcoma 221
Scalp block 213f, 217
Schwannoma 221
Scoliosis 221
severity of 226t
Sea-shore sign 535f
Sedation 237, 271
agitation scale 38
and analgesia 620
Sedative agent, choice of 235
Seizures 203, 217, 218, 236, 456
prevention of 298
risk factors for perioperative 218b
treatment of 298
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 56
Sellar and suprasellar structures 429f
Sellar regions, pathologies of 430
Sepsis 70, 101, 620
abdominal 343
blood transfusion in 524
management of 308
Septal defect 130
Septic shock trial 512
transfusion requirements in 524
Serum glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase 294
pyruvic transaminase 294
Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome 568
Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 69
Sevoflurane 215
Sheehan's syndrome 284
Shock 46, 47
anaphylactic 46
cardiogenic 46, 48, 70
circulatory 129
hemorrhagic 47, 70, 281
hypovolemic 46, 51, 511
obstructive 46, 48, 84, 511
pathophysiology of 46
postoperative 46, 47
protocol, rapid ultrasound for 572
rapid ultrasound in 511, 556
recognition of 46
septic 46, 48, 70, 343, 364
vasodilatory 46
vasoplegic 48
Short bowel syndrome 619
Short nutritional assessment questionnaire 475
Short synacthen test 430
Shuttle walk test 148
Sildenafil 99
Simplified acute physiology score 588
Single lumen tube 162
Single pass albumin dialysis system 330
Sinusitis 30
Six minute walk test 148, 476, 479, 480
Sjögren's syndrome 59
Skeletal muscle density 475
Skin preparation 379
Skull base, anatomy of 429, 429f
Sleep apnea prediction score 639
Sleep disorders 638
Smoking and alcohol, cessation of 149
Smooth muscle cells 167
Society for Liver Surgery 324b
Society of Critical Care Medicine 4, 514
Society of Thoracic Surgeons 102, 117
Soda lime exhaustion 548
Sodium 53, 54
bicarbonate 61, 412
glucose cotransporter 70
hypochlorite 611
nitroprusside 394
polystyrene sulfonate 61
Soft tissue infections 552, 553
Solid organ injury 356
Somatosensory evoked potential test 212, 239
Somatostatin analogs 316
Sore throat 30
Speech and language therapist 6
Sphygmomanometer cuff herniation 548
Spikes model 630, 631t
Spinal cord
compression 224f
disease 82
protection 173
tumors 226
Spinal deformity 221
Spinal disorder, types of 221t
Spinal surgery
classification of 222t
perioperative management of 221
Spine
disorders, common 222
injury 12
surgery, complex 221
Spirometry 596
Spitz revised risk assessment 248t
Spondylitis, ankylosing 25, 221, 225
Spondylolisthesis 221
Spontaneous breathing trials 488, 504
Sprengel's scapula deformity 224
Stabilization 24
Stable coronary artery disease 187fc
Stair climbing test 148
Staphylococcus aureus 138, 152, 553, 613
Starling's equation, revised 51
Starling's principle 51
classic 51
Static air bronchogram 537f
Statins 189, 202
Steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic 451
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 187, 191
Stenosis
pulmonary 107
severe aortic 579f
tracheal 30
Stent placement 101
Sterile plastic bag 359f
Sternal wound 130
infection 101
Steroids 70, 131
role of 239
use of perioperative 182
Stomach 56
Stratosphere sign 537, 537f
Streptococcus pneumoniae 598
Streptokinase 89
Stress
myocardial infarction 584
reduction 615
ulcer
prophylaxis 139
thromboprophylaxis 291
Stridor 142
Stroke 70, 82, 130, 238, 456
volume 43, 117, 499, 581
dynamic parameters of 581
measurement of 572
total 119
variation 43, 99, 150, 182, 325, 375, 443, 496, 499, 501, 502, 516, 569
Strychnine 70
Stuck valve 548
Subglottic tracheal reconstructive surgery, airway management for 161f
Subglycocalyceal layer 51
Submaximal exercise tests 180
Succinylcholine 28, 304
Sufentanil 304
Sulfasalazine 70
Sulfonamides 387
Sunitinib 421
Superior vena cava 109, 141, 460, 580, 582f
Supplemental oxygen therapy 18
Supraglottic airway device 30, 33
role of 30
Suprasellar regions, pathologies of 430
Surgery 259, 260, 334, 596
abdominal 364
cancer related 82
complexity of 222
cytoreductive 290, 339, 340
hepatic 323b
major abdominal 313, 315
noncardiac 576
preparation for 439
stress of 50
thoracic 267
timing of 204, 306
types of 77
Surgical critical care unit 3
Surgical intensive care
monitoring and surveillance in 616
unit 3, 38, 620
Surgical mortality score 4
Surgical site
care of 445
infection 333
prevention of 335
preparation 611
Surgical stimulation 548, 549
Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines 524
Swelling, abdominal 350f
Sylvian subarachnoid hemorrhage 198f
Synchronized intermittent
mandatory ventilation 267, 489
positive pressure ventilation 267
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 55, 203, 215, 219, 432, 433
Syringomyelia 224
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 411
Systemic lupus erythematosus 296
Systemic vascular resistance 119, 303, 443, 451, 460, 463, 499, 511, 578, 582
Systolic pressure variation 496, 500, 501
T
Tachycardia 30, 83, 100, 130, 132, 153, 217, 394t, 421
junctional ectopic 113
supraventricular 169
ventricular 113
Tacrolimus 70, 387, 440
Tadalafil 99
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 584
Tamponade 48
Tenofovir 70
Tension pneumothorax 46, 129
right-sided 130f
Testosterone 430
Tetralogy of Fallot 107109, 224, 512
Therapist driven protocol 492
Thermal volume, pulmonary 498
Thermodilution
pulmonary 496
transpulmonary 496, 497
Thiamine 70
Thiazide 70
diuretics 61, 62
Thiopentone sodium 28, 304
Thoracic aneurysm surgery 173
Thoracic aorta 137
Thoracic bioimpedance 442
Thoracic duct 141
injury 425
Thoracic epidural analgesia 102, 335, 385, 467
use of 180
Thoracic revised cardiac risk index 148
Thoracic spine 221
Thoracotomy 133
Thrombectomy, catheter-based 90
Thrombocytopenia 585
Thrombocytopenic purpura 296
Thrombocytosis 82
Thromboelastogram 342
Thromboelastography 47, 101, 109, 133, 281, 408, 525
Thromboelastometry
guided approach 525
rotational 281, 342, 525
Thromboembolism 219, 229, 288
prophylaxis 231
pulmonary 81, 413, 580f
Thrombolysis 87, 90
catheter-based 87, 89
systemic 89
Thrombolytic agents 89t
Thrombophilia 82
Thromboprophylaxis 138, 240, 307, 314, 327, 405
anticoagulant agents for 88t
mechanical 91
Thrombosis prophylaxis 379
Thrombotic microangiopathy 448
Thymoma 141
Thyroid
stimulating hormone 431
storm 548
Thyrotoxicosis 62
Thyroxine 430
Ticagrelor 438
Tidal volume 303, 602
challenge test 501, 503
Tight brain, management of 214, 214b
Tissue
breakdown 59
Doppler imaging 571, 572, 578, 579
harmonic imaging 566
plasminogen activator 154
sealants 527, 528
Tocolytics, prophylactic 307
Tonicity 50
Torsemide 70
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection 107, 109, 110
Total endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery 97
Toxic megacolon 356
Toxoplasmosis 466
Trachea 141
Tracheal intubation 23, 23t, 25, 26, 26f, 27, 28, 28t, 29
Tracheal reconstructive surgery 162f
Tracheal resection 156, 159f, 163
surgeries, airway management in 156f
Tracheal tube
cuff pressure monitoring device 30f
introducer 25
placement 161
position 29
confirmation of 29
stylet 25
Tracheal tumor 158
surgeries, perioperative management of 156
Tracheobronchial tree 142
Tracheobronchitis 594
Tracheoesophageal fistula 30, 245, 246, 246f, 247, 247t
classification of 246
Tracheomalacia 30, 144
Tracheostomy 30, 343
care 422
role of 240
tube, displaced 31
Tranexamic acid 134, 230, 279, 284, 525, 527, 528
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation 102
Transcellular fluid 50
Transcellular shift 58, 59
Transcranial Doppler 201
ultrasound 239
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 414, 483
Transducer, orientation of 542f-544f
Transesophageal aortic valve 120f
Transesophageal echocardiography 84, 110, 117, 189, 190, 212, 385, 442, 460, 468, 496, 533, 572, 576, 584, 585, 585b
in critical care, applications of 577
intraoperative 468
role of 171
Transfusion
hemoglobin criteria for 522
reactions 520, 523t
Transient ischemic attack 134
Translumbar amputation 401
Transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange 16, 182, 423
Transplantation, pulmonary 465
Transthoracic echocardiography 84, 85, 556, 566, 571, 573, 574, 576
acoustic windows of 557f
applications of 566
focus-assessed 538
point-of-care ultrasound 566
Trastuzumab 421
Trauma 221, 349
blood transfusion in 524
major 364
musculoskeletal 407, 414
resuscitation 129
surgery of 132
Traumatic amputation 410
Traumatic tracheal obstructions 158
Treadmill exercise training 484f
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 562, 571f, 579, 581f
Tricuspid atresia 107, 109
Tricuspid inflow, respiratory variation of 577f
Tricuspid regurgitation 119, 123, 124f, 460, 562, 578
continuous wave Doppler image of 581f
Tricuspid stenosis 123
Tricuspid valve 577
annulus 577f
Trimeterene 70
Trimethoprim 70
Truncus arteriosus 107
Tuberculosis, spinal 226
Tubular necrosis, acute 443, 448
Tubulointerstitial diseases 60
Tumor 141, 221
adrenal 59
esophageal 585
intra-abdominal 364
left-sided suprarenal 391f
metastatic 221
necrosis factor 168, 313
neuroendocrine 389
node-metastasis classification 383t
pituitary 433
primary 221
spinal 245
thrombus, vena cava extension of 383t
TURP syndrome 55
Twiddle's syndrome 619
U
Ultrasonography 5, 421
prenatal 245
Ultrasound 350, 409
abdominal 539
assisted thrombolysis 91
United States Food and Drug Administration 304
Unstable coronary
artery disease 187fc
syndromes 169
Upper airway obstruction 24, 245
Uremia 218
Ureteral stents 445
Urinary bladder assessment 541
Urinary catheter 336
Urinary drainage 380
Urinary excretion 59
Urinary output, low intraoperative 262
Urinary retention 271
Urinary tract 101
infection 139, 336, 448, 552
catheter-associated 554
Urine output 52, 444, 447
monitoring 342
Uterine contractions 308
Uterine rupture 277
Uterotonic agents 283, 284t
V
Vaginal delivery 281
Valproate 56
Valproic acid 70
Valve
repair 116
replacement 116
Valvular heart diseases 116
management of 119t
Valvular heart surgery, perioperative management of 116
Valvular lesion 117, 119
Vanillylmandelic acid 259, 390
Vardenafil 99
Varicella virus 466
Vascular endothelial growth factor 278
Vascular injury 410
Vasoactive drugs 305, 515t
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 258
Vasoconstriction, hypoxic pulmonary 75, 147
Vasoconstrictors 549
Vasodilatation, intrapulmonary 452
Vasoplegia 46, 48
Vasopressin 308, 309, 463, 512, 515
analogue desmopressin 528
Vasopressors
role of 235
use of 443
Vasospasm, severity of 239t
Vecuronium bromide 28
Vein
femoral 543
subclavian 543
Velocity time integral 538, 540f, 570, 581, 583
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 99
Venous air embolism 212
Venous thromboembolism 81, 82, 231, 327, 405, 413, 446, 621
prophylaxis 374, 425
Venous thromboprophylaxis 309
Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 156
Ventilation 235, 267, 325
abnormal regional distribution of 595
intraoperative 150
intrapulmonary percussive 490
mode of 165, 181, 603
noninvasive 5, 17, 24, 151, 329, 343, 489
one-lung 468
perfusion scan 86
perioperative 602
postoperative 425, 605
spontaneous 163
strategies 181, 251
volume-controlled 376, 605
Ventilator management 131
Ventilator synchrony 271
Ventilatory impairment, opioids induced 642
Ventilatory strategies 174, 597
Ventricular assist device 99
Ventricular drainage, external 203
Ventricular ejection time 443
Ventricular fibrillation 148
Ventricular septal defect 107, 224, 254
Venturi connecters 15f
Venturi mask 14, 15f, 17
Vertebral artery injury 231
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery 133, 146, 163
Vinblastine 421
Vincristine 260, 421
Vision loss, postoperative 231
Visual analog scale 483, 620
Visual evoked potential 215
Visual loss, perioperative 231
Vital signs 511
Vitamin
B1 70
B3 70
B8 70
D 61
D intoxication 62
deficiency 70
K antagonist 125, 170, 172
Vocal cord palsy 30, 144, 230
Voice, hoarseness of 30
Volume clamp method 499
Volume-assisted pressure support 489
Vomiting 59, 217, 289, 315
von Gierke disease 70
von Hippel-Lindau disease 382, 389
von Willebrand's disease 101
von Willebrand's factor 277, 330
W
Warfarin 88, 170, 172
Warm ischemia time 384, 440
Water
and electrolyte imbalances 431
partial pressure of 9
Waterson's risk classification 248t
Weaning, process of 489f
White blood cell 58, 294
White coat syndrome 549
Wilms’ tumor 258, 259, 261, 264
World Federation of Neurological Surgeons 199, 200
World Health Organization 245, 460
World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial 528
Wound
care 422
catheters 315
complications 130
dehiscence 130
healing 131
infection 130
deep 343
Z
Zalcitabine 70
Zero end expiratory pressure 603
Zidovudine 70
Zoledronate failure 63
×
Chapter Notes

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Perioperative Critical Care
Perioperative Critical Care
Editors Atul Prabhakar Kulkarni MD (Anesthesiology) FISCCM PGDHHM FICCM Professor and Head Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Tata Memorial Hospital Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sohan Lal Solanki MD (Anesthesiology) PDCC (Organ Transplant Anesthesiology) MAMS Professor Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Tata Memorial Hospital Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Jigeeshu Vasistha Divatia MD (Anesthesiology) FICCM FCCM Professor and Head Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Tata Memorial Hospital Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Perioperative Critical Care
First Edition: 2021
9789390020508
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Contributors Preface
We take great pleasure in presenting to you the first edition of Perioperative Critical Care. There is an exponential growth in the complexity of surgeries that are being undertaken, as compared as little as 10 years back. The price of the progress in anesthesia and surgical techniques that we pay has increased manifold now, and this means we are anesthetizing patients, which were considered to be unfit to undergo anesthesia and any kind of surgery back then. So, the indications of surgery have expanded and so has the complexity of the management of these elderly, frail patients undergoing surgeries, which are now accompanied by myriad changes in the physiology and subsequent complications. The only advantage that the anesthetists and/or the intensivist, as the case may be depending on the set-up you work in, is that unlike a critically ill patient coming to you from ward, the timing of insult is known. You also have a chance to offer best possible optimization to these patients in the preoperative period. This does not mean however, that the surgical patient is easier to manage. This is because the complications that will be seen will be unique to these patients. This means that there are unique challenges and you need a definite skill set to manage these patients. A book covering these aspects was not available, so we decided to write this book. This meant we needed authors with different backgrounds specializing in care of these patients from different skill sets. Though the problems are different, the critical care that is needed is similar to other patients in the critical care units, so we needed authorities in the field of critical care. We were lucky that in India we are blessed with people with experience in these areas. Not only that, they are willing to spend the time and effort to write for the readers. So, we must thank all these contributors, many of them not from anesthesiology background, that they have spared the time and energy for us. Without them, the book could not have been written.
Our colleagues in the department have worked hard year over year and contributed significantly to the book. They also endured our time away from clinical duties, so we could work on the book, ungrudgingly. Our sincere thanks to all of them. Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director–Content Strategy), an old friend, who works with M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd and Ms Rajul Jain, Development Editor for the book, for their patience, help, and understanding. Big thanks to our families have been very supportive, without any nagging, while we worked on the book.
We hope you enjoy refreshing your knowledge, may be learn a few new things and see an improvement in patient outcomes. Please do get back to us with your suggestions and criticisms it is always welcome!
Atul Prabhakar Kulkarni
Sohan Lal Solanki
Jigeeshu Vasistha Divatia