Management of the High Risk Infant: Beyond Survival Sudha Chaudhari
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Adaptive behavior 65
Adductor contracture, amount of 117
Administration procedure 78
Administration time 83
Alternative tummy time positions 179
Amblyopia 50
Amiel-Tison
method 141, 153
neurological assessment 57
Ankle
clonus 169
dorsiflexion 119f
equines, assessment of 118
foot orthosis 160
Anthropometry 15
Antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs 48
Arterial tortuosity 44f
Ashworth scale, modified 117
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex 166
Ataxia 86
Attention deficit disorders 3
Audiology intervention 143
Auditory brainstem response 25, 27, 28
Auditory cognizance 75
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder 22, 30
Auditory steady state response 27, 29
Auditory stimulation 10f
Auditory verbal therapist 38
Aural habilitation 37
Automated auditory
behavioral response 26t
brainstem 24
response audiometry 26
Axillary suspension 59f, 155, 157
B
Baby gymnasium 112f
Baby's behavioral repertoire 76
Baby's mental status 72
Baby's mood 72
Baclofen 97
Ballard's gestational age 58
Baroda development screening test 67
Bathing 9
Bayley
subscales of 81b
test material 82f
Behavioral observation 24
audiometry 27
Bender-Gestalt test 70, 142, 145
Benzyl alcohol 3
Birth asphyxia 138
Birth date, corrected 10
Birth process 22
Birth weight 140t
Blood sugar levels 7
Body mass index 151
Bones 115
Borderline intelligence 68
incidence of 69f
Botox injection 161f
Botulinum toxin 97, 116, 121, 126
advantages 123
disadvantages 123
dosage of 122, 122t
indication and usage 122
mechanism of action 122
method of administration 122
side effects 123
Brain
development of 1, 10
parts of 99
plasticity of 100
Brainstem evoked response audiometry 10, 11, 28, 29f
Breastfeeding 147
Bumbo® chair 107f
C
Caloric requirement, increased 54
Catch-up growth 54
Central nervous system 97
Cerebral blood flow 2
Cerebral palsy 56, 86, 96, 115, 116, 139, 140, 160
children with athetosis 86
classification of 120
diagnosis and classification 115
diplegic 96
dyskinetic 96
hemiplegic 96
orthopedic management in 115
quadriplegic 96
severity 87
tone 86
topographic classification of 88f, 120
Clostridium botulinum 121
Cochlea, auditory nerve 34
Cochlear implant 35, 36
parts of 36f
Cognition, assessments of 149
Cognitive assessment 147
Cognitive development 101, 181
Cognitive problems 88
Cognitive scale 81
Congenital defects 13
Constipation 89
Cortical blindness 50, 140
Counseling 7
Cranial ultrasonography 7
Crawling 108
position, small ball in 109f
Critical period 99
Crouch gait 124, 125f
D
Daily living, activities of 104, 112
Danger signs 90t
Dantrolene 97
Deep tendon reflexes 157
Denver developmental screening test 67
Developmental Assessment Scale 15, 67, 72, 73f, 139
Developmental quotient 11, 79
Developmental tests 65
Developmental therapy unit 105f
Dexamethasone 3
Diazepam 97
Diplegia 87
Disability 135
diagnosis of 136
Discharge counseling 6
Discharge documentation 7
Discharge planning 6
Discharge screening 7
Disease location 41
Disease stages 41
Distal fashion 101
Draw man test 142
Drooling, control of 113
Dyscalculia 129, 131f
Dysgraphia 129, 130f
Dyslexia 128, 132f
Dyslexic phenotype 132
E
Ear, nose, and throat 16
Early intervention 17, 99
Elbow flexion 126
Electroencephalogram 15
Embryological development 21
Encourage cognitive development 180
Encourage eye-hand coordination 101f
Equines 123
Equinovalgus 123
Equinovarus 123
Expressive communication subtest 82
Extensor hypertonia 113f
External ear 33
Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation 41
Eye 154, 155
Eye-hand coordination 100
F
Family
environmental scale 147, 148
type of 104
Fetal infant 1
Fine motor subtest 82
Finger flexion 126
Flexed-knee gait 124
Foot problems 123
Fovea sparing partial retinal detachment 43f
Fresh, confluent laser marks 48f
G
Gait analysis plays 115
Gait pattern classification 120
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 97
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 89
Gastrointestinal tract 97
Genetic problems 100
Gestational age
appropriate for 131, 142, 146
small for 14, 129, 131, 142, 146
Gross motor
function classification system 120
subtest 83
Growth
and cognitive development 144
and development 54
and nutrition 15
assessments of 149
evaluation of 54
expectations 54
outcome 54
patterns 54
retardation 14
Gymnasium ball 108f
H
Hallux valgus 124
Hand
deformity of 126f
function, development of 111
Head circumference 165
Head control 106, 168
Head growth 60, 154, 155
Hearing aid 34, 34f, 35
parts of 34
types of 34, 35f
Hearing
assessment 20, 22
diagnostic tests for 26
brain 20
community 37
detection and intervention 23t
devices 37
impairment 21, 100, 140
degree of 20
neurosensory assessment of 15
screening protocol 24fc
Hearing loss 20, 28, 30, 33
acquired 22
causes of 21
congenital 21
diagnosis of 33
fluctuating 30
hearing aids 35
mild 30
risk indicators for 22t
severe-to-profound 33
Hemiplegia 87, 140
classification of 120
mild 111
Hemogram 151
Hemorrhage, intraventricular 139
High morbidity 14
High-density lipoprotein 151
High-risk clinic 15fc
functions of 14
organization of 13
High-risk infant 13, 86
development in 141
gestation of 140t
High-risk neonates 138
development of 138
High-risk team 18
Hip
abduction with knee 118f
dislocation 124
progressive 117
displacement 125
joint 117
subluxation 124
surveillance 125
Home-based stimulation program 106
Human figure drawing 70, 142
Hygiene, maintenance of 8
Hyperbilirubinemia 139
Hypertonia 60
abnormal 59f
Hypotonia 60, 63
Hypotonic infant 87f
I
Improve eye contact 178
Infant and toddler development, Bayley scales of 81
Infant development, Bayley scales of 74, 84, 139
Infant's developmental assessment 74
Inner ear 34
Inteligence quotient, distribution of 146t
Intellectual disability 86
Intelligence quotient 141, 145, 146, 148, 160
determinants of 148t
maternal education and 56f
Intelligence tests 69
Intensive neonatal care 18
Intrinsic growth retardation 54
Ionic calcium 7
Isolation 8
J
Joint 115
contracture 117
family 105
Jump knee gait 123
K
Kangaroo mother care 4, 9, 9f
Knee
extension 119f
flexion deformity 124
joint 117
Kneel standing 181
with stool support 181
Kneeling position 109
Kuppuswamy scale 139
L
Language 65
clusters 80
disorders 86
scale 81, 82
Laser therapy 49, 52
Laser treatment 47
Lateral propping reaction 169
Lateral propping reflex 61f
Learning disabilities 128
diagnosis of 128
early diagnosis 133
high risk of 128
incidence 128
prediction 132
signs for 133
specific 133
treatment 134
Learning social skills 129
Legs in spastic infant 87f
Lever arm dysfunction 119
Light 2
pursuit of 166
Lipid profile 151
Low birth newborns 144
Low birth weight 1, 54, 56, 69f, 128, 131, 138, 140, 142, 146
extremely 63, 63f, 138
study 148
treatment of 49
typical growth chart of 55f
Low cognitive abilities 68
Lower limbs 60
M
Manual dexterity 77, 77f
Marked strabismus 166
Massage 8
oil 8f
Mathematics disorder 129
Mathematics score 131t
Mean intelligence quotients 142t
Medications 3
Memory 76
Meningitis 139
Mental clusters 75b
Mental milestones 156, 157
Mental retardation 86, 140, 141
range of 68
Mental scale 74
Metabolic syndrome 138, 150, 151
parameters of 151
predictors of 138
Middle ear 33
effusion 30
Monoplegia 87, 111
Moro reflex 168
Mortality and morbidity, high postneonatal 14
Motor behavior 65
Motor clusters 75, 75b
Motor milestones 65
Motor scale 74, 81, 82
furniture for 79f
Motor skills 104
Movement assessment battery 146
Movement skills 90, 9395
Muscle 115
length, assessment of 117
strength analysis 119
tone norms 175
Musculoskeletal pathology management 121
N
Neck control 179
Neck extensor
hypertonicity of 166
muscles 59f
Neonatal care 72
Neonatal intensive care unit 1, 6, 13, 22, 24fc, 54, 100, 132, 135, 138, 159
Neonatal reflexes 155, 156, 157
Neonatologist and occupational therapist 170
Nesting 2f
Neurobehavior 60
history for 154, 155, 157
Neurodevelopment 138
assessment 11, 15, 56
handicaps 14
screening test 153
kit 154f
Neurologic diseases 100
Neurologic status 29
Neurological assessment 165, 174
method of 62
Neuromotor 60
Neurosensory 60, 154
Newborn hearing screening 22
Noise 2
Normalizing tone, techniques for 106
Nutrient deficiencies 89
Nystagmus, sustained 166
O
Occupational therapy 142
and physiotherapy 104
intervention 143
Ocular signs, abnormal 57
Ophthalmic examination 52
Ophthalmology intervention 143
Opisthotonos 166
Oral glucose tolerance test 151
Orthopedic surgical intervention 123
Otoacoustic auditory emission 24, 26t
Otoacoustic emission 10, 25, 25f
Ototoxic medication 21
P
Pain 2
Parachute 169
reflex 61f
Parent-child bonding 104
Parents perspective 159
Pediatric outpatient department 13
Peg board test 77f
Pelvic girdle stability 108
Perceptual disorders 86
Persisting plus disease 49f
Personal social behavior 65
Phenylephrine 45
Phenylketonuria 20
Physical therapy 101
Planning discharge 6
Plus disease 44
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 151
Pooja bell 10, 15
response to 166
Poor dental hygiene 89
Popliteal angle 59f
Portage Early Education Program 68
Post-botulinum toxin protocol 122
Preterm baby 2
health status 9
Preterm infant 89, 136
Psychometric assessment 73
Psychometric properties 78, 83
Pupillary dilatation 45
Q
Quadriplegia 87
Qualitative and quantitative assessment 63
R
Radiation 4
Range of motion, analysis of 117
Ranibizumab 49
Raval's social maturity scale 70
Raven's progressive matrices 149
Reaction, support 168
Reading disorder 128
Receptive communication subtest 82
Recordkeeping 17
Rectus femoris spasticity, assessment of 118
Reflexes 60, 90, 91, 93, 94, 154, 157
Refractive errors 50
Respiratory distress 139
syndrome 52
Retina, examination of 45
Retinal detachment 44
partial 41
Retinopathy of prematurity 7, 11, 39, 49, 52
classification of 40
epidemic
first 39
second 39
third 39
epidemiology 39
incidence of 52, 53f
laser, guidelines for 47
pathophysiology of 40
posterior 44
prevalence of 39
risk factors for 40
screening for 44
stages of 53t
surgical management of 49
treatment for 46
zones of 41f
Retinopathy, extent of 44
Ridge 42f
posterior to 48f
with popcorn vessels 42f
Right hip dislocation 125f
Rodda and Graham's classification system 120
S
Scarf sign 58
School performance 146
Scoliosis 125
Seizure 86, 88, 139
disorder 14, 140
Senses 20, 39
Sensory
auditory nerve 34
function 20
impairment 88
motor integration 172
Septicemia 52, 139
Serum
bilirubin 7
electrolyte 7
triglycerides 151
Setting-sun sign 166
Shoulder adduction 126
Silfverskiöld test 118, 119f
Silverman's score 139
Skills, development of 82
Social and environmental factors 142
Social play 96
Social skills 9193, 95, 96
Social worker 16
Sociodemography 147
Soft tissue releases 121
Spastic cerebral palsy 60f
Spastic diplegia 120, 140
Spastic infant toe walking 62f
Spastic quadriplegia 140
Spasticity, reduce 97t
Special child 136
Speech
and language problems 88
audiometry 28
therapy 101
Spontaneous asymmetrical tonic neck reflex 60f
Spontaneous motor activity 167
Standard deviation 142
Stanford-Binet
intelligence scale 69
test 141
Stimulation kit 102f
Stimulation program 156, 177
Strabismus 50
Stress disorders 3
Supported walking 110f
Supportive humanized care, developmentally 4
Synaptic connections 99f
Syphilis 21
T
Tactile stimulation 3, 4f
Tardieu scale, modified 116
Tendo-Achilles
left 124f
weakness 124
Tendons 115
Therapeutic exercises 104
Therapeutic program 114
Therapy plan 106
Thomas hip flexion test 117
Three-dimensional gait analysis 115
Thumb
adduction 126
in-palm deformity 126
Tizanidine 97
Toddler development-bayley 81
Tone 116
active 58f
and posture 94, 95
passive 58f
Tonic neck reflex, asymmetrical 96, 106
Topographic classification 87
TORCH 22
Total cerebral tissue volume 3
Total retinal detachment 43f
Toxoplasmosis 21
Transient evoked otoacoustic emission 25
Transient tone abnormalities 63, 63f
Triplegia 87
Trivandrum development screening test 67
Trunk
dorsal extension of 168
ventral flexion of 168
Tummy time 106
U
Umbrella term 86
Unilateral cochlear implant 37f
Upper limb 60, 126
V
Ventilator room 2
Very low birth weight 6, 100
Videographic gait analysis 115
Vision 39
deficits 86
neurosensory assessment of 15
primarily 20
Visual attention 101
Visual cognizance 75, 76f
Visual impairment 39, 100
causes of 50
Visual observational gait analysis 115
Visual problems, therapy for 101
Visual reinforcement audiometry 27
Visual stimulation 9f
Visual testing 18
Vitreoretinal surgery 49
Vulnerable child syndrome 136
W
W sitting 64f
Walking with posterior walker 110f
Wechsler intelligence scale 70, 146
Well baby clinic 13, 24fc
Weschler's intelligence scale 145, 147
World Health Organization 20, 56
Wrist flexion 126
Written expression, disorder of 129
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